Mother of Democracy

8/4/2019 Mother of Democracy

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/mother-of-democracy 1/295

http://www.abbyy.com/buy




'D rd k ua&pD rdcifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf 1

oef;0if;vI dif

'Drd kua&pDrdcifBuD;

a':atmifqef;pkMunf







oef; 0if;vI d if

owqdwm raMumufwm[m wu,fowÅr[wfbl;/

aMumufvsufeJ ud,fvkyfoifvkyfxdufwmud vkyf

wm[m wu,fowÅyJ/ t'Dawmh 'l;wkefwkefeJY vkyfwJ

ol[m awmfawmfowÅ&Sw,fvd ac:&rSmyJ/

atmifqef;pkMunf










odk Y ...

'D rd k ua&pD rdcifBuD;a':atmifqef;pkMunf

eS ih f

,H kMunfcsufaMumifh *kPfod u©m&S dpG mjzif h tusOf;usaeaom

ed kif iHa&;tusOf;om;rsm; tm;vH k;udk &nfnTef;vsuf?

oef;0if;vIif

31 - 7 - 2011

"In honour of

Daw Aung San Suu Kyi (Mother of Democracy)

And I honour all political prisoners

Those who stand for political integrity in

Burma."

Than Win Hlaing

July 31st 2011










oef; 0if;vI d if

aus;Zl;wifvTm

þpmtkyfjzpfajrmufa&;twGuf Ed kifiHa&;todpdwf"gwf pmaypdwf

tjynf ht0jzif h ulnDxkwfa0ay;aom tpfud kBuD; BMC apmaerif;ESifh tpfr

BuD;aemfeDeDvGifrdom;pktm;vnf;aumif;? trSmpmcsD;jr§if hay;aom OD;Adkvf

aomif; (OuúX- NLD-LA )tm;vnf;aumif;? tzufzufrS 0d kif;0ef;ulnDay;

aom ref;rsKd;jrif hESifh rsufESmzH k;'DZdkif;a&;qG Jay;aom oD[armifarmif? twGif;

'DZdkif;jyKvkyfay;aom ud krif;rif;? uGefysLwmpmpDpm½d kufay;aom apmtJ huvd k

0g;wd k Utm; txl;aus; Zl;wif &S daMumif; trSwfw& azmfjytyfygonf/

oef;0if;vd Iif

31 - 7 - 2011










'Drd kua&pDrdcifBuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf

rmwdum

1/ BMC apmaerif; (xkwfa0ol ) \ trS mpm - 72/ OD;Ad kvfaomif;\ trS mpm - 9

3/ rdcifaES mifBudK;ud k ajzygtH h - atmifqef;pkMunf - 114/ tcef; (1) 'Drd kua&pDrdcifBuD; - 12

5/ brsKd;bd k;wl Ad kvfcsKyforD; - 196/ tcef; (2) aemufcHord kif; - 407/ tcef; (3) ppfwyftmPmodrf;yd kufjcif; - 90

8/ tcef; (4) yxrqk H;aetdrftus,fcsKyfumv - 106

9/ tcef; (5) Ed kb,fqkcsD;jr§if hcH& - 14410/ tcef; (6) ? trsKd;om;nDvmcH - 15911/ ? trsKd;orD;xl;cRefqk&&S d - 163

12/ ? twd kuftcd kufcH& - 16413/ ? vGwfvyfa&;qk - 16914/ ? *kPfjyKaw; - 170

15/ ? 'kwd,tBudrfaetdrftus,fcsKyf - 17016/ ? wwd,tBudrf aetdrftus,fcsKyf - 171

17/ ? rdwfzufEd kifiHrsm;aygif;pnf;a&;qd kif&mqk - 17118/ ? jyefvnfvGwfajrmuf - 17119/ ? *kPfjyKcsD;jr§if hyJ G - 174

20/ ? *kPfxl;aqmifyg&*lbJ G U - 174

21/ ? a':vmwpfoef;wefvGwfvyfaompdwf"mwfqk - 174

22/ ? atoifEd kifiHwum 'Drd kua&pDqk - 175







oef; 0if;vI d if

23/ ? &cd kifjynfe,fpnf;½k H;a&; c&D;pOf - 176

24/ tcef; (7) ? 'DyJ,if;vkyfBuHowfjzwfrI - 17725/ ? *Grf*sL;vl YtcGif hta&;qk - 18326/ ?'DyJ,if;vkyfBuHowfjzwfrIta&;,l

aqmif&Gufa&;aumfr&Sif - 184

27/ ? *kPfxl;aqmifyg&DNrdKUolqk - 18528/ ? &efppfwuúod kvf *kPfxl;aqmifyg&*lbJ G U - 185

29/ ? td kavmhzfyrf;qk - 18730/ ? trSefw&m;pdwf"mwfEI d;aqmfolqk - 191

31/ ? ppftpd k;&ud k ta&;,l&ef Ed kb,fqk&Sifrsm;vk HjcKHa&;aumifpDod k Y pmyd k Y - 193

32/ tcef; (8) ? a':atmifqef;pkMunf pmayvuf&mrsm; - 195

33/ tcef; (9) ? tuGufqifxyfrH zrf;qD;cH&rI - 206

34/ ? tJeft,fvf'D txl;aMunmcsuf - 21235/ ? umhwfurfbJvf xyfrHawG Uqk H - 21636/ ? twkta,mifa&G;aumufyJ G - 21737/ tcef; (10) ? a':atmifqef;pkMunfvGwfNyD - 218

38/ tcef; (11) ? vGwfajrmufNyD;umv Ed kifiHa&;aqmif&Gufcsufrsm; - 222

39/ ? (64) ESpfajrmuf tmZmenfaeY - 23540/ ? a':atmifqef;pkMunf tdwfzGif hay;pm - 23941/ tcef; (12) ? a':atmifqef;pkMunf\ rdef YrS mcsuf - 242

42/ tcef; (13) ? a':atmifqef;pkMunf 'd kif,m&D - 25143/ tcef; (14) ? a':atmifqef;pkMunf bJ G UuAsmrsm; - 266

44/ ? International Award, Honors

& Appointments (1990- 2010) -

285












rMumrDu a':atmifqef;pkMunf\ (66) ESpfajrmufarG;aeY tcrf;t

em;wckü usaemf htm; pma&;q&moef;0if;vI difu vlxkacgif;aqmif a':

atmifqef;pkMunfb0yk H&dyfrsm;ESif h 'Drd kua&pDBudK;yrf;rIrsm;tm; rSwfwrf;

wifjyKpkxm;onf h ]'Drdua&pDrdcifBu; a':atmifqef;pkMun f} pmtkyfud k

xkwfa0ay;yg&ef yefMum;vmonf htwGuf rqd kif;rwGbJ 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;

ompG mjzif h xkwfa0ay;vd kufygonf/þpmtkyftm; xkwfa0&onf h t"dutaMumif;t&if;rS m a':atmif

qef;pkMunf\ q,fpkESpf (2) ckausmfMum 'Drd kua&pDa&;ESif h trsKd;om;vGwf

ajrmufa&;twGuf OD;aqmifOD;&GufjyKrI? cd kifrmNrJjrHaom oEé d| mef&S drIESif h EI dif;

wkzG,fr&S daom ud k,fusKd;pGef YvTwfrIrsm;onf usaemfwdk YtwGuf vrf;jyMu,f

ozG,f? rD;½I;wefaqmifozG,f rm;rm;rwfrwfjzpfwnfaeonf[k xdxd

&S&S cHpm;&íjzpfygonf/ olr\ av;pm;*kPf,lzG,f&m jrif hjrwfrI? *kPfodu© m&SdpG m wd kufyJ G0ifrI? ajymifajrmufaomol&owÅ dESif h ud k,fusKd;riJ haom pGef YvTwf

tepfemcHrIwd k Yuvnf; usaemfwd k YqifET Jaeaom w&m;aomwd kufyJGud k qk H;

cef;wd kifqufvufqifET J&eftwGuf vd ktyfaeonf hpdwf"mwfcGeftm;rsm;ud k

wd k;yG m;aponf htwGufaMumif hvnf;jzpfygonf/

þpmtkyfwae&mü q&moef;0if;vI difa&;om;ouJ hod k Yyif a':atmif

qef;pkMunfonf ]rd k;usa&Tud k,f}r[kwfyg/ vGwfvyfa&;zcif trsKd;om;acgif;aqmifBuD; Ad kvfcsKyfatmifqef;\ orD;jzpfaomfvnf; vlxkacgif;aqmif

tjzpfod k Y jynfolvlxku vG,fvif hwulae&may;cJ hjcif;r[kwfyg? (23)

ESpfMum Ed kifiHa&;c&D;Murf;wGif trsKd;rsKd;tzk Hzk H tprf;oyfcH? txkqpfcH&NyD;rS

wd kif;&if;om;vlrsKd;aygif;pk Hjynfolw&yfvk H;\ wckwnf;aom arQmfvif hcsuf

tvif;a&mifjzpfonf h trsKd;om;jyefvnf&ifMum;apha&;ud k azmfaqmifay;

Ed kifrnf h acwfopfjrefrmhord kif;wGif vlxkaxmufcHrIt&S dqk H;aom Ed kifiHjyK

acgif;aqmif? Ed kifiHwume,fy,fwGif av;pm;todtrSwfjyKcH&aom Ed kifiH

a&;okcrdeftqif hok d Y a&muf&S dvmoljzpfygonf/ wd kif;&if;om;wOD;taejzif h

xkwfa0ol\trS m







oef; 0if;vI d if

vnf; a':atmifqef;pkMunfuJ hod k Y yk*¾ dKvfwOD;tm; acgif;aqmiftjzpf yd kif

qd kif&jcif;\wefzd k;ud kvnf; tav;teuf*kPf,lrdygonf/tESpf (35) ausmfMum u&iftrsKd;om;tpnf;t½k H;wGif u&if hawmf

vSefa&;&nfrSef;csufrsm; atmifjrifjynf h0apa&;twGuf usa&muf&mtcef;

u@rS OD;aqG;qHjrnf hwm0ef,lcJ holwOD;taejzif h wef ;wla&;ESif h ud k,fyd kifjy

Xmef;cGifhudk azmfaqmifEd kifrnf h jynfaxmifpkppfppfxlaxmifa&;onf usaemf

\ tEd År&nfrSef;csufjzpfygonf/ þ&nfrSef;csufjynf h0apa&;twGuf wck

wnf;aomenf;vrf;rS m jynfwGif;ppfudk tjrefqkH;&yfpJawG Yqk HaqG;aEG;tajz&S monf henf;jzif h trsKd ;om;jyefvnfoif hjrwfa&;ud k wnf aqmufjcif;jzpfonf

[k tck diftrm,k HMunfygonf/ ,if;uJ hod kY jynfwGif;ppf&yfpJa&;? awG UqkHaqG;

aEG;a&;? trsKd;om;jyefvnf&ifMum;apha&;ESif h ppfrSefaom jynfaxmifpk ppf

ppfud kwnfaqmufa&;wnf;[laom wd kif;jyK? jynfjyKvkyfief;pOf tqif hqif h

wGif vlxkacgif;aqmifa':atmifqef;pkMunfonf wd kif;&if;om;vlrsKd;aygif;

pk HjynfolvlxkMuD;w&yfvk H;tm; vrf;jyMu,fozG,f OD;aqmif vrf;jyrIjzif hNidrf;csrf;aom? wef;wlí om,m0ajymaom vlrsKd;aygif;pk HrS Dwif;aexd kifrnf h

vl UtzJ G Utpnf;w&yfud k wnf aqmufEd kifrnf[laom,k HMunfrIjzif h þpmtk yf

udk xkwfa0ygonf/

þpmtkyfonf pmzwfoltm; wpk Hw&maomtusKd;aus;Zl;ud k ay;pG rf;

Ed kifcJ hygu þpmtkyfud k a&;om;jyKpkcJ haom q&moef;0if;vI difESif h xkwfa0cJ h

aom usaemfwd k Yonf vGefpG mrSyif 0rf;omMunfEl;aerdrnfrS m rvJ G{uef[k½d k;om;pGm ,k HMunfaerdygonf/

xkwfa0ol

BMC apmaerif;










Ed kifiHawmfvkyfMuHrIw&m;cH *VKefOD;apm\ aemufqH k;aeYrsm;? tESpfcsKyf

jrefrmhord kif;tbd"gef? Ed kifiH hOaoQmifrif;{u&mZfrsm;? e,fcsJ Uqef Yusifa&; rsKd;

cspfpmqd kq&mMuD;ocifud k,fawmfrI dif;? trsKd;om;acgif;aqmifMuD; Ad kvfcsKyf

atmifqef;txkyÜwÅ dponf hpmtkyfrsKd;pH kud k a&;om;jyKpk cJ haom q&moef;0if;

vd IifuJ hod k Y xif&S m;onf hEd kifiHa&;tusOf;om;a[mif; pma&;q&mwpfOD; a&;

om;jyKpkaom 'Drd kua&pDrdcifMuD; a':atmifqef;pkMunf pmtkyfütrS mpma&;om;cGif h&&S donf htwGuf usaemf htaejzif h twd kif;rod 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om

*kPf,laerdygonf/

1991 ckeSpftwGuf urÇ mhjidrf;csrf;a&;Ed kb,fqk&&S dcJ haom jrefrmh'Drd k u

a&pDacgif;aqmif a':atmifqef;pkMunfonf Ad kvfcsKyforD;yDyD ppftPm&Sif

pepfud k z,f&S m;í jrefrmEd kifiHvl UtcGif hta&;ESif h 'Drd kua&pD&&S da&;twGuf

tyifyrf;tqif;&JcHum rdrdud k,fa&;ud k,fwmrsm;ud k ab;csdwfí owÅ d&S d&S dwd kufyG J0ifaeoljzpfonf/ olonf jrefrmh'Drd kua&pDta&;twGuf wd kufyG J0if

aeaom omrefEd kifiHa&;acgif;aqmifwpfOD;r[kwfay/ ol Uzcif Ad kvfcsKyf

atmifqef;uJ hod k Y acgif;aqmifrIt&nftaoG;ESif h odrfarG Uxufjrufí jref

rmEd kifiH&S d wk dif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pktm;vH k;ESif h urÇ mhjynfolrsm;uyg ,H kMunf av;

pm;wefzd k;xm;jcif;cH&aom21 &mpk\ tausmfaZ,s trsKd;orD; Ed kifiHa&;

acgif;aqmifjzpfayonf/od k Yuvd k xif&S m;aom vlxkacgif;aqmif a':atmifqef;pkMunf\ t

aMumif;ud k a&;om;xm;onf h pma&;q&moef;0if;vI difpmtkyfwGif trS mpm

a&;om;cGifh&&S djcif;onf usaemf\ Ed kifiHa&;b0jzwfoef;rIrsm;ü xl;jcm;

onf h rSwfwdkifwpfcktjzpf rSwf,lcJ hygonf/ tvGefvnf; 0rf;ajrmufMunfEl;

rdygonf/

,aeY jrefrmEd kifiH\ yuwdtajctaersm;onfvGwfvyfa&;ESif htwlpwifaygufzG m;vmcJ honf h jynfwGif;ppfrD;onf qufvufawmufavmif

aeqJjzpfjyD;? qufvufí us,fjyef YoG m;Ed kifonf htEÅ&m,f&S daecsdefü trsKd;

trS mpm







oef; 0if;vI d if0

om;&ifMum;apha&;ud k Ed kifiHa&;enf;vrf;jzif h jidrf;csrf;pG m jynfolvlxkESif h t

wl OD;aqmifajz&Sif;aeaom a':atmifqef;pkMunfuJ hod k U ½d k;om; wnfMunfajzmif hrwfonf h acgif;aqmifwOD;taMumif;ud k tcsdefoif htcgoif h pmtkyf

tjzpf a&;om;jyKpkxkwfa0Ed kifjcif;onf aeESif hv? a&TESif h jryrm tvGefw&m

usufoa&r*Fvmw&m;ESihf jynf hpHkí uRefawmfwd kUtm;vH k;twGuf *kPf,l

zG,f&m udpöw&yfvnf; jzpfayonf/

Oya'pd k;rd k;rIuif;rJ hjyD; tkyfcsKyfol ppftmPm&Siftqufquf\ rw&m;

zdES dyfrI? csKyfcs,ftEd kifusif hrIrsm;aMumif h vl UtcGif hta&;ESif h 'Drd kua&pDta&;qH k;½I H;aysmufuG,fum u@aygif;pH k acwfaemufusí qif;&JwGif;epfae&

onf h jrefrmEd kifiHud k w&m;Oya'pd k;rd k;jyD; acwfrDzG H UNzdK;wd k;wufonf h? w&m;

rQwrI&S donf h jidrf;csrf;aom Ed kifiHawmfopfBuD;ud k wnfaqmufvd kMuaom

us&mtcef;u@toD;oD;rS rsKd;qufopfvli,frsm;tm;vH k;twGuf a&m

uRefawmfwd k Ytm;vH k;twGufyg tav;xm;zwf½I&rnf h pmtkyfaumif; wpf

tkyfjzpfaMumif; rdwfqufa&;om;ay;vd kufygonf/

jidrf;csrf;aysmf&TifEd kifMuygap/

OD;Ad kvfaomif; (OuU úX)

trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J UcsKyf(vGwfajrmufe,fajr)










rdcif\aES mifBudK;wd k Yud k ajzygtH h

onf;pGmaomtemud k ukpm;ygtH h

orD;\vH k Yv0d&d,jzif h

emvefxlygaptH h…

arG;aus;Zl;ud krodwwfaom

xd kolwd k Ytm;

odem;vnfatmif

qGJaqmifEd kifpGrf;ud k

orD;tm; ay;ygav…

awG U&tH haomab;&efwd k Yud k

orD; xDrnfr[kwf...

wb0wGif

wcgomao&onfjzpfí

tb,fenf;ESif h ao&onfjzpfaporD;ü rxl;jcm;…

orD;\ pdwful;wd k Yonf

tu,ftjzpfod k Y

a&mufaomtcsdefwGif

toifwd k Yonfvnf;

aysmfjrL;Mu&rnf…

tjcm; tjcm;aomolwd k Y\

½Iwfcsjcif;

uJ h&J hjcif;

rkef;wD;&G H h&S mjcif;

emrnfzsufjcif;wd k hud korD;tvsOf;*&krjyk

rdcifxHrS ]'grSighorD;}[laom

usL;&if hoHud kom awmif hwyg\ …

avmuwGif rdcif\ aus;Zl;ud ktodwwfqH k;orD;jzpf&ygvd k\

rdcif \ aES mifBudK;ud k ajzygtH h

atmifqef;pkMunf







oef; 0if;vI d if2

tcef; (1)

'D rd k ua&pD rdcifBuD;

,ae@jrefrmEd kifiHawmfwGif ppftm%m&Siftpd k;&tm;jzKwfcsI 'Drd kua&pD Ed kifiHawmfopf=uD;wnfaqmuf&eftwGuf jynfolvlxk=uD;tm;OD;aqmifOD;&GufjyKum wd kufyG JqifE$ Jaeolrsm;wGif a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf vlxkaxmufcHr_/ ,k H=unfr_ESif h =unfnKdav;pm;r_ trsm;qk H;&&S daeaom acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfonf? wenf;qd k&aomf “'Drd kua&pDawmfvSefa&;=uD;.rdcif=uD;”jzpfonfud k rnfolrS jiif;r&ay?

a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf vuf&S dppftm%m&Siftpd k;&. ppftm%m&Sifpepfqd k;ud k z,f&Sm;aeol oufoufr#omr[kwfbJ 'Drd kua&pD&&S da&;twGuf ol @b0udk tyif yef;tqif;&JcHjyD; txD;usefb0ud k aysmfaysmf=uD;ay;qyfum =uHŒ=uHŒcHZG JowW dtjynf ht0jzif h wd kufyG J0ifaeaom vlxkacgif;aqmifvnf;jzpfonf? Ttcsufuyif ol. trGefjrwfqk H;aom*k%fj'yfjzpfonf?

xd k @a=umif ha':atmifqef;pk=unfonf jrefrmEd kifiHwEd kifiHwnf;ESif homoufqd kifonf h yk*~KdvfwOD;r# r[kwfouJhod k @ a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifh ppftm%m&SifyÉdyuQonf jrefrmEd kifiH.jynfwGif;a&;udpP oufouf










r#omvnf; r[kwfonfrSm xif&Sm;ayonf? ppftpd k;&onf 1990 a&G;

aumufyG Jud k ypfy,f&ef vkyfaqmifcGif hr&S day? jrefrmjynfolvlxkonfjyD;cJ haom 1990 a&G;aumufyG JY olwd k @. tajccHEd kifiHom; &yd kifcGif hud ktok H;jyKvsuf olwd k @=udKufESpfoufonf h acgif;aqmifud k olwd k @ud k,fpm;Ed kifiHawmfud ktkyfcsKyf&ef tcGif htm%mtyfESif;cJ h=ujyD;jzpf&m/ 1990 a&G;aumufyG J&v'fud k ppftpd k;&xifovd k y,fzsufyd kifcGif hr&S dacs? vlxkYomtcGifhta&; tjynf ht0&S dayonf?

‚if;jyif jrefrmEd kifiHonf tmqD,HtzG J @0ifEd kifiHwEd kifiHjzpfojzif h “tmqD,H vl @tcGif hta&;aumfr&Sif” wGifvnf; tzG J @0ifjzpfonf?

xd k @a=umif h tmqD,Ha'owGif; vl @tcGif hta&;rsm;ud k umuG,f&efESif h jr‡if hwif&ef tmqD,HtzG J @0ifEd kifiHjzpfonf h jrefrmEd kifiHYvnf; wm0ef&Sdonf? od k @aomf vl @tcGif hta&;qk dif&m tajccH&yd kifcGif hrsm;wGif ta&;=uD;onf h vGwfvyfpGm ajymqd ka&;om;jzef @csdcGif h/ vGwfvyfpGm toif;tyif;

zG J @pnf;v_yf&Sm;Ed kifcGif h/ vGwfvyfpGm rdrdESpfoufonf h Ed kifiHa&;ygwDtm;axmufcHcGif h/ rd rdESpfoufonf h Ed kifiHa&;acgif;aqmiftm; ud k,fpm;vS,ftjzpf a&G;cs,fcef @yd kifcGif hrsm;ud k ydwfyifwm;jrpfxm;aom jrefrmEd kifiHtm;tmqD,Hvl @tcGif hta&;aumfr&SifwGif tzG J @0iftjzpf vufrcHoif h[k a'owGif; vl @tcGif hta&;tzG J @rsm;u a0zefaxmufjyvsuf&S donf?

,ae@ jrefrmEd kifiHwGif a':atmifqef;pk=unftygt0if rdrd,k H=unf

csuftwd kif; 'Drd kua&pDa&;wufºuGpGm v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufaeolrsm;ud k zdES dyfI vl @tcGif hta&;rsm; csKd;azmufusL;vGefaeaom ppftpd k;&tm; tmqD,H vl @tcGif ha&;aumfr&SiftzG J @=uD;rS xkwfy,foif ha=umif; tmqD,HtzG J @=uD;tm; a'owGif;vl @tcGif hta&;aygif;pkHu jyif;xefpGm wd kufwGef;vsuf&S daeonf?

a':atmifqef;pk=unf. ±k d;om;ajzmif hrwfr_tm; ppfAd kvfcsKyfrsm;u

aumufuspfpOf;vJpGmwd kufcd kufav/ ppftkyfpktm; vlxku atmhESvk H;emavjzpfonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unf. ud k,fusKd;pGef @tepfemcHr_ud k ppfAd kvfcsKyfrsm;u apmfum;±_wfcsv#if ppftkyfpkud k vlxku qef @usifavjzpf







oef; 0if;vI d if4

rnf? a':atmifqef;pk=unf. Ed kifiHa&;tcef;u¾ud k arS;rS defatmif zdES dyf

av olr.Ed kifiHa&;acgif;aqmifr_yk H&dyfu yd kIawmufajymifjrif hrm;av jzpfonf? xd k @jyif Ed kifiHa&;enf;t&ajz&Sif;&ef awG @qk HaqG;aEG;a&; olr. urf;vSrf;csuftm; ppftkyfpkuausmcd kif;av ppftm%m&Sifwd k @tzd k @ tem*wfrJ havjzpfrnfrSm rvG J{uefyif?

xd k @jyif ppftpd k;&tvd kus ppftm%mwnfjrJa&;twGuf wzufowfa&;qG Jxm;aom 2008 zG J @pnf;yk HtajccHOya'wGif trsKd;orD;rsm;ud k

y"geusonf h acgif ;aqmifr_ae&mrsm; &,lcGifhr&S datmif jyÏmef;[ef @wm;xm;onfud kawG @&onf? Tvkyf&yfrSm a':atmifqef;pk=unfud komrujrefrmtrsKd;orD;tm;vk H;udkyg cG Jjcm;ES drfcsvd kufjcif;yifjzpfonf? pifppf trsKd;orD;rsm;tm; rl0g'a&;&m csrSwf&mwGif yg0ifcGif hr&atmif ydwfyif [ef @wm;aeolrsm;rSm ya'o&mZftawG;tac:a[mif;vufcHol vuf&S d ppftm%m&Sifrsm;yifjzpfonf?

trsKd;orD;rsm;tay: vdifcG Jjcm;zdES dyfr_rsm;yaysmufa&;qd kif&m Ed kifiHwumoabmwlnDcsufud k Ed kifiHaygif; (130) .axmufcHr_jzif h uk vor*~taxGaxGnDvmcHqk H;jzwfcsuf (34§180) t& 1979 'DZifbmv 18&ufae@wGif twnfjyKxm;jyD;jzpfonf? ,if;oabmwlnDcsufudk jrefrmEd kifiHuvnf; vufrSwfa&;xd k;xm;jyD;jzpfI rvJ GraoGvd kufemusif hok H;& rnf hwm0ef&Sdayonf? ygvDrefv$wfawmfrsm;or*~ (IPU) . okawoejyK

csuft& EdkifiHwumygvDrefv$wfawmfrsm;wGif trsKd;orD;v$wfawmfud k,fpm;vS,f 8017 a,muf&S djyD;/ trsKd;om;v$wfawmfud k,fpm;vS,f36006 OD;&S daoma=umif h ygvD refv$wfawmfrsm;wGif trsKd;orD; ud k,fpm;jyKcGif h (18 '\r2 ) &mcd kifE_ef; &S donf? 'Drd kua&pDpepfusif hok H;aomEd kifiHaygif; 189 Ed kifiHteuf Ed kifiHaygif; 30 wGif trsKd;orD;Ed kifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm; OD;aqmifvsuf&S donfud k awG @&onf? Tord kif;a&pD;a=umif;ud k Ad kvf

oef;a&$OD;aqmifonf h ppftkyfpku qef @usifaeonfrSm tvGefrd kufrJ&ma&mufayonf?

a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf rd k;usa&$ud k,ftrsKd;orD;r[kwfay? &Spf










q,fh&Spfjynfol @'Drd kua&pDta&;awmfyk H=uD;rS vlxkuwifajr‡mufvd kuf

aom vlxkacgif;aqmifjzpfonf? wdkif;&if;om;vlrsKd;aygif;pk H av;pm;todtrSwfjyKxm;aom jynfolw&yfvk H;. vlxkacgif;aqmifvnf;jzpfonf?

jyD;cJ haom 1990 jynf hESpf/ arv 27 &ufae@wGif usif;ycJhaoma&G;aumufyG J&v'fud k jyefvnfok H;oyf=unf hv#if jynfolvlxku a': atmifqef;pk=unf O D;aqmifzG J @pnf;xm;onf h NLD ygwD v$wfawmfud k,f

pm;vS,frsm;tm; wcJeuf qENay;cJ hjcif;rSm wenf;tm;jzif h jynfol @ud k,fpm; wdkif;jynfta&;t&mrsm;udk pDrHtkyfcsKyfEdkif&ef tcGifhtm%m(Authorization or Mandate) v$ Jtyfvd kufjcif;yifjzpfonf?

xd k @jyif a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf wd kif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkaygif;pk H.axmufcHr_ud k &&S dxm;±k Hr#ru Ed kifiHwum xdyfwef;acgif;aqmif=uD;rsm;.,k H=unftm;xm;r_ud kyg&&S donf h Ed kifiHa&;acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfonf? xd k

tcsufud k ppftkyfpku rodusKd;u|HjyKI rsufuG,fjyK&ef=udK;pm;ygu jrefrmEd kifiHonf rnfonf htcgrS wnfjidrfat;csrf;I wd k;wufzG @HjzdK;r_ud k &&S dEd kifrnfr[kwfay?

od k @jzpf&m ppftkyfpkonf Om%ftar#mftjrif=uD;rm;I &if husufaomEd kifiHa&;acgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfonf h a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; npfenf;rsKd;pk Hok H;um jrefrmEd kifiHjzpfpOfxJrS 0dkif;y,fxkwf&eftm;xkwfjcif;rSm Om%f

tajr‡mftjrifenf;yg;I todOm%fEk Hjcmr_[kyif qd k&ayrnf?ppftkyfpk tuGufususpDrHcJ haom 2010 a&G;aumufyG J. t"du

ypfrSwfonf a':atmifqef;pk=unf jzpfaeonfud k xif&Sm;pGm awG @jrifae&onf? 1990 a&G;aumufyG J&v'fESif h a':atmifqef;pk=unf. tcef;u¾ud k 2010 a&G;aumufyG Jtopfjzif h acszsuf&efjzpfaeayonf? xd kod k @rlv&nf&G,fcsufud k,fYu r±d k;om;onf htavsmuf ppftpd k;&. 2008

em*pfzG J @pnf;yk HESif h Ed kifiHa&;ygwDrsm; rSwfyk HwifOya'wd k @onf 'Drd kua&pDqef @usifa&;/ a':atmifqef;pk=unfqef @usifa&;pDrHcsuf jzpfaea=umif;odomvSayonf? xd k @a=umif h a&G;aumufyG Jrusif;yrDuyif 2010 a&G;







oef; 0if;vI d if6

aumufyG Jonf qdwfacgif;ud kcsdwfI acG;om;a&mif;rnf h twkta,mif

a&G;aumufyG J[k jynfwGif;jynfy Ed kifiHa&;tuJcwform;rsm;/ 'Drd kua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;u tuJjzwfxm;=uonf? ‚if;wd k @ awG;xifxm;onf htwd kif;yif 2010 jynf hESpf/ Ed k0ifbm 7 &ufae@wGif usif;yjyD;pDoGm;onf ha&G;aumufyG Jonf rJvdrfrJcd k;r_rsm;/ rJrormr_rsm;/ twif;t"rR tEd kifusif hjcdrf;ajcmufxnf hxm;onf h=udKwifrJrsm;jzif h ajymif usus vdrfvnf tEd kif,loGm;r_rSm ,k dolr&Suf jrifol&SufyrmjzpfcJ h&onfrd k @ rnfolurS a&G;

aumufyG J&v'fud k todtrSwfrjyKcJ hacs? od k @aomf ppftkyfpkonf rnfol @ud kr# *±krpd kufbJ twkta,mifa&G;aumufyG Jjzif h tpd k;&zG J @yguvnf; jrefrmhEd kifiHa&;ord kif;onf qufvuftarSmifxkusum jynfolvlxk w&yfvk H; 'kuQyifv,fa0aernfrSm rvG J{uefyifjzpfonf?

xdk @a=umif hvnf; jynfolvlxkw&yfvkH;u ppftpd k;&. twkta,mifa&G;aumufyG J&v'fESif h r=umrD tpdk;&zG J @rnf howif;xuf Ed k0ifbm

v (13) &ufae@u jyefvnfvGwfajrmufvmaom a':atmifqef;pk=unfvGwfajrmufr_owif;u jynfwGif;jynfy urB mhxdyfwef;owif;tjzpfv$rf;rd k;aeonfrSm odomvSayonf?

xd k @a=umif h vlxk&ifxJtonf;xJY&S daeaom a':atmifqef;pk=unfud k z,f&Sm;ypf&ef etzppftpd k;&. qd k;npfaomt=uHrSm atmifjrifzG,fr&S day? ta=umif;rSm vlxktay: a':atmifqef;pk=unfxm;&S donf h ap

wemrsKd; ppfAd kvfcsKyfrsm;wGif wa&G;om;r#r&S dojzif h vuf&S dppftpd k;&ud kjynfolwd kif; atmhESvkH;emaeayonfrSm rnfolrSjiif;r&ay?

a':atmifqef;pk=unfu vlxkay:xm;&S donf hapwemud k wcguTod k @ zGif h[cJ hzl;onf-

“jynfolvlxktwGuf usrtvd kcsifqk H;uawmh ppfrSefwJ h vGwfvyfcGif hatmufrSm vk Hvk HjcKHjcKHae&zd k @eJ @ ppfrSefwJ hvk HjcKHr_atmufrSm vGwfvGwf

vyfvyf aexd kifEd kifzd k @ygyJ? ta=umufw&m;=uD;pd k;r_ taESmiftzG J @awGud kz,f&Sm;Ed kifwJ hvlxktjzpf usrjrifawG @vd kygw,f? vGwfvyfwJ hvlom;awGtjzpf jrefrmjynfolawG acgif;armh&ifaumhaeEd kifwmud k usrjrifawG @vd kyg










w,f? usrwd k @tm;vk H;twGuf yd kjyD;om,mcsrf;ajr@wJ h/ yd kjyD;vk HjcKHr_&S dwJ h

vl @abmifwckud k pn;fpnf;vk H;vk H; aysmfaysmf&$if&$if =udK;yrf;wnfaqmufae=uwmud k usrjrifawG @vd kygw,f”

Ed kifiHa&;jy\emudk Ed kifiHa&;enf;t&ajz&Sif;&ef a':atmifqef;pk=unfu wpd kufrwfrwf arwWm&yfcHcJ haomfvnf; ppftkyfpkonf ol&Jabma=umifpGm tjrJOyuQmjyKcJ honf? ppftpd k;&onf vl @tcGif hta&; csKd;azmufr_rsm;/ tm%mtvG Jok H;pG Jr_rsm;/ rdrdESif h rdrdaqGrsKd;aumif;pm;a&;

twGuf wd kif;jynfo,HZmwESif h b¾maiG a=u;ajrmufrsm;pGmud k cd k;,lxm;r_rsm;ESifh qufwd kufrSm;cJ honf h trSm;rsm;tay: tjypfay; ta&;,lcH&rnfud k ta=umuf=uD; a=umufaeayonf? ta=umufw&m;onfrvk HjcKHonf hpdwf"gwfa=umif hjzpfyGm;cJ h&m ,if;wd k @onf bmwckrS wd kif;jynfESif h vlrsKd;twGuf aumif;r_rvkyfcJ honf htwGuf rdrdud k,fusif hw&m;ud krdrd. vdyfjymck H±k H;wGif tppftaq;rcH0H hbJ tjrJvdyfjymrvk Hjzpfum vlxk

. jyefvnfwkef @jyefta&;,lcH&rnfud k ta=umuf =uD; a=umufaejcif;yifjzpfonf[k qd k&ayrnf?

od k @uvd k ppftpd k;&tm; vlxku atmhESvk H;emoavmuf a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; jynfolw&yfvk H;u ,k H=unfav;pm;um tm;ud k;aeonfrSm olr. Om%ftajr‡mftjrif=uD;rm;r_/ pdwf"gwfjrif hrm;r_/ wd kif;jynfESif hvlrsKd;tay: rdrdud k,fusKd;pGef @tepfemcHr_rsm;a=umif hyifjzpfonf?

xd k @a=umif h Ad kvfrSL;csKyfa[mif;ausmfaZm. orD;jzpfol a'gufwmvSausmfaZmu a':atmifqef;pk=unfESif h ywf oufI tifwmAsL;wckwGif-

“a':atmifqef;pk=unfrSm tm;aumif;csuf awmfawmfrsm;rsm;awG @&ygw,f/ yxrtcsufu jrefrmEd kifiH jynfolw&yfvk H;u tvGefav;pm; cspfcif=unfndKwJ h jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;ol&Jaumif;=uD; Ad kvfcsKyfatmifqef;&J @orD;tjzpf zcif&JŒ=oZmt&S defud k &&S dvd kufEd kifr_ygyJ?

'kwd,tcsufu a':atmifqef;pk=unfud k,fwd kifuvnf; zcifeJ @±kyfcsif; wlnD±k Hru pdwf"mwftaeeJ @vnf; tawmfwlnDwmud k awG @&ygw,f?jynfolawG&JŒvGwfajrmufr_/ csrf;omºuG,f0r_awGtwGuf toufud kyif







oef; 0if;vI d if8

ay;&/ ay;& ay;qyfzd k @ tqifoif h&S djyD; yifyef;qif;&J'kuQawGud kvnf; cHEd kif

&nf&S dr_ygyJ?/ ol @&JŒpGef @v$wfr_awGu 'gawGud k oufaojyaeygw,f?wwd,tcsufu a':atmifqef;pk=unf&JŒ Ed kifiHa&;vkyf[ef

awGud k=unf h&if zcifAd kvfcsKyfvd kyJ Ed kifiHa&;tuif;yg;r_/ oabmxm;=uD;r_pwmawGud k awG @&wJ htjyif jrefrmjynfolawGud komru vlrsKd;pkawGud kygpnf;±k H;odrf;oGif;Ed kifwmud k awG @&ygw,f?

