Motivating SKOS in Knowledge Graphs and introducing SKOS ... · Motivating SKOS in Knowledge Graphs...

MotivatingSKOSinKnowledgeGraphsandintroducingSKOSShuttle,aweb

availableSKOSservice.

September7th,2018ExpertGroupMeeting:Software&Tools

14:00-17:00at Scigility,Zü[email protected] willkommen!

Content• IntroductionandMotivation• DefinitionKnowledge-Graph• Navigatingthe“giantgraph”• RDF(short)• SKOS• WhousesSKOSThesauri?• 5UseSKOScases• Thesis• SKOSShuttle@semweb

[Taxonomygovernance&blockchain discussion]

MotivatingSKOSinKnowledgeGraphs September7th,2018Slide2


MotivationKnowledgeGraphs

qDothewellknownrelationalmodelsinevitablyleadtobetterresults?qCanschemamodificationsbeeasilyintegratedintorunningsystems?qDoestherelationaltechnologyeasilysupportinterrelationwithotherexternalsources?



qThe„value“ofdataisdirectlyproportionaltoitsinterrelationwithotherdata...Inthewebaswellasinintheenterprise.

qPartiallyformalized,stronglyinterrelateddatafacewellformalizedbutisolateddata.

Source/1/



q KnowledgeGraphsdepict multi-levelstructurespredestined to expressand linkmeaningful dataas entities.

q Themore industry groups willbuild (and publish)their Knowledge Graphs,the higher the granularityof the resultingmain (giant)KnowledgeGraphandthe efficiency of their interrelation.

Source/1/




MotivationKnowledgeGraphsWhatisagraph

2012



http://lod-cloud.net/2018

In mathematics,andmorespecificallyin graphtheory,a graph isastructureamountingtoasetofobjectsinwhichsomepairsoftheobjectsareinsomesense"related".Theobjectscorrespondtomathematicalabstractionscalled vertices (alsocalled nodes or points)andeachoftherelatedpairsofverticesiscalledan edge (alsocalledan arc or line)– Wikipedia.



(Human)Knowledge isafamiliarity,awareness,orunderstandingofsomeoneorsomething,suchasfacts,information,descriptions,orskills,acquiredthroughexperienceoreducationbyperceiving,discovering,orlearning.

(Human)Knowledge canrefertoa theoretical or practical understandingofasubject.Itcanbeimplicit(aswithpracticalskillorexpertise)orexplicit (aswiththetheoreticalunderstandingofasubject);itcanbemoreorlessformalorsystematic.(Wikipedia)


KnowledgeGraphs(explicit)Knowledge

Linked-Data?In computing, linkeddata isamethodofpublishingstructureddatasothatitcanbeinterlinkedandbecomemoreusefulthrough semanticqueries (e.g.SPARQL).ItbuildsuponstandardWeb technologiessuchas HTTP, RDF and URIs,butratherthanusingthemtoservewebpagesforhumanreaders,itextendsthemtoshareinformationinawaythatcanbereadautomaticallybycomputers. (Wikipedia)


KnowledgeGraphsKnowledgeGraphvs.LinkedData

Ahighquality KnowledgeGraphisbuiltusingcontrolledvocabulariestodefineitscomponents(entities).

Controlledvocabulary:artifact(structureddocument)formallyanduniquelydefiningentities,meaningandrelationshipsamongentities.

Ontology:mostcompleteformalizingdocumentwhereentitiesarenamed,formallydefinedandinterrelated.(e.g.OBO,OWL).


KnowledgeGraphsQualityinKnowledgeGraphs?

Controlledvocabularies provideawaytoorganizeknowledgeforsubsequentretrieval.Theyareusedin subjectindexing schemes, subjectheadings, thesauri,taxonomies andotherformsof knowledgeorganizationsystems (e.g.SKOS).

Controlledvocabularyschemesmandatetheuseofpredefined,authorizedtermsthathavebeenpreselectedbythedesignersoftheschemes,incontrasttonaturallanguagevocabularies,whichhavenosuchrestriction.(Wikipedia)

Thesauri arecontrolledvocabularies,whereentitiesareinterrelatedinastandardwaywitheachotherdefiningaheterachy ofconcepts(ideallyasaDAG– directacyclicgraphs).


KnowledgeGraphsControlledvocabularies


Examples of Knowledge Graphs(1/6)

Google’sGraph

Enhancessearchwithrelevant(associated)additional(relevant?)results.

