Reporter: Jastyne B. Reporter: Jastyne B. MallariMallari

Motivation Motivation can be can be defined as the intensity defined as the intensity

of a person’s desire to of a person’s desire to engage in some engage in some

activity.activity.Motivation Motivation is “WHAT is “WHAT drives you” to behave in drives you” to behave in a certain way or to take a certain way or to take a particular action. It is a particular action. It is your your WHYWHY..

Motivation is said to be intrinsic or extrinsic

Extrinsic-is geared toward external rewards.

Intrinsic-is driven by interest & enjoyment in the task itself.

--RewardsRewards is anything an is anything an individual perceives as individual perceives as

valuable.valuable.

--IntrinsicIntrinsic and and Extrinsic Extrinsic are two (2) general are two (2) general

types of rewards.types of rewards.

Intrinsic are obtained to the work itself. -A positive outcome of performing work that is integral to the work task itself, such as love of or pride in one's work, a sense of challenge or achievement, etc.

Extrinsic are usually financial—are the tangible rewards given employees by managers, such as pay raises, bonuses, and benefits. They are called “extrinsic” because they are external to the work itself .

Early TheoriesEarly Theories

An early theory which relates to

the use of rewards and penalties in

order to induce desired behavior.

A.A. Content Theories or Content Theories or (Need-Based Approaches)(Need-Based Approaches)

Revolve around the Revolve around the identification of identification of inward drives, referred inward drives, referred to as to as needsneeds, that cause , that cause people act as they do.people act as they do.

-A motivating force that compels action for its satisfaction.

-The psychological feature that arouses an organism to action toward a desired goal; the reason for the action; that which gives purpose and direction to behavior

Primary Needs- are physiological in nature and generally inborninborn. It is genetically determined.

Secondary Needs- are social-physiological in nature. Secondary needs is usually learnedlearned.

Under Content theories are the ff:Under Content theories are the ff:

• Abraham Maslow’sAbraham Maslow’s• David McClelland’sDavid McClelland’s• Frederick Herzberg’ Frederick Herzberg’

Hygiene Factors or Hygiene Factors or DissatisfiersDissatisfiers

Working conditions Policies and administrative practices Salary and Benefits Supervision Status Job security Co-workers Personal life

Motivators or Motivators or SatisfiersSatisfiers

Recognition Achievement Advancement Growth Responsibility Job challenge

Need for Achievement

(nACH)

Need for Power (nPOW)

Need for Affiliations

(nAFF)

B.B. Process TheoriesProcess Theories

It explain motivation It explain motivation in-terms of in-terms of decision-decision-making processmaking process. It . It primarily view primarily view motivation from the motivation from the perspective of what perspective of what channels behavior.channels behavior.

Under Process theories are the ff:Under Process theories are the ff:

• J. S Adams’J. S Adams’• Edwin Locke’sEdwin Locke’s• Victor Vroom’sVictor Vroom’s

assumes that people have need assumes that people have need for, and therefore for, and therefore value and value and seek, fairness at workseek, fairness at work..

people are strongly motivated people are strongly motivated to maintain a balance bet. What to maintain a balance bet. What they perceive as their inputs or they perceive as their inputs or contributions and their rewards.contributions and their rewards.

assumes that one someone decides to pursue a goal the person regulates his or her behavior to try to reach each goal.

Expectancy x Instrumentality x Valence = Motivation

Expectancy-in motivation, the probability that a person’s efforts will lead to

performance.

Instrumentality-the perceived successful performance and obtaining

the reward.

Valance-the perceived successful performance and obtaining the reward for certain efforts.

C. Learning/ Reinforcement C. Learning/ Reinforcement ApproachesApproaches

can be defined as a can be defined as a relatively permanent relatively permanent

change in person that change in person that occurs as a result of occurs as a result of

experience.experience.

Behavior that appears to operate on or have influence on the subjects environment.

A reward that is contingent or dependent on performance of a particular behavior.

The technique of changing or modifying behavior through the use of contingent rewards or punishments.

Two (2) Core Concepts in BM

1. The type of reinforcement (reward-punishment)2. Schedule of reinforcement

Positive Positive ReinforcementReinforcement

- the act of rewarding - the act of rewarding desired behavior; or desired behavior; or the actual rewards, the actual rewards,

such as praise or such as praise or bonuses, given each bonuses, given each

time the desired time the desired behavior occurs.behavior occurs.

Negative ReinforcementNegative Reinforcement-reinforcing the desirable behavior by -reinforcing the desirable behavior by

removing something undesirable from the removing something undesirable from the situation.situation.

PunishmentPunishment-a behavioral -a behavioral

modification option modification option that applies penalties that applies penalties

for the undesired for the undesired behavior to reduce behavior to reduce

the possibility that it the possibility that it will recur.will recur.

ExtinctionExtinction-the behavioral -the behavioral

modification modification technique of technique of

withholding positive withholding positive reinforcement so that reinforcement so that

over time the over time the undesired behavior undesired behavior

disappears.disappears.