'ga=umif hyJ a':atmifqef;pk=unftaeeJ @ jrefrmEd kifiH&JŒtem*wf

Ed kifiHa&;avmurSm tvGefta&;=uD;wJ h acgif;aqmifr_tcef;u yg0ifEd kifr,fqd kwm usr ,k H=unfygw,f?

a':atmifqef;pk=unftaeeJ @ wjcm;Ed kifiHa&;orm;awG &rxm;wJ h/&zd k @vnf;rjzpfEd kifwJ h Ed kifiHwumaxmufcHr_ud k us,fus,f0ef;0ef;&&S dxm;r_uvnf; a':atmifqef;pk=unfud k,fpm;jyKwJ h jref rmEd kifiHu jynfolrsm;twGuf tiftm;w&yfygyJ?

tcsKyfajym&&ifawmh ppftm%m&Sifpepfqef @usifa&;wd kufyG J od k @r[kwf (a':atmifqef;pk=unfpum;eJ@ajym&&if) jrefrmEd kifiH&JŒ 'kwd,trsKd;om;vGwfajrmufa&; v_yf&Sm;r_wd kufyG J=uD;&JŒacgif;aqmif rD;&_;wefaqmiftjzpf a':atmifqef;pk=unfud k jrefrmjynfolawG&&S dxm;jyD; 'DtwGuf jrefrmjynfolawG tvGefuHaumif;w,fvd k @ ajymEd kifygw,f?/jynfwGif;jynfyaxmufcHr_eJ @ a':atmifqef;pk=unf[m jrefrmjynfol

awGud k qif ;&Jjcif;uif;a0;wJ h/ csrf;omºuG,f0wJ hEd kifiHawmfopf=uD;ud k wnfaqmufEd kifvdrf hr,fvd k @ ar#mfvif hrdygw,f&Sif”[k ajym=um;cJ honf?

ÙÙÙ










od k @uvd k vlxkw&yfvk H;. =unfndKav;pm;r_ESif h tm;ud k;tm;xm;jyKjcif;cH&aom a':atmifqef;pk=unfud k jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;AdokumESif hwyfrawmfzcif=uD; Ad kvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESif h a':cif=unfwd k @rS 1945 ckESpfZGefv 19 &ufae@eHeuf 3; 35 em&DwGif &efukefjrdK@Y zGm;jrifcJ honf? arG;csif;4 OD;teuf wwd,ajrmufjzpfjyD; zcifAd kvfcsKyfatmifqef;vkyf=uHcH&pOfu(2) ESpf orD;t&G,fom &S dao;onf?

1949 ckESpfrS 1957 ckESpftxd &efukefjrdK@pdef @z&ef @pfuGefAif hausmif;wGifynmoif=um;cJ honf? 1950 ckESpfrS 1960 jynfhESpftxd &efukefjrdKŒt*Fvdyfrufo'pfuGefAif hausmif; (,ck txu 1 '*k H) wGif qufvufoif=um;cJ honf?

1960jynf hESpfwGif rdcifjzpfola':cif=unf tdEN d,Ed kifiHqd kif&m jrefrmEd kifiHoHtrwf=uD;tjzpf Ed kifiHawmf0ef=uD;csKyfOD;Ek. cef @tyfjcif;cH&ojzif hrdcifESif htwl tdEN d,Ed kifiH e,l;a'vDjrdKŒod k @ vd kufygcJ honf? tdEN d,Ed kifiHwGifa,±_ESif har&DuGefAif hausmif; (Convent of Jesus and Mary) ESif h av'D&S,f&D&rfaumvdyf (Lady Shri Ram College) wdk@Y qufvufynmoif=um;

brsKd;bd k;wl Ad kvfcsKyforD;

a':atmifqef;pkMunf rdom;pk







oef; 0if;vI d if0

onf?

e,l;a'vDjrdKŒod k @ rdcifESif htwla&muf&S dpOfu b0tpdwftyd kif;tcsKdŒud k bdvyfjyefoef;[k vlodrsm;aom 'd k&moef;at;u “a=umuf&G HŒjcif;rSvGwfuif;a&;” trnf&S d jref rmbmomjzif h a&;om;xm;aompmtk yfwGifTod k @ a&;om;azmfjyxm;onf?

“e,l;a'vDjrdKŒodk@ rdcifESifh twla&mufvmpOfu atmifqef;pk=unf

onf uspfqHjrD; wkwfwkwf&Snf&Snf=uD;rsm;ESif h 15 ESpft&G,f uav;rav;jzpfygonf? a,±_ESif h ar&DuGefAif hausmif;ESif hav'D&S,f&D&rfaumvdyfwd k @Y qufvufynmoifygonf? xd ktcsdefrSpI olr.tdEN d,rdwfaqG tod kif;t0ef;rSm us,fjyef @vmygonf? r[wWr*EN DESif h

*s0g[mvmae±l;wd k @. wd kif;jynfud k pl ;prf;avhvmem;vnfEd kif&ef atmifqef;pk=unftzd k @ tcGif haumif;jzpfygonf? atmifqef;pk=unf. zcifvnf; Twd kif;jynfud ka&mufzl;jyD; ae±l;ESif hawG @qk HaqG;aEG;um &if;ES D;cifrifaom em;vnfr_ &&S dcJ hygonf? atmifqef;pk=unf.rdcif oHtrwf=uD;cef @tyfjcif;cH&csdefu ae±l;onf 0ef=uD;csKyftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifqJjzpfygonf?

atmifqef;pk=unf tawG @t=uKHA[kokw us,fjyef @ap&ef rdcifa': cif=unfpDpOfay;aomudpPrsm;teuf atuDAd kif;em;ac: *syefyef;tvSjyifenf;/ tEkynmbmom&yfrsm;avhvmjcif;ESif h jrif;pD;oifjcif;wd k @yg0ifonf? tdEN d,Ed kifiHorRw=uD;. ud k,f&HawmfwyfzG J @avhusif h&m jrif;pD;uGif;Y tdEN d,t&m&S d=uD;rsm;. om;orD;rsm;/ Ed kifiHwumoHwrefrsm;. om;orD;rsm;ESif h yef'pfae±l;.ajr; tif'D&m*EN D. om;jzpf ol qefa*s;*EN Dwd k@ESif h

atmifqef;pk=unf awG @qk Havh&S dygonf? trSwf 24 tuUbmvrf; (No.24

Akbar Road) &S daetdrfwGif pEN,m;qufoif&ygonf? xd k oHtrwf aetdrfonf =uD;rm;I tvGefcrf;em;wif hw,faom yef;O,smOfysKd;xm;










onf h jcH0if;us,f=uD;twGif; wnf&S dygonf? tqif hjrif hqk H;tdEN d, t&m

&S d=uD;rsm;twGuf owfrSwfxm;aomtdrfrsKd;jzpfjyD; tpd k;&u jAdwdo#vufxufuuJ hod k @ vS yaumif;rGefpGm xdef;odrf;xm;ygonf? a':cif=unfud k txl;av;pm;aomtm;jzif h xd kaetdrfud k ay;xm;jcif;jzpfonf?

atmifqef;pk=unf txl;ESpfoufrufarmaom 0goemw&yfrSmpmzwfjcif;yifjzpfonf? olr. pmtkyfpmayjrwfEd k;r_ud k tm;ay;cJ haom0ef=uD;csKyfOD;Ek. (pD;yGm;a&;t=uHay;yk*~Kdvf OD;tkef; 1931-1981) ud k

atmifqef;pk=unfu tpOfav;pm; cspfcifaus;Zl;wifa=umif; r=umc%ajymjyavh&S donf? awmifilZmwdzGm;OD;tkef;onf &efukefwuUod kvfwGif ynmqnf;yl;I wzufrS ynmoif&if; jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmwd kufwGif owif;axmuftjzpfvkyfud kifcJ haom owif;pmq&mwOD;vnf;jzpfonf? olonf 1934 ckESpfwGif 0dZ… mbG J @&&S djyD; Oya'0dZ… mbG J @twGuf &efukefwuUod kvfwGif qufvufynmqnf;yl;&if; wuUod kvf

or*~wGif b¾ma&;rSL;tjzpf aqmif&GufcJ holjzpfonf? 1936 wGif wuUod kvfor*~oydwfwd kufyG JESif h=uKHcJ hjyD;aemuf Oya'pmar;yG Jud k rajzjzpfcJ hawmhay? wuUod kvfoydwftjyD;wGif ynmawmfoiftjzpf ta&G;cH&jyD;t*Fvefjynf vd'fwuUod kvfwGif vlr_0efxrf;ynm&yf oif=um;cGif h&cJ honf? xd k @aemuf jrefrmEd kifiHod k @rjyefawmhyJ ynma&;bG J @ud k qufvufqnf;yl;onf? t*FvefjynfwGifaexd kifpOftwGif; jrefrmEd kifiHrS vGwfvyf

a&;twGuf ta&;qd k&efvma&muf=uaom Ad kvfcsKyfatmifqef; trSL;jyK aom ud k,fpm;vS,ftzG J @tm; tultnDrsm;pGmay;cJ honf?

1948 wGif jrefrmEd kifiHod k @ jyefvnfa&muf&S djyD; ul;oef;a&mif;0,fa&;ESif h or0g,r0ef=uD;tjzpf cef @tyfjcif;cH&onf? 1949 wGif jrefrmEd kifiH.yxrqk H; jAdwdefEd kifiHqd kif&m jrefrmEd kifiHoHtrwf=uD;tjzpf wm0efay;jcif;cH&onf? 1955 ckESpfwGif qd kAD,ufjynfaxmifpkqd kif&m jrefrmEd kifiH txl;

tm%mukefvJ $tyfjcif;cH&aom oHtrwf=uD;tjzpf ajymif;a&$Œwm0efxrf;cJ holjzpfonf?

OD;tkef;onf pmay0goemxk Holvnf;jzpf&m atmifqef;pk=unftm;







oef; 0if;vI d if2

zwfoif hzwfxd kufonf h jref rmESif h t*F vdyfpmtkyfpm&if;&Snf=uD;rsm; OD;pGm

ay;olrsm;teuf wOD;tygt0ifjzpfonf? atmifqef;pk=unf. todynm tawG;tac:yd kif; zG@HjzdK;wd k;wufr_ud k yd kIowdjyKrdjyD; pdwf0ifpm;cJ holrSm wcsdefu emrnf=uD;cJ haom &efukefwuUod kvfor*~. td k;a0r*~Zif;t,f'DwmtzG J @0ifESif h atmifqef;pk=unf.zcif Ad kvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESif htwl wuUod kvfausmif;aezwf OD;ndKjr (1914-1985) yif jzpfonf?aemufyd kif;wGif OD;ndKjronf pme,fZif;avmuwGif tvGefemrnf=uD;

cJhaom pmtkyfrsm;pGmud k a&;om;cJ honf h pma&;q&mwOD;jzpfvmygonf?olu wjcm;olrsm;xufyifyd kjyD; atmifqef;pk=unfzwf&ef t*FvdyfESif hjrefrmpmtkyfaygif;rsm;pGmud k vrf ;n$efay;cJ honf? OD;ndKjrvufaqmifay;cJ haom tvGeftzd k;wefonf h [m;Awf*E0ifpmtkyfwG Jwpk Hvk H; (Harvart

Classic) ud k tvGefwefzd k;xm;jyD; r=umc%zwfcJ ha=umif;vnf; atmifqef;pk=unfu ,ae@wdkif owdw&&Sdaeygonf? Tpmtkyfrsm;jzifh

atmifqef;pk=unfonf pmayavmuwHcg;ud k zGif hvSpfEd kifcJ honf? atmifqef;pk=unf. pmzwf0goemrSm tdEN d,ra&mufcifuyif tjrpfwG,fjyD;jzpfygonf?

e,l;a'vDjrdKŒqifajczkef;tpGeftzsm;&S d ara&mfvD (Mehrauli) &yfuGufwGif *±kwpd kufxdef;odrf;xm;Ed kifjcif;r&S donfrSm=umjyDjzpfI ysufpD;,d k,Gif;aeonf h tmaomu0d[m&trnfwGifaom Ak'<bmomXmewck&S donf?

xd kXme jyefvnf&SifoefvmEd kifap&ef a'vD&S dAk'<bmom0ifrsm;/ txl;ojzif h Ak '<bmom ud k;uG,faomEd kifiHrsm;rS oHtrwfrsm;. tultnDud ka':cif=unf&,lcJ hygonf? Tvkyfaqmifr_a=umif h a'vD&S d Ak'<bmom0ifrsm;ESif h tdEN d,Ed kifiH tjcm;a'orsm;rS Ak'<bmom0iftcsKdŒtwGuf jyefvnftouf0ifvmjyD;jzpfaom tmaomu0d[m&onf ESpfpOfusa&mufaom Ak'<bmomyG Jawmf=uD;rsm;usif;y&m/ bk&m;0wfjyK&m/ urR

Xmef;bm0empD;jzef;&mXme jzpfvmygonf?a':cif=unfonf jrefrm/ xd kif;/ uarB m'D;,m;Ed kifiHom; Ak'<bmom

bkef;awmf=uD;rsm;tm; rSefrSefyif hzdwf qGrf;uyfw&m;emavh&S d.? atmif










qef;pk=unf.tpfud k atmifqef;OD;vnf; ausmif;ydwf&ufrsm;twGif;

t*FvefrSa&mufvmaomtcg TudpPrsm;wGif yg0ifaqmif&Gufygonf?tarESif horD;udk jrefrmrsm; cspfcifav;pm;onf htwd kif; a':cif=unf.vkyfazmfud kifzufoHwrefrsm;ESif h yef'pfae±l;rStpcsDI tdEN d,tpd k;&tzG J @0iftaygif;wd k @uvnf; cspfcifav;pm;=uygonf? tdEN d,wGif &&S dcJ haom tawGŒt=uKH

rsm;onf atmifqef;pk=unftwGuf tifrwefta&;ygpdwftm;xufoefzG,f&mjzpfcJ hygonf? ,ckwdkif olronf tdEN d,Ed kifiHtay: xm;&S daom arwWmESif h oHa,mZOf

wd k @rSm cd kifrmvsuf&S dygonf?xd ktcsdefu a'vD&S d jAd wd

o#r[mrif;=uD;rSm qmaygvf*d k;bkof (Sir Paul Gore Booth) (aemiftcgavmh'fbG J @ &) jzpfygonf? ,cif jrefrmEd kifiHwGif oHtrwftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJ hpOfu olESif h ol.ZeD; yufx&D&Sm (Patricia) wd k @onf a':cif=unfESif h aumif;pGm odu|rf;cJ h.? xd kcifrif&if;ES D;r_rSm tdEN d,Y jyefvnf

qef;opf &Sifoefvmygonf? od k@ESif h atmifqef;pk=unf atmufpzd k @'fwuUod kvfod k @ ynmoif&efoGm;aomtcg aygvfESif h yuf x&D&Smwd k @u rdbud k,fpm;apmif ha&Smuf&ef wm0ef,lcJ h.? atmifqef;pk=unfonf olwd k @.rdom;pk0ifwOD;uJ hod k @ olwd k @om;ESpfa,mufESif h orD ;ESpfa,mufwd k @. nDr&if;csmwOD;uJ hod k @ jzpfvmygonf? xd krdom;pktdrfwGifyif 4if;wd k @ .rdwfaqGrsm;tjyif 4if;wd k @zdwf=um;{nf hcHaom Ed kifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESif h tpd k;&t&m&S d

rsm;ud k atmifqef;pk=unf odu|rf;cGif h&cJ hygonf? xd kyk*~ dKvfrsm;. toGiftjyif/ trltusif h/ tajymtqd kESif h xl;jcm;aom "avhp±d kufuav;rsm;ud k atmifqef;pk=unf pdwf0ifpm;pGm avhvmcJ h.? xdkyk*~ dKvfrsm;rSm ol

a':cifMunfESif h a':atmifqef;pkMunf







oef; 0if;vI d if4

u|rf;0if&awmhrnf h us,f0ef;vSaom urB mavmurS yk*~ dKvfrsm;yif r

[kwfygavm?aEG&moDausmif;ydwf&ufrsm;twGif; atmifqef;pk=unfonf rdcif

&S d&m e,l;a'vDod k @ jyefavh&S d.? odk @aomf wESpfwGif usr&Sd&m t,f*sD;&D;,m;jrdK@ (Algiers) od k@vmaeygonf? usronf e,l;a'vD ukvor*~jyef=um;a&;XmerS t,f*sD&D;,m;Ed kifiH/ t,f*sm&D;,m; (Algeria) jrdKŒawmfod k @ajymif;a&$Œum tvm;wlXmewckzGif h&ef wm0efay;jcif;cH&ygonf?

t,f*sD;&D,m;onf 1962 ckESpfwGif csm;vf'Da*gvf (Charles de Gaulle)

tpd k;&ESif h atAD,efpmcsKyf (Treaty of Evian) ud k vufrSwfxd k;jyD; vGwfvyfa&;&cJ honfrSm r=umao;yg? jyifopfxHrS vGwfvyfa&;&&ef &SpfESpf=um±kef;uefr_aemufyd kif; wajz;ajz;emvefxlqJEd kifiHjzpfygonf? xd k @a=umif ht,f*sD;&D;,m;jrdKŒwGif ae&mxd kifcif; tvGef&Sm;yg;aejcif;/ ysufpD;,d k,Gif;aeaom&yfuGufrsm; aygrsm;aejcif;/ tajctaeaumif;rGefaom[d kw,f

rsm; enf;yg;aejcif;ESif h 0ef aqmifr_vkyfief;rsm; vGefpGmrS uef @owfxm;jcif;wd k @rSm tH h=ozG,f&mr[kwfyg?

zGif hvSpfp oH±k H;rsm;/ ukvor*~±k H;rsm;ESif h 0ifa&mufvmqJ pD;yGm;a&;vkyfief;rsm;omru t,f*sD;&D;,ef;vlrsKd;rsm;uyg tdrfae&mrsm;ESif h vkyfief;cGifae&mrsm;&Ed kif&ef oJoJrJrJ vk H;yrf;&SmazGae&ygonf? t,f*sD;&D;,m;wGif tcsdef=umjrif hpGm tajccsaexd kifcJ haom jyifopfvlrsKd; ajrmuf

rsm;pGmrSm wd kif;jynfrS xGufcGmoGm;=ujyD jzpfaomfvnf; tjcm;vlopfrsm;rSm 0ifvmrpJjzpfygonf? xd kolrsm;rSm ppfr_xrf;rnf htpm; y&[dw vkyfief;trsKd;rsKd;wd k @wGif 0ifa&mufwm0efxrf;aqmif&ef a&G;cs,faom jyifopftrsKd;om;vli,frsm;/ ausmif;q&mq&mrrsm;/ axmufyH ha&;pDrHudef; tvkyform;rsm;ESif h tvnftywfoufoufvmolrsm; jzpf=uygonf?

atmifqef;pk=unf a&muf&S dvmcsdefwGif [Gm&DblrD'D,ef (Houari

Boumedirre) u tmrufbifbJvm; (Ahmed Ben Bella) tm; pHerlemxm;avmufatmif aoG;xGufoH,k dr_uif;rJ haom tm%modrf;yG JjyKvkyfumjzKwfcsjyD; &uftenf;i,ftwGif;jzpfygonf? zdwf=um;cH&aom {nf hcH










yG Jrsm;pGmod k @ oGm;&rnfxuf atmifqef;pk=unfu t,f*sD;&D;,ef;vlrsKd;

rsm;ESif h awG @qk Hum 4if;wd k @wd kif;jynftwGif; jzpfysufaeor#ud kavhvm&efyd krd kI pdwftm;xufoefygonf? atmifqef;pk=unfrSm zwf±_usufrSwf&ef pmtkyfwaowWmvnf; ygvmygonf? ESpfaygif;rsm;pGm vGwfvyfa&;±kef;uefr_.'%fud k cHcJ h&olrsm;tm; ulnDaxmufyH h&ef pDrHudef;rsm;ud kuGyfuJaeaomtzG J @tpnf;wckESif h usrwd k @qufoG,fygonf? pDrHudef; w&yf. wm0ef cHjzpfol vli,fwOD;vma&mufI 4if;wd k @vkyfief;ta=umif;

&Sif;jyygonf? vGwfvyfa&;wd kufyGJwGif usqk H;cJ haom&Jabmfrsm;. usef&pfolZeD;rsm;twGuf aetdrfrsm;aqmufvkyfae=u&m t,f*sD;&D;,ef;vlrsKd;rsm;omru Ed kifiHwumrS vli,frsm;yg 0ifa&mufulnD&ef zdwfac:=udK qd ka=umif; ajymjyygonf? atmifqef;pk=unfvnf; xd kaqmufvkyfa&;pcef;wGif &ufowWywf tawmf=um oGm;a&mufaexd kifum vkyftm;ay;cJ hygonf? oGefoif=uD;=uyfolrSm ±k&Sm;vlrsKd;jzpfjyD; vkyfazmfud kifzuf

rsm;rSm t,f*sD;&D;,m;/ jyifopf/ vufAEGef/ e,fomvefESif h *smreDpaomwd kif;jynfrsm;rS vli,frsm;jzpfygonf? tpm;taomufESif h ae&mxd kifcif;ay;aomfvnf; vkyfcray;yg?

atmifqef;pk=unf. rdwfaqGrsm;onf olrtm; umAD;vD; (Kabyle)

awmifwef;rsm;od k @ vufxufr*FvmwyG J wuf a&muf=unf h±_&ef ac:oGm;zl;onf? usrwd k @ESpfOD;twlwl qm[m&oJuE Wm&tpyf&S d jrdKŒav;wjrdKŒ

wd kifatmifvnf; c&D;&SnfxGufcJ hygonf? aEG&moDtyl&S def jyif;xefvGef;vSojzif h xd kxufvGefI roGm;Ed kifcJ hyg? aemuftvnftywf c&D;w&yftaeeJ @ a&mracwfu aqmufvkyfcJ haom jrdKŒysuf=uD;&S d&mod k @ oGm;cJ h.?xdkjrdKŒysufwGif;&S d v[mjyifZmwf±k H=uD;. ausmufjym;cif;xm;aom wvif;jyifay:wGif bifbJvm;. opPmcHwyfrsm;u “bifbJvm; oufawmf&Snfygap” [laom pmvk H;=uD;rsm;jzif h a&;xm;ygonf? atmifqef;pk

=unf armf±k dud kod k @c&D;xGufcJ hjyD; pydefEd kifiHawmifbufurf;ajcud kvnf; ajccsrdonfqd koavmuf a&mufcJ hygonf? xd k @aemuf ausmif;pmjyefusufjyD;ausmif;ydwf&uftqk H;wGif atmufpzd k @'fod k @ jyefoGm;Ed kifcJ hygonf?”[lI







oef; 0if;vI d if6

a&;om;azmfjyxm;avonf?

1962-63 ckESpfrsm;wGif a': atmifqef;pk=unfonf a'vDwuUod kvfY Ed kifiHa&;ody` Hbmom&yfud k avhvmqnf;yl;cJhonf? 1964 ckESpfrS1967 ckESpftwGif; atmufpzd k @'f wuUod kvf&S d [l;pfaumvdyfY '\eaA'/

EdkifiHa&;ody`HESifh pD;yGm;a&;ynm&yfrsm;ud k avhvmqnf;yl;cJ hjyD; 0dZ… m*k%fxl; (B.A Honour) bG J @ud k &&S dcJ honf? bG J @&&S d jyD;aemuf a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf vyd kif;r# [l;pfaumvdyfwGif pm

oif=um;yd k @csonf? ,if;aemuf ord kif;okawoD [,l;wifum (Hugh

Tinker) ESif htwl okawoevkyfief;wd k @ aqmif&GufcJ honf? 1968 ckESpfwGif vef'efwuUod kvf ta&SŒyd kif;ESif h tmz&d u avhvma&;Xme/ Ed kifiHa&;ody` HXmeY okawoe vufaxmuftjzpf wm0efxrf;&GufcJ honf?

xdk @aemuf tar&duefjynfaxmifpk e,l;a,mufYaexd kifv#uf&S daom bdvyfjyefoef;ESif htwlaexd kif&ef e,la,mufjrdKŒod k @ a&muf&S dcJ honf? bdvyfjyefoef; ac: 'd k&moef;at;onf t,f*sD;&D;,m;wGif (4)

ESpfwmr# wm0efxrf;aqmifcJ hjyD;aemuf ukvor*~XmecsKyfod k @ jyefvnfa&muf&S daecsdefjzpfonf? bdvyfjyefoef;ESif h rdom;pkyrm&if;ES D;aeaomz&ef @xa&*g (Frank Trager) u 4if; Ed kifiHwum qufqHa&;bmom&yfygarmuQtjzpfaqmif&Gufaeaom e,l;a,mufwuUod kvfY a': atmifqef;pk=unf bG J @vGefoifwef;wuf&ef ulnDpDpOfay;cJ honf? ygarmuQ xa&*gonf tar&dueftpd k;&. axmufyh Ha&;tpDpOfjzif h jrefrmjynfwGif

ESpftawmf=um aexdkifcJ hzl;onf? olonf ta&SŒawmiftm&SESif h ta&SŒzsm;Ed kifiHrsm;wGif us,fjyef @pGm c&D;vSnf hvnfzl;um xd ka'orsm;. udpPt00wd k @wGif pdwf0ifpm;olwOD; jzpfygonf? xd ka&;om;cJ haom “bm;rm;

a':atmifqef;pkMunf

atmufpzd k Ywuúod kvfü ynmoifMum;pOf










ya'o&mZfEd kifiHrS orRwEd kifiHod k @” trnf&S dpmtkyfud k a&;om;xkwfa0cJ h

onfrSm r=umjrif hao;acs? olonf a':atmifqef;pk=unf. wd k;wufr_ud k *±kwpd kufavhvmI vd ktyfonfrsm;ud k ulnDyH hydk;ay;cJ honf? a': atmifqef;pk=unfESif h bdvyfjyefoef;wd k @aexd kif&m ref[wfwifrS e,l;a,mufwuUod kvfodk @oGm;&aom bwfpfum;c&D;rSm tawmftwef tvSrf;a0;jyD; um;rl;wwfaom a':atmifqef;pk=unftwGuf yifyef;cufcJygonf? bwfpfum;rSwfwd kifrS yef;jcHwckudkjzwfjyD; 0g&Sifwef&ifjyif

(Washington Square) od k @ oifwef;wuf&ef a':atmifqef;pk=unfoGm;&aomvrf;Y usufpm;avh&S daom vrf;o&J vl&rf;um;wd k @. tE W&m,fuvnf; &S dao;onf? od k @aomf a':atmifqef;pk=unfwd k @aetdrfrSukvor*~±k H;ud krl 6 rdepfcef @ vrf;av#muf±k Hjzif h a&mufEd kifayonf?

xd k @a=umif h a':atmif qef;pk=unfonf ukvor*~wGif tvkyf0ifjyD;aemufrS ynmqufvufoif=um;&ef pdwful;ay:onf? tvkyfav#muf

v$mrsm;/ axmufcHpmrsm;/ awG @qHkar;jref;jcif;rsm;ESif h jzpf±d k;jzpfpOf=uef@=umr_ESif h tcuf tcJrsm;ud k ausmfvGefjyD;aomtcg a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf ukvor*~Y tvkyf&&S doGm;onf? ukvor*~Y 2 ESpfr# xrf;&GufcJ hjyD;aemuf taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyf±k H; tkyfcsKyfa&;ESif h b¾ma&;qd kif&mudpP&yfrsm; t=uHay;aumfrwDwGif vufaxmuftwGif;a&;rSL;tjzpfwm0efxrf;aqmifcGif h &&S dcJ honf?

tqd kygXmerS aumfrwD0ifrsm;onf rdrdwd k @Ed kifiHrsm;. ud k,fpm;vS,frsm;tjzpf cef@tyfxm;&jcif;r[kwfbJ b¾ma&;qd kif&mudpPrsm;wGifu|rf;usifolrsm;tjzpf cef @tyfjcif;cH&olrsm;jzpfygonf? ukvor*~ESifht&eftzG J @tpnf;rsm;tm;vk H;tjyif urB mhusef;rma&;tzG J @/ pm;eyf&duQmESif h v,f,mpd kufysKd;a&;tzG J @rsm;uJ hod k @aom txl ;at*sifpDrsm;. pDrHudef;tpDtpOfrsm;ESif h bwf *swfrsm;ud k xd kaumfrwDu avhvmrSwfcsufcs jyif

qifjyD; oabmwlnDr_&&ef wifjy&ayonf? tvkyfrSm cufcJaomfvnf;ukvor*~vkyfief;rsm;. ukefusp&dwfud k tao;pdwfpdppf&jcif;ESif h xl;c|efxufjrwfaomtzG J @0ifrsm;wd k @a=umif h pd wf0ifpm;zG,faumif;ayonf? xd k







oef; 0if;vI d if8

tzG J @0ifrsm;ESif h a':atmif qef;pk=unfonf aumif;pGmodu|rf;vmcJ honf?

ukvor*~0efxrf;rsm;onf naeyd kif;ESif h oDwif;ywfukefyd kif; tm;vyfcsdefrsm;wGif vkyftm;ay;avh&d S=uonf?

a':atmifqef;pk=unfaexd kifaom ref[wfwif&S dtdrfESif h odyfra0;vSaomae&mwGif e,l;a,mufaq;±k H=uD;rS zGif hvSpfxm;aom bJvdA,l;(Belleview) a*[mY jrdK@=uD;&S dtqif;&Jqk H;/ aq;ukoIr&aom a&m*gpG Juyfaeolrsm;ESif h ck dud k;&mrJ hrsm;ud k xd ef;odrf;apmif ha&Smufxm;onf? b0

ud k &ifrqd kifEd kifawmhbJ ud k,fpdwfESpfjzm jydKvJvkrwwfjzpfaeolrsm;ud kxdkaq;±k Hod k @ac:vmavh&S donf? jrefrmrsm;tm; pmzwfjyay;&ef/ tazmfjyK &ef tpDpOfrsm;wGifyg0if&ef vkyftm;ay; trsdK;orD;/ trsKd;om; tjrJtvd k&S daeonf? xd ktpDpOfwGif a':atmifqef;pk=unfyg0ifI tywfpOfem&Daygif;rsm;pGm vkyftm;ay;cJ honf?

Tonfwd k @um; a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf rdcifa':cif=unf.

y&[dwvkyfief;udk tarGqufcHjcif;yifjzpfonf?xd kpOfu jrefrmEd kifiHrS OD;oef@onf ukvor*~taxGaxGtwGif;a&;

rSL; wm0efxrf;aqmifaecsdefjzpfygonf? ['fpifjrpfud kvSrf;I jrif&aomol.tdrf=uD;onf &D;Am;a';vf (River-dale) t&yfwGif&S djyD; a':pktdrfrSum;ESif h wpfem&Dcef @oGm;&ygonf? OD;oef @tdrfY wnfcif;usif;yaomwe*FaEGae@xrif;pm;yG Jrsm;rSm a':pktzd k @ tvGefpdwf&$ifvef;zG,f&mrsm;

jzpfcJ hygonf? tjcm;OD;oef @. rdwfaqGrsm;vnf; vma&muf=ujyD; jrefrmvlrsKd;wd k @t}udKufawG @aprnf h jrefrm[if;vsmrsm;ESif h jrefrmtpm;tpmrsKd;pH kud k wnfcif;au|;arG;avh&S donf? OD;oef @. ajr;wOD;OD;. arG;ae@uJ hod k @aom txl;{nf hcHyG Jrsm;Y jrefrmrsm;tjyif Ed kifiHwumrS ukvor*~tjrJwrf;ud k,fpm;vS,frsm;ud kyg zdwf=um;{nf hcHwwfonf?

jrefrmEd kifiHrS ukvor*~tjrJwrf;oHud k,fpm;vS,fOD;pd k;wif. zdwf

=um;{nf hcHyH krsm;rSmrl tenf;i,fuGmjcm;ygonf? olonf &D;Am;a';vfYyif OD;oef @.aetdrfavmuf =uD;us,fcrf;em;jcif;r&S daom tdrfwvH k;Yaeonf? taxGaxGnDvmcH=uD; usif;ycsdefjzpfaom pufwifbmv 'kwd









oef; 0if;vI d if0

aom olrsm;tm; rdwfqufay;jyD; ‘pk’ ud k tcef;wzufpGef;&S d vl}uD;ESpfOD;

=um;wGif xd kifapygonf? usrud krl ud k,fpm;vS,ftzG J @OD;aqmifvmcJ haom Ad kvfrSL;=uD;armifvGif&S d&mESif h reD;ra0;wGif xd kifapygonf? OD;pk d;wif. ZeD;u opfoD;azsmf&nfrsm;/ tmvl;a=umfrsm;ud k pm;yG J ay:od k @csjyD;aemuf csufjyKwfa&;udpPrsm;ud k tjyD;owfpDrH&ef uyfvsuftcef;xJod k @0ifoGm;ygonf? tm;vH k; wa,mufwayguf tv†my/ ov†my pum;ajymjyD;aemuf ud k,fpm;vS,ftzG J @t=uD;tuJu ‘pk’ ud k rnfuJ hod k @ ukv

or*~Y tvkyfvkyfygoenf;? rnfonf hEd kifiHul;vufrSwfud k ud kifaqmifxm;oenf;? olrrdcifonf oHtrwf=uD;r[kwfawmhojzif h ‘pk ’ taeESif hoHwrefrsm;qd kif&m EdkifiHul;vufrSwfud k jyeftyf&rnf/ ,cktxd jyefrtyf&ao;onfqd konfrSm rSefygovm;? oHwrefqd kif&mEd kifiHul;vufrSwfud kqufvufud kifxm;jcif;rSm Oya'ESif hrnDa=umif;/ olr odrnfjzpfa=umif;/tvGefrSenf;vrf;rusaomudpPjzpfojzif h tjref qH k; jyifqif&efvd ka=umif;

Z,fqufovd kajymum OD;aqmifwd kufcd kufygawmhonf?jrefrmoHwrefavmurS yk*~ dKvfrsm;u OD;vGifajymor# rsufESmvd k

rsufESm&toGifjzif h axmufcHoHrsm;jyKum ‘pk’ ud k rvd konf hrsufESmrsm;jzif h 0d kif;=unf hae=uygawmhonf? ‘pk’u [efrysuf wnfjidrfpGm&S daejcif;rSm usrtwGuf tawmfpdwfoufom&mjzpfapygonf? xd kaemuf ‘pk’u Áa¹EN&S d&S d vef'ef&S djrefrmoH±H k;Y olrav#mufxm;onfrSm tcsdeft

awmf=umaejyDjzpfaomfvnf; ,ckwd kif tusKd;ta=umif; bmwckrS rodao;a=umif;/ rnfuJhod k @aomta=umif;a=umif;a=umif h Tr#txd xl;xl;jcm;jcm; =uef @=umaeonfud k olem;rvnfEd kifjzpf&a=umif;/ e,l;a,mufod k @ ol rynmoif&efvmcJ h&mY vuf&S dEd kifiHul;vufrSwfud kyif ud kifaqmifae&a=umif;/ pm;0wfaea&;twGuf tvkyf&SmcJ h&m uHaumif;axmufrpGmjzif h ukvor*~Y tvkyf&&S dcJ ha=umif;/ jrefrmEd kifiHom; jzpf

a=umif; taxmuftxm;jy&ef Ed kifiHul;vufrSwfrSm vd ktyfcsufjzpfa=umif;/ vaygif;rsm;pGmuyif av#mufxm;cJ haom Ed kifiHul;vufrSwfud kvef'efoH±H k;rSyd k @ay;&ef apmif haevsufyifjzpfa=umif;/ Ed kifiHul;vufrSwf t










opfa&mufvmonfESif h ta[mif ;ud k =unf jzLpGm jyeftyfrnfjzpfa=umif;/

Ed kifiHjcm;Y tvkyfvkyfud kifEd kif&ef Ed kifiHul;vufrSwf (oHwrefqd kif&myJjzpfap/ ±d k;±d k;yJjzpfap) wckckvd ktyfonfud k tckwufa&mufvmwJ h OD;av;tm;vH k;em;vnfvdrf hrnf[k ol,lqa=umif; ‘pk’ u ,Ofaus;odrfarG@pGmtcsufusus ajymoGm;ygonf?

vef'efrSa&muf&S daeaom jrefrmoHtrwf=uD;u ‘pk’taeESif h Ed kifiHul;vufrSwftopf&&ef av#mufxm;cJ honfrSm vaygif;rsm;pGm &S djyDjzpf

a=umif;ud k twnfjyKum xH k;pHtwd kif; av#mufv$mud k &efukefod k @yd k @xm;jyD;jzpfa=umif;ajymygawmhonf? tb,f ha=umifh vaygif;rsm;pGm=umjyDjzpfaomfvnf; ta=umif;rjyefao;onfud k ol rod&S dyga=umif; xyfavmif;ajym=um;cJ honf? trSeftm;jzif h jrefrmjynfY Tod k @ xH k;pHtwd kif; aESmif haES;=uef@=umr_rsm;ud k jzpfay:apaom ±_yfaxG;ayGvDvSonf h AsL±d ku&uf,E W&m;ESif h =udK;eDpepftqif hqif ha=umif h tvkyfrwGifus,faer_rsm; t

a=umif;ud k tcef;wGif;&S d usrwd k @tm;vH k; od&S djyD;jzpfygonf? xd ktcgrStjcm;oHtrwfrsm;uvnf; ‘pk’ taeESif h TuJ hod k @vkyf±k Hr#vG JI tjcm;a&G;cs,f&mvrf;r&SdcJha=umif; em;vnfoabmaygufcJhygawmhonf?ud k,fpm;vS,f tzG J @t=uD;tuJ. rsufESmxm;um; jrwfav;ajymovd k“idkI &DIr&aomrsufESmxm;” jzif h wd k;v#Kdawmif;yefaomavoHESif h tputajctaeud k vH k;aphywfaph em;rvnfcJ ha=umif;/ &efukefa&mufaom

tcg Ed kifiHul;vufrSwf±H k;u vkyfp&m&S donfrsm;ud k vsifjrefpGmvkyf&ef olud k,fwd kifn$ef=um;vd kufrnfjzpfa=umif; ajym=um;oGm;onf? Tyk*~ dKvfrsm;rSm ‘ pk’ xuf touftm;jzif h =uD;=uolrsm;jzpfaomfvnf; aumif;aomt&nftcsif;jzif h tcsd efpD;onf h ‘vl =uD;’ rsm;r[kwf[k usr xifjrifrdygonf? usrvnf; tcGif h=uHKaeonfESif h csufaumif;,lum “Ed kifiHul;vufrSwfawG vH k;vH k;rud kifwJ hae@ jrefjrefa&mufygapvd k @ usrwd k @ ar#mfvif h

