Motion and Forces: 1.0Newton’s Laws predict the motion of most objects.

What does it mean?

Objects move in predictable ways that can be described by scientific laws that were first developed by Isaac Newton.

Motion and Forces: 1aStudents know how to solve problems that involve constant speed and average speed.

What does it mean?

Calculations involving speed can be based on a constant speed or an average speed.

d = vt

Motion and Forces : 1bStudents know that when forces are balanced (Fnet = 0), no acceleration occurs; thus an object continues to move at a constant speed or stays at rest (Newton's 1st Law).

What does it mean?According Newton’s 1st Law, the motion of an object does not change unless a force affects it. Without the action of a force, a moving object continues to move at a constant speed and an object not moving remains motionless.

Motion and Forces: 1c1c. Students know how to apply the law Fnet=ma to solve one-dimensional motion problems that involve constant forces (Newton's 2nd law).

What does it mean?

According to Newton’s 2nd Law, force is proportional to both mass and acceleration. If you know 2 of these 3 values: Force(Fnet), mass(m) and acceleration (a), you can calculate the third value using Fnet = ma

Motion and Forces: 1dStudents know that when one object exerts a force on a second object, the second object always exerts a force of equal magnitude and in the opposite direction (Newton's 3rd law).

What does it mean?

According to Newton’s 3rd Law, force always occur in equal and opposite pairs. If one object pushes on a second object, the second object pushes back on the first, with a force that has the same magnitude.

Motion and Forces: 1eStudents know the relationship between the universal law of gravitation and the effect of gravity on an object at the surface of Earth.

What does it mean?The universal law of gravitation starts that the gravitational force between any two particles of matter is proportional to their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. This force acting between them. This force acting between Earth and an object on its surface causes the object to fall toward Earth.

Motion and Forces: 1fStudents know applying a force to an object perpendicular to the direction of its motion causes the object to change direction but not speed (e.g., Earth's gravitational force causes a satellite in a circular orbit to change direction but not speed).

What does it mean?

When a force is applied to a moving object directly from the side, the object will change direction but will continue moving at the same speed. An example of this is the gravitational force that keeps a satellite in orbit by constantly changing the direction of its motion.

Motion and Forces: 1gStudents know circular motion requires the application of a constant force directed toward the center of the circle.

What does it mean?

For an object to have a circular motion, a constant force toward the center of the circle is needed to continuously change its direction.

Motion and Forces: 1h*Students know Newton's laws are not exact but provide very good approximations unless an object is moving close to the speed of light or is small enough that quantum effects are important.

What does it mean?Newton’s laws are based on observations of objects moving much slower than the speed of light. Under these conditions, the laws provide a good approximation of actual motion. When objects move near the speed of light, the other factors become important, so Newton’s laws no longer provide and adequate description of motion.

Motion and Forces: 1i*Students know how to solve two-dimensional trajectory problems.

What does it mean?

Moving objects are affected by gravity move in a two-dimensional path that can be calculated by combining the object’s motion in one direction and the effect of gravitational force in another direction.

Motion and Forces: 1j*Students know how to resolve two-dimensional vectors into their components and calculate the magnitude and direction of a vector from its components.

What does it mean?

In order to calculate motion and the effects of forces, the motion of an object can be described as a combination of two vectors or motions in two directions at right angles to one another.

Motion and Forces: 1k*Students know how to solve two-dimensional problems involving balanced forces (statics).

What does it mean?

When an object is not moving, all the forces acting on it are balanced. If some of the forces are known, others can be calculated.

Motion and Forces: 1l*Students know how to solve problems in circular motion by using the formula for centripetal acceleration in the following form: a=v2/r.

What does it mean?

Motion of an object in a circular path can be calculated using centripetal acceleration.

Motion and Forces: 1m*Students know how to solve problems involving the forces between two electric charges at a distance (Coulomb's law) or the forces between two masses at a distance (universal gravitation).

What does it mean?

Problems involving electric force and gravitational force between two objects are solved using inverse square laws, such that the farther apart the objects are, the weaker the force between them will be.

