MOTION ANALYSISMOTION ANALYSISBYBY

DR. AJAY KUMARDR. AJAY KUMARREADERREADER

SCHOOL OF PHYSICAL EDU.SCHOOL OF PHYSICAL EDU.

KINESIOLOGICAL ANALYSISKINESIOLOGICAL ANALYSIS

A kinesiological analysis of a motor A kinesiological analysis of a motor skill consist of breaking the skill into skill consist of breaking the skill into its constituent elements, of its constituent elements, of determining the nature of each determining the nature of each movement and identifying the movement and identifying the appropriate mechanical and appropriate mechanical and anatomical principles.anatomical principles.

POINTS TO BE KEPT IN MINDPOINTS TO BE KEPT IN MINDWhat joints are involvedWhat joints are involved

What are their exact movement in motionWhat are their exact movement in motion

Are any joint used their full rangeAre any joint used their full range

What muscles are responsible for joint What muscles are responsible for joint actionaction

What are the nature of contraction of each What are the nature of contraction of each musclemuscle

Do any of the muscle group exert maximal Do any of the muscle group exert maximal or near maximal effortor near maximal effort

POINTS TO BE KEPT IN MIND POINTS TO BE KEPT IN MIND (cont)(cont)

What anatomical and mechanical What anatomical and mechanical principles contribute for maximal principles contribute for maximal efficiency and accuracy (their efficiency and accuracy (their identification, their faults and their identification, their faults and their correction)correction)

What principles are directly related What principles are directly related to avoidance of injuriesto avoidance of injuries

Mechanical AnalysisMechanical Analysis

The mechanical analysis of an The mechanical analysis of an activity involves the identification of activity involves the identification of laws and principles which help to laws and principles which help to explain the most appropriate form explain the most appropriate form for the execution of the activity and for the execution of the activity and to identify the mechanical reason for to identify the mechanical reason for success or failure.success or failure.

Biomechanical AnalysisBiomechanical Analysis

Biomechanical analysis is the Biomechanical analysis is the process of identifying both the process of identifying both the internal as well as external forces internal as well as external forces coming into play during the coming into play during the performance and the effect produced performance and the effect produced by these forces on that performance.by these forces on that performance.

WHY MAKE ANALYSISWHY MAKE ANALYSIS

As an aid to effective teachingAs an aid to effective teaching

Provide instructor a sound Provide instructor a sound background for presenting a motor background for presenting a motor skillskill

It provide instructor an X-Ray eye to It provide instructor an X-Ray eye to diagnose fault and difficultydiagnose fault and difficulty

It make instructor more aware of It make instructor more aware of types on injuries which may occurtypes on injuries which may occur

Methods of AnalysisMethods of Analysis

Qualitative AnalysisQualitative Analysis

Quantitative AnalysisQuantitative Analysis

Methods of AnalysisMethods of AnalysisQualitative Analysis : The performance is Qualitative Analysis : The performance is evaluated subjectively on the basis of evaluated subjectively on the basis of direct visual observation.direct visual observation.

Quantitative Analysis : The performance is Quantitative Analysis : The performance is first recorded using photography, first recorded using photography, cinematography, electromyography or cinematography, electromyography or some other technique and then evaluated some other technique and then evaluated objectively on the basis of measurements.objectively on the basis of measurements.

Characteristics of Qualitative Characteristics of Qualitative AnalysisAnalysis

Used by Phy Edu. Teachers, coaches, Used by Phy Edu. Teachers, coaches, athletes, spectators etc.athletes, spectators etc.Based on a simple Visual observation of Based on a simple Visual observation of the result.the result.It is a systematic evaluation not only It is a systematic evaluation not only results but also all the various factors results but also all the various factors which have contributed.which have contributed.Use of Video Feedback method is now a Use of Video Feedback method is now a days more popular .days more popular .It is subjective in natureIt is subjective in nature

Characteristics of Quantitative Characteristics of Quantitative AnalysisAnalysis

Used extensively by researchers Used extensively by researchers occasionally by coaches and rarely occasionally by coaches and rarely by physical edu. Teachers.by physical edu. Teachers.

