Chapter 13

MOTIVATION AND EMOTION

MOTIVATION

Is the process by which activates are started, directed, and continued so that physical or psychological needs or wants are met.

Comes from the Latin word movere which means “to move”

Motivation is what “moves” people to do the things they do

What is Motivation?

Intrinsic – actions are rewarding or satisfying in and of themselves

Examples:Participating in a sport because you find the

activity enjoyableSolving a word puzzle because you find the

challenge fun and interestingPlaying a game because you find it exciting.

Types of Motivation

Extrinsic – actions are performed because they lead some sort of external outcome

Examples: Studying because you want to get a good

grade Cleaning your room to avoid being

reprimanded by your parents Participating in a sport in order to win awards Competing in a contest in order to win a

scholarship

Intrinsic the person's behavior is motivated by an

internal desire to participate in an activity for its own sake.

Extrinsic the behavior is motivated by a desire to

gain a reward or avoid a negative outcome.

Difference between the two.....

1. INSTINCT 2. DRIVE- REDUCTION 3. PHYSIOLOGICAL NEEDS4. AROUSAL5. INCENTIVE6. HUMANISTIC

Approaches of Understanding Motivation

1. Instinct – the biologically determined and innate patterns of bahavior that exist in both people and animals

Example: The animal world is seasonal migration. These animals do not learn to do this, it is instead an inborn pattern of behavior.

Approaches of Understanding Motivation

-an innate, typically fixed pattern of behaviour in animals in response to certain stimuli

- Many scientists believed that human beings are both with patterns of behaviour that are biologically determined than learned

- Opinions range from 18 to 5759 instincts - Proponents of this approach have identified and described wide

variety of instincts, but did have successfully explained the logic that coincides with the behaviour

- “fixed action pattern” – a very short to medium length sequence of actions

Instinctive-performed without being based upon prior experienceInstinct approach examples: Bird migration Spider making web Sea turtles newly hatched will automatically move toward the ocean

Instinct Approaches

Focuses on the concepts of needs and drives

Need - a requirement of some material (such as food or water) that is essential for survival of the organism.

Drive - a physiological tension and physical arousal arising when there is a need that motivates the organism to act in order to fulfill the need and reduce the tension.

primary drives – those drives that involve needs of the body such as hunger and thirst

secondary drives – those are learned through experience or conditioning, such as the need for money or social approval

2. Drive- Reduction

This theory also includes the concept of homeostasis, or the tendency of the to maintain a steady state

Example : If Lara’s body needs food, she feels hunger

and the state of tension /arousal associated with that need. She will then seek to restore her homeostasis by eating something, which is the behavior stimulated to reduce the hunger drive.

Drive- Reduction

– approach to motivation that assumes behavior arises from physiological needs that cause internal drives to push the organism to satisfy the need and reduce tension and arousal.

Example: You need to drink a glass of water in order to reduce the internal state of thirst.

The problem of this theory, these behaviors are not always motivated purely by physiological needs.

Example: People often eat even they are not really hungry.

Drive - Reduction

– have been highlightened in some theories : need for achievement, need for

affiliation,

and need of power.

3. Psychological needs

Three types of needs

1. Need of Achievement

2. Need of Affiliation

3. Need of Power

Psychological needs

How to Succeed by Excelling at Everything:-involves a strong desire

in attaining goals, not only realistic ones but also challenging ones.

(nAff):Popularity Rules-the need for friendly

social interactions and relationships with others.

(nPow): The One Who Dies With the Most Toys Wins

- The need to have control or influence over others.

Stimulus motive – a motive that appears to be unlearned but causes an increase in stimulation, such as curiosity .

Theory of motivation in which people are said to have an optional (best or ideal) level of tension that they seek to maintain by increasing or decreasing stimulation.

-need for stimulation - arousal theory suggests people have an optimal

level of tension that they work to maintain- a moderate level is most commonly sought, but that

level can range from low to high (sensation seeking)

Arousal Approaches

things that attract or lure people into action, most often due to rewarding properties.

Example: Motivated to go work each day for the

monetary reward of being paid.

5. Incentive approach

Maslow’s Hierarchy Of NeedsPyramid -beginning with thebasic physiological needs and ending with transcendence needs

6. Humanistic approach

Chapter 8

EMOTION

-the “feeling” aspect of consciousness, characterized by three elements:

Conscious experience(feeling)Expression which can be seen by othersActions by the body( physical arousal)

-is either positive and negative-affects behavior

What is emotion?