Energy & Momentum: 2.0The laws of conservation of energy and momentum provide a way to predict and describe the movement of objects.

What does it mean?

Energy and momentum are not destroyed. Instead, they are transferred in ways that can be used to predict the motion of objects.

Energy and Momentum: 2aStudents know how to calculate kinetic energy by using the formula E=(1/2)mv2

What does it mean?

A moving object has energy of motion, or kinetic energy, which is proportional to its mass and to the square of its velocity. Kinetic energy (E) can be calculated using the formula: E=(1/2)mv2.

Energy and Momentum: 2bStudents know how to calculate changes in gravitational potential energy near Earth by using the formula (change in potential energy) =mgh (h is the change in the elevation).

What does it mean?

Objects have stored or potential energy due to their position. The gravitational potential energy of an object near Earth can be calculated using the formula: Change in potential energy=mgh, where m is the mass of the object, g is the acceleration due to gravity, and h is the change in height of the object.

Energy and Momentum: 2c

Students know how to solve problems involving conservation of energy in simple systems, such as falling objects.

What does it mean?

Energy is not created or destroyed, so the amount of energy that is transferred in a simple system such as a falling object, can be calculated from the energies of parts of the system before and after a change.

Energy and Momentum: 2dStudents know how to calculate momentum as the product mv.

What does it mean?

Momentum is a property of a moving object that is defined as the product of its mass and its velocity. The formula for momentum is p=mv

Energy and Momentum: 2eStudents know momentum is a separately conserved quantity different from energy.

What does it mean?

Momentum is a property of a moving object that includes its mass and its velocity. When objects collide, momentum is conserved. That means that total momentum is the same before and after the collision.

Energy and Momentum: 2fStudents know an unbalanced force on an object produces a change in its momentum.

What does it mean?

Because velocity is a factor in momentum, an unbalanced force causes momentum to change by changing the motion of an object.

Energy and Momentum: 2gStudents know how to solve problems involving elastic and inelastic collisions in one dimension by using the principles of conservation of momentum and energy.

What does it mean?

There are two types of collisions, elastic and inelastic. In an elastic collision, the two objects collide and travel in separate directions, and in an inelastic collision, two objects collide and travel together. Energy and momentum are conserved in both types of collision, but how they are transferred differs.

Energy and Momentum: 2h*Students know how to solve problems involving conservation of energy in simple systems with various sources of potential energy, such as capacitors and springs.

What does it mean?

It is possible to calculate how energy is conserved and transferred in simple systems, such as capacitors and springs, by accounting for changes in potential energy.

Heat and Thermodynamics: 3.0Energy cannot be created or destroyed, although in many processes energy is transferred to the environment as heat.

What does it mean?

Energy is never created or destroyed, but it can be transferred from one place to another as heat.

Heat and Thermodynamics: 3aStudents know heat flow and work are two forms of energy transfer between systems.

What does it mean?

Many processes transfer energy from one material to another. Heat and work are two ways that energy is transferred.

Heat and Thermodynamics: 3bStudents know that the work done by a heat engine that is working in a cycle is the difference between the heat flow into the engine at high temperature and the heat flow out at a lower temperature (first law of thermodynamics) and that this is an example of the law of conservation of energy.

What does it mean?

Machines that transfer heat, such as steam engines and refrigerators, have a cycle in which heat is transferred into and out of the engine. The work done by the engine is the difference between the heat transferred in and the heat transferred out of the engine. This is an example of the conservation of energy.

Heat and Thermodynamics: 3cStudents know the internal energy of an object includes the energy of random motion of the object's atoms and molecules, often referred to as thermal energy. The greater the temperature of the object, the greater the energy of motion of the atoms and molecules that make up the object.

What does it mean?

Matter is made of particles that are in constant motion. The temperature of an object increases as the average kinetic energy of these particles increases, which means that the particles are moving faster.

Heat and Thermodynamics: 3dStudents know that most processes tend to decrease the order of a system over time and that energy levels are eventually distributed uniformly.

What does it mean?

When energy is transferred in a system, the amount of order tends to decrease over time and the level of energy is distributed evenly over the whole system. An example of this is the transfer of heat from warmer objects to cooler objects.