&rSmyJ”[k ajymvd kufrdygonf? xd k @aemuf usrwd k@ ae@v,fpm twlwuGpm;aomuf=uygonf?

tjrJwrf;ud k,fpm;vS,ftzG J @xJwGif jrefrmjynftajctaeud k usr







oef; 0if;vI d if2

wd k @ yGif hyGif hvif;vif; ajymqd kaqG;aEG;aomrdwfaqGwOD;vnf; ygonf? xd k

rdwfaqGu “pk” . a0zefcsufrsm; odyf&JvGef;onf[k ajymaomtcg/‘pk’ u “,H k=unfcsuft& owœ d&S d±k Hru tquftEG,ft&vnf; owœ d&S dwmud k;” [k jyefvnfacsycJ hygonf? olrqd kvdkonfrSm ‘pk’ onf Ad kvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESif ha':cif=unfwd k @. &ifaoG;jzpfojzif h ol @ud kawmf±H kwef±H k ES dyfvd k @&rnfr[kwf[k qd kvd k[efwlaeygonf? usrtxifawmh ‘pk’ onfAd kvfcsKyfatmifqef;orD;rd k @ aoG;om;t&awmfpyfaeonfomru pdwf

"gwfuvnf; atmifqef;pdwf"gwftjynf h&S donf h zatwlorD;yDoonf[k xifjrifaerdygawmhonf?”

a':atmifqef;pk=unf ukvor*~±k H;Y wm0efxrf;aqmifaepOfrSmyif a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf wuUod kvfY pwifzl;pmqk HcJ haom a'gufwmrd kufu,ftJ&pf (Dr.Michael Viallancourt Aris) ESif h 1971 ckESpf/Ed k0ifbmv 31 &ufae@wGif vufxufxdrf;jrm;cJ honf? rd kufu,ftJ&pf

onf jAdwdo#vlrsKd;wOD;jzpf+yD; atmufpzd k @'fwuUod kvfY ajrmufyd kif; Ak'<bmom r [m,me. vlr_a&;ESif h ,Ofaus;r_qd kif&mord kif;a=umif;ud ktxl;jyKavhvmaeaom okawoDwOD;jzpfonf? olonf ,if;ynm

a':atmifqef;pkMunfESif h ol YcifyGef; a'gufwm rd kufu,ftJ&pf










&yfqd kif&m pmtkyfpmwrf;trsm;tjym;ud kvnf; a&;om;jyKpkxkwfa0cJ honf?

ukvor*~±k H;Y 3 ESpfr# wm0efxrf;aqmifcJ h+yD;aemuf a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf qufvuftr_rxrf;awmhbJ om;orD;rsm;ESif h od kufod kuf0ef;0ef;&S drnf h tdrfaxmifonfb0ud k a&G;cs,f&ef qk H;jzwfvd kufygonf?od k @ESif h b0opfw&yf pygawmhonf? TtcsdefrSpaom jzpfpOfrsm;rSmtrsm;od+yD;jzpfonf? cifyGef;jzpfol rd kufu,ftJ&pfonf ESpftawmf=umuyif [dr0EWmEd kifiHav;jzpfaom blwefEd kifiHY bk&if hom;awmf/ orD;

awmfrsm; pmjyq&mtjzpfvnf;aumif;/ tpdk;&bmomjyefXmet=uD;tuJtjzpfvnf;aumif; wm0efxrf;aqmifcJ honf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf b lwefY wESpfcef @aecJ honf? blwefonf ukvor*~tzG J @=uD;.tzG J @0iftjzpf r=umao;rDurS 0ifcJ hojzif h a':atmifqef;pk=unfonfcsufjcif;yif blwefEd kifiHjcm;a&;±k H;Y ukvor*~udpPrsm;qd kif&m t=uHay;t&m&S dtjzpf tvkyf&cJ honf?

a':atmifqef;pk=unfwd k @ ZeD ;armifES Honf om;OD; jrif hqef;atmifac: tvufZENm; (Alexander John Chirstopher Aris) ud k rsufESmjrif&ef t*Fvefod k @jyefvmonf? om;t=uD; jrifhqef;atmifud k 1973 ckESpf{jyDv 12 &uf =umoyaw;ae@wGif zGm;jrifcJ honf? rd kufu,fu vef'efwuUod kvfY yg&*lbG J @oifwef;pwifjyD; rsm;r=umrD atmufpzdk @'fwuUod kvf ynm&SiftvkyfcGifxJ 0ifvd kufygonf? 'kwd, om;i,f xdefvif;

ac: uifrf (Dannaian Kim Arundel Aris) ud k 1977 ckESpf/ pufwifbm24 &uf pae@aewGif zGm;jrifonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf uav;rsm;tm;jyKpkysKd;axmifjcif;/ &efukef&S drdcifxHod k @tvnftywfoGm;jcif;wd k @jzif h rdrdb0ud k at;csrf;pGm jzwfoef;vmcJ honf?

tdrfaxmif hwm0efud kxdrf;odrf;&ef a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf pmayrsm; pIa&;om;vmcJ honf? pmzwf0goemoefonf htavsmuf olr

onf t*FvdyfESif h jyifopfbmom pmtkyftajrmuftrsm; pkaqmif;cJ honf? rd kufu,f. wdbufqd kif&mpmtkyfrsm;ESif h okawoeqd kif&m pmtkyfpmwrf;rsm;uvnf; wae@xufwae@rsm;jym;vmcJ h&m tdrfY xm;p







oef; 0if;vI d if4

&myifr&S datmif jynf hv#Haeygawmhonf? uav;rsm;uvnf; pmzwf

0goemygolrsm;tjzpf =uD;jyif;vmcJ h=uygonf?1975 ckESpfrS 1977 ckESpftxd (2) ESpfcef @ atmufpzd k @'fwuUod kvf

abm'vD,efpm=unf hwd kuf (Bolein Library) Y jrefrmpmtkyfESif h ay/yk&yd k'f uwfwavmufjyKpkol pm=unf hwd kufvufaxmuftjzpf wm0efxrf;&GufcJ honf?

xd k @aemuf a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf olr.zcif Ad kvfcsKyfatmif

qef; txWKywW dud ka&;om;&ef pwifpOf;pm;vmcJ honf? od k @jzif h *syefbmompum;ud k ZG J=uD;pGmjzif h pl;pl;pd kufpd kufoifygawmhonf? Ad kvfcsKyfatmifqef;. b0wpdwfwydkif;ESif h *syefEd kifiH qufpyfaeaoma=umif h *syefESif hqufoG,fyk H/ *syefEd kifiHod k @ &J abmfok H;usdyfrsm;ac:aqmifoGm;cJ hyk Htp/ *syefYppfynmoif=um;cJ hyk Htv,f/ *syefwd k @ESif htwl jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;=udK;yrf;cJ hyk Htqk H; *syefqd kif&mtaxmuftxm;rsm;avhvm&efjzpfonf? xd k @

jyif jrefrmjynfta=umif; a&;om;xm;aom t*Fvdyfjrefrmpmtkyfrsm;/*syefjynfta=umif;a&;om;xm;aom t*FvdyfESif h *syefbmompmtkyf

a':atmifqef;pkMunfESif h olr\ *syefpm q&mr rDcsDud kwm&D










rsm;u d kyg wajz;ajz;pkaqmif;vmcJ honf? Ad kvfcsKyfatmifqef;. txWKywW dud k taxmuftxm;cd kifcd kifvk Hvk Hjzif h jyKpk&ef&nfoefxm;&m pepfwus

okawoejyKygawmhonf?wzufrSvnf; 1985-86 ESpfrsm;wGif *syeftpd k;&. ynmoifqk

ud kvufcHum *syefEd kifiHusKdwd kwuUod kvf/ ta&SŒawmiftm&Sqd kif&m avhvma&;XmewGif okawoeynm&Siftjzpf oGm;a&mufokawoejyKcJ hygonf? *syefEd kifiHY okawoejyKpk&if; *syef-jrefrmcspf=unfa&;toif;

tzG J @0ifrsm;ESif hawG @qk Hum 4if;wd k @rSwqif h olrzcifESif hodu|rf;cJ haom touf&SifqJ *syefppfzufqd kif&m t&m&S d/ t&mcHrsm;ESif h tqufoG,f&cJ honf? xd ktcsdefu rd kufu,fonf tdEN d,jynfajrmufyd kif; qif;rvm;+rdKŒ&S dtdEN d,Ed kifiH tqif hjrifh pmayavhvma&;Xme okawoeynm&Siftjzpfa&muf&S daeonf?

xd kod k @okawoejyK&if; 1987 ckESpfwGif tdEN d,Ed kifiHqif;rvm;jrdKŒ&S d

txl;okawoejyKa&; tdENd,ody HXme (Indian Institute of Advanced

Study) wGif okawoeynm&Sif (Resarch Fellow) tjzpf vkyfud kifcJ honf?,if;od k @vkyfud kif&if; vef'efjrdKŒ&S d vef'efwuUod kvf ta&SŒwd kif;ESif h

tmz&duavhvma&;XmewGif yg&*lbG J @,l&efvnf; bG J @,lpmwrf;wapmifud k jyKpk&efpDpOfcJ honf? xk dtcsdefu olr. vkyfud kifv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;onfvk H @v}uD;jcif;ESif h oEM dÏmef cd kifcd kifrmrmcsxm;jcif;ud k jyoaeonf[k qd k& ayrnf?

a':atmifqef;pk=unf. bG J @,l&ef wifoGif;cJ honf hpmwrf;trnfrSm“jrermvwvya&;wuywif pme,Zi;rsm;u taxmutujyKcy(1910-1945)” jzpfonf?

xd kESpfwGifyif rdcif}uD;a':cif=unfonf rsufpdrSwdrfud k cG Jpdwfuko&ef

twGuf vef'efjrdKŒod k @ a&muf&S dvmcJ honf? cG Jpdwfr_rsm; atmifatmifjrifjrif&S dojzifh aq;ukor_a=umif h roufrom&S d&aomfvnf; a':cif=unftwGuf pdwf&$ifvef;csrf;ajrŒzG,ftcsdefjzpfygonf?

vef'efjrdKŒwGif ESpfv=umr#aexd kifjyD;aemuf a':cif=unfonf 1987















oef; 0if;vI d if6

ZGefvwGif rsufpd tawmf tajctaeaumif;vmojzif h jrefrmjynfod k @

pdwf&$ifvef;pGmjyefoGm;cJ honf? vef'efud k tvnftywfa&muf&S dpOfurnfr#pdwfcsrf;ajrŒcJ ha=umif;/ 4if;wd k @ESif hawG @qk HcJ h&onfud kvnf; yDwdjzpf& a=umif; ponfjzif h rdwfaqGtrsm;tjym;ud k pma&;today;cJ honf?

od k @aomf &efukefjyefa&mufI 10 vrjynf hrD 1988 ckESpf/ rwfvukefyd kif;wGif jyif;xefaomavjzwfjcif;'%fud kcH&ygonf? a':atmifqef;pkonf qif;rvm;rS olr. tvkyfud k&yfxm;cJ hum rdcifudkjyKpk&ef a&muf

vmygonf? tar&duefjynfaxmifpkwGif aexd kiftvkyfvkyfaeaom olrtpfud k atmifqef;OD;vnf; 10 &ufcef @ vma&mufvnfywfcJ honf?

a':atmifqef;pk=unf tdrfaxmifruscifuvnf;aumif;/ tdrfaxmifjyKjyD;aomtcgYvnf;aumif; rdcif=uD;xHrSefrSef vma&muf vnfywfaexd kifcJ honf? rdcifa':cif=unfonf ajr;rsm;ud k olrrsufpdrcG JrD wESpftvd ku &efukefaetdrfwGif &SifjyKr*FvmyG Jud k rdom;pk0ifrsm;ESif htwl ud k,f

wd kif=uD;=uyfjyD; usif;ycJ honf? a':atmifqef;pk=unf/ rd kufu,fESif h om;ESpfa,mufonf tdEN d,rS vef'efjrdK@od k @ 1987 pufwifbmvtwGif;

a':cifMunf ½kyftavmif;ud k jyifxm;pOf










jyefa&mufvm=ujyD; wuUod kvfynm&SifavmuwGif jyefvnfaeom;w

ustcsdefY rdcif=uD;a':cif=unf avjzwfa=umif; owif;a&mufvmygawmhonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf a=u;eef;&&S djcif; csufcsif;yif&onf hav,mOfjzif h rdcif =uD;tm;jyKpk&ef &efukefod k @ vd kufygcJ honf?

1988 ckESpfwGif rdcif=uD; a':cif=unf emrusef;r_a=umif h jyefvnfa&muf&S dvmaom a':atmifqef;pk

=unfonf jrefrmhEd kifiHa&; tvSnf htajymif; wqpfcsKd;auG @wGif rar#mfvif hyJ xdawG @cJ h&ayonf? Tae&mY ociftkef;jrif h/ OD;axG;jrif h/ ocifwifjrwd k @ud kvnf; &if;ES D;awG @qk HcJ h& onfud k azmfjy&efvd kayonf?

ociftkef;jrif honf Ad kvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESif hyk*~ dKvfa&;t& &if;ES D;oljzpfonf? wd k;wufa&;ESif h *sme,fausmf*sme,fwd k @wGif t,f'Dwmtjzpf aqmif&GufcJ haom wd k @Armtpnf;t±k H;0ifwOD;vnf;jzpfonf? ociftkef;jrif hud k 1918/ {jyD 28 &ufae@wGifyJcl;wd kif;a'o=uD;/ vufyHwef;jrdKŒY tzOD;zd k;aumif;/ trda':at;wifwd k @rSzGm;jrifonf? 1933 ckESpf/ Ed k0ifbmvwGif vufyHwef;jrdKŒ tpd k;&txuf

wef;ausmif;Y wd k @Armtpnf;t±k H; aºuG;a=umfoHpm&Gufrsm; jzef @a0jcif;jzif h e,fcsJŒqef @usifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ud k pwifaqmif&GufcJ honf? *se,fausmfOD;cspfarmifrSm xd kpOfu ol. ausmif;q&mjzpfonf? 1934 ck/ rwfvwGif vufyHwef;jrdKŒ tpd k;&txufwef;ausmif;rS q,fwef;atmifcJ h&maq;wuUod kvfod k @rwufa&mufbJ &efukefowif;pmavmuod k@ 0ifa&mufvkyfud kifcJ hjyD; a&ausmf&yfwGif *sme,fausmfOD;cspfarmifESif h twl ae

xd kifonf?1938 ckESpf/ {jyDvwGif ykodrfwGifusif;yaom wwd,t=udrf jrefrm

Ed kifiHvk H;qd kif&m ausmif;om;rsm;uGefz&if hod k @ wufa&mufcJ honf? 1938

wd k;wufa&;

ociftkef;jrif h







oef; 0if;vI d if8

ckESpf/ ZGefvwGif wd k;wufa&;owif;pmt,f'Dwmtjzpf 0ifa&mufvkyf

ud kifcJ honf? 1938 u olwnf;jzwfxkwfa0cJ haom‘axmift&om’ pmtkyf xif&Sm;ausmf=um;cJ honf? *sme,fausmfwGifvnf; aqmif;yg;rsm;a&;om;onf? 1939 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&DvwGif qDrD;cGuf uavmiftrnfjzif ha&;om;cJ haomaqmif;yg;wyk'fa=umif h wd k;wufa&;owif;pm tmrcH tawmif;cH&onf? xd kESpfrSmyif wd k @Armtpnf;t±k H;XmecsKyf tr_aqmiftjzpf a&G;cs,fcH&onf?

1947 ckESpf Ad kvfcsKyfatmifqef;usqk H;cJ hjyD;aemufyd kif;Y usef&pfola':cif=unfrdom;pkESif h taea0;vmcJ hjyD; wESpfwcgcef @om oGm;vmqufoG,fr_&S dcJ havonf? 1967 ckESpf a':cif=unf tdEN d,oHtrwf=uD;tjzpfrS tjidrf;pm;,lI jrefrmEd kifiHod k @ jyefvnfa&muf&S dvmjyD;aemufyd kif;wGif r=umc%qd kovd k qk HjzpfcJ holjzpfonf? xd kpOfu a':atmifqef;pk=unf t*FvefjynfwGif ynmoif=um;aeqJjzpfonf?

1984 ckESpf a':atmifqef;pk=unf jrefrmEd kifiHod k @acwWjyefa&mufcJ hpOfOD;tkef;jrif hESif hjyefvnfawG @qk HcJ honf? a':atmifqef;pk=unf yg&*lbG J @,l&efpmwrf;jyKpkaepOftwGif; vd ktyfaomord kif;taxmuftxm; tcsuftvufrsm;ud k pkaqmif;ay;&ef OD;tkef;jrif hud k tultnDawmif;cJ honf?OD;tkef;jrif huvnf; vd ktyfaomord kif;tcsuftvufrsm;ud k pm=unf hwd kufrsm;pGmrS rdwWLul;weful;/ pmtkyfta[mif;qd kifrsm;rS 0,fwef0,fI

pkaqmif;ay;cJ honf?4if;aemufyd kif;wGif a':cif=unf. usef;rma&;tajctae wpwp

csKdŒwJ hvmaomtcg OD;tkef;jrif honf a':cif=unftdrfod k @ ae@pOfvd kvd k 0ifxGufI vd ktyfor#ud k ulnDay;cJ honf? 1986 ckESpf a':atmifqef;pk=unf yg&*lbG J @&jyD;aemuf jrefrmEd kifiHod k @acwWjyefvmpOf ol.om;ESpfa,muftm; rdcif=uD;a':cif=unfu &SifjyKay;cJ honf? &SifjyKyG JtjyD; rdom;

pk pk Hpk Hvifvif&S daepOftwGif; OD;tkef;jrif hu a':atmifqef;pk=unftm;wd kif;jynfESif hvlrsKd;twGuf wckckud k wm0ef,laqmif&Gufay;apcsifa=umif;aqG;aEG;ajym=um;cJ honf?










xd k @aemuf 1987 ckESpf/ arvwGif a':cif=unfonf t*Fvefod k @

rsufpdcG J&efoGm;a&mufcJ hjyD; ZGefvqef;wGif jrefrmEd kifiHod k @ jyefa&muf&S dvmcJ honf? 1988 ckESpf/ rwfvtukefwGif a':cif=unfavjzwfjyD;aemuf{jyDvqef;wGif a':atmifqef;pk=unf &efukefod k @vd kufygcJ honf? OD;tkef;jrif hu a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; a':cif=unf. usef;rma&;tajctaeESif hrD;pmukefqDcrf;t&G,fa&mufaeonfrd k @ rnfod k @r#jyefvnf usef;rmvmvdrf hrnf ol rxifa=umif; zGif h[ajym=um;cJ honf? xd kpOfu a':cif=unf

onf touf 75 ESpf&S djyDjzpfonf?tu,fI rdcif=uD;wdrf;yg;cJ haomf t*Fvefod k @rjyefbJ jrefrmjynfrSm

aexd kifI wd kif;jynftwGuf wckckud k wm0ef,lvkyfay;apcsifa=umif;xyfrHajym=um;cJ honf? xd k @aemuf rdcif}uD;a':cif=unfonf 1988 ck/'DZifbm 27 &ufae@wGif uG,fvGefoGm;cJ havonf?

od k @uvd k jrefrmEd kifiHwGif tpOftjrJtajccsaexd kifI wd kif;jynfESif h

vlrsKd;twGuf apwemoef @oef @/ &nf&G,fcsuf&S d&S d/ cH,lcsufjyif;jyif;jzif hEd kifiHa&;vkyfaqmifygu ol.ud k,fa&;ud k,fwmpGef @v$wfr_rsm;/ &ifqd kif=uKHawG @&rnf htcuftcJrsm;ud k ay;qyf&rnfud k =udKwifwGufqxm;jyD;jzpfonf? xd kpOf rwfvausmif;om;ta&;tcif;. aemufqufwG J 'Drd kua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_rsm; ay:aygufaejyDjzpfonf?







oef; 0if;vI d if0

jynfaxmifpktzG J @csKyf(yxp)tpd k;&ud k vufeufjzif hjzKwfcs tm%modrf;cJ haom Ak dvfcsKyf=uD;ae0if;OD;aqmifonf h ppf wyftm%modrf; awmfvSefa&;aumifpDu 1962 ckESpf/ Zlvd kifv 4 &ufae@wGif jrefrmh qd k&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD ac: rqvygwDud k zG J @pnf;xlaxmifcJ honf?

rqv ygwDonf 26 ESpfwmumvtwGif; jynfolvlxk=uD; w&yfvk H;tm; rpm;&0cref; pdwful;,Ofqd k&S,fvpf0g'rsm; r_ dif;wd kufum jrefrmhqd k&S,fvpf0g'vrf;pOfud k twif;t=uyftaumiftxnfazmfcJhr_a=umif hta&SŒawmiftm&SwGif o,HZmwrsm;aygºuG,fI pD;yGm;a&;zH G @jzdK;wd k;wufaejyDjzpfaom jrefrmEd kifiHonf pD;yGm;a&;/ Ed kifiHa&;jy\emrsm; =uKHawG @vmum urB mhrdom;pkY zG H @jzdK;r_tenf;qk H;Ed kifiHtjzpf pm&if;0ifoGm;cJ h&

ayonf?Tod k @tajctaersm; jynfolvlxktwGif;jzpfay:aepOf pufr_wuU

od kvfausmif;om;tcsKd @ESif h tif;pdef=udKŒukef;taemuf&yfuGufrS vli,ftcsKdŒwd k @. rar#mfvif hbJ cdkuf&efjzpfyGm;cJ h&onf h omref&efyG Jav;wckud kta=umif;jyKI 1988 ta&;awmfyk H pwifjzpfay:cJ havonf?

1988 ck/ rwfv 12 &uf/ paeae@n 9 em&D 15 rdepftcsdefcef @wGif

tif;pdefjrdK@e,f/ =udK@ukef;blwmteD; pENm0if;vufzuf&nfqd kifY pufr_wuUod kvf 'kwd,ESpfausmif;om;rsm;jzpf=uaom armifausmfqef;0if;/armif0if;jrif htygt0if ausmif;om; 4 OD;ESif h t&ufrl;aeonf h &yfuGufaumifpDOuUX.om; aZmfaZmf (ac: ) nDnDvGiftygt0if taygif;tyg5 OD;wd k @u pd kif;xD;qd kifoDcsif;zGif hcd kif;&mrS pum;rsm;cd kuf&efjzpfyGm;cJ honf?,if;od k @ausmif;om;ud k0if;jrif ht±d kufcH&ojzif h OD;acgif;/ ausmESif h vuf

armif;wd k @wGif aygufjyJzl;a&mifaom '%f&mrsm;&&S dcJ h=uonf? xd k @a=umif hausmif;om; 3 OD;vnf; &Jpcef;od k @oGm;a&mufwd kif=um;cJ honf? tif;pdef&Jpcef;rSvnf; vufzuf&nfqd kifwGifjzpfyGm;cJ haomtr_ESif hywfowfI O

tcef;(2)

aemufcHord kif;










ya'yk'fr (325/ 114) t& tr_zGif hta&;,ljyD; jypfr_usL;vGef&mwGif yg0ifcJ h

onf h aZmfaZmf (ac: ) nDnDvGifESif h vli,f 5 OD;wdk @tm; zrf;qD;cJ honf?oufqd kif&mausmif;tm%myd kifrsm;ESif h jynf ol @&JwyfzG J @0ifrsm;u ta&;,laqmif&GufcJ hjcif;a=umif h xd kudpPrSm xd kntwGuf jyD;pD;cJ havonf?

1988 ckESpf/ rwfv 13 &ufae@wGif tif;pdefjynfol @&Jpcef;rS zrf;qD;xm;aomaZmfaZmf (ac: ) nDnDvGifonf &yfuGufaumifpD OuUX.om;jzpfaeaoma=umif h jyef vnfv$wfay;cJ honf? ,if;od k @ aZmfaZmfqd koltm;

jyefvnfv$wfay;vd kufonfud k ausmif ;om;rsm;od&S d=uaomtcg puf r_wuUod kvfausmif;om; 20 cef @ jynfol @aumifpD±k H;od k @ oGm;a&muf uef @uGufcJ h=uonf? &yfuGufaumifpDOuUXu *±krpd kuf/ em;raxmifvd ka=umif; jiif;y,fvd kufI ausmif;om;rsm; a'goolykefxum aumifpD±k H;udk cJrsm;jzifhypfcwfcJh=uonf? pufr_wuUod kvfausmif;om;rsm;ESifh&yfuGufaumifpDOuUXom;ESif h =ud KŒukef;taemufyd kif;om;vli,frsm; xyf

rH cd kuf&efjzpfyGm;cJ h=u&m ausmif;om;tcsKdŒxyfrH'%f&m&&S dcJ h=ujyefonf?xd ktajctae xd kowif;ud kod&Sd=uonfESif hwjydKifeuf ausmif;om;rsm;pkpnf;jyD; pENm0if;vufzuf&nfqd kifESif h =ud KŒukef;taemuf&yfuGufjynfol @aumifpD±k H;wd k @tm; cJrsm;/ ck Hrsm;jzif hypfaygufjcif;/ atmf[pfqJqdkjcif;rsm;jyKvkyfcJ h=uonf? xd ktajctaewGif &yfuGufor0g,rtoif;qd kif rD;avmifr_jzpfyGm;&m &yfuGufvlxku rD;jidrf;owfjyD; ausmif;om;rsm;ud k

0d kif;vd kuf&efjyK=uonf? wif;rmjyif;xefaeaom tajctae wpwp=uD;xGm;vmum aemufqk H;Y tif;pdefvrf;r=uD;ay:wGif wzufESif hwzuf&efapmifcJ h=uonftxd jzpfcJ h=uonf?

Tod k @ qdk;&GmpGmjzpfysufaeonfud k oufqd kif&mtm%myd kifwd k @ujidrf;csrf;ajyvnfpGmrajz&Sif;bJ vk HjcKHr_xdef;odrf;a&;wy f(vk Hxdef;) rsm;ud kapv$wfI t=urf;zufjzdKcGif;cd kif;cJ hojzif h rwfv 14 &ufae@eHeuf 3 em&D

tcsdefcef @wGif acwWvlpkuG JoGm;cJ honf? ,if;od k @aoewfrsm;jzif h ypfcwfvlpkcG Jr_a=umif h ausmif;om; 5 OD;'%f&m&&S dcJ hjyD; 4if;wd k @teuf pufr_wuUod kvf ae@ausmif;om;rsm;jzpf=uaom armifzkef;armf 23 ESpfESif h







oef; 0if;vI d if2

armifpd k;Ed kifwd k @ aoqk H;cJ h=uonf? armifzkef;armfonf ,refESpfrSpI pufr_

wuUod kvfabmvk H;toif; twGif;a&;rSL;wm0ef,lcJ h&mrS vuf&S d twG if;a&;rSL;xH aiGpm&if;rsm;oGm;a&mufv$ Jtyf&ef oGm;a&mufpOf qlylr_jzpfyGm;pOfESif h=uKHawG @um vk HjcKHa&;wyfzG J @0ifrsm;ypfcwfr_a=umif h aoewfusnfxdrSefcJ hjcif;jzpfonf? q&mESif hausmif;om;rsm;u aoewfxdrSefaomarmifzkef;armftm;ayG @,ljyD; pufr_wuUod kvftwGif;wGif 0Sufxm;cJ h=uonf? armifpd k;Ed kifonf aq;±kHa&mufjyD;aemufr=umrDyif aoqk H;oGm;cJ h

onf?xd k @a=umif h rwfv 14 &ufae@wGif pufr_wuUod kvfausmif;om;rsm;

onf aoqk H;'%f&m&ol ausmif;om;rsm;ud k ta=umif;jyI qufvufqlylqENjycJ h=uonf? xd k @jyif ausmif;omrsm;ta&;ESif h ywfowfaomawmif;qd kcsufrsm;udkvnf; tpd k;&tm;awmif;qd kcJ h=uonf?

(u) ausmif;rydwfa&;/(c) ausmif;ywf0ef;usifvk HjcKHa&;csxm;aom &Jrsm;±kyfodrf;ay;a&;/(*) awmif;qd kcsufrsm;ud k tjrefqk H;ajz&Sif;ay;Ed kifrnf h wm0ef&S dol

wOD;OD;ESifh ausmif;om;ud k,fpm;vS,f acgif;aqmifig;OD;u

&efukefpufrIwuúod kvf










awG @qk HvufcHnd ‡E_ dif;ay;&efESif h ajz&Sif;ray;Ed kifygu wm0ef&S dol

rsm; teD;od k @rvma&muf&ef/xd k @jyif xd kae@rGef;vG J 2 em&D cef @wGif ausmif;0if;tkwfeH&H/ uGrf;,mqd kif

wd k @wGif atmufygawmif;qd kcsufrsm;ud kvnf; xyfrHuyfcJh=uonf?(u) 13/ 3/ 88 ae@jzpf&yfud k owif;pmrsm;xJY trSeftwdkif; a&;

om;&ef/(c) aoqk H;olausmif;om;rsm;ud k ausmif ;om;rsm;ud k,fwd kif oj*FK[f

cGif hjyK&ef/(*) tjypfrJ haomaoqk H;ol ausmif;om;rsm;tm; 0rf;enf;a=umif;

rSwfwrf;wifay;&ef/(C) rsuf&nf,k dAk H;/ usnfjzif hypfolwd k @ud k ta&;,lay;&ef/(i) ausmif;om;rsm;vd kvm;csufud k w&m;0iftzG J @tpnf;w&yf&yfrS

wm0ef,laqmif&Gufay;&ef/

aemufwae@jzpfaom rwfv 15 &ufae@wGif ynma&; 'kwd,0ef=uD; a'gufwmarmif'Donf ausmifom;rsm;udk csufcsif;oGm;a&mufnd ‡E_dif;cJ haomfvnf; tqifrajybJ qufvufwif;rmaecJ honf? xd kpOfrSmyifvk Hxdef; 500 cef @onf &efukefpufr_wuUod kvfud k 0ifa&mufpD;eif;cJ hjyD;ausmif;om;rsm;ud k 0ifa&muf±d kufESufcJ h&m ausmif;om;trsm;tjym; zrf;qD;cH&jyD; '%f&m&&S dcJ h=uonf? xd k @a=umif h pufr_wuUod kvf0if;twGif;Y

xdef;r&avmufatmif qlyltk HºuGvmcJ honf? xd kpOftwGif; oufqd kif&mtm%myd kifwd k @u ae&yf jyefvd kolausmif;om;rsm; jyefEd kifa=umif;jzif h xkwfjyefa=unmum ausmif;rsm;udk acwWydwfvk dufavonf? &efukefpufr_wuUod kvfta&;tcif;onf &efukefwuUod kvfyifrodk @ a&muf&S doGm;umtk HºuGr_rsm; ydkrd k=uD;xGm;vmcJ honf? pufr_wuUod kvfausmif;om;rsm;onf rwfv 16 &ufae@wGif &efukefwuUod kvf (yifr) y&0k%f&S d ausmif;

om;rsm;ESifhyl;aygif;um xd krSwqif h &efukefwuUod kvf (vSKdife,fajr) od k @ul;vl;&ef pd kif;jyif;vm=uonf? ,if;od k @ ausmif ;om;rsm; &efukefwuUod kvf (v_ dife,fajr) od k @tul; wHwm;jzLteD;od k @ta&mufwGif &JwyfzG J @0if







oef; 0if;vI d if4

rsm;u ypfcwf±d kufESufvlpkcG J=uonf? ausmif;om;rsm;ud k tifvsm;uef

abmifwGif acsmifydwf±d kufESufcJ hr_ESif hywfowfI Ad kvfrSL;csKyfa[mif; atmif=uD;u (8/ 6/ 88) &ufpGJjzif h a&;om;xm;aomtdwfzGif hay;pmwGif Tod k @azmfjyxm;onf?

“acgif;ud k±d kufcG J/ emem±d kuf”[k pufxJrSmtrdef @ay;cJ ha=umif;/ rdef;uav;rsm;ud kqHyifqG J±dkuf/ a&xJuefcs/ xbDu|wfIajy;onf h rdef;uav;ud k qHyifqGJI±d kufa=umif;/ rdef;uav;tavmif;ESpfavmif; a&xJrS

ay:vma=umif;”ponfjzif hazmfjyxm;onf? 4if;tjyif tif;vsm;uefabmifay: Yjzpfonf hnu vlrsm;pGmaoqk H;cJ ha=umif;/ tavmif;rsm;ud knwGif;csif;rD;±_ dŒcJ ha=umif;/ aoqk H;olrsm;ESif hywfowfI wvcef @=umrSrdbrsm;xH pmjzifhta=umif;=um;a=umif;/ axmifxJwGifvnf; vk Hxdef;ykvdyfrsm;u 0if±k dufa=umif;/ ausmif;olrsm;ud k t"rRusif ha=umif;/ axmifxJwGif rsm;pGmn‡Of;yrf;ES dyfpuf=ua=umif;/ vlaygif; 283 a,mufaoqk H;cJ h

a=umif; tp&S donfjzif h a&;om;xm;avonf?tvm;wl rwfv 17 &ufae@wGifvnf; &efukefwuUod kvftwGif;

pka0;a&muf&S daeaom ausmif;om;rsm;ud k vlpkcG J twif;t"rR t=urf;zufjzdKcGif;cJ honf? rqvtpd k;&xkwfowif;pmrsm;Yrl qENjyausmif;om;ausmif;ol 154 a,mufud kom pDppfxdef;odrf;cJ honf? aoqk H;ol/ '%f&m&olvk H;0r&S d[k a&;om;azmfjy=uonf?

rqvtpd k;&onf ausmif;om;rsm;. ausmif;om;rsm;ta&;ESif hywfowfI awmif;qd kcsufrsm;ud k vk H;0vspfvsL±_Ir&awmhojzif h rwfv17 &ufae@wGif pk Hprf;a&;aumfr&Sifud k zG J @pnf;ay;cJ h&onf? xd kaumfr&Sifonf 12/ 3/ 88 &ufae@wGif &efukefpufr_wuUodkvfausmif;rsm; jzpfyGm;cJ haom ta&;tcif;ud k pk Hprf;wifjy&rnfjzpfayonf? xd kaumfr&SiftzGJ @ud k jynfaxmifpkqd k&S,fvpforRwjrefrmEd kifiH Ed kifiHawmfaumifpDrS 1988

ckESpf/ rwfv 17 &ufpG Jyg trdef @a=ujimpmtrSwf (45§88)jzif h xkwfjyefa=unmcJ h&m xd ktrdef@a=umfjimpmt& xd kaumfr&SifwGif-

(u) OD;barmf (jynfol @w&m;ol=uD;tzG J @0if)-OuUX










(c) OD;vSwif h - jynfol @Oya'tusKd;aqmif-tzG J @0if

(*) a'gufwmarmif&S def -jynfol @vkyfief;ppfaq;a&;tzG J @0ifxd k @tjyif ,if;trdef @a=umfjimpmwGif aumfr&Sif. twGif;a&;rSL;

tjzpf OuUXu wm0efay;tyfolu aqmif&Guf&rnfjzpfjyD; pk Hprf;a&;aumfr&Sifonf ta&;cif;rnfuJ hod k @pwifay:aygufcJ honf? ta&;cif;wGifausmif;om; 2 OD; aoewf'%f&mjzif haoqk H;cJ h&jcif;rSm rnfonfh aoewfjzif h rnfol.vufcsufa=umif hjzpfonfud k tcsuftvufrsm; trSef

&&S datmif pk Hprf;ppfaq;I tpD&ifcHpmud k (17/ 4/ 88) &ufae@ta&mufEdkifiHawmfaumifpDod k @ wif jy&efyg&S donf? xd k @tjyif ta&;cif ;ESif h ywf owfonf h aumfr&Sif.ok H;oyfcsuf/ t=uHjyKcsuf/ tvm;wlta&;tcif;rsKD;ray:aygufap&ef aqmif&Gufoif honf htcsufrsm; vd kygu xnf hoGif;azmfjy&rnfjzpfonf?

tpd k;&rS pk Hprf;ppfaq;r_rsm;jyKvkyfaepOftwGif;rSmyif ausmif;om;

rsm;ESif h jynfolvlxkyl;aygif;um qENjyr_rsm; qufvufjzpfyGm;cJ honf?rwfvta&;tcif;twGif;Y tpk d;&. t=urf;zufjzdKcGif;r_a=umif h ausmif ;om;rsm;ESif h &[ef ;&Sifvlajrmufrsm;pGm aoG;ajruscJ hovd k/ vlaygif;rsm;pGmxdcd kuf'%f&m&&S dum zrf;qD;cHcJ h&avonf?

rwfv 18 &ufae@wGif odrfjzLvrf;Y at;csrf;pGm qENjyaeolrsm;emrnfqd k;jzif h ausmfMum;&m tif;pdeftusOf;axmif







oef; 0if;vI d if6

tm; zrf;qD;I xd kae@n oef;acgifausmftcsdefwGif tcsKyfum;jzif h tif ;pdef

tusOf;axmifod k@yd k @aqmifcJ h&m tif;pdefaxmifa&muf&S d vmaomtcg(71) OD;wifaqmifvmaom tcsKyfum;wpD;wGif (41) OD;aoqk H;aeonfud k awG @&S dcJ h&onf? tpd k;&xkwfjyefcsufrsm;wGifrl tcsKyfarmfawmf,mOfrsm; rvk Havmufr_a=umif h ,mOf wpD;wGif wifaqmif&rnf h tcsKyf om;OD;a&xuf yd kIwifaqmifcJ h&jcif;/ 45 rdepfom armif;ESif&rnf hc&D;ud k vrf;ydwfqd k @r_tajctaersm;t& 2 em&Dcef @=umatmif armif;ESif&r_rsm;

a=umif h jzpf&onf[lI azmfjycJ honf?aoqk H;olrsm;ud k Ad kvfwaxmifjrdK@e,f/ jrdK@e,fjynfol @&JwyfzG J @rSL;u

19/ 3/ 88 &ufae@wGif Ad kvfwaxmifjrdK@e,f/ jrdK@e,fw&m;ol=uD;tzG J @od k @aor_ aocif;zGif hjyD; ppfaq;ay;yg&ef wifjycJ honf? Ad kvfwaxmif w&m;ol=uD;tzG J @onf xd kae@wGifyif jrdK@e,fwm0efcHq&m0ef/ oufqd kif&m jynfol @&Jt&m&S drsm;ESif htwl tif;pdeftusOf;axmifod k @ oGm;a&mufppfaq;cJ h

onf? aor_aocif;zGif hvSpfppfaq;csuft& 4if;wd k @onf rsuf&nf,k dAk H;"gwfaiG @ ±_±_ dufrdIaomfvnf;aumif;/ tcsKyf,mOftwGif; wifaqmif& rnf hOD;a&xuf yd krd kwifaqmifcJ hojzifh touf±_rGef;usyfIvnf;aumif;aoqk H;cJ h&jcif;jzpfa=umif; awG @&S dcJ h&onf? tqd kygudpPESif hpyfvsOf;I 19/7/ 88 ae@wGifrS xkwfjyefa=unmcJ hjyD; xd kowif;xkwfjyef&ef =uef @=umae&jcif;rSm jidrf0yfydjym;a&;ud k axmuf±_I qlylr_r=uD;xGm;ap&eftwGuf

jzpfa=umif; xkwfjyefcJ honf?,if;od k @aoqk H;cJ hr_a=umif h jynfxJa&;ESif h/ omoema&;0ef=uD;Xme

0ef=uD; OD;rif;a*gif EkwfxGufoGm;cJ h&onf? xd k @jyif 1988 rwfvtwGif;jzpfyGm;cJ haomta&;tcif;wGif jzpfay:vmcJ haomudpPrsm;twGuf wm0efruif;=uonf h 0ef=uD;csKyfOD;armifarmifcESif h jynfol @Oya'tusKd;aqmiftzG J @OuUX OD;jrif harmiftm; 1988 Zlvd kif 26 &ufae@wGif &mxl;rS Ekwf

yg,fcJ honf?1988 rwfvtwGif;jzpfyGm;cJ haom ta&;tcif;ESif hygwfowfI

arv 9 &ufae@ ae@pG Jyg Ad kvfrSL;csKyfa[mif; OD;atmif=uD;. (41) rsufESm










yg&S daompmrsm;onf vlxktwGif; ysHŒES H @cJ honf? xd k @jyif OD ;atmif=uD;onf

(1) “ud kif;-tckawmhaumif;Ed kif=uao;&JŒvm;” [laom pmwapmifud k 12/ 5/ 88 &ufae@wGif vnf;aumif;/

(2) “tif;vsm;uefabmifjy\em”[laom pmwapmifud k 8/ 688 &ufae@wGif vnf;aumif;/

(3) “prf;acsmif;/ ajreDukef; &wemyk H±kyf&Sif±k HudpPrsm;”[laompmud k22/ 7/ 88 &ufae@wGifvnf;aumif;/

(4) “u|efawmfwd k @ESpfOD;xJtwGufomjzpfonf”[laompmudk 9/7/ 88 &ufae@wGifvnf;aumif;

(5) “vl @tcGif hta&;tjynf ht0&&S da&;udpP”[laompmud k 19/ 7/88 &ufae@wGifvnf;aumif; jzef @a0cJ honf?

rnfod k @yifqd kapumrl xd ktcsdefujzef @a0cJ haom OD;atmif=uD;. pmwef;rsm;onf jynfolvlxkud k Ed kifiHa&;Ed k;=um;apcJ honf? 4if;a&;om;xm;

aompmwrf;udk wckcsif;avhvm=unf hygu atmufygtwd kif; awG @&S d& onf?