Queriable viahttp://google.com

KnowledgeGraphs


DBPedia

PublishesWikipedia’sDefinitionsandInterrelationsals“LinkedData”

Queriableviahttps://dbpedia.org/sparql

KnowledgeGraphsExamples of Knowledge Graphs(2/6)


Wikidata

Publishescommonaccessiblecollectionsofentitiesas“LinkedData”

Queriableviahttps://query.wikidata.org/

KnowledgeGraphsExamples of Knowledge Graphs(3/6)

KnowledgeGraphs


Europeana

Interrelatedcollectionsofart,fashion,music,photographyandhistoryas“Linked-Data”

Queriable viahttp://sparql.europeana.eu/


KnowledgeGraphs


UMLSmany controlledvocabularies inthe biomedical sciences(created1986).

1mioConcepts,5mioNames

Queriableviahttp://sparql.bioontology.org/


KnowledgeGraphs


Lindas (SwissFederalArchives)https://lindas-data.ch/indexEN.html)

InterrelatedcollectionsofeGOV Dataas“Linked-Data”

Queriable viahttps://lindas-data.ch/sparql-ui/


KnowledgeGraphs


Discussion:

WhatwouldbeaKnowledgeGraphallaboutinyourenterprise?WhendataarenotinterrelatedistagainaKnowledgeGraph?Isthisthesituationwe(still)(partially)havetoday?Wherearethe“edges”inyourcase ?

HowcanaKnowledgeGraphbebuilttoday?

UsingRDF– “Edges”(Statements)

RDF:RessourceRescriptionFramework

OneRDF-StatementisanSPOtriple

Everythingbrokendowntobinaryrelationshipsatseverallevels.


BuildingKnowledgeGraphsKnowledgeGraphs

Howto(efficiently)query1’205 datasetswith 16’012linksanddozensofbillionsofunique triples?


NavigatingKnowledgeGraphsNavigatingthe“giantgraph“

Example of federated SPARQLQueryfired from http://factforge.net/sparql :



PREFIX bif: <bif:> PREFIX edm: <http://www.europeana.eu/schemas/edm/>PREFIX ore: <http://www.openarchives.org/ore/terms/>PREFIX dc: <http://purl.org/dc/elements/1.1/> PREFIX dct: <http://purl.org/dc/terms/>PREFIX dbc: <http://dbpedia.org/resource/Category:>PREFIX foaf:<http://xmlns.com/foaf/0.1/>

SELECT ?surname ?date ?creator ?title { SERVICE <http://sparql.europeana.eu/> {

?cho ore:proxyIn ?proxy; dc:title ?title; dc:date ?date; dc:creator ?creator . FILTER(bif:contains(?creator, str(?surname))).

} SERVICE <http://dbpedia.org/sparql> {

SELECT ?surname { ?musiker dct:subject dbc:Italian_Baroque ;foaf:surname ?surname . } LIMIT 5

}}

WorksofknowncomposersofItalianbaroque

(Limitedto5composers)

1. Download, indexandquerydatasetsfromtheLODCloudlocally,(impractical forsimplequeryresolution).

2. Runafederatedqueryagainstallknownsources,whichisasgoodasthequeryendpointsthatitrelieson.

3. Browseonlinesourcesina“follow-your-nose”way4. UseLOD-a-lot/2/doesnotpreventyoufromknowingthe

knowledgeschema.5. Eachgraphis“shaped”(modelled)differentlyWillyou(effitiently)getyoutheinformationyouaresearchingfor?



AnentityinRDFisasetofRDF-Statements

dbr:Immanuel_Kant rdf:type yago:SocialScientist110619642dbr:Immanuel_Kant a yago:WikicatGermanAgnosticsdbr:Immanuel_Kant a yago:WikicatPhilosophersOfArtdbr:Immanuel_Kant rdfs:label "ImmanuelKant"@dedbr:Immanuel_Kant rdfs:label " تناكليوناميإ "@ardbr:Immanuel_Kant rdfs:label "इमानु्यएल काण्ट"@sadbr:Immanuel_Kant owl:sameAs dbpedia-wikidata:Q9312Seee.g.http://dbpedia.org/page/Immanuel_Kant tocheckoutallrelationships,resp.attributesoftheentity“ImmanuelKant”


KnowledgeGraphsRDF-Entity“Kant”

AnentityinRDFisasetofRDF-Statements

dbr:Immanuel_Kant rdf:type yago:SocialScientist110619642dbr:Immanuel_Kant a yago:WikicatGermanAgnosticsdbr:Immanuel_Kant a yago:WikicatPhilosophersOfArtdbr:Immanuel_Kant rdfs:label "ImmanuelKant"@dedbr:Immanuel_Kant rdfs:label "ImmanuelKant"@endbr:Immanuel_Kant owl:sameAs dbpedia-wikidata:Q9312...Siehe http://dbpedia.org/page/Immanuel_Kantumalle Relationen,bzw.Attributen zur Entität “ImmanuelKant” einzusehen.