Heat and Thermodynamics: 3eStudents know that entropy is a quantity that measures the order or disorder of a system and that this quantity is larger for a more disordered system.

What does it mean?The amount of order in the arrangement of particles in a system can vary from very ordered to very disordered. Entropy is a measure of the amount of order in the system. An increase in the entropy value means that disorder increases.

Heat and Thermodynamics: 3f* Students know the statement "Entropy tends to increase" is a law of statistical probability that governs all closed systems (second law of thermodynamics).

What does it mean?

Because there are more possible conditions of disorder than of order, the amount of disorder in a system, and in the universe, tends to increase over time. This tendency is frequently stated as “Entropy tends to increase.”

Heat and Thermodynamics: 3g* Students know how to solve problems involving heat flow, work, and efficiency in a heat engine and know that all real engines lose some heat to their surroundings.

What does it mean?

The operation of heat engines can be described and calculated using equations relating heat, work, and the efficiency of the engine. No heat engine can convert 100% of the energy available to work because some energy is lost as heat to the engine’s environment.

Waves: 4.0Waves have characteristic properties that do not depend on the type of wave.

What does it mean?

There are some properties of waves that apply to every type of wave, such as ocean waves, sound waves, and light waves. These characteristic properties can be used to understand how waves act.

Waves: 4aStudents know waves carry energy from one place to another.

What does it mean?

Waves carry energy in the form of motion or electromagnetic energy away from a source.

Waves: 4bStudents know how to identify transverse and longitudinal waves in mechanical media, such as springs and ropes, and on the earth (seismic waves).

What does it mean?

There are two types of waves that are carried by the motion of particles. In transverse waves, particles move in a direction perpendicular to the direction of the wave itself. In a longitudinal wave, particles move in a direction of the wave.

Waves: 4cStudents know how to solve problems involving wavelength, frequency, and wave speed.

What does it mean?

Every wave has three characteristics – wavelength, frequency, and wave speed – that are related and can be calculated using the formula v=fλ, where v is the sped of the wave, f if its frequency, and λ is the wavelength.

Waves: 4dStudents know sound is a longitudinal wave whose speed depends on the properties of the medium in which it propagates.

What does it mean?

Sound waves travel in a direction that is parallel to their vibrations. The speed of sound waves varies depending on the properties of the material through which they are traveling.

Waves: 4eStudents know radio waves, light, and X-rays are different wavelength bands in the spectrum of electromagnetic waves whose speed in a vacuum is approximately 3×108 m/s (186,000 miles/second).

What does it mean?Electromagnetic waves have a wide range of properties, depending on their wavelength, but they all have the same wave speed in a vacuum – about 3 x 108 m/s (186,000 miles/second). Radio waves, visible light, and X-rays are terms used to describe three of the bands of wavelengths within the whole range of the electromagnetic spectrum.

Waves: 4fStudents know how to identify the characteristic properties of waves: interference (beats), diffraction, refraction, Doppler effect, and polarization.

What does it mean?All waves gave characteristic properties that include interference (how waves affect one another), diffraction and refraction (how waves are affected by motion), the Doppler effect (how waves are affected by motion), and polarization (how waves are affected by their direction in space).

Electric and Magnetic Phenomena:5.0Electric and magnetic phenomena are related and have many practical applications.

What does it mean?Electricity and magnetism are related to one another and people can take advantage of them for practical uses.

Electric and Magnetic Phenomena: 5aStudents know how to predict the voltage or current in simple direct current (DC) electric circuits constructed from batteries, wires, resistors, and capacitors.

What does it mean?

The voltage and current in a circuit can be calculated from the properties of the parts of the circuit, including batteries, wires, resisters and capacitors.

Electric and Magnetic Phenomena: 5bStudents know how to solve problems involving Ohm's law.

What does it mean?

Ohm’s law can be used to describe the behavior of materials that have a constant resistance over a range of voltages. Ohm’s law states the relationship of resistance (R), potential difference (V), and current (I) suing the formula R=V/I

Electric and Magnetic Phenomena: 5cStudents know any resistive element in a DC circuit dissipates energy, which heats the resistor. Students can calculate the power (rate of energy dissipation) in any resistive circuit element by using the formula Power = IR (potential difference) × I (current) = I2R.