Used for searching new techniquesUsed for searching new techniques

Used for searching new equipmentsUsed for searching new equipments

Used for enhancing the performanceUsed for enhancing the performance

Expensive equipments are requiredExpensive equipments are required

Highly trained people are required Highly trained people are required

Characteristics of Quantitative Characteristics of Quantitative Analysis (Cont)Analysis (Cont)

More time are required for this type More time are required for this type of analysisof analysis

Generally conducted at the highest Generally conducted at the highest level of competitionlevel of competition

It is basically objective in natureIt is basically objective in nature

Basic Steps in Qualitative AnalysisBasic Steps in Qualitative Analysis

Step 1 : Development of a model (or Step 1 : Development of a model (or block diagram) showing the block diagram) showing the relationship between the results and relationship between the results and the factors that produce that resultsthe factors that produce that results

RESULTS

FACTORS WHICH PRODUCES RESULTS

Basic Steps in Qualitative Analysis Basic Steps in Qualitative Analysis (cont)(cont)

Step 2 : Observation of the Step 2 : Observation of the performance and identification of performance and identification of faults.faults.Step 3 : Evaluation of the relative Step 3 : Evaluation of the relative importance of these faultsimportance of these faultsStep 4 : Instructions to the performer Step 4 : Instructions to the performer in accord with the conclusion in accord with the conclusion reached in the course of the analysisreached in the course of the analysis

STEPS OF ANALYSISSTEPS OF ANALYSIS

Name of the skillName of the skill

Brief description of the skillBrief description of the skill

The specific objective of the motor The specific objective of the motor skillskill

Identification of major and secondary Identification of major and secondary categoriescategories

STEPS OF ANALYSIS (cont)STEPS OF ANALYSIS (cont)

The objectives of analysis i.e. The objectives of analysis i.e. mechanical, anatomical or bothmechanical, anatomical or both

Identification of principlesIdentification of principles

Application of principles in motor Application of principles in motor skillsskills

Analysis of WalkingAnalysis of Walking

Name of the skill: WalkingName of the skill: Walking

Description of SkillDescription of Skill

Walking is a reflex action.Walking is a reflex action.

No conscious control is required.No conscious control is required.

If attention is focused on any part of If attention is focused on any part of the gait tension is likely to develop the gait tension is likely to develop and rhythem is lostand rhythem is lost

Walking is performed by alternating Walking is performed by alternating action of two lower extremities.action of two lower extremities.

Description of Skill (cont)Description of Skill (cont)It is an example of translatory motion It is an example of translatory motion of the body as a whole which is of the body as a whole which is brought about by means of the brought about by means of the angular motion of some of its part.angular motion of some of its part.It is also an example of a periodic or It is also an example of a periodic or pendular like motion in which the pendular like motion in which the moving segment may be said to start moving segment may be said to start at zero, pass through its arc of at zero, pass through its arc of motion and fall to zero again. motion and fall to zero again.

Description of Skill (cont)Description of Skill (cont)

In walking each lower extremities In walking each lower extremities undergoes two phase; the swinging undergoes two phase; the swinging phase and the supporting phase.phase and the supporting phase.

The supporting phase is further The supporting phase is further divided into a restraining phase divided into a restraining phase (from the moment the foot touches (from the moment the foot touches the ground until it is directly under the ground until it is directly under the center of the body)the center of the body)

Description of Skill (cont)Description of Skill (cont)

The next phase of supporting phase The next phase of supporting phase is propulsion phase (from the is propulsion phase (from the moment when the foot is under the moment when the foot is under the center of gravity until it leaves the center of gravity until it leaves the ground).ground).

Objective of Motor SkillObjective of Motor Skill

To produce a efficient linear motion To produce a efficient linear motion of the body as a whole by using of the body as a whole by using proper functioning of the reflexes , proper functioning of the reflexes , normal flexibility of the joints and normal flexibility of the joints and optimum use of the muscular force optimum use of the muscular force and optimum stability of the body as and optimum stability of the body as a whole in the weight bearing phase a whole in the weight bearing phase of the motion.of the motion.

Identification of CategoriesIdentification of Categories

Primary Category: Giving impetus to Primary Category: Giving impetus to one’s own body.one’s own body.

Secondary Category: Supported by Secondary Category: Supported by ground and locomotion on foot.ground and locomotion on foot.