(u) 12/ 5/ 88 &ufpG Jjzif h a&;om;xm;aompmY awmfvSefa&;aumifpD tm%modrf;jyD; 26 ESpft=um tajctaeonf ,k d,Gif;,k Homru ysufpD;jcif;ru ysufpD;oGm;jyD; Ed kifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;tm;vk H;usqk H;jcif;ruusqk H;cJ ha=umif;/ vufatmuf&S dwm0ef&S dolrsm;u wm0ef

,l=u&ef acgif;cHvd ka=umif;/ rdrdtaejzif h pmwrf;wapmif a&;om;wifjycJ ha=umif;/ Ad kvfrSL;csKyfatmif=uD; EkwfxGufcgeD; ygwDOuUX=uD;u ok H;ESpfvkyfr,f/ ratmifjrifv#if Ad kvfatmif=uD;wd k @vkyf=uyg[k ajymcJ ha=umif;/Ed kifiHa&;orm;vkyfazmfud kifzufwGif OD;EkESif h ygwDOuUX=uD;/ Ad kvfrSL;csKyfa[mif;atmif=uD;om&S djyD; usefvlrsm;rSm uG,fvGefjyDjzpfa=umif;/ r=umrDwd kif;jynfqefjy\emjzpfawmhrnfjzpfa=umif;/ pufr_vkyfief;tm;vk H; vd k

vd kydwfxm;&jyDjzpfa=umif;/ 'kuQa&mufrnfhta&;ud k owday;&a=umif;azmfjyxm;onf?

(c) 8/ 6/ 88 &ufpG Jjzif h a&;om;xm;aompmwrf;wGif ausmif;om;







oef; 0if;vI d if8

ta&;tcif;ud k OD;pm;ay; a&;om;azmfjyxm;onf? pmwrf;. ed'gef;t

yd kif;wGif ,cifu ausmif;om;or*~taqmufttk Hud k jzdKzsufolw&m;cHrSm 4if;r[kwfa=umif; &Sif;vif;a&;om;xm;ygonf? 1988 rwfvausmif;om;ta&;tcif;ESif hywfowfI ygwDOuUX=uD;taejzif h wm0efr,l&ef/ 4if;udpP.w&m;cHrSm ygwDOuUX=uD;r[kwfa=umif;/ =udKŒukef;&yfuGufor0g,rqd kifud krD;±_ dŒr_onf ausmif;om;rsm;r[kwfa=umif;/ tvG Jok H;pm;cJ holtm; zk H;uG,f&efpm&if;&Sif;vd kI rD;±d _ @cJ hjcif;jzpfa=umif;/ ausmif;

om;rsm;ud ktifvsm;uefabmifwGif acsmifydwf±d kufa=umif;/ rdef;uav;rsm;ud k qHyifqG J±d kuf/ a&xJuefcs/ xbDu|wfIajy;onf h rdef;uav;ud kyif qHyifqGJI ±d kufa=umif;/ rdef;uav;tavmif;ESpfavmif; a&xJuay: vma=umif; ponfjzif ha&;om;xm;&m trS efwu,faoqk H;cJ hjcif;/ jyif;xefpGm'%f&m&&S dcJ hjcif;r&S d[k tpd k;&xkwfowif;pmrsm;. rrSefruef azmfjyr_ud k t±_ dufxd k; wkef @jyefxm;ayonf? 4if;jyif Ad kvfrSL;csKyfa[mif; atmif

=uD;.pmwrf;Y tif;vsm;uefabmifay:wGifjzpfonf hnu vltrsm;tjym;aoqk H;cJ ha=umif;/ tavmif;rsm;ud k nwGif;csif;rD;±_ d @cJ ha=umif;/ aoqk H;olrsm;ESif hywfowfI wvcef @=umrS rdbrsm;xH pmjzif hta=umif;=um;a=umif;/ axmifxJwGifvnf; vk Hxdef;ykvdyfrsm;u 0if±d kufa=umif;/ ausmif;olrsm;ud k t"rRusif ha=umif;/ axmifxJwGifrsm;pGm n‡Of;yrf;ES dyfpuf=ua=umif;/ vlaygif; 283 a,muf aoqk H;cJ ha=umif;ponfjzif h a&;om;xm;

&m zwf±_&olrsm; wkefv_yfajcmufjcm;um a'gocHjyif;cJ h=u&onf?(*) 7/ 3/ 88 &ufpG Jjzif ha&;om;xm;onf hpmwrf;wGifrl Ad kvfrSL;csKyf

a[mif;atmif=uD;onf *syefEd kifiHrS Ed kifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESif h awG @qk HI wd kif;jynftusKd;aus;Zl;&S drnf hudpP&yfrsm;ud k wd kifyifaqG;aEG;cJ ha=umif;/ vuf&S dwm0efxrf;aqmifae=uaom0ef=uD;rsm;ESif h Ed kifiHjcm;qufqHa&; tqifrajyojzif h 4if;xHvma&mufawG @qk HjyD; OuUX=uD;xHwifjyay;&ef ajymqd k

jcif; jzpfa=umif;ponfjzifh a&;om;xm;avonf?TuJ hod k @ OD ;atmif;=uD;. jzef @a0pmrsm; jyifyavmuY ysHŒES Haecsdef

twGif;rSmyif 1988 arv 13 &ufae@wGif (17/ 3/ 88 ) &ufae@u zG J @










pnf;ay;cJ honf h &efukefpufr_wuUod kvfausmif;om;wcsKdŒESif h =udKŒukef;

taemuf&yfuGufvlxktcsKdŒwd k @ jzpfyGm;cJ haomta&;tcif;ESif h pyfvsOf;onf h tpD&ifcHpmud k wifoGif;cJ honf? xd ktpD&ifcHpmwGif tcef; (14)cef;cG JI pmrsufESm 292 rsufESmjzif h tao;pd wfpk Hprf;azmfxkwf&&S dcsufrsm;ud k wifjyxm;onf?

zkef;armfta&;tcif;ud kok H;oyf=unf hv#if rqv ppftm%m&Sifrsm;. =uD;rm;onf h yxrtrSm;wckrSm &yfuGufaumifpDOuUXud k bufvd kuf

umuG,fay;r_ESif h vk Hxdef;wyfzG J @tiftm; tqrwefok H;jyD; ausmif;om;rsm;ud k t=urf;zufES dyfuGyfr_yifjzpfonf? 'kwd,trSm;rSm owif;pdppfwif;=uyfr_jyKvkyfxm;onfomru owif;vdrfvnfa=unmjcif;yifjzpfonf? vk Hxdef;wyfzG J @0ifrsm;tm; jynfxJa&;0ef=uD;XmeESif h &JcsKyfwd k @utkyfcsKyf&aomfvnf; rqv. tkyfcsKyfa&;,EW&m;zGJ @pnf;yk Ht& trdef @ay;pepfonf a&maESmaecJ hjyD; txufrS pGufzufr_rsm;pGm&S dcJ honf? &efukef

wd kif;Yvnf; a'oygwDOuUX/ wd kif;aumifpDOuUXESif h &efukefwd kif;ppfXmecsKyfwd kif;rSL;[lI trdef @ay;Ed kifonf h tm%myd kif (3) OD;&S donf? &efukefjrdKŒvk HjcKHa&;twGuf wyfr (22)/ (44)/ (77) wd k @ud k qG Jac:&mwGifvnf; wyfrawmfumuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf csufcsif;rodvd kuf&bJ t"du±k%f; ES drfESif;&mYvnf; vk Hxdef;rsm;ESif h ppfwyf a&maxG;aeonfud k wyfrSL;rsm;u r=udKufESpfouf=uacs?

1988 arv 30 &ufae@wGif ausmif;rsm;jyefvnfzGif hvSpfonf htcgtusOf;axmifujyefvGwfvmonf h ausmif;om;rsm;u ,if;wd k @ tawG @t=uKHrsm;udk jyefvnf&Sif;vif;=u&m ZGef 15 &ufae@rS 20 &ufae@txd&efukefwuUod kvf tyef;ajz&dyfomwGif qENjyyG Jrsm; qufwd kufjzpfyGm;cJhjyefonf? &[ef;oHCmawmfrsm;/ tvkyform;rsm;/ txufwef;ausmif;om;rsm;ygrusef jynfolvlxkyg tajrmuftrsm;yg0ifvm=u

onf?ZGefv 21 &ufae@wGif ausmif;rsm;ud k jyefydwfa=umif; a=unmcJ h

aomfvnf; oydwfarSmufr_rsm; wjynfvk H;odk @ ysHŒES HoGm;cJ honf? ,if;ae@Y







oef; 0if;vI d if0

&efukefwuUod kvf (yifr)/vdyfck H;aq;wuUod kvf (1) ausmif;om;rsm;onf

wuUod kvf0ef;twGif;rS jyifyod k @xGufvmjyD; vlxkESif hyl;aygif;um v_ dif/prf;acsmif;/ urm&Gwf/ r&rf;ukef;/ tif;pdefjrdKŒe,frsm;wGif qENjycJ h=uonf? prf;acsmif;jrdKŒe,fwGif &JwyfzG J @0ifrsm;u at;csrf;pGm vufeufrJ hjzif hqENjyaeolrsm;ud k ypfcwfES drfESif;&m aoa=uxdcd kufr_rsm;&S dcJ honf? xd kae@rSmyif &efukefjrdKŒxJ&S daq;wuUod kvfud k ausmif;om;xkonf jynfvrf;twd kif;qufvufcsDwufoGm;&m [Hom0wDt0d kif;tausmf ajreDukef;

ta&mufY vk Hxdef;wyfzG J @rsm;.wm;qD;r_a=umif h ausmif ;om;rsm;ESif h vk Hxdef;wyfzG J @rS yÉdyuQjzpfyGm;&m teD;tem;&S d&yf=unf haeonf h jynfolvlxk. ylaygif;wd kufcd kufr_a=umif h vk Hxdef; 20 ESif h jynf olw&mausmf aoqk H;cJ h&onf?

tpd k;&owif;pmrsm;Y qlylt=urf;zuform;rsm; vufeufrsKd;pk Hjzif hxd k;ckwfwd kufcd kufr_a=umif h jynfol @&JwyfzG J @0if 6 OD; usqk H;jyD;/ 25 OD; jyif;

xefpGm '%f&m&&S dcJ honf[k vdrfnma&;om;xm;cJ haomfvnf; jynfolvlxkaoa=uxdcd kufr_ud krl zk H;zdxm;cJ honf?

xd ktawmtwGif; awmif=uD;jrdKŒESif hjynfjrdKŒrsm;Yvnf; vlxkqENjyr_rsm;jzpfyGm;cJ h&m yk'fr 144 xkwfjyefcJ honf?od kaomf jynfjrdKŒY jzpfyGm;vsuf&S daom tk HºuGqENjyr_rsm; vk H;0xdef;r&awmhojzif h 1988 ckESpf/ Zlvd kifv22 &ufae@wGif tpd k;&u ppftkyfcsKyfa&;a=unmum ppfwyfrS vufeuf

jzif h jzdKcGif;cJ honf?,if;uJ hod k @ Ed kifiHtES H @&S d jrd KŒ=uD;rsm;wGif qlyltk HºuGr_rsm;jzpfyGm;aepOfrSm

1988 Zlvd kif 23 &ufae@wGif jrefrmhqd k&S,fvpfvrf;pOfygwD ta&;ay: nDvmcH usif;ycJ honf? ,if;tpnf;ta0;Y ygwDOuUX OD;ae0if;onf,if;Y tjypf&S dr_a=umif h EkwfxGuf&aomfvnf; “ppfwyfqd kwm rdk;ay: axmifjyD;awm hypfwmr[kwfbl;? ypf&ifrSefatmifypfw,f” [k vlxkESif h

ausmif;om;rsm;ud kpdefac: jyD; ord kif;wGif trnf;puf=uD;xifatmif ajym=um;oGm;cJ honf? Zlvd kif 24 &ufae@wGif qufvufusif;yjyKvkyfcJ haomrqvygwD ta&;ay:nDvmcH'kwd,ae@tpnf;ta0;Y wyfrawmf pnf;










±k H;a&;aumfrwDrS nDvmcH &J

abmfarmifoif hu OD;atmif=uD;. 41 rsufESmygpmESifh ywfowfI xnfhoGif;ajym=um;oGm;cJ honf? 4if;. wifjy ajymqd kcsufrSm “wuUod kvfor*~ taqmufttk Hud k 1962 ckESpf/ Zl

vd kifv 8 &ufae@wGif azmufcG JzsufqD;onf hjzpf&yfrSefudk &Sif;vif;ajym=um;cJhjcif;onf o

rd kif;wGif rSefuefaomjzpf&yfud k twdtvif; rSwfwrf;wifxm;&S donf hEd kifiHa&;upm;uGufjzpfa=umif;/ ,if;udpPwGif Ad kvfrSL;csKyfa[mif; atmif=uD;onf OuUX=uD;tay: ausmif;om;ESif hjynfolvlxku txiftjrif

vG JrSm;r_jzpfay:atmif v_ H @aqmfcsufomjzpfonfud kawG @&S d&a=umif;/ 4if;onf wd kif;jynf. pGrf;tm;pk=uD;ok H;&yfjzpfaom jynfol/ wyfrawmfESif hEdkifiHawmfacgif;aqmif=uD;rsm;ud k jyd KuG JatmifpDrHcsufjzif h ,if ;or*~udpPud ktcGif haumif;,lum jynfolud k qlylxºuGap&ef zefwD;cJ hjcif;jzpfa=umif;/xd k @tjyif rwfvESif hZGefvta&;tcif;rsm;wGif jzpfay:cJ honf h tajctaersm;ud k r[kwfrrSefvdrfnmpGyfpG JI jynfolrsm;xifa,mifxifrSm;jzpfap&ef

pmwrf;rsm;ud ka&;om;I jynfolESif hausmif;om;rsm;ud k jzef @a0cJ ha=umif;/wcsdefwnf;wGif acgif;aqmifyd kif;ESif hwyfrawmftwGif; aoG;uG JatmifjyK vkyfjyD; OuUX=uD;tay: opPmapmif hod cspfcifav;pm;oa,mif csOf;uyfum 4if;tm%m&&S d&ef =udK;yrf;cJ ha=umif;/ olonfOuUX=uD;tay: opPm&S donf[kajymqd ka&;om;aeaomfvnf; OD;Eku Ed kifiHawmfud k awmfvSefykefuef&ef jynfyod k @xGufcGmrnf hudpPud k OuUX=uD;tm; qufvufwifjyr_r&S dcJ ha=umif;/ 1970 jynf hESpfwGif OD;Ek. jynfajy;olykeftcsKdŒ jrpf0u|ef;ay: a'ood k @0ifa&mufcJ h&mwGifvnf; wyfrawmfESif hjynfolwd k @yl;aygif;I axmfyd kifppfqifa&;jzif h tjyD;tyd kifacsr_ef;cJ honfud k wyfrawmfonf wyfcG JESpfcG J

tmPm&Sifa[mif;

Ad kvfcsKyfBuD;ae0if;







oef; 0if;vI d if2

pmolykefud k wyfom;tvk H;t&if;ok H;jyD; acsr_ef;jcif;onf ra&mif&mqDvl;

jzpfaea=umif;/ olykeftiftm;rsm;aom&Srf;jynfe,fa'owGif wyftiftm;enf;enf;ESif h ppfqifa&;0ifaeonf[k ajymqd kcJ ha=umif;/ 4if;onfat;csrf;om,maom trmcHe,fajrwGif jynfajy;olykefrsm; =uD;xGm;vmapaomqENjzif h r±d k;om;aomt=uHtOm%fud k OuUX=uD;xHod k @ a&;om;wifjycJ ha=umif;/ olonf wd kif;jynfud k wu,fcspfjrwfEd k;ol rsKd;cspfyk*~KdvftppftrSefjzpfv#if Tod k @a&SŒaemufrnDnGwfaom ajymqd ka&;

om;r_ud k rjyKvkyfoif ha=umif;/ OuUX=uD;onf Ad kvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESif htwlvGwfvyfa&;wd kufyG J0ifcJ h±k Hr#omru wd kif;jynfwGif ta&;=uKHvmwd kif; wm0ef,lcJ honf hacgif;aqmifjzpfa=umif;/ txl;ojzif h 1958-59 ckESpfwGifwd kif;jynfwGiftdrfapmif htpd k;&tjzpfjzif h wm0ef,lapmif ha&Smufay;cJ hjyD;1962 ckESpfwGif wd kif;jynftpdwfpdwfjydKuG Jrnf h tajctaersm;a=umif hxdef;odrf;apmifha&SmufcJ h&a=umif;/ xd k @a=umif h OuUX=uD;taejzif h ygwDEkwf

xGufudpPud k jyefvnfpOf;pm;ay;yg&ef wifjyyga=umif; aqG;aEG;oGm;onf?od k @aomf Zlvd kif 25 &ufae@wGif usif;ycJ haom nDvmcH wwd,ae@

ta&;ay:tpnf;ta0; qk H;jzwfcsufcsrSwfcJ h&m vrf;pOfygwDOuUX=uD; OD;ae0if;ESif h ygwDtaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; OD;pef;,kwd k @tm; ygwDwm0efrSEkwfxGufcGif hjyKjyD;/ ygwD0iftjzpfrStem;,lcGif hjyK&ef/ jynfol @qENcH,lyG JrjyK vkyf&efwd k @twGuf qk H;jzwfcJ h=uonf?

Zlvd kif 26 &ufae@wGif ygwDA[d kaumfrwD '\rt=udrf tpnf;ta0;ud k jynfol @v$wfawmftpnf;ta0;cef;rYusif;yjyKvkyf&m A[d k aumfrwD0ifrsm;u OD;pdefvGiftm; ygwDOuUXtjzpf wifajr‡mufcJ h=uonf? xd k @tjyif Ed kifiHawmf0ef=uD;csKyf OD;armifarmifcESif h jynfol @Oya'tusKd;aqmiftzG J @OuUX OD;jrif harmifwd k @tm; tcsKyfum;twGif; vlaygif; 41 a,mufavrGef;usyfaoqk H;r_ESif hywfowfI jzKwfcsvd kufonf? xd k @aemufZlvd kif

27 &ufae@wGif qufvufusif;yjyKvkyfcJ haom pwkwt=udrf jynfol @v$wfawmf tpnf;ta0;rSvnf; OD;pdefvGiftm; Ed kifiHawmfaumifpD OuUXESif h Ed kifiHawmforRwtjzpf a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufcJ h=uonf? xd k @tjyif Ed kifiH










awmfaumifpDtwGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf OD;xGef;wifwd k @ud kvnf;aumif; a&G;cs,f

cJ h=uonf? Zlvd kif 28 &ufae@wGif ausmif;om;rsm;onf vlpkvla0; rjyK vkyf&[k xkwfjyefxm;aomtrdef @ud kqef @usifjyD; a&$wd*k Hbk&m;Y oydwfpcef;zGif hvSpfI pk±k H;qENjycJ h=uonf?

Zlvd kif 29 &ufae@ta&mufwGif ppftpd k;&rS OD;atmif=uD;ESif h taygif ;tyg 9 OD; (OD;=unf[ef/ atyDowif;axmufOD;pdef0if;/ OD;cifndK/ OD;=unfarmif/ OD;ba&$/ OD;cspfud kud k/ OD;xGef;a&$/ OD;atmifjrif h/ OD;aZmf0if;OD;) wd k @tm;

Ed kifiHawmfud kxdyg;rnf htE W&m,frS =udKwifumuG,fonf hyk'frjzif h xdef;odrf;vd kufonf?

tajctaerSm wjznf;jznf;yd krd kqd k;0g;vmum tpd k;&qef @usifa&;aºuG;a=umfoHrsm;onf vrf;rrsm;ay:od k @ a&muf&S dvmcJ honf? 1988 Zlvdkif 28 &ufae@rSpI &efukefjrdK@awmfpnfyifom,ma&;e,fedrdwf twGif;&S d jrdK@e,frsm;Yynmoif=um;aeaom ausmif;rsm;od k@ysHŒES H @a&muf&S d

vmonf? qENjyausmif;om;rsm;onf ,if;ae@rS =o*kwfv 2 &ufae@txd a&$wd*k H&ifjyifawmfay:wGif oydwfpcef;rsm; zGif hvSpfcJ h=uonf? qENjyausmif;om;rsm;onf bk&m;&ifjyifay:wGif pkpnf;um vma&muf=uaom vlxky&dwfowftm; vufurf;pmapmifrsm;a0iSjcif;/ tpd k;&qef @usifa&;a[majymjcif;/ pmuyfjcif;wd k @ud k jyKvkyfcJ h=uonf?

ausmif;om;tiftm;pkESif h jynfolwd k @ pk±k H;rdaomtcg bk&m;ay:rS

wqif h &efukefjrdKŒtwGif;&S d jrdKŒe,ftcsKdŒwGif vSnf hvnfqENjycJ h=uonf?xd k @a=umif h rqv tpd k;&onf 1988 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv 3 &ufae@wGif

Ed kifiHawmfaumifpD. a=unmcsuftrSwf 5§88jzif h &efukefwd kif; ppftkyfcsKyfa&;Oya'ud k xkwfjyefcJ honf? xd k @tjyif Ed kifiHawmf. pDrHcef @cG Jr_tm%mESif h w&m;pD&ifr_tm%mrsm;ud k umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf Ad kvfcsKyf=uD; apmarmiftm; tyfESif;cJ honf? umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyfonf Ed kifiHawmfaumifpD

a=unmcsuf 5§88 yg vkyfyd kifcGif ht& xd kae@rSmyif umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf±k H;. ppftkyfcsKyfa&;a=unmcsuftrSwf (2)ud k xkwfjyefI &efukefwd kif;ppfXmecsKyf/ wd kif;ppfXmecsKyfwd kif;rSL; Ad kvfrSL;csKyfrsKd;nGef @tm; rdrdud k,fpm;







oef; 0if;vI d if4

ppftkyfcsKyfa&;ud k aqmif&Guf&ef tm%mv$ Jtyfay;cJ honf?

odk @jzif h 1988 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv 3 &uf n 7 em&DrSpI 1988 =o*kwfv 24 &ufae@txd &efukefwd kif;ppfXmecsKyf ppftkyfcsKyfa&;trdef @rsm;ud katmufygtwd kif;xkwfjyefcJ honf?

(u) &efukefwd kif;ppfXmecsKyf/ ppftkyfcsKyfa&;trdef @ trSwf (1§88)jzif h ppftkyfcsKyfa&;a'oowfrSwfjcif;ESif h ppfa'orSL;rsm;cef @tyfjcif;?

(c) &efukefwd kif;ppfXmecsKyf/ ppftkyfcsKyfa&;trdef @trSwf(2§88)jzif h

pDrHcef @cG Jr_ESif h w&m;pD&ifr_wd k @ESif hywfowfI n$ef=um;csufxkwfjyefjcif;?(*) &efukefwd kif;ppfXmecsKyf/ ppftkyfcsKyfa&;trdef @trSwf(3§88)jzif h

ppftkyfcsKyfa&;a'owGif w&m;pD&ifjcif;?(C) &efukefwd kif;ppfXmecsKyf/ ppftkyfcsKyfa&;trdef @trSwf (4§88)jzif h

jynfol @vkyfief;ppfaq;a&;tzG J @tqif hqif hwd k @ud k pDrHcef @cG Ja&;udpPrsm; qufvufaqmif&Gufapjcif;?

(i) &efukefwd kif;ppfXmecsKyf/ ppftkyfcsKyfa&;trdef @trSwf(6§88)jzif hnrxGuf&/ vrf;rsm;ay:wGif vlig;a,mufESif h ig;a,mufESif htxuf oGm;vmv_yf&Sm;jcif;rjyK&trdef@rsm; xkwfjyefjcif;?

(p) &efukefwd kif;ppfXmecsKyf/ ppftkyfcsKyfa&;trdef @trSwf(9§88)jzif hppftkyfcsKyfa&;trdef @trSwf(6§88)jzif h xkwfjyefwm;jrpfcsufrsm;tm;±kyfodrf;jcif;?

1988 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv 5 &ufae@twGif; ppftkyfcsKyfa&; t=uHay;tzG J @tm; wyf rawmfrSt&m&S d=uD;wOD;ESif h jynf ol @Oya'tusKd;aqmiftzG J @rS wOD;tygt0if ckESpfOD;jzif h zG J @pnf;aqmif&GufcJ honf? xd k @jyif umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf Ad kvfcsKyf=uD;apmarmifonf &efukefwd kif;ppfXmecsKyf wd kif;rSL;tm; umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf±k H;. a=unmcsuftrSwf(2) t& v$ Jtyfxm;aomtm%mt&yf&yfud kusif hok H;apvsuf atmufygtwd kif;ppftkyf

csKyfa&;tzG J @ud k zG J @pnf;cJ honf?(u) Ad kvfrSL;csKyf rsKd;n$ef @ - OuU X (wd kif;rSL;/ &efukefwd kif;ppfXmecsKyf)(c) OD;&J0if; - tzG J @0if (OuUX/ &efukefwd kif;a'oygwDaumfrwD)










(*) OD;ausmfodef; - tzG J @0if (OuUX/ &efukefwd kif;jynfol @aumifpD)

(C) Ad kvfrSL;=uD; atmifcif - tzG J @0if (jrdKŒawmf0ef/ &efukefjrdKŒawmfpnfyifom,ma&;tzG J @)

(i) Ad kvfrSL;=uD; oef @Zif - tzG J @0if ('kwd,wd kif;rSL;/ &efukefwd kif;ppfXmecsKyf)

(p) Ad kvfrSL;=uD; cifjrif h - tzG J @0if (ppfa'orSL;/ trSwf (1) ppfa'o)(q) Ad kvfrSL;=uD; odef;xGef; - tzG J @0if (ppfa'orSL;/ trSwf (2)

ppfa'o)(Z) Ad kvfrSL;=uD; omaX; - tzG J @0if (ppfa'orSL;/ trSwf (3) ppf

a'o)(ps) Ad kvfrSL;=uD; rsKd;aqG - tzG J @0if (ppfa'orSL;/ trSwf (4) ppfa'o)(n) 'kwd,Ad kvfrSL;=uD; odef;jrif h - tzG J @0if (OuU X/ wd kif;w&m;ol=uD;

tzG J @)

(É) OD;rsKd;n$ef @ - tzG J @0if (OuUX/ wd kif;vkyfief;ppfaq;a&;tzG J @)(X) OD;qef;jrif h - tzG J @0if (&JaxmufcsKyf/ jynfol @&JwyfzG J @XmecsKyf)(È) Ad kvfrSL;=uD; aZmfrif;- tzG J @0if (n$ef=um;a&;rSL;csKyf/ rD;owf

OD;pD;Xme)(Ê) a'gufwm OD;pdef&D - tzG J @0if (&efukefwd kif;usef;rma&;OD;pD;Xme)(%) 'kwd,Ad kvfrSL;=uD; atmifoef; - twGif;a&;rSL; (ppfOD;pD;rSL;-

yxrwef;)(w) 'kwd,Ad k fvfrSL;=uD; wiftkef;- wG JzuftwGif;a&;rSL; (vuf

axmufppfOya'csKyf/ &efukefwd kif;ppfXmecsKyf),if;uJ hod k @ ppftkyfcsKyfa&; a=unmusif hok H;jcif;ud k rqv tpd k;&u

Ed kifiHawmfvk HjcKHa&;ESif h jynfol @td k;tdrfwd k @ud k umuG,fapmif ha&Smuf&ef tvd k @iSm urB mhEd kifiHrsm;wGif usif hok H;vsuf&S daom usif hxk H;rsm;ESif htnD jynf

axmifpk qd k&S,fvpforRw jrefrmEd kifiHawmf zG J @pnf;yk HtajccHOya'yk'fr(76) t& tyfESif;xm;aom vkyfyd kifcGif hrsm;ud k ok H;pG Jvsuf xkwfjyefcJ haomEd kifiHawmfaumifpD. a=unmcsuftrSwf(5§88)t&jzpfonf[kqd konf?







oef; 0if;vI d if6

,if;od k @ ppftkyfcsKyfa&; a=unmcJ hjyD;aemuf ArmEd kifiHvk H;qd kif&m

ausmif;om;rsm;or*~u ppfOya'xkwfjyefcsufud k zDqefum &Spfav;vk H;taxGaxGoydwf=uD;twGuf v_H @aqmfa&;pmapmifrsm; pwifjzef @a0cJ hovd k vlaygif;ajrmufrsm;pGmuvnf; qENjycJ honf?

Tod k @jzif h ppftkyfcsKyfa&;pwifonf h 1988 =o*kwfv 3 &ufrS 8&ufae@txd &efukefjrdK@tygt0if jrdKŒ=uD; 19 +rdKŒY jidrf;csrf;pGm qENjyawmif;qk daeaom vlxk=uD;tm; vk HjcKHa&;wyfzG J @0ifrsm;u ypfcwf&Sif;vif;r_a=umifh &[ef;&Sifvl ausmif;om;rsm; axmifcsDaoqk H;cJ h&onf?

1988 =o*kwfv 8 &ufae@ ord kif;wGifrnf h taxGaxGoydwf=uD;ud k jynfolvlxkodef;csDqifE$ JcJ h=uonf? xd kae@nae 5 em&DwGif jrdKŒawmfcef;ra&SŒ&S dajruGufvyfY qENjyolrsm; pka0;a&muf&S dvmjyD; awmif;qk dr_rsm;ud kawmif;qd kjcif;/ tpd k;&qef @usifa&; ajymqd kjcif;rsm;jyKvkyfum a&muf&S dvmaom vlxk=uD;tm; qENjyacgif;aqmifrsm;u tvSnfhusw&m;a[majymae&m &efukefwd kif; wd kif;rSL;u tjrefqk H;vlpkcG J&ef toHcsJŒpufrS a=ujimcJ honf? vlxk=uD;u rdrdtpDpOfwd kif; ra=umufr&G HŒ/ rwkefrv_yf qufvufjyKvkyfcJ h&m n 11 em&DwGif enf;AsL[mwckESif h ajcjrefwyf&if; (2)&if;wd k@onf jrdK@awmfcef;rrSaeI armif;jyefaoewfrsm;jzif h w&pyfypfcwf










r_a=umif h vlxkaxmifaygif;rsm;pGm xyfrHaoG;ajruscJ h&jyefonf? =o*kwf

v 11 &ufae@wGif tzG J @tpnf;aygif;pk H/ or*~/ toif;tzG J @rsm; at;csrf;pGm qENjyaeonf hvlxktm; ppfwyfu xyfrHypfcwf&m vlxkaxmifaygif;rsm;pGm aoa=u'%f&m &&S dcJ honf?

,if;od k @ &ufpufpGmypfrdef @ay;cJ haom Ed kifiHawmforRw OD;pdefvGiftm;jynfyowif;pmapmifwckjzpfonf h wd kif;rf (Time) r*~Zif;=uD;u (8/ 8/88) xkwfwGif om;owform;od k @r[kwf vlowform; (The Butcheer)

tjzpf a&;om;cJ havonf?xd kae@rSmyif emusnf;a'gojzpfaeaom vlxk=uD;u &efukefwd kif;

twGif; jrdKŒe,f&Jpcef;rsm;ud k pD;eif;0ifa&mufwd kufcd kufum rD;±_ d @zsufqD;cJh=uonf? xd k @twl 1988 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv 10 &ufae@wGif jrefrmjynfjrdKŒ=uD;rsm;Y qlyltk HºuGr_rsm; qufwd kufjzpfyGm;cJ honf?

xd kod k @aom tajctaet&yf&yfa=umif h =o*kwfv 12 &ufae@wGif

OD;pdefvGifonf rqvygwDOuUXtjzpfrSvnf;aumif;/ Ed kifiHawmfaumifpDOuUXtjzpfrSvnf;aumif; EkwfxGufoGm;cJ h&onf?

jynfwGif;jynfyEd kifiHrsm;wGif emrnfqd k;jzif hausmf=um;cJ haom OD;pdefvGifonf rGefjynfe,f/ aygifjrdKŒe,f/ aumhu&if&GmwGif tzOD;a&$&if/trda':rm=uD;wd k @rS 1924/ Zefe0g&Dv 22 &ufae@wGif zGm;jrifcJ honf? ynmt&nftcsif;edrf hyg;I ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmf wyf&if; (1) wyf

cG J (3) Y wyfom;tjzpf 0ifa&mufppfr_xrf;&if; *syefacwf r*Fvm'k H ppfwuUod kvfAd kvfoifwef;wwd,od k@ wufa&mufcJ holjzpfonf? xd k @aemufajcvsifwyf&if;(3)/ csif;aoewfud kifwyf&if;/ trSwf (4) aoewfud kifwyf&if;wd k @Y toD;oD;xrf;&GufcJ holjzpfonf?

,if;aemuf taemufawmifwd kif;ppfXmecsKyf 'kwd kif;rSL;/ taemufajrmufwd kif;ppfXmecsKyfwd kif;rSL;tjzpf aqmif&GufcJ holjzpfonf? xd krSwqif h

or0g,r0ef=uD;Xme/ yd k @aqmifqufoG,fa&;0ef=uD;Xme/ jynfxJa&;ESif homoema&;0ef=uD;Xmewd k @Y 0ef =uD;tjzpfvnf;aumif; xrf;&GufcJ holvnf;jzpfonf?








xd kumvtwGif; t=urf;zufr_rsm;a=umif h ysuf qD;qk H;±_ H;r_pm&if;rsm;

ud kvnf; oufqd kif&m0ef=uD;Xmetvd kuf atmufygtwd kif; azmfjycJ honf?(u) aqmufvkyfa&;0ef=uD;Xme usyf (1827260)(c) jyef=um;a&;0ef=uD;Xme usyf (802255)(*) pGrf;tif0ef=uD;Xme usyf (2843983)(C) v,f,mESif hopfawm0ef=uD;Xme usyf (141550)(i) trSwf (1) pufr_0ef=uD;Xme usyf (725346)

(p) or0g,r0ef=uD;Xme usyf (10373778)1988 =o*kwfvwGif jzpfyGm;cJ haom &Spfq,f h&Spf 'Drd kua&pDta&;

awmfyk Honf &efukefjrdK@wckwnf;wGifomr[kwfbJ Ed kifiHtES H @/ +rd KŒe,ftrsm;tjym;wGifjzpfyGm;cJ h&m qk H;±_ H;ysufpD;r_rsm;/ aoa=u'%f&m&ol trsm;tjym;&S dcJ honf?