What does it mean?When an electric current passes through a material that resists its flow, some of the electrical energy is converted to heat. The amount of heat produced can be calculated using the formula: Power=I2R, where I is the current and R is the resistance (IR is equal to the voltage).

Electric and Magnetic Phenomena: 5dStudents know the properties of transistors and the role of transistors in electric circuits.

What does it mean?

A transistor is a device made of layers whose current carrying ability can be controlled with a change in voltage. They are used as switches that allow a small current to turn a larger current on or off.

Electric and Magnetic Phenomena: 5eStudents know charged particles are sources of electric fields and are subject to the forces of the electric fields from other charges.

What does it mean?

Electric fields are a property of charged particles, such as electrons. The electric fields of particles are forces that affect one another.

Electric and Magnetic Phenomena: 5fStudents know magnetic materials and electric currents (moving electric charges) are sources of magnetic fields and are subject to forces arising from the magnetic fields of other sources.

What does it mean?The two sources of magnetic fields are magnetic materials and the motion of electric charges (electric current). Magnetic fields from different sources affect one another.

Electric and Magnetic Phenomena: 5gStudents know how to determine the direction of a magnetic field produced by a current flowing in a straight wire or in a coil.

What does it mean?

The direction of the magnetic field produced by a current flowing in a wire or coil can be determined if the direction of the electric current flow is known.

Electric and Magnetic Phenomena: 5hStudents know changing magnetic fields produce electric fields, thereby inducing currents in nearby conductors.

What does it mean?

Because electric and magnetic fields are related, a moving magnetic field produces an electric field. These electric fields can produce electric currents in conductors that are near the moving magnetic field.

Electric and Magnetic Phenomena: 5iStudents know plasmas, the fourth state of matter, contain ions or free electrons or both and conduct electricity.

What does it mean?

A plasma is a state of matter consisting of charged particles such as ion and or free electrons. Because the particles are charged, plasmas can conduct electricity.

Electric and Magnetic Phenomena: 5j*Students know electric and magnetic fields contain energy and act as vector force fields.

What does it mean?

Electric fields and magnetic fields contain and transfer energy. They can be described as vectors because the fields have strength and direction.

Electric and Magnetic Phenomena: 5k *Students know the force on a charged particle in an electric field is qE, where E is the electric field at the position of the particle and q is the charge of the particle.

What does it mean?

The strength the force affecting a charged particle in an electric field can be calculated using the formula F = qE, where F is the electric force, q is the charge on the particle and E is the strength of the electric field at the location of the particle.

Electric and Magnetic Phenomena: 5l *Students know how to calculate the electric field resulting from a point charge.

What does it mean?

The strength of an electric field depends on the magnitude of the electrical charge and the distance from the charge. Electric field strength can be calculated using the formula, E=kcq/r2, where E is the field strength, kc is a constant, q is the charge at the source, and r is the distance from the source.

Electric and Magnetic Phenomena: 5m*Students know how to calculate the electric field resulting from a point charge.

What does it mean?

Static electric fields are caused by the position of charged particles.

Electric and Magnetic Phenomena: 5n* Students know the magnitude of the force on a moving particle (with charge q) in a magnetic field is qvB sin(a), where a is the angle between v and B (v and B are the magnitudes of vectors v and B, respectively), and students use the right-hand rule to find the direction of this force.

What does it mean?

The magnitude and direction of the force on a moving charged particle in a magnetic field can be calculated bys separating the forces into vector components.

Electric and Magnetic Phenomena: 5o*Students know how to apply the concepts of electrical and gravitational potential energy to solve problems involving conservation of energy

What does it mean?Electrical potential energy and gravitational potential energy are forms of energy that are based on the charge or position of an object. Energy is conserved when kinetic energy is converted into any form of potential energy.

Investigation and ExperimentationScientific progress is made by asking meaningful questions and conducting careful investigations.

What does it mean?