When a person experiences an emotion, an arousal is created by the sympathetic nervous system.

Facial expression do differ between various emotional responses. Emotions are difficult to distinguish from one another on the basis of outward bodily reactions.

Which parts of the brain are involved in various aspects of emotions?

amygdala – a small area located within the limbic system on the side of the brain, is associated with fear in both humans and animals.

The Physiology of Emotion

Primary Emotion- are one triggered in response to an event

love sad joy surprise anger fear

Secondary Emotion- if we experience fear, the secondary emotion would be; feel threatened or feel angry, depending on the situation we are experiencing

passion disgust shame irritation nervousness

2 categories of Emotion

Negative Emotion - keep your energy and undermine your effectiveness; lack of desire to do anything.

*exhausted *obnoxious *panicPositive Emotion- that lead one to feel good

about one’s self will lead to an emotionally happy and satisfied result.

*hopeful *confident*peaceful

Positive and Negative Emotion

How do people behave when in the grip of an emotion?

- there are facial expressions, body movements and

actions that indicate to others how a person feels.

Facial Expression can vary across different cultures, although some aspects of facial expression seem to be universal.

Charles Darwin-was one of the first to theorize that emotions were a product of evolution and, therefore, universal.

The Behavior of Emotion: Emotional Expression

Are learned ways of controlling displays of emotion in social setting.

Display rules

6 Primary Emotions

Giving it a label: anger, disgust, sadness, happiness, and so on.

Also called as “ cognitive element”, because the labelling process is a matter of retrieving memories of previous similar experiences, perceiving the context of the emotion, and coming up with a solution- a label.

Subjective Experience: Labelling emotion

Personality-CultureGenderWeatherStressEnvironment

source:

emotions-jkh03.wikispaces.com

Factors affecting Emotions

Is the main factor that affects how emotions are

experienced and communicated

-plays a central role in emotional expression

-gender is the best way to recognize emotions and

interpret them

Weather affects or emotion because our emotion

sometimes depends on the weather

It affects the way you react on things.

It affects our emotion depending on what kind of environment we are dealing

with.

THEORIES OF EMOTIONS

Common Sense View When you become happy, your heart starts

beating faster. First emotion, then physiological activity

In the stimulus sense of emotion, a stimulus (snarling dog) leads to an emotion of fear, which then leads to body arousal( in this case, indicated by shaking) through the autonomic nervous system (ANS)

“ I’m shaking because I’m afraid”

Common sense theory

Stimulus:

Snarling dog

First response:Consciou

s fear

Second response:

ANS arousal

by William James and Carl LangeEarliest theory of emotionProposed idea that challenge common

sense about emotion in 1980’sIn this theory, a stimulus of sort (for

example, the large snarling dog) produces a physiological reaction. This reaction, which is the arousal of the “fight-or-flight” sympathetic nervous system (wanting to run), produces bodily sensations such as increased heart rate, dry mouth, and rapid breathing.

James-Lange Theory

By Walter Cannon and Philip Bard The emotion and the physiological arousal

occur more or less at the same time. The fear and the bodily reaction are,

therefore, experienced at the same time- not one after the other.

Cannon- Bard Theory

Schachter- Singer and Cognitive Arousal TheoryProposed that two things have to happen

before the emotion occurs: the physical arousal and a labeling of the arousal based on cues from the surrounding environment. These two things happen at the same time, resulting in the labeling of the emotion .

Theory of emotion that assumes that facial expressions provide feedback to the brain concerning the emotion being expressed, which in turn causes and intensifies the emotion.

Facial feedback hypothesis

Stimulus:Snarling

dog

First response:

ANS arousal in

face

First response:

Facial expressio

n

Cognition interpretation of

face motions

Second response:

FEAR

In this theory, the most important aspect of any emotional experience is how the person interprets, or appraises, the stimulus that causes the emotional reactions.

a stimulus causes an immediate appraisal( e.g., "The dog is snarling and not behind a fence, so this is dangerous”). The cognitive appraisal results in an emotional response, which is then followed by the appropriate bodily response.

Lazarus and the Cognitive- Mediational Theory

Stimulus:Snarling dog

First response:

Appraisal of threa

t

FEAR

Second

response:

Bodily response

Lazarus and the Cognitive- Mediational Theory

http://psychology.about.com/od/psychologytopics/tp/theories-of-motivation.htm

Sources