TuJ hod k @ tajctaersm;±_yfaxG;aepOfumvtwGif;rSmyif rqv

ygwD ygwDA[d kaumfrwD (11) =udrfajrmuf tpnf;ta0;ud k 1988 =o*kwfv 19 &ufae@wGif &efukefjrdKŒ jynfol @v$wfawmftpnf;ta0;cef;rYusif;yjyKvkyfcJ honf? xd ktpnf;ta0;rS vpfvyfoGm;aomygwDOuUXae&mtm; ygwDA[d ktvkyftr_aqmifaumfrwD0if a'gufwmarmifarmiftm; a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufcJ h=uonf? xd kae@ ae@vnfyd kif;wGif qufvufusif;yaom pwkwÎ t=udrf jynfol @v$wfawmftpnf;ta0;rS Ed kifiHawmf

aumifpDOuUXESif h Ed kifiHawmforRwtjzpf a'gufwmarmifarmifud kyif a&G;cs,fvd kufa=umif; a=unmcJ honf?

a'gufwmarmifarmifonf Ed kifiHawmforRwjzpfvmjyD;aemuf Ed kifiHawmfaumifpD. a=unmcsuftrSwf (7§88) jzif h Ed kifiHawmfwGif vuf&S djzpfysufaeaom Ed kifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ jynfol @a&;&mpDrHcef @cG Ja&; tajctaet&yf&yfESif hpyfvsOf;I jynfolwd k @. ppfrSefaomoabmxm;rsm;ud k

&,lEd kif&eftwGuf jynfol @w&m;ol=uD;tzG J @OuUX OD;wifatmif[def; OuUXtjzpfaqmif&Gufrnf h jynf ol @qENavhvmpk Hprf;a&;aumfr&Sifud k tzG J @0if11 OD;jzif h 1988 =o*kwfv 19 &ufae@rS tpjyKI atmufygtwd kif; zG J @







oef; 0if;vI d if0

pnf;cJ honf?

(u) OD;wifatmif[def; - OuUX (OuUX/ jynfol @w&m;ol=uD; tzG J @)(c) OD;pef;armif - tzG J @0if (Ed kifiHawmfaumifpD0if)(*) OD;pd kif;atmifxGef; - tzJ G @0if (Ed kifiHawmfaumifpD0if)(*) a'gufwm ref;oufpH - tzJ G @0if (Ed kifiHawmfaumifpD0if)(i) OD;bjidrf; - ('kwd,OuUX/ tvkyform;tpnf;t±k H;/ A[d kOD;pD;

tzG J @XmecsKyf)

(p) OD;cspfaqG - ('kwd,OuUX/ awmifolv,form;tpnf;t±k H;

A[d kOD;pD;tzG J @XmecsKyf)(q) a'gufwmxGef;oif - (ygarmuQcsKyf/ aq;wuUod kvfrE Wav;)(Z) OD;vSxGef; - (jynfol @v$wfawmfud k,fpm;vS,f/ ausmufwef;-

2)

(ps) OD;apmv_ dif - (ausmif;tkyf=uD;/ [oFmwaumvdyf)(n) OD;atmifwd k; - twGif;a&;rSL; (tzG J @0if/ 0efxrf;a&G;cs,favhusif h

a&;tzG J @)(É) OD;cifarmifat; - wG JzuftwGif;a&;rSL; (n$ef=um;a&;rSL;csKyf/

A[d kw&m;±k H;/ jynfol @w&m;ol=uD;tzG J @)xd kpOftwGif; ociftkef;jrif honf a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; ocif

wifjrESif hrdwfqufay;cJ honf?ocifwifjronf ociftkef;jrif h.urf;vSrf;csuft& a':atmifqef;

pk=unfod k @ tultnDay;&eftwGuf oabmwlnDcsufESpfcsufud k awmif ;qk dcJ honf?

(1) a':atmifqef;pk=unfESif h OD ;axG;;jrif hwd k @ESpfOD; a&;om;xkwfjyefxm;aom tpd k;&ESif hjynfolwd k @tm; arwW m&yfcHcsufpmwrf;wGif jrefrmhqd k

&S,fvpfygwD0ifrsm;tm; *d k%f;*%&S doabmxm;&S djcif;onf rSm;,Gif;aeonf? xd koabmxm;ud k ±kyfodrf;&ef?

(2) aemif ygwDpk H'Drd kua&pD tajctaersm;ay:xGef;vmjyD; Ed kifiHa&;










ygwDrsm;ay:aygufvmygu ol @ (ocifwifjr) tm; Ed kifiHa&;ygwDrsm;wGif

ryg0ifr_ud k cGif hjyK&ef?xd koabmwlnDcsufESpfcsufud k a':atmifqef;pk=unfu oabmwl

vufcHcJ ha=umif; jyef=um;cJ hojzif h ocifwifjru a':atmifqef;pk=unfud kulnD&ef qufoG,fcJ hjcif;jzpfonf? xd k @aemufwGif ocifwifjr t=uHay;cJ honf htwd kif; a':atmifqef;pk=unfwd k @ a&;om;xkwfa0cJ haom “jynfol @twd kifyifcHuGefz&if husif;yI jy\emrsm; nd ‡E_ dif;ajz&Sif;a&;” pmwrf;

wGifyg&S donf h rqvygwD0ifrsm;tay: *k d%f;*%oabmxm;jzif h a&;om;xm;csufud k jzKwfy,f&efpmwrf;ud k xyfrH±d kufES dyfjzef @jzL;cJhonf?

a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf xd karwWm&yfcHcsufpmwrf;ud k xd kpOfuEdkifiHawmfaumifpDtwGif;a&;rSL; ol&OD;ausmfxiftm;qufoG,fjyD; ay;yd k @cJ honf? vlcsif;awG @qk H&efvnf; =udK;pm;cJ honf? od k @aomf awG @qk HcGif hr&cJ hay? xd k @aemuf a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf ol.oabmxm;ud k a'guf

wmarmifarmifxHwifjy&ef ocifwifjrtm;wifjyI =udK;pm;cJ hao;onf?ocifwifjru a':atmifqef;pk=unf. tultnDawmif;cHr_rsm;ESif h ywfowfI yxrOD;pGm olESif h&if;ES D;aom w&m;ol=uD;tzG J @OuUX OD;wifatmif[def;tm; qufoG,ftultnDawmif;=unf hrnf? OD;wifatmif[def;oabmwlv#if OD;wifatmif[def;ESifh yxrawG @jyD; a'gufwmarmifarmifESif h qufvufawG @qk H&efwd k @ud k t=uHay;cJ honf[kod&onf? xd kudpPud k

a':atmifqef;pk=unfu oabmwlojzif h OD ;wifatmif[def;ESif h awG @qk Ha&;twGuf ocifwifjronf Ak dvfrSL;&JxGËf (&Jabmok H;usdyf0if) ESif h oG m;a&mufaqG;aEG;cJ honf? Ad kvfrSL;&JxGËfu OD;wifatmif[def;ud k oGm;a&mufawG @qk HcJ hjyD; a':atmifqef;pk=unfESif h orRw a'gufwmarmifarmifwd k @awG @qk HaqG;aEG;Ed kifa&;twGuf =um;rS yg0ifaqmif&Gufay;&ef aqG;aEG;cJ h&mOD;wifatmif[def;u oabmwlcJ honf?

a':atmifqef;pk=unfESif h OD;wifatmif[def;wd k @ awG @qk Ha&;twGufpDpOfcJ h=u&m 1988 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv 21 &ufae@wGif awG @qk HjzpfcJ h=uonf?a':atmifqef;pk=unfu “jynfol@twdkifyifcHnDvmcHusif;yI jy\em







oef; 0if;vI d if2

nd ‡E_ dif;ajz&Sif;a&;” pmwrf;ygoabmxm;rsm;ud k OD;wifatmif[def;tm;

&Sif;jyjyD; a'gufwmarmifarmifESif h awG @qk HaqG;aEG;wifjycGif h&&S d&ef =um;rStultnDay;a&;udpPud k wifjycJ honf?

xd k&uftwGif;rSmyif a':atmifqef;pk=unfu ocifwifjrud k Ed kifiHa&;acgif;aqmif;a[mif;rsm;/ wwfodynm&Siftpkrsm;ESif h awG @qk HaqG;aEG;vd konf hta=umif; ajymvmjyefojzif h ocifwifjru taumiftxnfazmfay;cJ honf? ocifwifjronf olESif hodu|rf;aom armifud k,kESif h awG @

qk HjyD; wwfodynm&Sifrsm;ESif h a':atmifqef;pk=unfwd k @awG @qk Ha&;ud k tultnDawmif;cHcJ honf?

xd ktpDpOft& 1988 =o*kwfv 21 &ufae@ rGef;vG J 1 em&DwGif=unf hjrifwd kif/ Ad kvfol&vrf;teD;&S d vufzuf&nfqd kifwqd kif. tay:xyfwGif a':atmifqef;pk=unfESif h Edk ifiHa&;orm;a[mif;rsm;jzpf=uonf h 0d "l& ocifcspfarmif/ ocif cifatmif/ ocifxGef;cif/ a&SŒaetoif;rS OD;bxGef;/

armifud k,k/ OD;xGef;wif/ rk H&Gmwifa&$/ pmayynm&Sifrsm;jzpf=uonf h OD ;0if;wif ([Hom0wDowif;pm)/ armifaomfu/ OD;vS0if;(avol&JwOD;)/ a': atmifqef;pk=unf. ±k H;tzG J @0ifrsm;jzpf=uaom ocifwifjr/ Ad kvfpHomausmf/ OD;omxGef;(ausmufjzL)/ OD;vSwifwd k @wufa&muf aqG;aEG;yG JjyK vkyfcJ h=uonf?

,if;aqG;aEG;yG Ju OD;wifatmif[def;OD;aqmifaom jynfol @qENcH,l

a&;aumfr&Sifud k todtrSwfjyKjyD; jynfol @qENv_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ud k Oya'abmiftwGif;rS jidrf;csrf;pGm;v_yf&Sm;&ef/ a':atmifqef;pk=unf acgif;aqmifI vlxktpnf;ta0;yG J=uD;wck tjrefqk H;jyKvkyf&efwd k @ud k oabmwlqk H;jzwfcJ h=uonf?

xd kpOftwGif; 1988 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv 24 &ufae@wGif Ed kifiHawmfaumifpDOuUX a'gufwmarmifarmifxHod k @ rsKd;cspfwyfrSL;a[mif;=uD;rsm;.

tcsuf (10) ygaomwifjycsufwapmif (23/ 8/ 88) &ufae@wGif xGufay:vmcJ honf? tqdkyg 10 csufwGif “wygwDavm/ ygwDpk Havm”/ “jynfol @qENcH,laep&mrvd kawmha=umif;”ESifh “=um;jzwftpd k;&”zG J @pnf;ay;I










'Drd kua&pDa&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyG Jrsm; jyKvk yfay;&ef t"du azmfjycJ h=uonf?

vufrSwfa&;xd k;Iawmif;qdkcJ h=uaom wyfrSL;rsm;rSm -(1) Ad kvfrSL;csKyfa[mif; OD;atmifa&$(2) Ad kvfrSL;=uD;a[mif; OD;apmjrif h(3) Ad kvfrSL;=uD;a[mif; OD;vGif(4) Ak dvfrSL;=uD;a[mif; oD[ol& OD;vSarmf(5) Ak dvfrSL;=uD;a[mif; OD;=unf0if;

(6) Ad kvfrSL;=uD;a[mif; OD;a&$(7) Ad kvfrSL;=uD;a[mif; OD;wifOD;(8) Ak dvfrSL;=uD;a[mif; OD;wifarmif(9) Ad kvfrSL;=uD;a[mif; OD;odef;wkwf(10)Ad kvfrSL;=uD;a[mif; OD;cspfcd kif(11)Ad kvfrSL;=uD;a[mif; OD;wifxGef;

(12)Ak dvfrSL;=uD;a[mif; OD;batmif(13)Ak dvfrSL;=uD;a[mif; OD;at;armif(14)Ad kvfrSL;=uD;a[mif; OD;=unfarmif(15)Ak dvfrSL;=uD;a[mif; OD;xGef;atmifausmf

wd k @jzpf=uonf?'Drd kua&pDwd kufyG J0ifaumfrwD (&efukef)uvnf; ,if;tzG J @. o

abmxm;ud k atmufygtwd kif;xkwfjyefcJ honf?(u) vwfwavmtajctaet& jynfolrsm;.qENazmfxkwfjyD;

jzpfojzif h qENcH,lyG J jyKvkyf&efrvd k?(c) jynfol @qENazmfxkwfyG J ta&;ay: ygwDnDvmcHESif h ta&;ay:

v$wfawmfwd k @ud k oydwfarSmuf&ef?(*) vuf&S dzG J @pnf;yk HtajccHOya'ud k zsufodrf;ay;&ef?

(C) v$wfawmfESif hwuG tm%myd kiftzG Jtpnf;rsm;tm;vk H;ud kjynfolrsm;u xkwfy,fjyD;jyDqd konf hta=umif; a'o/ jrdK@e,f/&yfuGufaus;&Gm/ a'otvd kuf a=unmoGm;&ef?







oef; 0if;vI d if4

(i) =um;jzwftpd k;& csufcsif;zG J @pnf;oGm;&ef?

(p) ygwDpk Ha&G;aumufyG J tjrefqk H;usif;y&efwd k @jzpfonf?Tod k @jzif h jynfolvlxkw&yfvk H;u tk HºuGawmif;qd kr_a=umif h jynf

ol @qENavhvmpk Hprf;a&;aumfr&Sifud k zsufodrf;vd kufa=umif; a=unmcJ honf? odk @jzif h xd kae@rSmyif orRw a'gufwmarmifarmifu ppftkyfcsKyfa&;Oya'ud k ±kyfodrf;vd kufa=umif; a=unmcJ honf?

xd k @jyif xd kae@rSmyif OD;atmif=uD;tygt0if zrf;qD;xm;olrsm;ESif h

tusOf;om;pkpkaygif; 2750 ud k jyefv$wfay;cJ honf?,if;tajctaersm;ud k rqv ygwDOuUXESif h orRw a'gufwmarmif

armifu =o*kwfv 24 &ufae@n 8 em&DwGif wd kif;jynfod k @ toHv$if hrdef @cGef; ajym=um;cJ honf? 4if;rdef @cGef;wGif -

“ ..........aemufESpfywf ok H;ywftwGif;rSm ygwDta&;ay:nDvmcHxyfac:ygr,f? wygwDpepfud k ESpfoufovm;/ ygwDpk Hpepfud kESpfouf

ovm;/ jynfol @qENcH,lzd k @ tqd kjyefwifyghr,f/ nDvmcHu jynfol @qENcH,lzd k @ jiif ;y,fv#if usaemftygt0if ygwD fA[d ktvkyftr_aqmifaumfrwD0if (14) OD; tm;vk H;ygwDwm0efrS EkwfxGuf=uygr,f? nDvmcHu jynfol @qENcH,lzd k @qk H;jzwf&if aemufae@rSmjynfol @v$wfawmfu tpnf;ta0;qk H;

a':atmifqef;pkMunf vlxkpnf;a0;yJ Gü rdefYcGef;ajymMum;aepOf










jzwfjyD; tjrefqk H; jynfvk H;u|wfqENcH,lyG Jusif;yzd k @ pDpOfyghr,f? jynfol @

qENcH,lyGJud k=uD;=uyfzd k @ aumfr&Sifw&yfud k jynfolawG av;pm;,k H=unfrnf hyk*~ dKvfrsm;jzif h jynfolawGeJ @nd ‡E_ dif;jyD; zG J @pnf;ygr,f? tJ h'Da&G;aumufyG JawGrSmawmh usaemfa&m Ed kifiHawmfaumifpD/ 0ef=uD;tzG J @/ jynfol @w&m;ol=uD;tzG J @/ jynfol @Oya'tusKd;aqmiftzG J @eJ @ jynfol @vkyfief;ppfaq;a&;tzG J @wd k @rS yk*~ dKvfrsm;a&m 0ifa&mufti&G;cH=uawmhrSm r[kwfygbl;? a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufcH&jyD;wJ haemuf zG J @pnf;rnf htzG J @tpnf;rsmud k wm0efv$ J

ajymif;ay;zd k @ud kom tajccHOya'u tyfESif;xm;onf hwm0efESif htnDapmif hxdef;aqmif&GufoGm;=urSmomjzpfygw,f”[lI rdef @=um;cJ honf?

,if;od k @ ppftkyfcsKyfa&;±kyfodrf;a=umif;a=unmcJ hojzif h &efukefjrdK@wGif;Y vk HjcKHa&;wm0efxrf;&Gufaeaom vk HjcKHa&;wyfzG J @rsm;udk ±kyfodrf;I&efukefjrdKŒtpGef/ jrdKŒjyifESif h ta&;=uD;aomtaqmufttk Hrsm;/ puf±k H/tvkyf±k Hrsm;/ wuUod kvfy&0k%frsm;od k @ ajymif ;a&$ŒtajcjyKapjyD; toif hzG J @

pnf;xm;&S dcJ honf?xd kuJ hodk @ vk HjcKHa&;wyfzG J @0ifrsm; &efukefjrdKŒrS ±kyfodrf;oGm;jyD;aemuf

tif;pdefaxmiftygt0if tjcm;tusOf;axmifrsm;rS &mZ0wftusOf;om;rsm;pGm jypf'%frsm;av#mhayghI tpd k;&u w&m;0ifv$wfay;cJ honf?xd kod k @ axmiftoD;oD;rS v$wfvd kufaom &mZ0wftusOf;om;rsm;onf*dka'gifrsm;azmufjcif;/ vk,ufowfjzwfjcif;/ jynfolyd kifypPnf;rsm; zsufpD;

jcif;rsm; qufvufjyKvkyfvmcJ honf? xd k @a=umif h jynf olvlxkrSm rdrdwd k @jrdKŒe,ftvd kuf/ &yfuGuftvd kuf/ uif;tzG J @rsm;zG J @pnf;jcif;/ 0g;uyfrsm;/ jcHpnf;±d k;rsm;um&Hxm;&S djcif;wd k@ud k jyKvkyfcJh=ujyD; "g;vS H/ 0g;c|efrsm;ud kifaqmifv#uf ae@/ n rjywf vk HjcKHa&;uif;rsm; csxm;apmif h=unf hcJ h=uonf?

xd kpOftwGif; =o*kwfv 24 &ufae@wGif jyefvnfvGwfajrmufvmaom Ak dvfrSL;csKyfa[mif;atmif=uD;onf =o*kwfv 25 &ufae@ naeyd kif;

wGif prf;acsmif;jrdK@e,f y'krRmuGif;Y vlxk (5000) wufa&mufonf ha[majymyGJwckjyKvkyfcJ honf? xd ka[majymyG JY OD;atmif=uD;u wyfrawmfud k rjzd KcG Ja&;/ vuf&S dacgif;aqmifrsm; EkwfxGufay;a&;/ ,m,Dtpd k;&







oef; 0if;vI d if6

zG J @pnf;a&;ESif h 'Drd kua&pDwd k @ud k a[majymcJ honf?

=o*kwfv 26 &ufae@wGif a':atmifqef;pk=unfuvnf; a&$wd*k Hbk&m; taemufzufrkcfY a[majymyG JjyKvkyfcJ honf? xd ka[majymyGJod k @&Jabmfok H;usdyf0ifAd kvf&efEd kifESif h ±kyf&Sifrif;om;OD;xGef;a0wd k @vnf; wufa&mufcJ h=uonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfu“&[ef;&Sifvl jynfoltaygif;wd k @/ tck vlxktpnf;ta0;=uD;[m jynfolvlxk&JŒqENud k wurB mvk H;uodap&ef xkwfazmfjyvd kufwmygyJ? tJ h'Dawmh vlxktpnf;ta0;yG J=uD;rSm

jynfolvlxk[m pnf;urf;&S d&S deJ @ nDnDn$wfn$wf qufjyD; vkyfoGm;=uyg& ap/ tck'Dtpnf;ta0;yG J=uD; wem&DeD;yg;aemufuswmud kvJ usrawmif;yefygw,f/ 'Dud kvmwJ htcgrSm vrf; tifrwefydwfaewma=umif hrd k @vd k @ ra&mufvmEd kifcJ hjcif;jzpfygw,f?

'Duae@ usif;ywJ htpnf;ta0;yG J=uD;uawmh jynfolvlxkw&yfvk H;[m ygwDpk H'Drd kua&pDpepfud k&csifaewJ hqEN jyif;jyaewma=umif hrd k @ usif;

y&wJ h tpnf;ta0;yG J=uD;jzpfygw,f/ tcktpnf;ta0;yG J=uD; jzpfEdkifwJ htajctaeud k b,folawGupjyD; OD;aqmifcJ hwmvJqd kawmh Armjynfuausmif;om;ausmif;oltaygif;jzpfygw,f? 'Dausmif;olausmif;om;taygif;&JŒ OD;aqmifr_a=umif h 'Dausmif;olausmif;om;taygif;[m touftaocHjyD; OD;aqmifay;cJ hwma=umifhrd k @ usrwd k @ 'Dvd ktpnf;ta0;yGJ=uD;vkyfEd kifwJ htajctaeud k a&mufcJ h&ygw,f/ 'ga=umif hrd k @vd k @ toufaysmuf

oGm;wJ h ausmif;om;ausmif;oltm;vk H;ud k wrdepfcef@*k%fjyKjyD;aemuftr#a0wJ htaeeJ @ tm;vk H;wdwfwdwfqdwfqdwfjidrfjidrf wrdepfcef @jidrfapcsifygw,f?

tcrf;tem;rSL;.toH (usqkH;oGm;aom ausmif;om;rsm;ud k tav;jyKaomtm;jzif h wrd epfcef @jidrfoufyg&ef arwWm&yfcHygonfcifAsm;)?

tckqd kvd k @&S d&if tm;vk H; 'DrSma&mufae=uwJ h vl xky&dwfowf=uD;[m

'Drd kua&pDpepfud k ar#mf rSef;jyD;awmh 'DrSma&mufaew,fvd k @xifygw,f/ tJ h'Dawmh'Drd kua&pDyef;wd kifud ka&mufzd k @&mrSm vlxktm;vk H;u pnf;pnf;vk H;vk H;/ nDnDn$wfn$wf/ pnf;urf;&S d&S deJ @ csDwufrSyJ a&mufEd kifrSmyg? 'DudpPud k










usrtcef;u¾ud kvJ enf;enf;&Sifjyyg&ap/ bmjzpfvd k @vJqd kawmh vl t

aygif;u usrta=umif;ud k odyfjyD;awmh rod=uygbl;/ rod=uwJ htcgusawmh odcsifwJ hqENawGvnf;&S dygw,f/ 'gu rSefwJ htwd kif;ygyJ/ odawmhvnf;odxdkufygw,f/ tJ h'Dawmh tcsKd @uvnf; ajym=uw,f/ usr[mEdkifiHjcm;rSmaew,f/ Ed kifiHjcm;om;eJ @tdrfaxmifusaew,f/ jrefrmjynfEd kifiH a&;ta=umif; bmodovJvd k @vJ ajym=uygw,f/ yxr usr'DuaepjyD;awmh jynfolvlxkeJ @ yGif hyGif hvif;vif; qufqHyg&ap/ usrEd kifiHjcm;rSm aecJ h

w,fqd kwmvJ rSefygw,f/ 'gayr,f h 'gav;twGufa=umif heJ @ usr wd kif;jynftay:rSmxm;wJ harwWm[m b,fvd keJ@rS usqi f;roGm;Ed kifygbl;?

aemufwckajymcsifwmuawmh usr[m jrefrmjynfEd kifiHa&;ta=umif; bmrSem;rvnf;bl;wJ h/ wu,f awmh em;vnfvGef;vd k @cufaewmyJ/ jrefrmhEd kifiHa&; b,favmuf±_yfaxG;w,f/ 'D±_yfaxG;r_'%fud k azazb,favmufcHcJ h&w,fqd kwm usrwd k @rdom;pk todqk H;ygyJ/ azaz pdwf

yrf;ud k,fyrf;eJ @ 'DEd kifiHa&;ud kvkyfaqmifvmwm[m bmtusKd;pnf;pdrfrSrcHpm;cJ h&ygbl;/ 'ga=umif hrd k @vd k @vJ vGwfvyfa&;&jyD;wJ htcgusvd k@&S d&ifxyfjyD;awmhtm%mvkwJ h Ed kifiHa&;rsKd;ud k qufrvkyfbl;qd kwm azaz twdtvif; ajymoGm;ygw,f?

'Dvd kajymoGm;rsKd;a=umif hrd k @vJ usrvJ Ed kifiHa&;avmueJ @ a0;a0; uif;uif;aecsifygw,f/ tJ h'Dvd k a0;a0;uif;uif; aecsifcJ hvsufom;eJ @ tckrS

bmvd k @'Dvd kta&;tcif;rSm yg0ifaeovJvd k @ar;p&m&S dygw,f/ tJ h'D[muawmh 'Dta&;tcif;[m wwd kif;jynfvk H;eJ @qd kifwJh ta&;tcif;jzpfaeygw,f/ usrvJ azazh&JŒorD;vkyfaejyD;awmh acgif;a&SmifjyD;awmhaevd k @ rjzpfawmhbl;/ 'Dta&;tcif;[m wu,fawmh 'kwd, vGwfvyfa&; wd kufyG J=uD;vdk @ ac:&ifvnf;jzpfygw,f/ 'Drd kua&pDvGwfvyfa&;ud kwrsKd;om;vk H;vd kcsifwJ hqENjyif;jyvGef;vd k @ jzpfay:vmwJ hwd kufyG J=uD;jzpfygw,f?

'Drd kua&pDeJ @ywfowf&if azazajymcJhwJ htcsufav;wckud k usrzwfjycsifygw,f? 'Dtcsufuawmh “usaemfwd k @[m 'Drd kua&pD0g'ud komacwfpm;atmifvkyf&r,f/ tJ h'D0g'rsKd;t&om vGwfvyfwJ hArmEd kifiH xl







oef; 0if;vI d if8

axmifEd kifatmif=udK;pm;&r,f/ 'grsKd;rvkyfEd kif&if usaemfwd k @jrefrmjynfu

vlawGvJepfemr,f/ usaemfwd k @wd kif;jynfud kvJ urB mu =unf haevdk @r&wJ hwae@ *syefeJ @*smreD 0d kif;jyD;tES drfcH&ovd k tES drfcH&r,fqd kwmud k owd&S d=u&r,f? 'Drd kua&pD0g'uom vGwfvyfa&;eJ @ qDavsmfw,f? 'D0g'omjidrf;csrf;a&;ud k tm;ay;w,f?” tJh'g[m azazajymcJ hwJ h pum;awGyg/

'ga=umif hrd k @vd k @ usr[m usr&J @taz tpOftvmtwd kif; 'Drd kua&pDvGwfvyfa&;wd kufyG Jud k 0ifvd k @ E$ JcJ h&ygw,f? tJ h'Dawmh 'Drd kua&pD&zd k @&ef

jynfolvlxktm;vk H; pnf;vkH;nDn$wfzd k @vd kygw,f/ nDn$wf&if bmrqd kjzpfEd kifygw,f/ rnDn$wf&if bmrSrwwfEd kifbl;?

jynfolvlxk[m nDnDn$wfn$wfr&S dEd kifvd k @&S d&if b,f0g'yJjzpfjzpfwd kif;jynfud k tusKd;ray;Ed kifbl;? tJ h'D[mud k tm;vk H;pG JrSwfxm;zd k @ vd kygw,f? pnf;urf;r&S dvd k @&S d&ifvnf; b,f0g'rS ratmifEd kifygbl;? tJ h'Dawmhusrwd k @ Ed kifiHolEd kifiHom;awG[m nDn$wfzd k @/ pnf;urf;&S dzd k @ tjrJvd kygw,f?

'DnDn$wfzd k @ta=umif;awGajymaewkef;rSm usrwd k @wckyJajymcsifygw,f? ,ck usrajymoGm;wJ h pum;awGxJrSm wcsKd @uvnf; oabmusr,f hpum;awGygr,f/ rusr,f hpum;awGvnf;ygr,f/ 'gayr,f h usr taeeJ @uawmh jynfolvlxkud k rSefrSefuefuefajymoif hw,fvd k @ ,k H=unfw,f/ usrpdwfxJrSm&S dovd k rSefrSefuefuef ajymoGm;rSmyJ/ =udKuf&ifvJaxmufcH=uyg/ r=udKuf&ifvJ usrpdwfxJrSm rSefwJ htwd kif;vkyfwmyJ/ r

=udKufwmawmh b,fvd krSrwwfEd kifbl;/ usr wckajymcsifwmu tcktcsdefrSm wyfrawmfeJ @ jynfolvlxkt=um;rSm pdwf0rf;uG Jae=uygw,f/'Dpdwf0rf;uG Jr_[m aemifwd kif;jynftwGuf tE W&m,ftrsKd;rsKd;jzpfEd kifygw,f? Armhwyfrawmfqdkwm usrtaz jyKpkysKd;axmifay;cJ hwJ h wyfrawmfyg?

azaz ysKd;axmifcJ hwJ h wyfrawmfqd kwm pum;t&omr[kwfygbl;/

tppftrSefygyJ/ azazud k,fwd kif ca&aphwGif;us atmufajcuaepjyD;awmh 'Dwyfrawmfud k xlaxmif&r,fqd kwm ol @vufa&;eJ @ a&;xm;wJ hpm&Gufpmwrf;awGvJ&S dygw,f/ azazu wyfrawmftwGuf bm&nfrSef;










csufawG&S dcJhovJ/ tJ h'D&nfrSef;csufwckavmuf usr zwfjyyg&ap?

“'Dwyfrawmf[m 'DEd kifiH/ 'DvlrsKd;twGuf/ 'DvlrsKd;awGud k;uG,f&m/vJavsmif;&m/ qnf;uyf&mqd kwJ h taersKd;jzpfap&r,f/ 'Dvd kr[kwfbJwyfrawmfu Ed kifiHolEd kifiHom;awG&JŒpdwfxJrSm atmhESvk H;emp&mjzpfr,fqd k&if'Dwyfrawmfud kwnfaxmifxm;wJ h &nf&G,fcsufawG[m tvum;jzpfoGm;awmhrSmyJ?

usr rSefrSefyJajymyg&ap/ usr[m wyfrawmf&J @tay:rSm tifrwef

oHa,mZOf=uD;ygw,f? azazwnfaxmifcJ hwJ h wyfrawmfvnf;jzpfw,f/usrwd k @qd kwmvJ i,fi,fuwnf;u &JabmfawGvufxJrSm =uD;vmwmygyJ? jynfolvlxk=uD;uvnf; azazhtay:rSm tifrwefarwWm&S dw,fqd kwm usrodygw,f? 'DarwWmawGtwGufvnf; usr tifrwefaus;Zl;wifygw,f? azazjyKpkysKd;axmifcJ hwJhwyfrawmfeJ @ azazhtay:rSm tifrwefarwWm&S dwJ hvlxk=uD;xJrSm yËdyuQ rjzpfapcsifygbl;/ wyfrawmfom;

awGud kvnf; usr 'Dae&muaeyJ arwWm&yfcHyg&ap? vlxk tm;udk;Ed kifwJ hwyfrawmf=uD;jzpfygap/ wd kif;jynf. *k%foduQmud kxdef;odrf;Ed kifwJ h wyfrawmf=uD; jzpfygap/ jynfolvlxkuvnf; jzpfjyD;cJ hwJ h[mawGud k =udK;pm;cGif hv$wfjyD;awmh wyfrawmftay:rSm arwWmrysufygapeJ @vd k @ awmif;yefyg&ap? usrwd k @tm;vk H;[m nDnDn$wfn$wfeJ @ qufvkyfoGm;rSom wnfwH hcd kifjrJwJ h jynfaxmifpkyef;wd kif=uD;ud k a&mufEd kifrSmyg? tck ra&mufao;

ygbl;/ 'Drd kua&pDyef;wd kifud kawmif ra&mufao;ygbl;/ ra&mufcifu uG JuG Jjym;jym; r&S dygeJ @? tm;vk H;wnDwn$wfxJ 'Drd kua&pDyef;wd kifud k OD ;wnfjyD;awmhcsDwufoGm;=uyg? tJ h'Dvd k csDwufoGm;wJ hae&mrSm jidrf;csrf;wJ henf;vrf;ud k ok H;apcsifygw,f/ vlrsKd;wrsKd;[m Ed kifiHolEd kifiHom;taygif;wd k @[mpnf;urf;&S d&S deJ @ +idrf;csrf;wJ henf;awGeJ @ ud k,fvd kwJ hqENawGud k jznf hpGrf;Ed kifw,fqd kwm tifrwef*k%foduQmeJ @jynf hpk HwJ htjyKtrljzpfygw,f?

'Dv_yf&Sm;r_=uD;ud k OD;aqmifcJ hwJ hausmif;om;awGeJ @ ywfowfvd k @ usrajymp&mav;awG&S dygw,f/ ausmif;om;vli,frsm;[m tifrwefrSawmfygw,f? olwd k @&JŒvuf±k H;&nfud kvJ jyjyD;ygjyD/ tckvJ qufjyD;awmholwd k @&JŒ







oef; 0if;vI d if0

ESvk H;&nfud k jyr,fqd kwm usr,k H=unfygw,f?