Scientists learn more about the world by asking questions. They find answers to these questions through investigations and experiments. To understand this and understand the other four strands, students should ask their own questions and carry out their own investigations.

Investigation and Experimentation: aSelect and use appropriate tools and technology (such as computer-linked probes, spreadsheets, and graphing calculators) to perform tests, collect data, analyze relationships, and display data.

What does it mean?Choose and use the right tools and equipment (such as probes connected to computers, spreadsheets software that makes data tables, and calculators that plot graphs) to make observations, and to collect information, interpret information, and display information.

Investigation and Experimentation: bIdentify and communicate sources of unavoidable experimental error.

What does it mean?

Name and discuss the sources of unavoidable mistakes that are made when experiments are conducted.

Investigation and Experimentation: cIdentify possible reasons for inconsistent results, such as sources of error or uncontrolled conditions.

What does it mean?Name possible reasons that the information gathered in an experiment is different from what was expected. For example, it may not be possible to avoid some mistakes, or there may be more than one variable in an experiment.

Investigation and Experimentation: dFormulate explanations by using logic and evidence.

What does it mean?

Base explanations on well-reasoned interpretations of data.

Investigation and Experimentation: e

Solve scientific problems by using quadratic equations and simple trigonometric, exponential, and logarithmic functions.

What does it mean?

Use various mathematical equations and functions to solve science problems.

Investigation and Experimentation: fDistinguish between hypothesis and theory as scientific terms.

What does it mean?

Explain how, in science, a hypothesis is different from a theory.

Investigation and Experimentation: gRecognize the usefulness and limitations of models and theories as scientific representations of reality.

What does it mean?

Examine how models and theories are useful tools used by scientists to represent real objects and phenomena, but they do have limitations.

Investigation and Experimentation: iAnalyze the locations, sequences, or time intervals that are characteristic of natural phenomena (e.g., relative ages of rocks, locations of planets over time, and succession of species in an ecosystem).

What does it mean?

Look at natural processes, such as the formation of rocks. Motion of planets, and succession of species, that operate I locations and time sequences or cycles that can be analyzed by scientific investigation.

Investigation and Experimentation: jRecognize the issues of statistical variability and the need for controlled tests.

What does it mean?

Identify and understand the variability of results and that controlled tests can limit the variation.

Investigation and Experimentation: kRecognize the cumulative nature of scientific evidence.

What does it mean?

Understand that new scientific knowledge is built on and extends knowledge that was obtained previously by scientists.

Investigation and Experimentation: lAnalyze situations and solve problems that require combining and applying concepts from more than one area of science.

What does it mean?The branches of science are not isolated fields of knowledge. Concepts from investigations in one field of science can be applied to other fields.

IEl. How can the physical properties of waves be used to develop a model of the interior Earth?

A. The energy of waves beneath the surface is related to temperature of the interior.

B. Tides within the material beneath Earth’s surface cause waves related to the structure of the material.

C. The speed and direction travel of seismic waves beneath the surface is related to the materials of the medium.

D. The size and shape of ocean waves is affected by Earth’s gravity.

Investigation and Experimentation: mInvestigate a science-based societal issue by researching the literature, analyzing data, and communicating the findings. Examples of issues include irradiation of food, cloning of animals by somatic cell nuclear transfer, choice of energy sources, and land and water use decisions in California.

What does it mean?Look into a current science topic that affects society by studying written information, examining data, and reporting what has been learned. Examples of topics include treating food with radiation, cloning animals by exchanging cell parts, choosing ways to get energy, and making decisions about how to use water and land in California.

Investigation and Experimentation: nKnow that when an observation does not agree with an accepted scientific theory, the observation is sometimes mistaken or fraudulent (e.g., the Piltdown Man fossil or unidentified flying objects) and that the theory is sometimes wrong (e.g., the Ptolemaic model of the movement of the Sun, Moon, and planets).

What does it mean?Understand that when information gathered does not match an idea agreed on by scientists, the information is sometimes wrong (for example, seeing flying saucers) and sometimes, the scientific idea is wrong (for example, the idea that the Sun revolves around Earth.)