KnowledgeGraphsRDF-Entity“Kant”

@prefixdbr: <http://dbpedia.org/resource/>

@prefixdbp: <http://dbpedia.org/property/>

@prefixrdfs: <http://www.w3.org/2000/01/rdf-schema#>

@prefixowl: <http://www.w3.org/2002/07/owl#>

@prefixdbpedia-wikidata:http://dbpedia.org/property/

@prefixyago: <http://dbpedia.org/class/yago/>

prefixes=schemas(namespacesdefinedby

vocabularies)

Namespaces(ControlledVocabolaryorOntology)

An„well organized“Graphcan be traversed /queried quicker

SKOS(SimpleKnowledge Organisation System)is aW3Crecommendation since 2009.

ItisanOWLontology(hencesemanticallyandformerlydefined)https://www.w3.org/2009/08/skos-reference/skos.rdf



https://www.w3.org/2009/08/skos-reference/skos.rdf

scopeNoteConceptScheme

ConceptsemanticRelation

hasTopConceptinScheme

Collection

OrderedCollection

rdf:List

memberList

Documentation

historyNoteexample

editorialNotedefinitionchangeNote

member

note

member

Labeling

hiddenLabelaltLabelprefLabel

Notationnotation

Semantic

related

narrower

broader

broaderTransitivenarrowerTransitive

Mapping

relatedMatch

narrowMatch

broadMatch

closeMatchexactMatch

Example

Creme X0815

Beauty Products

Creme Y1345

Liquid Products

broader

closeMatch

broadMatch

BeautyCremeX(alternativeLabel)

Source:SeanBechhofer „SKOS:Past,Present andFuture.ESWC2010.

NavigatingKnowledgeGraphsSKOSModel(partial)


SKOS“1x1”

Eachconcept:•Onepreferredlabel•Manyalternativelabels•Oneormoredefinitions•Oneormorescopenotes

•Interrelatedconceptsbroader/narrower/related

•Conceptsinterrelationbuildapolyhyerarchy


NavigatingKnowledgeGraphsSKOSExamplefor„Bird“

qDaimlerChrysler(automotive,EU)http://www.daimler.com/en/

qFLUOR(engineering,GLOBAL) http://www.fluor.com/pages/

qROCHE(health,GLOBAL)http://www.roche.com/

qBiotechQuality(biotech,Belgium)http://www.thebiotechqualitygroup.com/en/

qSwissConfederation(admin,Switzerland)https://www.bbl.admin.ch/bbl

qIAEA(atomic,Austria)https://www.iaea.org/qCTCN(climate,GLOBAL)https://www.ctc-n.org/qHealthDirect(health,AUSTRALIA)https://www.healthdirect.gov.au/q…


NavigatingKnowledgeGraphsWhois using SKOS(Thesauri)since years ?

qAGROVOC:MultilingualagriculturalthesaurusqEARTh:anEnvironmentalApplicationReferenceqEUROVOC:TheEU’smultilingualthesaurusqGEMET:GEneralMultilingualEnvironmentalThesaurusqGETTYAAT:Art&ArchitectureThesaurusqMeSH:MedicalSubjectHeadingsqREEGLE:RenewableEnergyandEnergyEfficiencyPartnershipqSTW:ThesaurusforEconomicsqJURIVOC:ThreelingualthesaurusoftheSwissFederalTribunalqTheBaselRegisterofThesauri,Ontologies&Classifications(BARTOC)listsmorethan2’800Vocabularies.