'Dausmif;om;rsm;ud kvnf; tcsif;csif;nDnDn$wfn$wfeJ @ qufjyD;vufwG JoGm;zd k @ usr arwWm&yfcHcsifygw,f/ tckqd k&if ausmif;om;awGxJrSmvnf; tzG J @tpnf;awG&S d=uygw,f/ 'DtzG J @tpnf;awG[m tm;vk H;pk±k H;jyD;awmh wnDwn$wfwnf; jzpfoGm;apcsifygw,f/ tJ h'D[mtwGufvJ ausmif;om;nDvmcHwckac:r,fvd k @ usr=um;aeygw,f/ 'DnDvmcH=uD; jzpfay:vmwJ htcgus&if ausmif;om;awGtm;vk H; wpkwpnf;wnf;

jzpfoGm;ygapvd k @ usr qkawmif;vd kufygw,f?ausmif;om;av;awGu usrud kar;=uw,f? usr&JŒaemufrSm b,f

Ed kifiHa&;orm;awG&S daeovJ/ 'DEdkifiHa&;orm;awG[m usrud k=udK;qG JjyD;awmh olwd k @ud keif;oGm;rSmud k pd k;&drfw,fvd k @ajym=uygw,f/ tJ h'Dvd k yGif hyGif hvif;vif;ajymwm usrtifrwef0rf;omw,f/ ausmif;om;vli,frsm;tifrwefyGif hvif;w,f/ oG,f0d kufwJ hpum;awG rajymwufbl;/ usruvJ

rSefwJ htwd kif;yJ jyefjyD;awmhajymvd kufygw,f/ usraemufrSm b,fEd kifiHa&;orm;rS r&S dygbl;? usr ckvkyfaewJ hvkyfief;[mawmh jynfolvlxkvd kcsifwJ h'Drd kua&pDjzpfajrmufa&;twGufud k 0d kif;jyD;awmh ulnDcsifygw,fqd kwJ hEdkifiHa&;orm;a[mif;=uD;awG&S dygw,f/ tJ h'DEd kifiHa&;orm;a[mif;=uD;awGud k usruawmh &Sif;&Sif;yJajymxm;ygw,f? 'Dvd kulnDvd k @ aemifEd kifiHa&;tjrwfxkwfr,fqd k&if usrvk H;vk H;raxmufcHbl;qd kwmusr tckuwnf;

u ajymxm;ygw,f?jynfolvlxka&S @rSm usrjyefjyD;awmh ajymygr,f/ 'Drd kua&pD&&S da&;

twGuf 0d kif;0ef;ulnDwJ h Ed kifiHa&;orm;=uD;awG[m aemif Ed kifiHa&; tjrwfxkwfzd k @=udK;yrf;&if usrud k,fwd kifwufjyD;awmh 'Dvl=uD;awGud k ±_ HŒcsay;yghr,f?

aemufwckuawmh usrwd k @wd kif;jynfrSm vl=uD;eJ @vli,f=um;xJrSm

uG JuGmr_awG&S dygw,f/ tJ h'DuG JuGmr_awGud kvnf; ajz&Sif;zd k @vd kygw,f/ vli,fawGuvli,fawG/ vl=uD;awGuvl=uD;awGqd kwJ h pdwfxm;awGjzpfaeygw,f/ jynfolvlxk&JŒtiftm;[m wae@xufwae@=uD;vmygjyD? 'Dvd k










=uD;vmvd k @vJ yd kjyD;awmh pnf;eJ @/ urf;eJ @ xdef;zd k @vd kygw,f/ pnf;r&SdwJ h tif

tm;/ trSefw&m;eJ @rud kufnDwJ htiftm;qd kwm b,fawmhrS aumif;usKd;ray;Ed kifygbl;?

trsm;twGufyg tE W&m,fjzpfEd kifygw,f? tJ h'ga=umif hrd k @vd k @ trSefw&m;eJ @ud kufnDwJ hpGrf;tm;ud kyJ qufjyD;awmhok H;=uyg/ trSefw&m;eJ @ rud kufnDwJ hpGrf;tm;ud k rok H;=uygeJ @? tck vlxkbufuae tm;=uD;aewJ htcsdefrSm tm;i,fwJ htykdif;ud kvJ Ed kifxufpD;eif;rvkyf=uygeJ @/ 'Dvdk Ed kifxuf

pD;eif;vkyfwm[m tusif hraumif;ygbl;/ jynfolvlxk&J @ *k%foduQmud kvnf; usqif;apygvdrf hr,f? jynfolvlxkzufuaejyD;awmh cGif hv$wfEd kifwJ hoabmxm;&S dw,fqd kwmud k uGufuGufuGif;uGif; xifay:ygap/ tckqd kvd k @&S d&if usrwd k @[m tm;vk H; jynfolvlxktaygif;u bmud kvd kvm;aeovJqd kwmpOf;pm;vd kufvd k @&S d&if t"dutcsufuawmh ygwDpk H'Drd kua&pDpepfud k vd kvm;ae=uygw,f/ wygwDpepfud k jzKwfcscsif=uygw,f?

aemuf tckqd kvd k @&S d&if orRw a'gufwmarmifarmif[m vlxkqENcH,lyG Jusif;yzd k @/ rusif;yzd k @ nDvmcHac:r,fvd k @qd kygw,f/ usrtaeeJ @ajym&&ifawmh 'DvlxkqENcH,lyG J[m rvd kawmhygbl;? wwdkif;jynfvk H;&JŒ qEN[m uGufuGufuGif;uGif;ay:aeygjyD? tm;vk H;[m ygvDref'Drd kua&pDpepfud kyJ vd kvm;aew,fqd kwm tifrwefrS ay:vGifaeygjyD? 'Dpepfud k tjrefqk H;ay:vmEd kifzd k @ vkyfay;zd k @qd kwm ,ck tm%myd kiftpd k;&awG&JŒwm0efjzpf

ygw,f?yef;wd kifud kra&mufao;bl;qd kwm rarh=uygeJ @? 'Drd kua&pD&wJ htcg

usvd k @&S d&if b,fvd kjynfaxmifpk=uD;ud k wnfwH hcd kifjrJatmif b,fvd kvkyf& r,fqd kwmud k pOf;pm;xm;=uygOD;? wd kif;jynf&JŒtem*wfud k a&S;&_=uyg/wd kif;jynf&J @tem*wfta&;ud k rawG;=uvk d @&S d&if tckvufiif;jzpfay:vmwJ h jyKjyifajymif;vJr_awGuvnf; ud k,f hwd kif;jynfud k tusKd;ay;Ed kifrSm r

[kwfygbl;? tJ h'Dawmh azazajymcJ hovd k usrwd k @ Ed kifiHolEd kifiHom;rsm;[mpnf;urf;±k daozd k @/ nDn$wfzd k @qd kwmud k b,fESpfcgyJajymajym ajymvd k @rukefEd kifatmif ajym&r,f hudpP=uD;wckjzpfaeygw,f?







oef; 0if;vI d if2

tckusrwd k @[m vlxkqENcH,lyG J=uD; rvd kawmhygbl;? ygwDpk H'Drd kua&pD

pepfud kyJ vd kvm;ygw,f? 'D[mud k jrefjrefjzpfatmifvkyfay;=uyg/ 'D[mjzpfay:vmatmifvd k @ w&m;r#wwJ h a&G ;aumufyG JawGjzpfEd kifzd k @ tajctaeud k zef ;wD;ay;zd k @vd kygw,f? tckqd kvd k @&S d&if jynfolvlxkw&yfvk H;[m vuf&S dtpd k;&tay:rSm t,k Ht=unf tifrwefysufaew,f? tJ h'Dawmhumoef @&Sif;pif=u,fwJ h/ w&m;r#wwJha&G;aumufyG Jjzpfay:vmzd k @ ta&;ud ktu,fIrsm; b,fvd kjzpfatmifvkyf&rvJ/ vkyfay;zd k @&mawmif;ygw,f?

t"du&nf&G,fcsufuawmh 'Dtpk d;&vnf;r[kwfbl;/ =um;jzwftpd k;&vnf;r[kwf/ aemuftpd k;&vnf;r[kwfbl;/ jynfaxmifpk=uD; wnfwH hcd kifjrJ om,m0jzdK;a&;twGuf vkyfay;Ed kifwJ htpd k;&ygyJ/ 'D t"duudpP tay:rSm rsufajcrjywfygapeJ @/ wdkif;jynf&JŒ tem*wfta&;udk rarhygeJ @/arhoGm;vd k @&S d&if tck&&S dwJ hatmifjrifr_[m aemifus qk H;±_ H;r_jzpfoGm;Ed kifygw,f? tckusrwd k @ b,ftajctaerSma&mufaejyDvJ/ yef;wd kifud k uGuf

uGufuGif;uGif; jrifae&ygjyD? jrifaewJ hyef;wd kifud k tm;vk H;vufwG JjyD;awmhcsDwufoGm;=uygpd k @/ pdwf0rf;ruG J=uygeJ @/ ausmif ;om;av;awGzufu txl;pdwf0rf;ruG Jzd k @vd kygw,f? ausmif;om;av;awGud k pdwf0rf;uG Jatmifvnf; xd k;qGray;=uygeJ @? ausmif;om;av;awG[m wd kif;jynf&JŒtem*wfacgif;aqmifay;r,f h vli,fav;awGjzpfygw,f? 'Dausmif;om;av;awG&J @pdwf"gwfusatmif vkyfvd kufr,fqd k&if aemifwd kif;jynfnDn$wfa&;

twGufvJ xdyg;oGm;ygvdrf hr,f?nDn$wfa&;ta=umif;ajymaewJ htcsdefrSm jynfaxmifpkta=umif;

c%avmufajymvd kufyg&ap? vlrsKd;pkawGtm;vk H;[m nDn$wfzd k @vd kygw,f? ckvltrsm;pkvlrsKd;pkuawmh jrefrmvlrsKd;awGjzpfygw,f/ vlrsm;pkjrefrmawG[m vlenf;pkawGjzpfwJ h wd kif;&if;om;awGeJ @ pnf;pnf;vk H;vk H;jzpfzd k @ tvG ef=udK;pm;zd k @vd kygw,f? tm;rsm;aewJ hvlqd kwm tm;enf;aewJ h

vlud k tpOftjrJav#mhjyD;awmh n‡may;zd k @vd kygw,f? tJ h'Dae&mrSm 'DwygwDpepfud k axmufcHaewJ hvlawGeJ @ywfowfvd k @vJ usr wckajymyg&ap/ ygwD0ifaygif; tajrmuftrsm; 'DygwDay:rSm t,k Ht=unfr&S dawmhbl;qd kwm










usrodygw,f? t,k Ht=unfr&S dawmhvd k @&S d&ifvJ 'DygwDu xGufvd kuf=u

yg? ygwD0ifu'fjym;awGvJ jyeftyfvd kuf=uyg?'gayr,f hvnf; olwd k @&J @t,k Ht=unft& ygwD0iftaeeJ @ qufjyD;

xrf;aqmifaewJ hvlawGud kvnf; tE W&m,frjyK=uygeJ @? 'Drd kua&pDqd kwmrm;rm;rwfrwf ud k,f h,k H=unfcsuf ud k,f&S dEd kifwJ hpepfrsKd;jzpfygw,f? olwd k @u qufjyD;,k H=unfr,fqd kvd k @&Sd&if tEW&m,frjyK=uygeJ @/ ud k,f hbmomud k,fvd kcsifwJ hyef;wd kifud kom nDnDn$wfn$wfwufyg/ ud k,futm;=uD;ae

vd k @ tm;enf;wJ holud k jyefjyD;*vJ hpm;acswJ hudpPrsKd; rjzpfay:ygapeJ @? tckqdkvd k @&Sd&if usrwd k @rSef;xm;wJ htcsdefxuf trsm;=uD;tcsdefvGefoGm;ygjyD/tJ h'Dawmh usrpOfpm;xm;wmxuf enf;enf;yd kjyD;awmh twd kcsKH;jyD;awmhajym&r,f htajctaersKd;jzpfaeygjyD? 'Dtpnf;ta0;yG Jud kaemufqk H; usrajymcsifwmuawmh usrwd k @vlxk[m nDn$wfzd k @vd kygw,f/ pnf;urf;&Sdzd k @vd kygw,f/ trSefw&m;eJ @ud kufnDwJ hpGrf;tm;ud k qufjyD;ok H;oGm;zd k @vd kyg

w,f? tJ h'Dvd k ok H;oGm;rSom usrwd k @vd kwJ hyef;wd kifud k a&mufEdkifygw,f/tJ h'Dawmh usrtEl;tn$wf jynfolvlxkw&yfvk H;ud k awmif;yefyg&ap/

jynfolvlxktm;vk H;nDn$wf=uygap/ pnf;urf;&S dygap/ trSefw&m;eJ @ud kufnDwJ hvlrsKd;w&yfjzpfygap/ jynfolvlxktm;vk H; ab;b,m tjzmjzmrS a0;uGm=uygap? aemufqk H;taeeJ @ usrwd k @&JŒ aºuG;a=umfoHuawmh

- qENcH,lyG Jtvd kr&S d?

- wygwDpepfzsufodrf;ypf?- ygwDpk H'Drd kua&pDpepf wnfaqmuf=u?- w&m;r#waoma&G;aumufyG J tjrefqk H;usif;yay;?qd kwJ h aºuG ;a=umfoHygyJ”[lI ajym=um;oGm;onf? vlxkuvnf;

a':atmifqef;pk=unf. tqdkjyKcsufud k wcJeufaxmufcHI aºuG;a=umfoHrsm;jzif h eHeuf 11 em&D 30 tcsdefwGif vlxktpnf;ta0;ud k ±kyfodrf;

vd kufonf?xd kpOftwGif; Ed kifiHawmf 0ef=uD;csKyfa[mif; OD;Eku em,u

tjzpftrSL;jyKaom “'Drd kua&pDESif hjidrf;csrf;a&;tzG J @ (,m,D)”ud k 1988







oef; 0if;vI d if4

ckESpf/ =o*kwfv 29 &ufwGif &efukefwd kif;A[ef;jrdKŒe,fY atmufygtzG J @0if

21 OD;jzif hzG J @pnf;cJ honf?(1) OD;Ek (0ef=uD;csKyfa[mif;) - em,u(2) ref;0if;armif (Ed kifiHawmforRwa[mif;) - OuUX(3) Ak dvfrSL;atmif (v$wfawmfOuUXa[mif;) - 'kOuUXa[mif;(4) ol& OD;wifOD; (Ad kvfcsKyf=uD;a[mif;) - taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;(5) OD;oef;pdef (ygvDreftwGif;0efa[mif;) - wG Jzuf taxGaxG

twGif;a&;rSL;(6) OD;atmif (jrif;jcH) - aiGxdef;(7) ocifcspfarmif (0d"l&) - tr_aqmif(8) ocif cifatmif (om,m0wD) - tr_aqmif(9) ocifodef;az (0g;c,fr) - tr_aqmif(10)OD;atmifa&$ (tjidrf;pm;Ad kvfrSL;csKyf) - tr_aqmif

(11)OD;apmjrif h (Ad kvfrSL;csKyfa[mif;) - tr_aqmif(12)OD;cifarmif (0ef=uD;a[mif;) - tr_aqmif(13)OD;xGef;pdef (jrdwf) - tr_aqmif(14)Ad kvfrSL;xGef;wif (v#yfppftzG J @ OuUX) - tr_aqmif(15)OD;baqG ('kwd,twGif;0efa[mif;) - tr_aqmif(16)OD;n$ef @atmif (ygvDreftwGif;0efa[mif;) - tr_aqmif

(17)ocifcspf ('kOuUX §bm;aumifpD) - tr_aqmif(18)OD;bxGef; (OuUX§&efukefa&S @aersm;aumifpD) - tr_aqmif(19)OD;&Jacgifn$ef @(ygvDreftrwfa[mif;) - tr_aqmif(20) OD;oka0 (,cifygvDref 'Drd kua&pDygwD0if) - tr_aqmif(21)a'gufwm0rfud ka[m(tjidrf;pm;oHtrwf=uD;) - tr_aqmif,if;'Drd kua&pDESif h jidrf;csrf;a&;tzG J @ (,m,D ). &nf&G,fcsufrsm;rSm

(1) vufiif;ay:aygufvsuf&S daomjy\emrsm;ud k tpGrf;ukef ajz&Sif;&ef/

(2) 'Drdkua&pDtwGuf qENjyolrsm;. w&m;0ifawmif;qd kcsufrsm;










&&Sda&;udk aqmif&Gufay;&efwdk@jzpfonf? OD;Ekacgif;aqmifaom

tqd kygtzG J @tpnf;onf ta&;tcif;twGif; yxrOD;qk H; pwifay:aygufcJ haomtzG J @tpnf;jzpfonf htjyif pifjydKiftpd k;&zG J @pnf;Ed kif&ef yxrOD;qk H;ajcvSrf;vnf;jzpfonf?

tvm;wl ArmEd kifiHvHk;qd kif&mausmif;om;or*~/ wuUod kvfESif haumvdyfaygif;pH kq&m§rrsm;or*~/ &efukefjrdKŒvHk;qd kif&m&[ef;ysKdrsm;or*~/ usef;rma&;0efxrf;rsm;or*~/ aq;wuUod kvfESif h ausmif;om;rsm;

or*~ESif h ajrmuf OuUvmyjrdKŒe,fausmif;om;rsm;or*~ponfwd k @ zG J @pnf;ay:aygufvmcJ h=uonf? xd k @jyif &efuif;trSwf (1) tajccHynmtxufwef;ausmif;/ awmifOuUvmytrSwf (2) tajccHynm txufwef;ausmif;/ '*HkjrdKŒe,f jynfol @aumifpD±H k;/ '*H kjrdKŒe,fygwD,lepf±H k;/ vomjrdKŒe,fygwD,lepf±H k;/ vrf;rawmfjrdKŒe,fygwD,lepf±H k;eSif h jrdKŒe,fjynfol @aumifpD±H k; ponfwd k @ud k ausmif;om;rsm;ESif h or*~tzG J @tpnf;rsm;u

oydwfpcef;rsm; zGif hvSpfv_yf&Sm;vmcJ h=uonf?xd k @aemuf 1988 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv 31 &ufae@wGif tpd k;&0ef}uD;

tzG J @u a=unmcsuftrSwf 1§88 jzif h jrdKŒe,fjynfol @aumifpD±H k;rsm;/Ed kifiHawmfyd kiftaqmuftODrsm;ud k odrf;yd kufum oydwfpcef;zGif hvSpfaeolrsm;ud k z,f&Sm;=u&ef xkwfjyefa=unmonf?

xd kpOftwGif; Ed kifiHawmforRw a'gufwmarmifarmifu 1988 ckESpf/

pufwifbmv 1 &ufae@wGif -“rdrdwd k @onf tajccHOya'/ w&m;Oya'wd k @ud k apmif hxdef;vdkufem&

rnfjzpfa=umif;/ Oya'rsm;ESif htnD ESpfouf&mpepfud k jynfolrsm; a&G;cs,fEd kif&ef r=umrDusif;yawmhrnf hygwDnDvmcHESif h v$wfawmfwd k @rS qH k;jzwf=urnfjzpfa=umif;/ jynfol @qENcH,lyG JESif h taxGaxGa&G;aumufyG Jrsm;wGif vGwfvyfaomjynfolwd k @rS qH k;jzpf=urnfjzpfa=umif;/ jynfol @qENcH

,lyJ GESif h taxGaxGa&G;aumufyG Jrsm;wGif vGwfvyfaom jynfolwd k @ av;pm;aomyk*~ dKvfrsm;u }uD;=uyfI ulnD=u&ef arwœ m&yfcHvd ka=umif;/ausmif;om;or*~zG J @pnf;a&;uk d pnf;urf;wuszG J@pnf;&ef oabmwl







oef; 0if;vI d if6

a=umif;ESif h 1962 ckESpfZlvd kifv 8 &ufae@ azmufcG JjzdKcscH&aom ausmif;

om;or*~taqmufttH kud k jyefvnfwnfaqmufay;rnfjzpfa=umif;/jynfol @0efxrf;rsm;tm;vH k; vkyfief;cGifod k @ jyefvnf0ifa&mufI jynfol @tusKd;ud k o,fyd k;=uapvk da=umif;” ponfjzif h rdef @cGef;ajym=um;oGm;onf?

1988 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv (2) &ufae@wGif 0ef}uD;tzG J @csKyf n$ef=um;csuf (3§88) ud k xkwfjyefI jynfol @0efxrf;rsm;tm;vH k; tvkyf

od k @ jyefvnf0ifa&muf&ef E_ d;aqmfcJ honf? od k@aomf 0efxrf;rsm;u xd knGef=um;csufrsm;ESifh trdef @rsm;onf 4if;wdk @ESif h rywfoufovd kaecJ h=ujyD; ,if;wd k @. rlvEd kifiHa&;&nfrSef;csufrsm;ud k qufvufaumftxnfazmfcJ h=uonf?

tvm;wl pufwifbm (3) &ufae@wGif ynma&;0ef}uD;ESif h wuUod kvf/ aumvdyfq&m/ q&mrrsm;ESif h awG @qH kjcif;tcrf;tem;ud k wuU

od kvfrsm; A[d kaumifpDcef;rwGif jyKvkyfcJ hjyD; pufwifbm(2) &ufae@uxkwfjyefcJ honf h EdkifiHawmforRw a'gufwmarmifarmif. rdef @cGef;ygausmif;om;or*~zG J @pnf; a&;/ ausmif;om;or*~taqmufttH kaqmufvkyfa&;udpPwd k @ESif h pyf vsOf;I ausmif;om;or*~,m,Dtr_aqmiftzG J @ESif hq&m/ q&mrrsm; ,m,Dtr_aqmiftzGJ @wdk@. oabmxm;rsm;udkawmif;cHcJ honf? ,if;wd k @. oabmxm;xkwfjyefcsufwGif -

“ausmif;om;ESif hjynfolonf wom;wnf;jzpfI jynfolrsm;.awmif;qd kcsufjzpfonf h wygwDpepfzsufodrf;a&;ESif h =um;jzwf tpd k;& csufcsif;zG J @pnf;a&;/ 'Drd kua&pD&&S da&;wd k @ud k vd kufavsmjcif;r&S dor# umvywfvH k; u|Ekfyfwd k honf ausmif;om;or*~zG J hpnf;jcif;ud kvnf; vufcHvdrf hrnfr[kwf” [lI yg&S donf?

xd k @twl ,if;ae@ (2 ² 9 ² 88) wGif 'Drd kua&pDESif h jidrf;csrf;a&;tzG J @

(,m,D) A[d ktvkyftr_aqmiftzG J @tpnf;ta0;ud k trSwf (10) 0uFbmvrf;Y jyKvkyfcJ h=ujyD; a=unmcsuftrSwf (2) ud k xkwfjyefcJ h=uonf?,if;a=unmcsufwGif -










“ jynfwGif;ygwDpH k'Drd kua&pDtjrefqH k; ay:xGef;vma&;twGuf jynf

olwd k @. wcJ eufqENjy taxGaxGoydwfjuD;ud k 1988 ck ESpf/ pufwifbm8 &ufae@wGif qifE$ Jrnfjzpfa=umif;/ 'Drd kua&pDESif hjidrf;csrf;a&;(,m,D). oabmxm;ESif h vkyfief;pOfud k axmufcHaom &[ef;&Sifvljynfolrsm;onf tqd kygtaxGaxGoydwf}uD;wGif tvH k;t&if;jzif h tpGrf;ukefyg0ifqifEJ $=u&efESif h vlxktwGif; pdwf0rf;uG Jjym;r_r&d S/ txl;aoG;pnf;nDnGwf=u&ef/ tzsuform;rsm;u trsKd;rsKd;zsufqD;&ef vkyf=uHvdrf hrnf? 4if;ud k

&ifqd kifEd kif&eftwGuf txl;pnf;urf;ao0yf=u&ef/ Twd kufyG J}uD;onfESvH k;&nfwd kufyG Jjzpf&m rnfod k @yif &efpv_ H @aqmfonfjzpfap/ t=urf;rzufrd=u&ef” wd k @yg&S donf? Ta=unmcsufonf rqvppftpd k;&jzKwfcs&eftwGuf jynfolvlxktm;v_ H @aqmfvd kufjcif;yifjzpfonf?

pufwifbm 5 &ufaeh or0g,rtoif; 0efxrf;rsm;or*~tzG J @(,m,D)/ wmarGjrdKŒe,fusL&Sifq&m§rrsm; or*~tzG J @ (,m,D)/ ajrmuf

OuUvmyjrdKŒe,f a&SŒaersm;or*~tzG J @ (,m,D)/ usef;rma&;0efxrf;rsm;or*~tzG J @ (,m,D)/ rlqviftcrJ haq;±H ktvkyform;or*~tzGJ @ (,m,D )/omauw+rdKŒe,fpmayv_yf&Sm;r_tiftm;pk (,m,D)/ jrefrmhtmrcHvkyfief;aumfyd ka&;&Sif;tvkyform;or*~tzG J @ (,m,D)/ pme,fZif;or*~tzG J @(,m,D)/ av,mOftif*sifeD,mrsm;or*~tzG J @ (,m,D ) ESif h vl @tcGif hta&;qd kif&m trsKd;om;aumfrwDtzG J @wd k @udk zG J @pnf;cJ h=ujyD; wygwD tm

%m&Sifzsufodrf;a&;ESifh =um;jzwftpdk;& tjrefqHk;zGJ@pnf;ay;a&;udkawmif;qdkcJ h=uonf?

xd kae@rSmyif tpd k;&u oydwfpcef;rsm;ESif h qENjyaeolrsm;tm; wefjyeftzsuftarSmif hvkyfief;rsm; vkyfud kifEd kif&ef &efukef+rdKŒ ppfr_xrf;a[mif;rsm;trsm;pkaexd kif&m awmifOuUvmy+rdKŒe,fpDrHudef; (1) &yfuGuf twGif;od k @ uyprS xkwfvkyfcJ haom wkwf/ "g;vufeufrsm;ESif h *sif*vdao

wœ mrsm; vma&mufcsay;r_a=umif h owif ;jyef @um &yfuGufvlxkESif h xd yfwd kuf&ifqd kifawG@+yD; tjyeftvSeft=urf;zufwd kufcd kufcJ h=uonf? ,if;wd kufcd kufr_a=umif h ppfwyfrSpdwfºuGaq;rsm;ESif h xH kaq;rsm;xd k;ay;xm;







oef; 0if;vI d if8

aomvlaygif; (23) OD; acgif;jzwfrD;±_ dŒowfjcif;cH&onf? pDrHudef;&yfuGuf&S d

tdrfajc(46) vH k;vnf; rD;±_ dŒzsufqD;cHcJ h&onf? tvm;wlyif &efukef+rdKŒuav;aq;±H k}uD;od k @ jzef hjzL;ay;a0aeaom a&wd kifuDud k tqdyfcwfcJ honf hppfwyfrS apcd kif;cJ holig;OD;vnf; towfcHcJ h&onf?

tqd kygowif;onf vGwfvyfaom yk*~vdupmapmif/ owif;pm/*sme,fwd k @wGif "gwfyH krsm;ESif hwuG azmfjyyg&S d&m &efukef/ rE Wav;tygt0if+rdKŒ}uD;rsm;txd *,uf±d kufoGm;cJ havonf?

4if;jzpf&yfa=umif h jynf olESif hwyfrawmf=um;wGifvnf;aumif;/ Ed kifiHawmfacgif;aqmifrsm;ESif h jynfolvlxkt=um;wGifvnf;aumif; ,H k=unfr_uif;rJ hvmum tpd k;&tm; xdyfwd kuf&ifqd kifqef @usifr_rsm;ud k wd k;yGm;vmcJ honf?

tvm;wlyif axufvSrf;a&;wyfzG J @0ifrsm;ESif h OD;ae0if;.orD; r*Fvm'H kppfaq;±H krS aq;0efxrf;t&m&S d Ad kvfrSL;cifpENm0if;yg0ifaomtkyfpk

u trsm;pm;oH k;aeaom tpm;tpmESif h a&wd k @wGif tqdyfcwfr_a=umif hvnf;aumif;/ &yfuGufrsm;od k @vd kufvHrD;uGif;ypfolrsm;a=umif hvnf;aumif;jynfolvlxktaygif; txdwftvef @usD;vef @pmpm; jzpfapcJ h&onf?

,if;uJ hod k @ ae&mtES @HqlyltH kºuGqENjyaepOftwGif; pufwifbmv9 &ufae@wGif &efukef+rdKŒ/ 0uFbmvrf;/ jcHtrSwf(10) Y 'Drd kua&pDESif hjidrf;csrf;a&;tzG J @ (,m,D) em,uOD;EkESif h jynf wGif;jynfyowif;pmq&m

rsm;awG @qH kI oif;pm&Sif;vif;yG JjyKvkyfcJ honf? owif;pm&Sif;vif;yG JwGifOD;Eku -

“ 1947 ckESpfwd kif;jyKjynfjyKv$wfawmfu twnfjyKcJ haom zG J@pnf;tkyfcsKyfyH ktajccHOya't& usaemfomv#if w&m;0if 0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfa=umif;ESif h pif +ydKiftpd k;&zG J @pnf;a=umif;” a=unmcsuf xkwfjyefcJ honf?

4if;.pif+ydKiftpd k;&wGif orRwref;0if;armif/ 0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ek/ um

uG,f a&;0ef}uD; OD;wifOD; ponfwd k @jzif hzG J @pnf;a=umif;a=unmcJ honf?,if;udpPESif h ywfoufI pufwifbmv 9 &uf nae 8 em&D 25

rdepftcsdefwGif bDbDpDtoHv$if hXmewGif OD;EkonftaxGaxGa&G;aumuf










yG Jrsm;ud k wvt=umwGif usif;yay;rnfjzpfa=umif;/ 4if;wOD;wnf;om

w&m;0if0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfa=umif;/ urB mhEd kifiHrsm;u 4if;ud kom todtrSwfjyK&efawmif;qd ka=umif; xkwfv$if hoGm;cJ honf? OD;atmif}uD;url OD;Ek.vkyfaqmifcsufonf tvGeftEW&m,f}uD;a=umif;/ a':atmifqef;pk=unfuvnf; OD;Ek.vkyfaqmifcsufrSm ravsmfuefa=umif;/ vli,ftrsm;pkuvnf; 4if;wd k h.}udK;yrf;xm;aomatmifyG Jud k vuf0g;}uD;tkyftjrwfxkwfoGm;onf[k xifjrifa=umif; xkwfazmfajym=um;oGm;cJ h=u

onf?pif+ydKiftpd k;&zG J @pnf;jcif;ESif h ywfoufI at&S0dpf (Asia Weeks)

pmapmifrS owif;axmufwOD;u OD;EkESif h awG @qH kar;jref;onh ftcg OD;Eku“ usaemfwd k @ [d koH k;a,mufeJ @ nDnGwfzd k @ vltcsKdŒu odyfvd kvm;cJ h=u

ygw,f/ [d koH k;a,mufqd kwm a':atmifqef;pk=unf/ OD;wifOD;ESif h OD;atmif}uD;wd k @jzpf=uygw,f? olwd k @oH k;OD; usaemfwd k @tzG J @eJ @aygif;r,fqd k&if

aygif;Ed kifygw,f? usaemfuawmh tzG J @xJ0ifvm&if usaemf hvrf;pOfrd k@ usaemfyJ acgif;aqmif&rSmyJ?

usaemfwckckvkyfcsifjyDqd k&if wcgwav usaemf h&JabmfawGeJ @awmifrwd kifyifbJ csufcsif;vkyfwwfygw,f? 'gayr,h f olwd k @u usaemfvkyfwmr}udKufbl;qd k&if usaemfacgif;aqmifr_u qif;ay;r,f? usaemfvkyfwm[m olwd k @vufcHw,fqd k&if usaemf hud k axmufcH=u&rSmyJ? tJ'g[m 'Drd k

ua&pDygyJ? 'gayr,h f usaemf[m y&d,m,fr&S dwJ hvl/ tavmoH k;q,fjrefjrefqefqefvkyfwwfwJ hvlqd kjyD; ajym=uw,f? y&d,m,fr&S dwJ hol[mwcgwavraumif;wmjzpfwwfayr,f h wcgwavusawmh aumif;wwfygw,f?

OD;ae0if;u usaemf hqDu tm%mud k vk,lvd k @ rjzpfEd kifygbl;? 'gayr,hf usaemf[m tajccHOya't& w&m;0if0ef}uD;csKyfjzpfw,fqd kwm

ArmjynfolawGa&m/ ArmjynftjyifbufuvlawGyg odatmif usaemfvkyfcsifw,f? [d kvluawmh tajccHOya't& w&m;0ifxm;wJ h acgif;aqmifr[kwfygbl;? usaemfom tajccHOya't& acgif;aqmifjzpf±H kwif







oef; 0if;vI d if0

rubl;/ jynfolawG&JŒ wcJeufaxmufcHr_ud k &xm;oljzpfygw,f” [lI

&Sif;vif;ajym=um;oGm;onf?xd k @aemuf pufwifbmv 10 &ufae@wGif rqvygwD ta&;ay:ygwD

nDvmcHud k &efukef+rdKŒjynfol @v$wfawmftpnf;ta0;cef;rY usif;y jyK vkyfcJ honf? xd knDvmcHu ygwDpH kpepfjzif h taxG axGa&G;aumufyG J usif ;y&ef qH k;jzwfcsuf csrSwfcJ honf? xd knDvmcHwGif ygwDpH kOuUX a'gufwmarmifarmifu -

“ ygwDnDvmcHrS qH k;jzwfvd kufonf htwd kif; jynfol @v$wfawmfwGifygwDpH k'Drd kua&pDpepf v$ Jajymif;usif hoH k;Ed kif&efv$wfawmf. tqH k;tjzwfcH,lrnfjzpfa=umif;/ ygwDpH k0if,SOf+ydKifEd kif=urnf h taxGaxGa&G;aumufyG J}uD;ud k tjrefqH k;ESif h tr#wqH k;/ tvGwfvyfqH k;jzpfatmif usif;yay;&efpDpOfxm;a=umif;” ajym=um;oGm;onf?

1988 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv 11 &ufae@wGif pwkwÎ t}udrf jynfol @

v$wfawmftpnf;ta0;ud k qufvufusif;ycJ honf? xd k tpnf;ta0;wGif jynfol @v$wfawmfud k,fpm;vS,frsm;. t=uHjyKwifjycsufrsm;tay: jynfol @v$wfawmfu vufcHoabmwlum Ed kifiHawmfaumifpDOuUXa'gufwmarmifarmifu -

(u) ygwDpH kpepfjzif h taxGaxGa&G;aumufyG Jrsm;usif;y&ef/(c) ygwDpH kpepfjzif h taxGaxGa&G;aumufyG Jrsm; usif;yEd kifa&;t

wGuft[ef htwm; jzpfaeaom tajccHOya'yg oufqd kifjyÏmef;csufrsm;ESif h tjcm;Oya'/ enf;Oya'rsm; y,fzsufay;Ed kifa&;twGuf jynfol @v$wfawmfu Ed kifiHawmfaumifpDod k @v$ Jtyf&ef?

(*) tajccHOya'yk'fr 43 (u) t& pwkwÎ t}udrf jynfol @v$wfawmf. yk HrSefoufwrf;onf taxGaxGa&G;aumufyG Jusif;yjyD;I jynfol @v$wfawmftopf pwifpnf;a0;onf hae@txdom jzpfa=umif; av#mhayh g

owfrSwf&ef?(C) pwkwÎ t}udrf jynfol @v$wfawmfyÌrtpnf;ta0;u zG J @pnf;

ay;xm;aom a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyG Jusif;ya&;aumfr&Sifud k zsufodrf;ay;










&ef?

(i) w&m;r#waom taxGaxGa&GaumufyG J atmifjrifpGm usif;yEd kifa&;twGuf atmufygazmfjyyg yk*~ dKvfrsm;ud k a&G ;cs,fwm0efay;tyf&ef?

(1) OD;baX; (tjidrf;pm; b¾mawmfrif;}uD;)(2) OD;ausmfnGef @ (tjidrf;pm;uae'gqd kif&m jrefrmoHtrwf}uD;)(3) OD;pef;armif (tjidrf;pm;ac|wmpkaqmif;a&;ESif h tmrcHpmcsKyf

rif;}uD;)

(4) OD;apm=um'd k; (tjidrf;pm;Ad kvfrSL;csKyf)(5) q&mcs,f (,cifygvDreftrwfESif h jynfol @v$wfawmf ud k,fpm;

vS,f)(p) a&G;aumufyG Jaumfr&SifwGif tzG J @0ifOD;a&wd k;jcif;/ vpfvyfonf h

ae&mwGiftpm;xd k;jcif;udpPrsm; aqmif&Gufyd kifcGif hud k jynfol @v$wfawmfuEd kifiHawmfaumifpDod k @ v$ Jtyf&ef?

(q) ygwDtzG J @tpnf;rsm;ud k rSwfyH kwifjcif;/ a&G;aumufyG J pnf;rsOf;pnf;urf;rsm;ESif h vk yfief;wm0efrsm; a&;qG JjyÏmef;ay;jcif;wd k @ud k aumfr&SifESif h nd ‡Ed _if;aqmif&Gufay;a&;twGuf jynfol @v$wfawmfu Ed kifiHawmfaumifpDod k @v$ Jtyf&ef?

(Z) taxGaxGa&G;aumufyG Jud k jynfol @ v$wfawmftwGufomusif;y&ef?

(ps) taxGaxGa&G;aumufyG Jusif;yrnfhae@onf ,ae@rSpI oHk;vjynf haomaeh[k owfrSwfay;&ef/ od k @aomf ay:aygufvmrnf h ygwDtzG J @tpnf;rsm;u a&G;aumufyG Jaumfr&Sifod k @ t=uHjyKcsuft& ,ae@rSpIwvcG Jjynf haomae@xuf rapmbJjzpfap/ oH k;vausmfvGefonh ftcgrS jzpfap jyifqifowfrSwfusif;yEd kifonf h vkyfyd kifcGif hud k jynfol @v$wfawmfaumifpDod k @v$ Jtyf&efwdk @jzpf=uonf?

xd k @aemuf a&G;aumfyG Jaumfr&Sifonf rdrdwd k @aumfr&Sif. oabmxm;ud k wd kif;jynfodk @wifjy&ef ygwDpH k'Drd kua&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyG Jusif;ya&;aumfr&Sif.a=unmcsuf trSwf(1) ud k atmufygtwd kif; xkwf







oef; 0if;vI d if2

jyefvd kufonf?

“ 1? Taumfr&SiftzGJ @0ifrsm;onf touft&G,ft& tzufzufrStem;,lae=uaom yk*~ dKvfrsm;jzpfI rnfonf hygwDEd kifiHa&;ud kr# qufvufvkyfud kif&ef &nf&G,fcsuf&S d=uolrsm;r[kwf=uyg? rdrdwd k @. ud k,fa&;ud k,fwmtwGufvnf; wpH kw&m ar#mfrSef;xm;jcif;&S d=uolrsm; r[kwf=uyg? od k @&mwGif ,ae@jzpfay:aeaom wd kif;jynf.tajctaet& Ed kifiHawmfaumifpD aumfr&SiftzG J @0ifrsm;tm; taxGaxGa&G;aumufyG J}uD;ud k

vGwfvyfpGm =um;0ifaqmif&Gufay;&ef arwœ m&yfcHcsuft&vnf;aumif;/11 ² 9 ² 88 &ufaehu jynfol @v$wfawmftpnf;ta0;wGif Ed kifiHawmforRw. rdef h=um;csuftwd kif; ygwDpH k'Drd kua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyG Jaumfr&Sif.vkyfief;rsm;ud k Ed kifiHawmfaumifpDu wpH kw&mpGufzufr_ rjyK &H komr aumfr&Sif. vd ktyfaom tultnDrsm;ud kay;rnf[k tmrcHcsufay;jyD;v#if a&G;aumufyG Jrsm;ud k tvGwfvyfqH k;/ tr#wqH k;/ tjrefqHk;

jyKvkyfay;&ef arwœ m&yfcHcJ h&m taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJudpPrsm;wGif aumfr&Sifonf vGwfvyfpGm aqmif&GufEd kifcGif h&S donf[k ,H k=unfjcif;a=umih fvnf;aumif;/ aumfr&SiftzG J @0ifrsm;onf apwemtjynh ft0ESif h wwfpGrf;or# aqmif&Gufay;&ef aumfr&SifwGif yg0ifcJ h=ujcif;jzpfygonf?

2? od k@ygI ygwDpHk'Drd kua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJ}uD;ud k r=umrDusif;y&eftwGuf ygwDpH k'Drd kua&pDud k awmif;qd kae=uaom &[ef;&Sifvl/

ausmif;olausmif;om;rsm;/ jynfolrsm;tygt0if wm0ef&S daom acgif;aqmifrsm;onf Taumfr&SifESif h yl;aygif;ulnDaqmif&Guf=ujyD; vd ktyfaom t=uHOm%frsm;ay;=uyg&ef av;pm;pGm zdwfac:tyfygonf?”

od k @aomf jynfolvlxkESif h 'D rd kua&pDacgif;aqmifrsm;u tpd k;& usif;yrnf ha&G;aumufyG Jud k t,H kt=unfr&S dbJ =um;jzwftpd k;& zG J @pnf;ay;&efud kom awmif;qd kcJ h=uonf? tpd k;&u oH k;vjynh faeaomae@wGif taxG

axGa&G;aumufyGJrsm; usif;yay;rnfqdkaomtcsufudkvnf; jiif;qd kcJ h=uonf?