Objective of AnalysisObjective of Analysis

Mechanical AnalysisMechanical Analysis

Identification of PrinciplesIdentification of Principles

Both part of law of inertiaBoth part of law of inertia

Law of action and reactionLaw of action and reaction

Law of leverLaw of lever

Newton’s second law Newton’s second law

Law of stabilityLaw of stability

Law of FrictionLaw of Friction

Application of Mechanical Application of Mechanical PrinciplesPrinciples

Principle 1Principle 1: A body at rest will : A body at rest will remain at rest unless acted upon by remain at rest unless acted upon by a force. Since walking is produces by a force. Since walking is produces by a pendular like motion of the lower a pendular like motion of the lower extremities the inertia of the body extremities the inertia of the body must be overcome at every step. must be overcome at every step.

Application of Mechanical Application of Mechanical Principles (cont)Principles (cont)

Principle 2Principle 2: A body in motion will : A body in motion will continue in motion unless acted upon continue in motion unless acted upon by a force. Since motion is imparted by a force. Since motion is imparted to the trunk by the backward thrust to the trunk by the backward thrust of the leg, the trunk has a tendency of the leg, the trunk has a tendency to continue moving forward even to continue moving forward even beyond the base of support. A brief beyond the base of support. A brief restraining action of the forward leg restraining action of the forward leg serve as a check on the momentum serve as a check on the momentum of the trunk. of the trunk.

Application of Mechanical Application of Mechanical Principles (cont)Principles (cont)

Principle 3Principle 3: Force applied diagonally : Force applied diagonally consist of two components , consist of two components , horizontal and vertical. The vertical horizontal and vertical. The vertical component in walking serves to component in walking serves to counteract the downward pull of the counteract the downward pull of the gravity. The horizontal component gravity. The horizontal component serves (1) in the restraining phase to serves (1) in the restraining phase to check the forward motion and (2) in check the forward motion and (2) in the propulsion phase to produce it.the propulsion phase to produce it.

Principles (cont)Principles (cont)

Principle 4Principle 4 : Translatory motion of : Translatory motion of a lever is achieved by the repeated a lever is achieved by the repeated alternate motion of two rotatory alternate motion of two rotatory motion. The lever turning first about motion. The lever turning first about one end and then the other end. In one end and then the other end. In walking, the lower extremity walking, the lower extremity alternates between rotating about alternates between rotating about the foot point of contact with the the foot point of contact with the ground and the hip joint. ground and the hip joint.

Principles (cont)Principles (cont)

Principle 5Principle 5: the speed of the gait is : the speed of the gait is directly related to the magnitude of directly related to the magnitude of the pushing force to the direction of the pushing force to the direction of its application. This force is provided its application. This force is provided by the extensor muscles of the hip, by the extensor muscles of the hip, knee and ankle joint, and the knee and ankle joint, and the direction of application is determined direction of application is determined by the slant of the lower extremity by the slant of the lower extremity when the force is being applied.when the force is being applied.

Principles (cont)Principles (cont)

Principle 6Principle 6: The economy of the gait : The economy of the gait is related to its timing with reference is related to its timing with reference to the length of the limbs. The most to the length of the limbs. The most economical gait is one which is so economical gait is one which is so timed as to permit pendular motion timed as to permit pendular motion of the lower extremities.of the lower extremities.

Principles (cont)Principles (cont)

Principle 7Principle 7 : Walking has been : Walking has been described as an alternating loss and described as an alternating loss and recovery of balance. This indicates recovery of balance. This indicates that a new base of support must be that a new base of support must be established at every step.established at every step.

Principles (cont)Principles (cont)

Principle 8Principle 8 : As propulsion of the : As propulsion of the body is brought about by the body is brought about by the diagonal push of the foot against the diagonal push of the foot against the supporting surface, the efficiency of supporting surface, the efficiency of the locomotion depends on the the locomotion depends on the counter pressure and friction counter pressure and friction provided by the supporting surface.provided by the supporting surface.

Principles (cont)Principles (cont)Principle 9 Principle 9 : Stability of the body is : Stability of the body is directly related to the size of base of directly related to the size of base of support. In walking the lateral distance support. In walking the lateral distance between the feet is a factor in maintaining between the feet is a factor in maintaining balance.balance.– Too narrow a lateral distance between the feet Too narrow a lateral distance between the feet

decrease the balancedecrease the balance– Too wide a lateral distance between the feet Too wide a lateral distance between the feet

increase stability but cause the body sway side increase stability but cause the body sway side to sideto side

– The optimum position of the feet appears The optimum position of the feet appears perfect when the inner borders of foot falls perfect when the inner borders of foot falls along a single straight line along a single straight line