NavigatingKnowledgeGraphsSomemajor public RDFSKOSThesauri

BIO-Zen

BIRNLex

SubjectHeadings

HealthDirect

Europeana


NavigatingKnowledgeGraphs5usecases

https://www.w3.org/2006/07/SWD/wiki/EucBiozenDetailed

BIO-Zenallowsthedescriptionofbiologicalsystemsandtherepresentationofscientificdiscourseonthewebinahighlydistributedmanner.Itisintendedtobeusedbyresearchersanddevelopersinthelifesciences.SKOSisusedinbio-zen fortherepresentationofmanyexistinglifesciencesvocabularies,taxonomiesandontologiescomingfromthe"OpenBiomedicalOntologies"(OBO)collection.Thesizeofallconvertedtaxonomiestakentogetherisontheorderofmillionsofconcepts.


NavigatingKnowledgeGraphsUsecase1

https://www.w3.org/2006/07/SWD/wiki/EucBirnLexDetailed

BIRNLex:alexiconforneurosciencesIntegratedontologyandlexiconusedforvariouspurposes— someend-user/interactive,othersback-end/infrastructure— withintheBIRNProjecttosupportsemantically-formaldataannotation,semanticdataintegration,andsemantically-driven,federatedqueryresolution.

UsesboththeDublinCoremetadataelementsandSKOSwhereeverpossible


NavigatingKnowledgeGraphsUse case 2

SubjectHeadings(libraries)services

http://rameau.bnf.frlcsh.info

Webservicesusing SKOS toallowforsimplebrowsingofthesubjectheadings.



healthdirect AustraliaAdvisingPortal

Theplatformbundlescontentfromover140specializedinformationproviders.Usersbenefitfromvaluableandquality-assuredmedicalinformation,whichismadeaccessiblethroughsmartsemanticsearchapplications.Semanticcapabilitiessuchasfacetedsearchandautocompletionenrichtheportalwithintelligencethatenablenon-expertstodospecializedresearch.

https://www.healthdirect.gov.au



https://pro.europeana.eu/page/linked-open-data

EUROPEANA

Morethan20millionentitieslinkedinanowndatasetintheEDM(Europeana DataModel)… usingDublinCore,OAI-ORE,SKOS andCIDOC-CRMmodels

Providingaccesstoculturalheritagedomainssuchasart,musicandfashion.



Thesis:

HavingSKOS*organizingthe“giant”graphwouldstandardizeaccess

QualityControlE.g.viaGraphValidatorsSKOS*:somesuitableSKOSextension


NavigatingKnowledgeGraphsNavigatingthe“giantgraph“(thesis)

SKOSasaStandardq Thesaurusmanagersenablepractitioners todevelop

thesauriwithlimitedtraining.

q Domainexperts canmodeltheirfieldsofexpertisewithoutITsupport.

q SKOSShuttle– thesaurusmanagementsoftwareaaS iscompliantwithSKOSandensuresinteroperabilityofthesauriwithothertaxonomies,knowledgegraphsandAPIs.


IntroductiontoSKOSShuttle(3+4slides)https://skosshuttle.ch

SKOSShuttleScenariosq Taxonomygovernanceq Creationand/orMaintenanceofbigThesauriq SearchsupportviaRESTAPIq Blockchainsecuredthesauriq Suitableforeverydomain

q Historyq Artq Musicq Manufacturingq Physicsq …


SKOSShuttle– webthesauri(2)q Customrelationsq Customattributes “SKOS++”q Unitsofmeasureq OWLextension - “SKOSOWL”(tobefurtherdevelopped)qWorkswith7majorRDFstores:AllegroGraph,Blazegraph,

GraphDB,Jena-Fuseki,MarkLogic,Stardog,Virtuoso


SKOSShuttle– InformationGovernance

DeliverRDFchangestoconnectedthesauri(prodenvironments)viaRDFPushnotifications

18.Mai2017 Seite43

SKOSShuttle– ArchivingtoBlockchain

SecurelyarchiveRDFchunks(orwholeSKOSThesauri)Toaprivateethereumj instanceoperatedatSemweb

RDFcodeiscompressedanduploaded/downloadedto/fromtheblockchain

Nextstepanddiscussion:

Blockchainissafeand(normallyhighly)redundant.ShoulditbealsohostingaSPARQLengine?Whowillstartdoingit?

18.Mai2017 Seite44

Bibliography/1/:PanJ.Z.,2017ExploitingLinkedDataandKnowledgeGraphsinLargeOrganisations/2/:https://aic.ai.wu.ac.at/qadlod/lodalot/iswc2017/


Thankyou!

[email protected]

Motivating SKOS in Knowledge Graphs and introducing SKOS ... · Motivating SKOS in Knowledge Graphs...

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