1988 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv 13 &ufae@wGif A[ef;+rdKŒe,f/ trSwf










(94) ewfarmufvrf;&S d ygwDpk H'Drd kua&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyG J usif ;y

a&;aumfr&Sif±H k; tpnf;ta0;cef;rY jyKvkyfcJ haoma&G;aumufyG J aumfr&SifESif h Ed kifiHa&;acgif;aqmiftzG J @tpnf;rsm;awG @qH kyG Jod k @ OD ;atmif}uD;/ a': atmifqef;pk=unf/ ol&OD;wifOD;/ &efukefjrdK@vH k;qd kif&m &[ef;ysKdor*~tzG J @csKyf/ jrefrmEd kifiHvH k;qd kif&m tvkyform;or*~tzG J @csKyf(&efukef)/ Oya'±H k;rsm;qd kif&m tvkyform;or*~(&efukef)/ wuUod kvfbG J @& ausmif;om;a[mif;rsm;tzG J @/ 'Drd kua&pDwk dufyG J0ifausmif;om;rsm;tzG J @/ wuUod kvf

rsm; (&efukef) wd k @rS OuUXESif h twGif;a&;rSL;rsm;/ ud k,fpm;vS,frsm; wufa&mufcJ h=uonf?

xd kaqG;aEG;yG JwGif OD;atmif}uD;/ a':atmifqef;pk=unf/ ol&OD;wifOD;ESif h wufa&mufvm=uaom tzG J @tpnf;rsm;rS yk*~ dKvfrsm;u ygwDpH k'Drd kua&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyG Jaumfr&SifwGif yg0ifonfhyk*~ dKvf}uD;rsm;ud krdrdwd k @taejzif h av;pm;,H k=unfyga=umif;/ *g&0vnf;jyKyga=umif;/ ok d @&m

wGif Taumfr&Sifud k vuf&S dtpd k;&u zG J @pnf;ay;jcif;jzpfI wd kif;jynfESif hjynfolvlxku tpd k;&tay: vH k;0t,H kt=unfr&S d=uawmhojzif h tpd k;&u a&G;cs,fcef @xm;onf h aumfr&Sifud k vH k;0vufrcHEd kifa=umif;/ ,H k=unfr_vnf;r&Sd=ua=umif;/ vuf&Sdtaetxm;wGif oHk;vtwGif; a&G;aumufyG Jrsm;usif;yygu 26 ESpfwmr# zG J @pnf;xm;jyD; Ed kifiHawmfb¾jzif h pnf ;±H k;v_yf&Sm;aeonf h tm%m&ygwD ud k ,cktxd ygwDtzG J @tpnf;

rsm;/ rzG J@&ao;aom/ b¾maiGvnf;r&SmazG&ao;aom tzG J @tpnf;rsm;taejzif h a&G ;aumufyG JwGif yg0if,SOf+ydKif&ygu rnfonf henf;ESif hr# w&m;r#waom a&G;aumufyG JrjzpfEd kifa=umif;/ wyfrawmfom;rsm;tm;vH k;eSif htpd k;&0efxrf;trsm;pkrSm vuf&S dtm%m&ygwD. ygwD0ifrsm;jzpfaeao;&m wyfrawmfESif h0efxrf;rsm;tm; rnfr#yif =um;aeyg[k nGef=um;csufxkwfaeapumrl jynfolvlxku ,H k=unfr_r&S d=ua=umif;/ ,ck t+rdKŒ+rdKŒ

te,fe,fwGif tkyfcsKyfa&;,Eœ &m;vnf;r&S d/ vH kjcHKr_vnf;r&S dojzif h a&G;aumufyG JjyKvkyf&efrjzpfEd kifa=umif;/ od k @jzpfI jynfolvlxku ,H k=unf=uonh f yk*~ dKvfrsm;yg0ifaom “ =um;jzwftpd k;&” tjrefqH k; zG J @pnf;ay;oif h







oef; 0if;vI d if4

a=umif; aqG;a@G;cJ h=uonf?

xd k @tjyif 15 ² 9 ² 88 &ufae@xkwf a=u;rH kowif;pmwGifvnf;“OD;atmif}uD;/ a':atmifqef;pk=unfESif h ol&OD;wifOD;wd k @. jynfolw&yfvH k;od k @yef=um;csuf” acgif;pOfyg pmwapmifud kvnf; (14 ² 9 ² 88) &ufpG Jjzif h ‚if;wd k @oH k;OD;ud kwd kif vufrSwfa&;xd k; xkwfa0xm;onf htwd kif; azmfjyxm;onfudk awG @&onf? xd kyef=um;csufrSm -

1? wae@xufwae@ =uHKawG @vm&onf h pD;yGm;a&;tcuftcJ t

usyftwnf;=um;rSyif jynfolwd k @. 'Drd kua&pDwd kufyG Jt&S defonf jrih frm;vmcJ honf? wEd kifiHvH k; r=uHKpzl; jyif;xefvSonf h 'Drd kua&pDa&;twGufjynfolw&yfvH k;u qENjyKaeygvsuf tpd k;&u yxraomf rodusKd;u|HjyKum tcsdefqJ Gonfhenf;y&d,m,fud kom usif hoH k;cJ h&mrS ,cktcg wxpfavsmhjyD; ygwDpH kpepfjzif h a&G;aumufyG Jud k oH k;vtwGif; usif;yay;&ef a&G;aumufyG Jaumfr&Sifud k yk*~ dKvfig;OD;jzif h zG J @pnf;ay;cJ hygonf?

2? jynfolwd k @u tpd k;&ud k r,H k=unfyg? xd k @a=umif hvnf; a&G;aumufyG Jaumfr&Sifud k r,H k=unfyg? tvGefwd kawmif;vSaom oH k;vqd konf h tcsdeftwGif;Y tm%m&tpd k;&. taxmuftyH hcHygwDESifh bmwckrS toif hrjzpfao;aom tjcm;ygwDwd k @. ,S OfjydKifta&G;cH&rnf h a&G ;aumufyG Jqd konfrSmvnf; rnfod k @r# w&m;r#wr_r&S dEd kif[lonf htcsufud kvnf;jynfolwd k @u aumif ;pGmodae=uygonf? Ttcsufrsm;ud kvnf; ,ae@

qENjyae=uonf h jynfol @tiftm;pkrsm;u tpd k;&uzGJ @ay;onfh a&G;aumufyG Jaumfr&Sifa&SŒarSmufY jywfom;pGm wifjycJ hjyD;jzpfygonf?

3? qENjytiftm;pk}uD;xJY a&SŒwef;rS aoG;ajrus wd kufyG J0ifcJ h=uonf h ausmif;om;vli,frsm;onf twufºuGqH k; yg0ifolrsm;jzpf=uonf? ,cktcgwGif jynfolwd k @eSif h vufwG JjyD; jidrf;csrf;pGm qENjyonf hausmif;om;rsm;&S dovd k tpd k;&. tcsdefqG Jr_enf;y&d,m,fud k repf+rdKŒo

jzif h jyif;jyaompdwf"gwfa=umif h tpmiwfcHqENjyausmif;om;rsm;ud kvnf;aumif; awG @jrifvm&onf? trsm;jynfolxJY tm;rvk dtm;r& jzpfjcif;/ ,ckxuf jyif;xefvSaomajcvSrf;ud kyif vSrf;vdkaomolrsm; &S d










vmonfud kyif awG @vmygonf?

4? odk @aomf T'Drd kua&pDwd kufyJ Gonf ESvH k;&nfwd kufyG Jjzpfygonf?pnf;urf;aooyfpGmqENjy&if; &J&if haomESvH k;&nfowœ djzih f atmifyG JcH,l&rnf hwd kufyG Jjzpfonf? tpd k;&onf jynfolawGtvd k&S donf h =um;jzwf tpd k;&w&yf tjrefqH k;zG J @pnf;&efrSwyg; tjcm;enf;vrf;r&S dyg/ ausmif;om;xktygt0if jynfolw&yfvH k;uvnf; xufjrufonf hESvH k;&nf owœ dud kom ppfrSefonf hvufeuftjzpf ravsmhaomZG J/ rqkwfrepfaom pdwf

"gwfjzif h jid rf;csrf;pGmqENjyr_udk raoGz,fvJpdwfr&Snfr_/ qENjyif;jyr_wd k @jzif ht=urf;zufr_/ aoG;xGufoH,d kr_ESif h tjcm;tedÏm±H kjzpfay:r_rsKd;rsm; rjzpfay:apzd k @ txl;a&Smif&Sm;&ef vd ktyfygonf?

“ppfrSefaom'Drd kua&pDwd kufyG J rkcsatmifjrif&rnf?”(yHk) ····· ( OD;atmif}uD;)(yHk) ····· ( a':atmifqef;pk=unf)

(yHk) ····· (ol&OD;wifOD;)[lI jzpfonf?

xd k @tjyif (13 ² 9 ² 88) &ufae@xkwf Ad kvfwaxmif owif;pmwGifvnf; “vuf&S d tpd k;&ud k jynfol,H k=unfr_vH k0uif;rJ hum =um;jzwf tpd k;&zG J @v#if oydwfrsm;&yfpJrnf? OD;atmif}uD;/ ol&OD;wifOD;ESif h a':atmifqef;pk=unfwd k @ awG hqH kaqG;aEG;jyD; oabmxm;ud k Ed kifiHawmf orRwxH

ay;yd k @” [laomacgif;pOfjzif h a&;om;xm;avonf?“ ygwDpH kpepfjzif h taxG axGa&G;aumufyG Jusif;yrnf hudpPeSif h ywf ouf

I u|ek fyfwd k @. oabmxm;ud k wifjyvk dygonf? vuf&S dtajctaerSmwwd kif;jynfvH k;wGif tpd k;&tkyfcsKyfa&;,Eœ &m; &yfqd kif;aejyD; jynfolvlxkw&yfvH k;r=uHKpzl; pm;0wfaea&;/ vH kjcHKa&;jy\emrsm;ESif h &ifqd kifae&ygonf?

ukefaps;E_ef;rsm; w&dyf&dyf}uD;jrif hvmjcif;/ tvkyftud kifysufI qif;&J'kuQa&mufjcif;/ &efukef+rdKŒwGif;Yyif vH kjcHKr_ud k tpd k;&u wm0efr,lEd kifIrdrdwd k @bmomvH kjcHKa&;ud k wm0ef,lae&aom jynfolvlxkrSm pdwfqif;&J







oef; 0if;vI d if6

ud k,fqif;&JESif h ylyefaomua&mufae&ygonf?

tajctaerSm ae@pOfESif htr# qd k;&Gm;vsuf&S dygonf? Tjzpfay:aeaom tajctaewGif tpd k;&u a&G;aumufyG Jusif;yay;Ed kifrnf h tajctaer&S dyg? wae@xufwae@/ wem&Dxufwem&D yd krd kqd k;&Gm;aeaom pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;/ Ed kifiHa&;/ vH kjcHKa&;tajctaersm;ud k wm;qD;Ed kif&efrSm wd kif;jynfu vufcHEd kifrnh f=um;jzwftpd k;& tjrefzG J @pnf;ay;jcif;rSty tjcm;enf;vrf;r&S dawmhyg?

vuf&S dtpd k;&tay:wGif jynfolvlxk ,H k=unfr_vk H;0uif;aejyD;jzpfItpd k;&zG J @pnf;ay;aomaumfr&Sifu OD;pD;usif;yay;rnf ha&G;aumufyG Jud kwd kif;jynfu ,H k=unfvufcH=urnfr[kwfyg?

jynfolvlxkvufcHrnf h =um;jzwf tpd k;&zG J @onfESif hwjydKifeuf qENjyr_rsm;/ oydwfarSmufr_rsm;&yfpJjyD; tpd k;&,Eœ&m;rsm; jyefvnf vnfywfjcif;/ a&mif;0,fazmufum;jcif;rsm; jyefvnftouf0ifvmrnf[k u|Ek fyf

wd k @ ,H k=unfygonf?xd k @a=umih f pD;yGm;a&;jyefvnfxlaxmif&efESif h 'Drd kua&pDjyefvnf

wnfaqmufI taxGaxGa&G;aumufyG J usif;yay;&ef =um;jzwftpd k;& tjrefqH k;zG J @pnf;ay;&efom &S dygawmhonf?

tajctaerSm tcsdef&S doa&GŒ qd k;&Gm;aombufod k @ ul;ajymif;aeygojzif h tcsd efrqd kif;bJ =um;jzwftpd k;& tjrefqH k;zG J @pnf;ay;&ef awmif;qd k

ygonf” [lI azmfjyxm;onf?xd k @od k @yef=um;csufrsm;/ awmif;qd kcsufrsm; xkwfjyefcJ hjyD; r=umrDrSm

yif jynfolvlxkw&yfvH k; vrf;ray:xGufI “wygwDtm%m&Sif pepfzsufodrf;a&;/ =um;jzwftpd k;&zG J @pnf;a&;” aºuG;a=umfoHrsm; yd krd kus,favmifcJ hygawmhonf?

xd kpOftwGif; tpd k;&wm0ef&S dolrsm;ESif h aumfr&Sifvl}uD;rsm; awG @qH k

aqG;aEG;aecsdefrSmyif Ad kvfrSL;csKyfa[mif;atmif}uD; vufrSwfa&;xd k;xm;aom ud k,fwd kifvufa&;jzif hpmud k rdwWLul;pufjzif h trsm;jynfolt=um;jzef ha0vmonfud k awG @&./ xdkpmwGif OD;atmif}uD;u “a&G;aumufyG J










aumfr&SifzG J @ay;jcif;ESif h a&G;aumufyG Jusif;yrnf htpd k;&. a=unmcsufud k

rdrd,H k=unfa=umif;/ od k @jzpf&m oydwfrsm;vnf; anmif;vmjyDjzpfI oydwfvSef=u&efwd kufwGef;a=umif;/ tu,fI rdrdwifjyonf htwd kif; a&G;aumufyG Jvkyfray;v#if rdrdud k,fwd kifaq;±H ka&SŒrSm tpmiwfcHum rdrdud k,fwd kif "gwfqDavmif;rD;±_ dŒjyD; qENjyrnfjzpfonf” [k a&;om;xm;onf? a&G;aumufyG Jaumfr&Sifu OD;atmif}uD;. ay;pmonf tjyKoabmaqmifonf[k ,lqum auseyf0rf;omcJ h=uonf[k od&onf?

xd kpOftwGif; 1988 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv 14 &ufae@wGif jrefrmEd kifiHvH k;qd kif&m ausmif;om;rsm;or*~od k @ OD ;atmif}uD;/ a':atmifqef;pk=unf/ ol&OD;wifOD;wd k @u tdwfzGif hay;pmwapmifuk d ay;yd k @cJ honf? xd kpmtjynf htpH krSm

(1) 1988 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv 14 &ufae@wGif tpd k;& a&G;cs,fcef @tyfxm;aom a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyG Jaumfr&Sifu ,ae@Ed kifiHwGif 'Drd ku

a&pDwd kufyG J0ifae=uaom tiftm;pkrsm;ud k OD;aqmifr_ay;ae=uaom OD;Ek/ OD;atmif}uD;/ a':atmifqef;pk=unf/ ol&OD;wifOD;/ ausmif;om;rsm;tzG J @ESif h &[ef;tzG J @rsm;tm; awG @qH kaqG;aEG;cJ hygonf?

(2) xd kod khawG hqHkaqG;aEG;tjyD;Y vl}uD;rif;rsm;or*~rS tqd kyg tzG J @toD;oD;rS vl }uD;rsm;ud k aq;wuUod kvf (1) ausmif;cef;rod k @ zdwfac:IaqG;aEG;cJ hygonf? tqd kygaumfr&SifY rdrdwd k @. cd kifrmaom&yfwnfcsuf

t& =um;jzwftpd k;&zG J @pnf;a&;[lonf htajccHrlud kom qG Jud kifI ajym=um;cJha=umif; ausmif;om;rsm;tm; &Sif;vif;ajym=um;cJhygonf?

(3) ausmif;om;rsm;u vl}uD;rsm;. &yfwnfcsufud k vufcH}udK qd kygonf? od k @&mwGif ,ckwd kif tpd k;&. tcsdefqG Jr_ud k pdwfr&Snfr_/ pdwf"gwfjyif;xefwufºuGr_wd k @jzif h TaqG;aEG;yG JjyKvkyfonf hae&mYyif vl}uD;rsm;u =um;jzwftpd k;&w&yfud k zG J@pnf;ay;&ef wifjyawmif;qd kcJhygonf?

vl}uD;toD;oD;uvnf; TudpPud k rdrdwd k @.tzG Jod k @ wif jy&efvd konfjzpfI qd kif;iH h&ef jyefvnfaqG;aEG;ygonf? ausmif;om;rsm;uvnf; tpd k;&zG J hr_ud k tcsdef=um=umrqd kif;vd kojzif h (48) em&DtwGif; jzpfatmif jyef







oef; 0if;vI d if8

=um;ay;yg&ef yef=um;cJ hygonf?

(4) ,ae@ tajctaew&yfwGif =um;jzwftpd k;&zG J@pnf;&efrSm trSefwu,f vd ktyfcsufqd konfud k k tzG J @tm;vH k;a&m/ jynfolw&yfvH k;uygvd kvm;awmif;wonf htcsuf jzpfygonf? od k @&mwGif vuf&S dtpd k;& rjyKwfao;bJ tpd k;&opfw&yfud k rdrdwd k @qENt&zG J @pnf;ygu =um;jzwftpd k;&r[kwfbJ pifjydKiftpd k;&w&yfjzpfvmEd kifygonf? Tod k @jzpfygu awmfvSefa&;wGif tcsdeftcgroif hbJ ajcvSrf;rdygu rvd kvm;tyfaom [ef @wm;

aESmif h,Sufr_ESif h tjcm;tEœ &m,frsm; jzpfvmEd kifygonf? xd k @a=umif h vuf &S dtpd k;&tm; z,f&Sm;jyD; jynfolwdk @vd kvm;aom =um;jzwftpd k;& jzpfay: vmrSom jynfolwd k@tyfESif;onf htm%m&yfjzif h ,ae@jzpfay:aeaomtajctae tcuftcJtm;vH k;ud k ajz&Sif;aqmif&GufEd kifrnf htjyif jynfoltm;vH k;vd kvm;aom ppfrSefonh f'Drd kua&pDtpd k;&w&yf jzpfay:vmatmif w&m;r#wonf h a&G;aumufyG JjyKvkyfay;Ed kif&ef vd ktyfonf h tpD

trHtm;vH k;ud k jynfolwd k @tvd kus jyKvkyfay;Ed kif=uygrnf?(5) Tod k @jzpfygI ausmif;om;rsm;vd ktifqENud k usaemfwd k @ oabm

aygufpmemygonf? vd kvm;aom&nfrSef;csufjcif;vnf; wlnDygonf?od k @&mwGif azmfjyjyD;cJ honf htcsuftvufrsm;tay: av;eufpGm pOf;pm;&rnfjzpfygaoma=umif h ,cktcsdefwGif qENrapmrdzd k h av;pm;pGm arwœ m&yfcHygonf”[lI azmfjyxm;onf?

xd k @aemuf 1988 ck ESpf/ pufwifbmvwGif aumfr&Sifvl}uD;rsm;onfEd kifiHawmforRwa'gufwmarmifarmiftrSL;jyKaom Ed kifiHawmf aumifpD0ifrsm;ESif h awG @qH kcJ h=uonf? tqd kygyk*~ dKvfrsm;ESif h awG @qH kcJ hpOf aumfr&SiftzG J @0ifvl}uD;rsm;u rqvygwDwGif wyfrawmf/ jynfol @&JESif h 0efxrf;rsm;yg0ifaeonf hudpPud kpH kprf;&m Ed kifiHawmforRw a'gufwmarmifarmifuaumfr&Siftaejzif h rnf hod k @aqmif&Gufapvd ka=umif; t=uHay;yg/ t=uHay;

onh ftwd kif; aqmif&Gufygrnf[k ajym=um;cJ honf?xdk haemuf aumfr&Sifvl}uD;rsm;t=uHjyKonf htwdkif; EdkifiHawmf

aumifpDOuUX a'gufwmarmifarmifonf a=unmcsuf 14§88 ud k xkwf










jyefum “jynfol @0efxrf;rsm;onf Ed kifiHawmftay:opPmxm;I jynfol @

0efud kom xrf;aqmif&rnfjzpfojzif h ygwD pH kpepfwGif usif hoH k;cJ honf h tpOftvmESif htnD jynfol @wyfrawmf/ jynfol@&JwyfzG J @ paom umuG,fa&;wyfzG J @0ifrsm;/ jynf hol @0efxrf;tzG J @tpnf;toD;oD;/ Ed kifiHyd kifpD;yGm;a&;/bkwfaumfyd ka&;&Sif;tzG J htpnf;toD;oD;rS 0efxrf;rsm;ESifh Ed kifiHawmfb¾mrS vpmcHpm;=uaom tjcm;0efxrf;rsm;onf ,ae@rSpI rqvygwDtygt0if rnfonf hEd kifiHa&;ygwDtzG J @tpnf;0ifr# rjzpfap&” [lI

xkwfjyefcJ honf?xd k @ae@rSmyif rqvygwDtaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; OD;at;udkonf

jynfol @wyfrawmf/ jynfol @&JESif h 0efxrf;rsm;tm; vrf;pOfygwD ygwD0iftjzpfrS EkwfxGufcGif hjyKcJ honf?

ÙÙÙ







oef; 0if;vI d if0

tcef; (3)

ppf wyftmPmod rf;yd k ufjcif;xd k @aemuf jynfolvlxk. qENjyr_rsm;onf vH k;0&yfwef @jcif;r&S dbJ

qufvufI =um;jzwftpd k;&zG J @pnf;a&;ud k awmif;qd kaeojzif h rqvygwDOuUXESif h Ed kifiHawmfaumifpDOuUX a'gufwmarmifarmifonf Ed kifiHawmftm%mud k vH k;0xdef;odrf;Ed kifpGrf;r&S donf htwGuf umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf Ad kvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif (aemifAd kvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;) tm; ppfwyfrS tm%m

odrf;yd kuf&ef tcsufjyvd kufawmhonf?Tod k @jzif h jynfolw&yfvH k;awmif;qd kaeonf h =um;jzwftpd k;& zG J @

pnf;ay;a&;ud k rsufuGufjyKum 1988 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv 18 &ufae@wGif Ed kifiHtm%mud k vufeuftm;ud k;jzif h odrf;yd kufvd kufawmhonf? jrefrmhEd kifiHa&;ord kif;wGif ppfwyftm%modrf;r_ oH k;}udrf&S dcJ honf? 1958 ckESpfwGifw}udrf/ 1962 ckESpfwGif w}udrfESif h ,ck 1988 ckESpfwGifw}udrf jzpf

onf?,if;od k @ tm%modrf;yd kufcJ hjyD;aemuf ,if;ae@rSmyif trdef @trSwf

1§88 jzif h Ed kifiHawmfjidrf0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzG J @ac: e0wud k zG J @pnf;a=umif; a=unmcJ honf? e0wtzG J @wGif -

(1) Ad kvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif - OuUX(2) 'kAd kvfcsKyf}uD;oef;a&$ - tzG J @0if(3) Ad kvfcsKyfarmifarmifcif - tzG J@0if(4) Ad kvfcsKyfwifxGef; - tzG J @0if(5) Ad kvfrSL;csKyf atmif&Jausmf - tzG J @0if(6) Ad kvfcsKyf bkef;jrif h - tzG J @0if(7) Ad kvfcsKyf pdefatmif - tzG J @0if(8) Ad kvfcsKyf cspfaqG - tzG J @0if(9) Ad kvfrSL;csKyf ausmfb - tzG J @0if(10)Ad kvfrSL;}uD; armifoif h - tzG J @0if(11)Ad kvfrSL;csKyf armifat; - tzG J @0if










(12)Ad kvfrSL;csKyf Om%fvif; - tzG J @0if

(13)Ad kvfrSL;csKyf jrif hatmif - tzG J @0if(14)Ad kvfrSL;csKyf jroif; - tzG J @0if(15)Ad kvfrSL;csKyfxGef;=unf - tzG J @0if(16)Ad kvfrSL;csKyf at;aomif - tzG J @0if(17)Ad kvfrSL;csKyf rsKd;nGef @ - tzG J @0if(18)Ad kvfrSL;csKyf cifnGef @ - twG if;a&;rSL; (1)

(19)Ad kvfrSL;}uD;wifOD; - twGif;a&;rSL; (2)ponf yg0ifcJ honf?

1988 pufwifbmv 18 wGif e0wtzG J@}uD;onf a=unmcsuftrSwf 2§88 jzif h jynfol @v$wfawmf/ Ed kifiHawmfaumifpD/ 0ef}uD;tzG J @/jynfol @w&m;ol}uD;tzJ G @/ jynfol @Oya'tusKd;aqmiftzG J @/ jynfol @vkyfief;ppfaq;a&;tzJ G @/ jynfol @aumifpDtqif hqif hrsm;ud k zsufodrf;vd kufa=umif;

a=unmvd kufjyD; 'k0ef}uD;tm;vH k;ud kyJ wm0efrS&yfpJa=umif; a=unmcJ honf?

,if;aemuf xd kae@rSmyif a=unmcsuftrSwf 3§88 jzih f jrefrmEd kifiHonf vGwfvyfIwufºuGaomEd kifiHjcm;a&;0g'ud k qufvufusif hoH k;rnf[k a=unmcJ honf? wqufwnf;rSmyif trdef @trSwf 2§88 jzif h jynfolvlxkw&yfvH k; vd kufem&efESif h Xmeqd kif&m0efxrf;/ tr_xrf;rsm;ud k quf

vufwm0efxrf;aqmif&ef trdef @trSwf 3§88 wd k @ud k xkwfjyefcJ honf?trdef @ 3§88 t& 0efxrf;tm;vHk;onf 1988 pufwifbmv 19 &ufae@rSpI vkyfief;cGifod k @ jyefvnf0ifa&muf=u&efESif h pufwifbmv 26&ufae@txd vkyfief;cGifr0ifygu wm0efrS&yfpJrnfqd konf htrdef @rsm;ud kquf wd kufxkwfjyefcJhonf?

pufwifbmv 18 &uf wae@wnf;rSmyif a=unmcsuf (1§88)/

(2§88)/ (3§88) ESihf trdef @trSwf (1§88)/ (2§88)/ (3§88) wd k @ud kqufwd kufxkwfcJ hjyD; e0wppftpd k;&tjzpf pwifouf0ifv_yf&Sm;vmcJ honf?







oef; 0if;vI d if2

e0wOuUXAdkvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifonf 0ef}uD;csKyftjzpfvnf;

aumif;/ Ed kifiHawmft}uD;tuJtjzpfvnf;aumif;/ umuG,fa&;0ef}uD;ESif humuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyftjzpfvnf;aumif; ,lxm;onh ftjyif Ed kifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;tjzpfyg ,lxm;vd kufao;onf?

e0wppftpd k;&onf tm%modrf;yd kufjyD;jyD;csif; ta&;awmfyH k}uD;ud krif;rJ hp±d kufv_yf&Sm;r_}uD;tjzpf ±_jriftykyfcs uifyGef;wyfum enf;vrf;aygif;pH kjzif h+zdKcGif;um zrf;qD;ta&;,lr_rsm;ud k qufwd kufvkyfaqmifcJh

onf? tm%modrf;tpd k;&jzpfaomfvnf; rqvESif h rqvacgif;aqmifrsm;tm;vH k; pm&if;0ifrsm;jzpfcJ haoma=umif h rqvzufrS t}uD;tus,fckcHumuG,fay;I &yfwnfcJ h=uonf? ,if;odk @ rqvygwDtm; ckcHumuG,fay;&yfwnfcJ haomajumif h e0wtm; ‘ae0if;wyf’ [kyif jynfolwdk hu avSmifajymifac:a0:cJ h=uonf? xd k @jyif Ed kifiHawmfjidrf0yfydjym;r_ wnfaqmufa&;tzG J@}uD;ud k vlxku ‘jidrfyd’ tzG J @[k uifyGef;wyfcJ h=uovd k

,if;wd k @csrSwfvkyfud kifaeonf h vrf ;pOfay:vpDESif h vk yfaqmifcsufrSefor#ud kvnf; ‘uvdefaphjirf;qif jidrfydvrf;pOf’ [kyif avSmifajymif ac:a0:cJ h=uonf?

xd k @aemuf 1988 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv 19 &ufae@ rGef;vG J 1 em&D wGifumuG,fa&;0ef}uD;Xme '*H k&dyfomY e0wtzG J @u aumfr&SiftzG J @0ifrsm;tm; zdwf=um;I tpnf;ta0;usif;ycJ honf? ,if;tpnf;ta0;od k @ e0

w OuUX Ad kvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmif (aemifAd kvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;/ ,ckuG,fvGef)trSL;jyKonf h tzG J @0ifrsm;jzpf=uaom 'kwd,Ad kvfcsKyfjuD;oef;a&$ (,cketzOuUXAd kvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;)/ Ad kvfcsKyfarmifarmifcif(a&) / Ad kvfcsKyfwifxGef;(av)/ Ad kvfcsKyf pdefatmif (,ckuG,fvGef)/ Ad kvfcsKyf cspfaqG/ twGif;a&;rSL; (1) Ad kvfrSL;csKyfcifnGef h/ twGif;a&;rSL; (2) Ad kvfrSL;}uD;wifOD; (vkyf=uHcH&)wd k hESif h aumf r&SifOuUX OD;baX;trSL;jyKonf h aumf r&SiftzG J @0ifrsm;jzpf=uaom OD;apm=um'd k;/ OD;pef;armif/ OD;ausmfnGef @ESif h aumf r&SiftwGif;a&;rSL;OD;at;armifwd k @ wufa&mufcJ h=uonf? tzG J @0if q&mcs,fonf tpnf;ta0;od k @wufa&muf&ef vrf;ydwfaeonf htwGuf cGif hyefcJ honf? tpnf;










ta0;wGif e0w OuUXu rdrdwd k @wyfrawmfESif h 0efxrf;rsm;onf rnf

onh fEd kifiHa&;tzG J @tpnf;. tzG J @0ifrsm;r[kwfawmha=umif;/ rdrdwd k @onf=um;aetzG J htpnf;rsm;jzpfjyD; jynfolrsm;ud k tvk yftau|;jyK&rnf h tzG J @tpnf;rsm;jzpfa=umif;/ ,ckjynfolrsm; vd kvm;awmif hwaeonh f ygwDpH k'Drd kua&pDud k tjrefqH k;taumiftxnfazmfay;Ed kifa&;twGuf ygwDpH k 'Drd kua&pDt axGaxGa&G;aumufyG J}uD;ud k tvGwfvyfqH k;/ tr#wqH k;ESif h tjrefqH k;jyKvkyfay;&ef aumfr&SiftzG J @0ifvl}uD;rsm;ud k arwœ m&yfcHa=umif;/

aumfr&Sif.vkyfief;rsm;ESifhpyfvsOf;jyD; aumfr&SiftzG J @0ifvl}uD;rsm;urnfol.rsufESmud kr# raxmufxm;bJ ormorwfusus "rR"dÏmefususw&m;tr#wqH k;aqmif&Gufay;apvd kyga=umif;/ aumfr&Sif. vkyfief;rsm;ESif h pyfvsOf;I rdrdwd k @onf tzG J @tpnf;taejzif haomfvnf;aumif;/ wOD;csif;taejzif haomfvnf;aumif;/ }udK;ud kifr_/ vrf;nGefr_vk H;0jyKvkyfrnfr[kwfa=umif;/ a&G;aumufyG JOya'/ enf;Oya'rsm;a&;qG J&mwGif aumf

r&SiftzG J @0ifvl}uD;u awG @qH kaqG;aEG;vd kaom tzG J @tpnf;ud kjzpfap vl}uD;rsm;u awG @qH kaqG;aEG;vd kaom tzG J htpnf;ud kjzpfap/ yk*~ dKvfwOD;csif;ud kjzpfap awG @qH kaqG;aEG;t=uHOm%frsm;&,ljyD; vGwfvGwfvyfvyfa&;qG JEd kifa=umif;/ aumfr&Sifu a&;qG JaxmufcHay;yd k @onf hOya'rsm;ud k tjrefqH k;jyÏmef;ay;rnfjzpfyga=umif;/ ygwDpH k'Drd kua&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyG J}uD;atmifjrifpGmusif;yEd kifrnf h vd ktyfonf htultnDrsm;ud kvnf; tjynf h

t0ay;oGm;rnfjzpfyga=umif; ajym=um;oGm;onf?Tod k hjzif h e0wtzG J @onf 1988 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv 18 &ufpJ Gyg

a=unmcsuftrSwf 1§88 jzif h ygwDpH k'Drd kua&pD taxGaxG a&G;aumufyGJ}uD;uk d }uD ;rSL;usif;yay;&ef a'gufwmarmifarmif vufxufu zG J @pnf;cJ haom a&G;aumufyG Jusif;ya&;aumfr&Sifud k qufvufwm0efay;tyfcJ h&maumfr&Sifonf rdrd.vkyfief;rsmud k taumiftxnfazmfEd kifa&;twGuf

e0wtzG J @u 1988 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv 21 &ufae@wGif ygwDpH k'Drd kua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJusif;ya&;r&SifOya' (e0wtzG J@ Oya'trSwf1§80) ud k jyÏmef;ay;cJ honf?







oef; 0if;vI d if4

xd k @aemuf aumfr&Sifonf jynfolrsm;ESif h Ed kifiHa&;ygwDrsm;. t=uHjyK

csufrsm;ud kt ao;pdwfavhvmjyD; jynfol @v$wfawmf a&G;aumufyG JOya'onf usif;y&ef&S donf h ygwDpH k'Drd kua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyG JtwGufw}udrfomtoH k;jyK&ef &nf&G,fIvnf;aumif;/ aemifwGif usif;yrnf ha&G;aumufyG Jrsm;ESif h =um;jzwfa&G;aumufyG Jrsm;twGufud krl xd ktcsdefwGifrS pOf;pm;a&;qG J=uap&ef &nf&G,fIvnfaumif;/ jynfol @v$wfawmfa&G;aumufyG JOya'ud k jyKjyifa&;qG JjyD;aemuf epwtzG J @od k @ wif jycJ honf?

e0wtzG J @onf ,if;Oya'=urf;ud k 1989 arv 25 &ufae@wGifaumfr&SifESifh n‡ dE_ dif;pdppfjyD;aemuf 1989 ar 31 &ufae@Y jynfol @v$wfawmfa&G;aumufyG JOya' (e0wOya' trSwf14§89) ud k jyÏmef;ay;cJ honf? ,if;Oya'wGif tcef;aygif;(15)cef;ESif h yk 'fraygif; (82) ck yg0ifonf?

enf;Oya'jyÏmef;csufrsm;ud k taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif aqmif&Guf&rnf h tao;pdwfenf;pepfOya'rsm;udk 1989 ZGef 30 wGif jyÏmef;

ay;cJ honf? xd k @aemuf Ed kifiHa&;ygwDrsm; rSwfyH kwifjcif;Oya'/ enf; Oya'rsm;ud k jyÏmef;jyD;aemuf aumfr&Sifonf a&G;aumufyG J 0ifa&muf,SOfjydKifvd kaom Ed kifiHa&;ygwDtzG J @tpnf;rsm;ud k 1988 ckESpf/ pufwifbm 30&ufae@rSpI rSwfyH kwifcGif hjyKcJ hjyD;aemuf aemufqH k;&ufrS 1989 azazmf0g&D 28 &ufae@ud k aumfr&SifrS owfrSwfa=unmay;cJ honf?

od k huvd k Ed kifiHa&;ygwDrsm; w&m;0ifrSwfyH kwif zG J @pnf;cGif hjyKvd kufjyD;

aemuf “ atmif - pk - wif” tjzpf txl;yl;wG Jv_yf&Sm;ae&mrS OD;atmif}uD;bufrS (4) OD;/ a':atmifqef;pk=unfbufrS (4) OD;/ OD;wifOD;bufrS(4) OD; pkpkaygif; (12) OD;yg0ifonf h trsKd ;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyf A[d ktvkyftr_aqmiftzG J @ud k 1988 ckESpf/ pufwifbm27 &ufae@wGif pwifzG J @pnf;vd kufjyD; w&m;0ifrSwfyH kwifcJ h&m a&G;aumufyG Jaumfr&Sifu 1988 atmufwd kbm 3 ae@pG Jyg a=unmcsuftrSwf (3) jzif h w&m;0if Ed kifiHa&;ygwDtjzpf

twnfjyK xkwfjyefa=unmay;cJ honf?a':atmifqef;pk=unfbufrS (4) OD;rSm a':atmifqef;pk=unf/ OD;

0if;wif/ a': jrif hjrif hcifESif h OD;atmifvGif (±kyf&Sifo±kyfaqmif/ 'g±d kufwm)










wd k @ jzpfonf? yxrqH k; pwifzG J @pnf;pOfu trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyf

(NLD) . A[d ktvkyftr_aqmiftzG J @0ifrsm;rSm -(1) OD;atmif}uD; - OuUX(2) OD;wifOD; - 'kOuUX(3) a':atmifqef;pk=unf - taxGaxGwGif;a&;rSL;(4) OD;=unf[ef - twGif;a&;rSL;tzG J @0if(5) OD;cspfcd kif - twGif;a&;rSL;tzG J @0if

(6) OD;0if;wif - twGif;a&;rSL;tzG J @0if(7) a': jrifhjrifhcif - vlxkvlwef;pm;XmerSL;(8) OD;vGif - b¾ma&;XmerSL;(9) OD;atmifvGif - jyef=um;a&;XmerSL;(10)OD;atmifa&$ - pnf;±H k;a&;XmerSL;(11)OD;=unfarmif - okawoerSL;

(12) OD;ba&$ - tkyfcsKyfa&;XmerSL;wd k @ jzpf=uonf?

trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyf pwif zG J @pnf;prSmyif vlxkt=um; a& yef;tpm;qH k; Ed kifiHa&;tzG J @tpnf;jzpfvmcJ honf? wd kawmif;vSonf h umvtwGif;rSmyif trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyftwGif; ygwDtzG J @0ifOD;a& wd k;wufrsm;jym;vmonf?

xd k @aemuf tzG J @0ifOD;a& (30) yg0ifaom A[d kOD;pD;tzG J @ud k xyf rHzG J @pnf;onf? A[k dtvkyftr_aqmiftzG J h pwifzJ G @pnf;pOfuJ hod k @ A[d kOD;pD;tzG J @ud kvnf; “atmif-pk-wif” wOD;csif;pDrS wzufv#if (10) OD;uspD E_ef;xm;jzif h zG J @pnf;cJ honf?

A[d kOD;pD;tzG J @0ifopfrsm;rSm(1) OD;cifndK

(2) OD;aZmf0if;OD;(3) OD;rif;'if(4) OD;ausmfjrif hav;







oef; 0if;vI d if6

(5) OD;omxd k

(6) OD;odef;Ed kif (*k%fxl;)(7) OD;cifarmifarmifjrifh(8) OD;armifarmif(9) OD;eef;EG,f(10) OD;bdk;atmif(11) OD;aomif;'ef

(12) OD;vSarmif(13) OD;apmjrif h(14) OD;a&$(15) OD;at;armif(16) OD;wifat;(17) Adkvf&JxGËf (&JabmfoH k;usdyf)

(18) OD;oef;xGef;(19) OD;csdefyd k;(20) OD;vSarmif(21) OD;xGef;wif(22) OD;aomfu (armifaomfu)(23) OD;uk d,k (armifud k,k)

(24) OD;rd k;ol (armifrd k;ol)(25) OD;csrf;at;(armifpl;prf;)(26) a'gufwmwifrsKd;0if;(27) a'gufwmoufrif;(28) OD;0if;cuf(29) OD;wifa&$

(30) OD;cifarmifaqGwd k @jzpfonf?

trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyfonf zG J @pnf;jyD;pumvrSmyif &efukef










tygt0if wEdkifiHvH k;a'otoD;oD;u wufa&mufvm=uonh fygwD0if

olrsm;ESif h qufvufpnf;±H k; v_yf&Sm;vd kolrsm;ud k ygwD0if (tzG J @csKyf0if)av#mufv$myH kpH (25) apmifE_ef;pDxkwfay;jyD; ,m,Dpnf;±H k;a&;rSL;rsm;tjzpftodtrSwfjyKay;cJ honf? od k @jzif h tzG J @csKyf0ifOD;a&onf tcsdefwd ktwGif;rSmyif tqrwefwd k;yGm;vmcJ hayonf? tjcm;aomEd kifiHa&;ygwDtzJ G @tpnf;rsm;tm;vk H;u tH h=o,l&avmufatmif tcsdefwd ktwGif;a&yef;pm;vmr_onf tzG J @csKyf. taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; a':atmifqef;

pk=unftay: vlxk. ar#mfvif htm;xm;,k H=unfr_ESif h av;pm;r_yifjzpfonf?

,if;odk @ vlxkaxmufcHr_}uD;rm;vmaom trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pD tzJ G @csKyf}uD;twGif; yxrqk H;ay:xGufcJhonf h jy\emrSm tzJ G @csKyf. OuUXOD;atmif}uD;ud k,fwd kifu pwifzefwD; azmfxkwfcJ honf? “tzJ G @csKyftwGif;uGefjrLepfrsm; a&muf&S daeyg+yD? ,if;ud k tjrefqk H;z,f&Sm;ypfa&;” qd konf h

jy\emyif jzpfonf? xd kpOfu OD;atmif}uD;. 1988 Ed k0ifbm 29 &ufpG Jyg ta&;ay:oH k;oyfcsufrSm atmufygtwd kif;az: jyxm;onf?

ta&;ay:ok H;oyfcsuf(1) ,ckvuf&S dtajctaet& trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyfwGif

uGefjrLepfESif h uGefjrLepfvd kvm;oltkyfpk }uD;xGm;vmonf?

(3) xd k @a=umif h (1) td k*sD§,l*sDESif h uGefjrLepfv_yf&Sm;r_ud k ta=umif;jyKI teD;tem; (a&G;aumufyG Ja&G;csdef) wGif a'gufjzKwfI y,fEd kifonf?(2) tjcm; y,fEd kifaomtcsufrSm aiGa&;aju;a&;jzpfonf? wd kif;ESif hjynfe,frsm; wGif aiGpm&if;ppfjyD; jzpfae&efvd konf?

(4) xd k @a=umif h ‘atmif-pk-wif’ruG J&ef vd konf? txl;*±kpd kufI}udK;pm;&efvd konf?

(5) xd k hajumif h ‘atmif-pk-wif’ tzG J @twGif;rS uGefjrLepfrsm;/ uGefjrLepfvd kvm;olrsm;udk tem;,l&ef arwœ m&yfcHoif honf?

(6) ajcurjrJ vufujrJ/ vufurjrJajcujrJ&ef/ tu,fI trsKd;







oef; 0if;vI d if8

om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyftm;y,fv#if t&eftzG J @&S d&efvd konf?

(7) jynfaxmifpktrsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDygwD (Union National Democracy

Party – UNDP ) onf t&eftzG J @omjzpfI trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyf.tvHawmfatmufwGif&S donf? trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzG J@csKyfudk rnfonf hta=umif;a=umif hrS ruG Jatmif tbufbufrS }udK;pm;&rnf? tjcm;tzG J @rsm;u txifrSm;/ tjrifrSm;jzpfatmif aoG;xd k;jcif;ud k tjrefqH k; &Sif;jy&efvd konf?

(8) jynfaxmifpktrsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDygwDonf vGwfvyfa&;umv(zqyv) tzG J @csKyftvHawmfatmufwGif jynfol @&Jabmf/ qd k&S,fvpfwoD;yk*~vrsm; v_yf&Sm;r_yH kpH/ ,ckrsKd;cspf&Jabmfa[mif;rsm;tzJ G @ v_yf&Sm;r_yH kpHtwd kif; trsKd;om;wyfaygif;pktzG J @tpnf;wcktjzpfjzif h v_yf&Sm;=u&rnfjzpfonf?

(yH k) atmif}uD;9 - 11 - 88

,if;od k @ OD ;atmif}uD;u uGefjrLepfwHqdyfcyfES dyfjyD; z,f&Sm;ypfvd konf hyk*~ dKvf (8) OD;rSm OD;0if;wif/ a': jrif hjrif hcif/ OD;atmifvGif(rif;om;)/ OD;xGef;wif/ OD;ud k,k(armifud k,k)/ OD;csrf;at; (armifpl;prf;)/ OD;wifa&$ (rH k&Gm) ESif h

OD;0if;cufwd k @ jzpfonf?A[d ktvkyftr_aqmiftzG J @0ifrsm;ESif h A[d kOD;pD;tzG J @0iftrsm;pk}uD;u

,if;udpPESif h ywf oufjyD; ,if;od k @rjzpfoif ha=umif; azsmif hzsem;cscJ haomfvnf; jy\emajyvnfr_r&&S dbJ ouFm&Sif;yG J}uD;ud k rJcG JtqH k;tjzwf jyK vkyf&onftxd jyKvkyfcJ h&onf? rJcG J&mY OD;atmif}uD;bufrS ±_ H;edrf hyguEkwfxGufay;a&;ESif h (8) OD;bufu ±_ H;edrf hv#if (8) OD;pvH k; E_wfxGufay;

a&;ud k oabmwlnDr_jzif h A[d ktvkyftr_aqmif (12) OD;/ A[d kOD;pD;tzG J@0if(30) tygt0if pkpkaygif; (42) OD;jzif h rJcG J&m OD;atmif}uD;.vkyf&yftay: OD;atmif}uD;. tpkzufrS yg0ifaomyk*~ dKvfrsm;yif uef @uGufcJ hojzif h OD;










atmif}uD; ±_ H;edrf hoGm;cJ honf? xd k @a=umif h OD;atmif}uD;onf tzG J @csKyf

OuUXtjzpfrS EkwfxGufay;vd kuf&onf? OD;atmif}uD;ESif htwl OD;atmif}uD;bufrS OD;=unf[ef/ OD;ba&$/ OD;eef;EG,f/ OD;cifarmifarmif/ OD;omxd k/ OD;odef;Ed kif/ OD;rif;'if/ OD;cifndK/ OD;ausmfjrif hav;/ OD;bd k;atmif/ OD;armifarmif/ OD;aZmf0if;OD;wd k @ (12) OD ;vnf; EkwfxGufoGm;cJ h=uonf?

,if;aemuf trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyfonf 1989 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmvtwGif;rSmyif A[d ktvkyftr_aqmifaumfrwDud k jyefvnfzG J @pnf;

cJ h&m A[d ktvkyftr_aqmifaumfrwDopfrSm atmufygtwd kif;jzpfonf?(1) OD;wifOD; - OuUX(2) a':atmifqef;pk=unf - taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;(3) OD;0if;wif - twGif;a&;rSL;(4) OD;cspfcdkif - twGif;a&;rSL;(5) OD;=unfarmif - okawoerSL;

(6) OD;atmifa&$ - pnf;±H k;a&;rSL;(7) OD;vGif - b¾ma&;rSL;(8) OD;atmifvGif - jyef=um;a&;rSL;(9) a': jrif hjrif hcif - vlxlvlwef;pm;XmerSL;

wd k @jzpfonf?OD;atmif}uD;ESif h (12) OD;wd k @u tzG J hcsKyfrS EkwfxGufa=umif; a=unm

cJhjyD; tzG J @csKyfurl OD;atmif}uD;ESif h (12) OD ;wd k @ud k tzG J @csKyfrS xkwfy,fvd kufa=umif; a=unmcJ hygw,f? OD;atmif}uD;ESif htzG J @0ifrsm;onf “jynfaxmifpk trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDygwD” tjzpf oD;jcm;cG JaxmifcJ h=uonf?

OD;atmif}uD;ESif htzG J h EkwfxGufoGm;jyD;aemuf trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyfonf tiftm;avsmhenf;roGm;onf htjyif yd kIyif tiftm;}uD;xGm;vmcJ honf? trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyfESif h r[mrdwfzG J @vm=u

onf hygwDaygif;rSm (46) ygwDtxd wd k;yGm;vmcJ honf? rsKd;cspf&Jabmfrsm;tzG J @ESif h trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDygwDwd k @onf trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @cskyf. b,fawmifyHESif h nmawmifyHozG,f jzpfay:vmcJ honf?







oef; 0if;vI d if00

trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyf. jyef=um;a&;vkyfief;wcktjzpf ‘rSwf

wrf;v$m’ pmpOfud k yH krSefxkwfa0cJhonf? ,if;rSwfwrf;v$mwGif wjynfvH k; a'otoD;oD;u rawmfrw&m;tzrf;tqD;cH&r_rsm;/ tjypfay; ta&;,lcH&r_rsm;ESif h w&m;r#wr_r&S donf h tjzpftysufudpPrsm;tay: uef @uGufjcif;/ &_ HŒcsjcif;ud k azmfjycJ honf?

xd k @a=umif h e0w tpd k;&. jynfxJa&;ESif h omoema&;0ef }uD;Xmeu“yH kES dyfolrsm;ESif h xkwfa0olrsm; A[k drSwfyHkwiftzG J @nGef=um;csuf(38)”

ud k xkwfjyefI 1962 ckESpf yH kES dyfol/ xkwfa0olrsm; rSwfyH kwifolrsm; rSwfyH kwifOya'ud k vd kufemjcif;r&S dygu xda&mufpGmta&;,lrnfjzpfajumif;xkwfjyefa=unmvd kufaomtcg e0w tpd k;&tay: yd kI tjrif r=unfvifjzpfcJ honf?

xd kumvtwGif; 1989 ckESpf/ arv 12 &ufae@wGif ausmufwHwm;+rdKŒe,f/ 37 vrf; trSwf 145 &S d r[meENmyk HES dyfwd kuftm; ppftpd k;&

u w&m;r0ifpmapmifrsm;±d kufeSdyfr_jzif h ta&;,l aqmif&GufcJ h&mwGif trsk d;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyf. ±d kufES dyfq Jpm&Gufpmwrf;rsm; yg&d SoGm;cJ honf?xd ktjzpftysufwd k @onf NLD tm; tm%mzDqefa&;vrf;a=umif;ay:odk @wGef;wifvd kufovd k jzpfoGm;cJ h&onf?

xd k haemuf 1989 ckESpf/ ZGefv 6 &ufae@ wGif jynfxJa&;ESif h omoema&;0ef}uD;Xme. a=unmcsuftrSwf 38 tay: rvd kufemEd kifa=umif; NLD u ta=umif;=um;cJ honf?

xd kpOftwGif; ZGefv yxrywftwGif;Y a':atmifqef;pk=unfeSif htrsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyf. wwfodynm&Sifrsm;jzpf=uonf h armifaomfu/ a': jrif hjrih fcif/ om,m0wDprf;prf;EJ G @/ armifud k,k/ armif0Ho/armifcufyef/ OD;wifrd k;wd k @tzG J @ awG @qH kaqG;aEG;cJ h=uonf? xd kaqG;aEG;yGJwGifwwfodynm&SiftzG J @u a':atmifqef;pk=unfud k [ife&Da';zpf aomf

±d k;.pmyd k'fud k pma&;q&marmifaomfu &GwfjycJ honf? tzG J @0iftm;vH k;uoabmusI NLD jrefrmvd kud kufnDrnf hpmom;ud k 0d kif;I t=uHjyKay;=uonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfu ‚if;wd k @.t=uHjyKcsufudk oabmusI










NLD tpnf;ta0;wGif tm%mzDqefa&;vd kif;ud k aqG;aEG;&ef OD;0if;wif

tm;wm0efay;tyfcJ honf? OD;0if;wifu tvkyftr_aqmif tpnf;ta0;wGif “trsm;oabmrwlwJ h trd ef@tm%m[lor# wm0eft&zDqef=u”qd konf haºuG;a=umfoHud k wifjycJ h&m tm;vH k;uoabmwlI NLD .aqmifyk'ftjzpf pmwrf;rsm;±d kufES dyf&mwGif “Tpmapmifonf e0w tpdk;& jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;Xme. zdES dyfcsKyfcs,faom trdef @tm%mud k zDqefIxkwfa0aompmapmifjzpfonf” [k &J&J0H h0H h azmfxkwfjyocJ honf?

,if;udpPESif hywfoufI a':atmifqef;pk=unfu -“tm%mzDqefa&;qd kwmvnf; usrwd k @a=unmcJ hjyD;jyD? rw&m;wJ h

trdef @tm%mzDqefa&;/ 'gud kvnf; ‘e0w’ todtrSwfjyKygw,f? usrwd k @[m rw&m;wJhtrdef @tm%m zDqefr_pDpOfw,fqd kwm ta&;}uD;wmu bmvJ/ vGwfvyfpGmyH kES dyfxkwfa0yd kifcGif hyJ/ t&iftywf owif;pm&Sif;vif;yG Jwkef;u 'DudpPeJ @ywfoufvdk @ usrwd k @ ajymjyD;oGm;jyD;ygjyD? 1962

ckESpf yH kES dyfxkwfa0olrsm;ESif h rS wfyH kwifOya't&qd kvd k @&S d&if usrwd k @ tzG J @tpnf;[m vGwfvGwfvyfvyfxkwfa0yd kifcGif h&r,f h tzG J @tpnf;yg? 'gayr,h f'DtcGif hta&;ud k ydwfyifjyD;awmh usrwd k @ud k trdef @tm%meJ @ ydwfyifjyD;awmh vGwfvGwfvyfvyfyH kES dyfxkwfa0cGif hr&S dygbl;/ yH kES dyfxkwfa0jcif; rvkyf&bl;vd k @ajymwJ htcgusawmh usrwd k@taeeJ @ wajz;ajz;&oif h&xd kufwJ htcGif hta&;awG[m r&wJ htjyif avsmhvmygvm;qdkwm uGufuGuf uGif;

uGif;jrifvmygw,f? 'ga=umif hrd k @vd k @ 'Dtrdef @tm%mud kawmh zDqef&r,f/usrwd k @ xkwfoif hxkwfxd kufwJ hpm&Gufpmwrf;awG qufjyD; xkwf&r,f?

tck oH k;/ av;&uftwGif;rSmjzpfwJ hudpPawGuk d =unf hjcif;tm;jzih fusrwd k @taeeJ @ pm&Gufpmwrf;xkwfzd k @qd kwm b,favmufvd kvJqd kwmxif&Sm;ygw,f? e0wtaeeJ @ owif ;pm&Sif;vif;yG Jvkyfvd kufw,f/ jrefrmhtoHuae a=unmvd kufw,f? vkyfom;jynfol @ ae@pOfxJrSm xnf hvd kuf

w,f/ ESpf&ufqufjyD;xnf hvd k @ rauseyfao;bl;/ 'Dae@qd kvd k @&S d&if tyd k pm&Gufuav;taeeJ hawmifrS xnf hvd kufao;w,f/ 'g[m usrwd k @tay:rSmapwem&S dvd k 0g'jzef @csda&; vkyfay;csifwmvm;qd kwm tcsKd @uawmh xif







oef; 0if;vI d if02

rSmayghav/ a&;xm;wm=unf hvd kufvd k h&S d&ifawmh apwemeJ @vkyfwm r

[kwfygbl;qd kwm xif&Sm;ygw,f?'Dawmh vkyfom;jynfol @aehpOfowif;pmeJ @ jrefrmhtoHud k wzuf

owf usrwd k @ud k wd kufcd kufzd k @oH k;pG Jae&if usrwd k @rSm vGwfvyfpGmyH kES dyfxkwfa0yd kifcGif hvd kaew,fqd kwm xif&Sm;ygw,f? ‘e0w’ taeeJ @ wu,fyJ rSefrSefuefuefvkyfcsifw,fqd k&if usr tck owif;pm&Sif;vif;yG JrSmajymoGm;wJ htcsufawGud k rSefrSefuefuef jynf hjynf hpH kpH k owif;pmxJrSm

ygvmr,f? jrefrmhtoHrSm ygvmr,fqd kvd k @&S d&ifawmh usrwd k @taeeJ ha=omf usrwd k @uawmh rSm;jyDyJ/ ‘e0w’[m wu,fyJ apwemrSefrSefeJ @vkyf aewmyJvd k @ajymzd k @ usrtqifoif hygyJ? 'Dawmh 'DrSm vkyfom;jynfol @ae@pOfu vl}uD;rsm;vnf;&S dygw,f/ usrajymwJ htcsuftvufrsm;ud k rSefrSefuefuef jynf hjynf hpH kpH k xnf hay;vd k @&d S&if usr e0wud k xyfjyD;awmhawmifrS awmif;yefvd kufOD;r,f/ usrtxifrSm;oGm;ygjyD/ txifvG JoGm;

ygjyD/ e0w[m apwemrSefrSefeJ@ vkyfoGm;ygvm;qd kjyD; usrajym&Jygw,f”[lI tzG J @csKyf±H k;Y 1989 ckESpf/ ZGefvtwGif;jyKvkyfcJ haom owif;pm&Sif;vif;yG JY ajym=um;oGm;onf?

,if;aemuf r=umrDrSmyif e0wtpdk;&u a=unmcsuf (2§89)jzifh tmZmenfae@ usif;yrnf hudpPESif h ywfoufI xkwfjyefa=unmvmcJ honf?

a=unmcsuftjynf htpH krSm -(1) Ed kifiHawmfjidrf0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzG J @u ygwDpH k'Drd kua&pD

taxGaxG a&G;aumufyG Jrsm;jzpfajrmufatmifjrifa&;ud k rjzpfrae &nfrSef;csuf csrSwfaqmif&Gufaeygonf? xd k @tjyif Ed kifiHawmftpd k;&onf Ed kifiHawmfESif hywfoufonf h ae@}uD;&uf}uD;rsm;ud k tcrf;tem;jzif h usif;yvsuf&S d&m 1989 ckESpf/ Zlvd kifv 19 &ufae@wGif usa&mufrnf h (42)

ESpfajrmuf tmZmenfae@tcrf;tem;ud kvnf; ,cifESpfrsm;uJ hod k @ Ed kifiHawmfrS }uD;rSL;usif;yrnfjzpfygonf?

(2) Ed kifiHawmfjidrf0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzG J @rS pI Ed kifiHawmf










tzG J @tpnf;rsm;/ e,fcsJŒvufyg;apwd k @. vkyf=uHcH&ojzif h usqH k;cJhaom

tmZmenfacgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;.r dom;pkrsm;/ oHwreftzG J @ tpnf;rsm;ESif h ygwD pH k'Drd kua&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyG Jusif;ya&;aumfr&SifwGif rSwfyH kwifcJ honf h Ed kifiHa&;ygwDrsm;u ,if;tcrf;tem;od k @ wufa&muftav;jyK=urnf jzpfygonf?

(3) (42) ESpfajrmuf tmZmenfae@ tcrf;tem;odk @ wufa&muf&ef tmZmenfacgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;.rdom;pk ud k;pktm; usif;ya&;

aumfrwDu zdwf=um;cJ h&m atmufyg tmZmenfacgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;.rdom;pk&Spfpku tcrf;tem;od k@wufa&muf&ef pmjzif h jyef=um;cJ hjyD; jzpfygonf?

(u) 0ef}uD;ocifjr. rdom;pk(c) 0ef}uD; OD;bcsKd. rdom;pk(*) 0ef}uD; OD;&mZwf .rdom;pk

(C) 0ef}uD; OD;b0if; .rdom;pk(i) 0ef}uD; ref;bcd kif .rdom;pk(p) 0ef}uD; rd kif;yGefapmfbGm; p0fpHxGef;. rdom;pk(q) twGif;0ef OD;tkef;armif. rdom;pk(Z) &Jabmfud kaxG;. rdom;pk

(4) 1989 ckESpf/ Zlvd kifv 16 &ufae@wGif usif;yonf h (42) eSpf

ajrmuf tmZmenfae@ 0wfpH kjynf h tcrf;tem;avhusif honf h tcrf; tem;odk h tmZmenfacgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;. txufazmfjyyg rdom;pk&Spfpkuwufa&mufcJ h=uaomfvnf; Ad kvfcsKyfatmifqef;. rdom;pkonf 0wfpH kjynf havhusif hr_tcrf;tem;od k @ wufa&mufcJ hjcif;r&S donf htjyif (42) eSpfajrmuftmZmenfae@tcrf;tem;odk @wufa&mufrnf[kvnf; ,ckcsdeftxd ta=umif;jyef=um;jcif;rjyKao;a=umif; awG@&S d&ygonf?

(5) ygwDpH k'Drd kua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyG J usif;ya&;aumfr&SifwGif rSwfyH kwifxm;aomEd kifiHa&;ygwDrsm;tm; usif;ya&;aumfrwDuzdwf=um;cJ h&m/ Ed kifiHa&;ygwD (70) u 42 ESpfajrmuf tmZmenfae@tcrf;







oef; 0if;vI d if04

tem;od k @ wufa&muf&ef pm&if;ay;xm;jyD;jzpfygonf? tcrf;tem;od k @

wufa&mufrnf hEd kifiHa&;ygwDrsm;. trnfpm&if;udk ae@pOfxkwf owif;pmrsm;wGif azmfjyxm;jyD;jzpfygonf?

(6) Ed kifiHawmfrS }uD;rSL;usif;yonf h tcrf;tem;jyD;pD;aomtcg tpOftvm&S donfESif htnD jynfolvlxkrSvnf; rdrdqENtavsmuf tmZmenfAdrmefwGif tmZmenfacgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;tm; tav;jyKEd kif&efpDpOfxm;&S djyD;jzpfygonf? odk @ygI at;csrf;pGm*g&0jyKvd kaom jynfolvlxk

taejzif h rdrdwd k @qENt& wOD;csif;aomfvnf;aumif;/ trsm;qH k; ig;OD; pkaygif;Iaomfvnf;aumif; tmZmenfAdrmefod k @vma&mufI *g&0jyKEd kifygonf?

(7) tmZmenfacgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;tm; jynfolvlxkrS at;csrf;pGm*g&0jyKEd kif&ef vd ktyfygonf? xd k @a=umif h Ed kifiHa&; tjrwfxkwfvd kaomta=umif;jzifh pDwef;vSnf hvnfcsDwufjcif;/ aºuG;a=umfatmf[pfjcif;/ ql

yl&efv_ H @aqmfjcif;/ qlylv_yf&Sm;jcif;/ jynfolvlxktm; t"rRpnf;±H k; ac:iifjcif;/ pk±H k;jcif;rsm;rjyKvkyf&ef wm;jrpfvd kufonf? Twm;jrpfcsufud kazmuf zsufusL;vGefygu w&m;Oya't& xda&mufpGmta&;,lrnfjzpfa=umif; a=unmvd kufonf?

trdef @t&

(armifud k)twGif;a&;rSL;jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEd kifiHawmftpd k;&tzJ G @

xd k @tjyif (19-7-89) &ufaehwGif vkyfom;jynfol @ae@pOf owif;pmYvnf; “Ad kvfcsKyfatmifqef;. tm%mzDqefa&;vrf;pOfrSm e,fcsJŒ

t*Fvdyfacwfu csay;cJ haomvrf;pOfjzpf/ wyfrawmfonf e,fcsJŒud k qef husifjyD; vGwfvyfa&;ud kumuG,faeaomtzG JŒjzpf/ tmZmenfAdrmefod k @jynfolrsm; vma&muftav;jyK&mwGif rdrdwd k @.vH kjcHKa&;tpDtpOf t










wGif;rSjzpf&rnf” [laom acgif;pOfjzif h azmfjyxm;a=umif; awG @&S d&jyef

onf?xd k @aemuf 1989 Zlvd kif 19 &ufae@ eHeufwGif a':atmifqef;pk=unf

u jynfolvlxk rvd ktyfaom xdcd kufepfemr_rsm; ray:ap&eftwGuftmZmenfae@ csDwufrnf htpDtpOfud k zsufodrf;vdkufonf? tmZmenfae@tcrf;tem;ud k tzG J @csKyf±H k;Yom usif;yjyKvkyfoGm;&ef nGef=um;cJ honf?

ÙÙÙ







oef; 0if;vI d if06

tcef; (4)

yxrqk H;aetd rftus,fcsKyf umvxd k @aemuf ae@wae@ 1989 ckESpf/ Zlvd kif 20 &ufae@wGif a':atmif

qef;pk=unfESif h OD;wifOD;wd k @tm; Ed kifiHawmftm; aESmif h,SufzsufqD;vd kolrsm;. ab;teœ &m,frS umuG,fapmif ha&Smufonf hOya'yk'fr 10 (c)t& aetdrfwGif wm;qD;rdef @xkwfI wm;qD;xm;jcif; cHcJ h&onf?

xd kod k @ ta&;,ljcif;ESif hywfoufI Zlvd kifv 21 &ufae@wGif e0w.

t}udrf 50 ajrmuf owif;pm&Sif;vif;yG JY -“ 1989 ckESpf/ Zlvd kif 20 &ufae@ eHeufrSpI a':atmifqef;pk=unf

ESif h ol&OD;wifOD;wd k @tm; Ed kifiHawmftm; aESmuf,SufzsufqD;vd kolrsm;.ab;tEœ &m,frS umuG,fapmif ha&Smufonf h Oya't& ta&;,lvdkuf&a=umif;/ TOya'onf Ed kifiHawmf. tcsKyftjcmtm%mESif h Ed kifiHawmfvH kjcHKa&;ud kjzpfap/ trsm;jynfolwd k @. at;csrf;om,ma&;ud kjzpfap xd

yg;rnf hteœ &m,frS }udKwifumuG,fEd kif&efvnf;aumif;/ Ed kifiHom;rsm;.rlvtcGif hta&;rsm;ud k rxdcd kufapbJ Ed kifiHawmftm; aESmif h,SufzsufqD;vd kolrsm;.ab;tEœ &m,frS umuG,f&efvnf;aumif;/ jyÏmef;xm;aomOya'jzpfa=umif;?

,if;yk*~ dKvfESpfOD;tm; tqd kyg Oya'yk'fr 10 (c) t& vkyfyd kifcGif hrsm;ud k usih foH k;jyD; wm;qD;r_jyKvkyfxm;a=umif;/ Tyk'fr 10 (c) t& ta&;,ljcif;cH&oltm; wESpftxd wm;qD;r_jyKvkyfEdkifonf[k jyÏmef;xm;a=umif;” Tod k @wm;qD;r_rsm; jyKvkyfjcif;qd k&mY -

(u) rnfonf hae&ma'owGif raexd kif&[k owfrSwfjcif;/(c) rnfonf hae&ma'owGifom aexdkif&rnf[k owfrSwfjcif;/(*) oGm;vmr_ud k vd ktyfovd k wm;qD;jcif;/(C) owfrSwfonfht&m0wKrsm;ud k vuf0,fxm;&S djcif; (odk@r

[kwf) toH k;jyKjcif;ud k ydwfyifwm;qD;jcif;wd k @ud k jyKvkyfEd kifa=umif;?azmfjyygOya't& ‚if;wd k @tm; ta&;,l&mwGif um,uH&Sifrsm;

onf vuf&S daexd kifvsuf&S daom tdrftoD;oD;wGifom aexd kifI tdrfjcH










jyifyod k @xGufcGmoGm;vmcGif hrjyKyga=umif;/ ‚if;. tdrfaxmifpkxJwGif yg&S d

aom w&m;0ifrdom;pkrsm;om jyifyod k @ tapmif hta&Smufjzih f oGm;a&mufEd kifa=umif;/ od k@aomfvnf; ,if;wd k @tm; Ed kifiHjcm;oH±H k;rsm;/ Ed kifiHa&;ygwDrsm;/ Ed kifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESif h qufoG,folrsm;xHod k @ oGm;a&mufcGif hrjyKyga=umif;/ jyifyyk*~dKvfrsm;ud kvnf; vlud k,fwd kifaomfvnf;aumif;/w,fvDzkef;jzif haomfvnf;aumif; vma&mufqufoG,fjcif;rjyK&ef uef @owfwm;jrpfxm;a=umif;/ um,uH&Sifrsm;tm; vd ktyfonf h aq;0g;

ukor_ESif h usef;rma&;udpPrsm;ud k aqmuf&Gufay;&ef EdkifiHawmfu wm0ef,lxm;a=umif;?

TuJ hod k @ ta&;,laqmif&GufcJ h&jcif;onf azmfjyygyk*~ dKvfESpfOD;. Oya'csKd;azgufvkyf&yfrsm;a=umif hjzpfa=umif;/ txl;tm;jzif h Ed kifiHawmfud ktEW&m,fjzpfaprnf htajctaersm;jzpfay:atmif aqmif&GufcJhjcif;a=umif hjzpfa=umif;/ ‚if;tjyif wd kif;&if;om;jynfolrsm;ESifh wyfrawmf

ud k aoG ;cG JjyD; wd kif;&if;om;jynfolrsm;u wyfrawmftay: rkef;wD;atmifaqmif&GufcJ hjcif;rsm;a=umif h jzpfa=umif;/

1989 ckESpf/ Zlvd kifv 19 &ufae@ nae 6 em&DwGif VOA jrefrmyd kif;tpDtpOfY a':atmifqef;pk=unf.a=unmcsufY -

“'ga=umifhrd k @vd k @ jynfolvlxk toufaysmufatmifvd k @ usrwd k @b,fawmhrS rvkyfygbl;/ jynfolvlxk&JŒtoufud k trsm;}uD ; wefzd k;xm;

ygw,f? e0wvd k wefzd k;rxm;wJ h tkyfpkr[kwfygbl;? 'ga=umif hrd k @vd k @ usrwd k @Ed kifiHrSmqd kvd k @&S d&if ppftpd k;&tkyfcsKyfr_qd kjyD; a=unmcsuf[m zufqpf0g'awGpd k;rd k;aejyDqd kwm tifrwefrS xif&Sm;ygw,f? usrwd k @ jynfol jynfom;awG[m zufqpf0g'atmufrSm ±kef;uef&rSmyJ? 'Drd kua&pD&zd k@twGuf'Dzufqpf0g'atmufrSmowœ d&S d&S deJ @ quf jyD;±kef;uefoGm;zd k @jzpfygw,f” [kyg&S da=umif;/

Tod k @ r[kwfrrSefpGyfpG JcsufrSm jynfol @wyfrawmfud k zufqpfESif hEd _if;,SOfxm;ojzif h tvG efem=unf;p&maumif;a=umif;/ jynfolESif hwyfrawmfonf zufqpfud k rsm;pGm&G H&Sm rkef;wD;a=umif;/ xd k @a=umif h jynfol







oef; 0if;vI d if08

ESif hwyfrawmf vufwG JjyD; zufqpfud kqef @usifwd kufcd kufcJ h=ua=umif;/ ‚if;

.ajymqd kr_rsm;onf zufqpfe,fcsJŒud k aoG;pnf;nDnGwfpGm wd kufcd kufcJ h=uaom jynfolESif h wyfrawmfud k aoG;uG Jatmif wrifzefwD;ajymqd kr_rsm;jzpfa=umif;?

Tod k @aom wyfrawmfud k zufqpfwyfrawmf[k ac:a0:orkwfvd kufjcif;onf wyfrawmfESif hjynfoltm; &efwd kufay;jcif;/ rormaom&nf&G,fcsufjzif h vdrfnmpGyfpG Jykwfcwfjcif;yifjzpfajumif;/ Ed kifiHawmftm;

tEœ &m,fod k @usa&mufap&ef =uHaqmifzefwD;jcif;jzpfa=umif;?a':atmifqef;pkjunfonf 1989 Zlvd kif 10 &ufae@wGif yef;bJwef;

jrdKŒe,f trSwf 163/ taemf&xmvrf;&S d vl @abmifopf'Drd ku&ufwpf ygwD±H k;cef;wGif rdef @cGef;ajym=um;&mYvnf; -

“Ed kifiHolEd kifiHom;rsm;ud k aemufxyfvufeufESif h ES drfESif;r,fqd k&ifawmh usrwd k @u zufqpftpd k;&vd k @ a=unm&rSmyJ” [k ajymqd kcJ ha=umif;/

Tod k @ajymqd kjcif;onf e0wtzG J @ tpd k;&onf wyfrawmftpd k;&yifjzpfIwyfrawmftm; jynfolu trkef;yGm;ap&ef ajymqd kjcif;jzpfonfrSm xif&Sm;yga=umif;?

a':atmifqef;pk=unfu -“ 'Dwyfrawmf[m vlwa,muftwGufr[kwfbl;/ tzG J @tpnf;

twGuf r[kwfbl;qd kwmvJ xyfwvJvJajymcJ hw,f/ wyfrawmf vrf;

rSm;oGm;rSmud kvJ azaztifrwefrS pd k;&drfoGm;w,f/ 'DavmufawmifrSpd k;&drfae&ufeJ@ bmjzpfvd k @ vrf;rSm;oGm;&wmvJ? OD;ae0if;[m wyfrawmfud k vrf;rSm;ay:rSm wifay;vd kufw,f? tJ'Dawmh ,ck wyfrawmfxJrSm&S dwJ h wyfrawmfom;rsm;/ t&m&S drsm; pOf;pm;yg? wyfrawmf&JŒzcifqd kwmAd kvfcsKyfatmifqef;qd kjyD;awmh twdtvif;a=unmxm;jyD;/ AdkvfcsKyfatmifqef;[m wyfrawmfud k b,fvd ktaetxm;rSm b,fvd kjzpfapcsif

ovJqd kwm jyefjyD;oH k;oyfyg? Ad kvfcsKyfatmifqef;wyfrawmfvm;/ Ad kvfae0if;wyfrawmfvm;qd kwm qH k;jzwf&awmhr,f” [kvnf; txufygrdef @cGef;wGif ajymqd kcJ ha=umif;/










a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf 1989 ck/ Zlvd kifv 8 &ufae@ wGif ‚if;.

aetdrfY xd kif;Ed kifiHrS ae;&Sif; (Nation) owif;pm owif;axmuf uGefema*gpuD;ESif h awG @qH kaqG;aEG;&mYvnf; OD;ae0if;onf wyfrawmftm; }udK;ud kifvsuf&S donf? Ak dvfcsKyf}uD;apmarmifonf OD;ae0if;. vd kvm;csuftwd kif; vd kufIvkyfudkifae&onfrSm xif&Sm;aeonf? wyfrawmfonfvlrd kuftvkyfud k vkyfud kifae&onf? vltd kwpk tm%mwnfjrJa&; twGuf vkyfud kifae&onf[k ajymqd kcJ ha=umif;/ ‚if;ajymqd kcsuftm; 1989

Zlvd kif 15 &ufxkwf ae;&Sif;owif;pmwGif azmfjyxm;onf?a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf wyfrawmf. *k%foduQmusqif;atmif

ESif h wyfrawmfud k jynfolrsm;u qef @usifv_yf&Sm;um v_ H @aqmfaoG;xd k;ajymqd kcJ honfrsm; tajrmuftjrm;&S dcJ ha=umif;/ TuJ hod k @ wd kif;jynf z±d kz&Jjzpfap&ef =uHaqmifr_rsm;ESif hywfoufI wyfrawmfu t}udrf}udrfonf;nnf;cHcsKyfwnf;cJ ha=umif;/ OD;wifOD;ESif h a':atmifqef ;pk=unfwd k @

OD;aqmifaomtzG J @u Zlvd kifv 19 &ufae@wGif jynfolrsm;tm; tmZmenfrsm;tm; *k%fjyKrnf htpDtpOfud k ppf0g'Dwd k @u vufeuftm;ud k;jzif hacsr_ef;&ef}udK;yrf;aea=umif;/ tmZmenfae@ud k xyfrHaoG;pGef;ap&ef ywfpufpGm=uHaeonf[kv_ H @aqmfjyD; wyfrawmfud k jynfolESif h &efwd kufay;cJ ha=umif;?

“ OD;wifOD;onf ucsifjynfe,fod k @ vSnf hvnfpOfu awG @&S dcJ h&aom

udpPrsm;ESifh ywfoufI wyfrawmfESif h wd kif;&if;om;jynfolrsm; aoG;uG JatmifESif h wyfrawmftay:wGif jynfolvlxku em=unf;rkef;wD;atmif‚if; wd k @tzG J @. 5 }udrfajrmufowif;pm&Sif;vif;yG JY ajymqd koGm;cJ honfud kawG @&yga=umif;/ xd kowif;pm&Sif;vif;yG JwGif a':atmifqef;pk=unfESif hOD;wifOD;wdk @onf a&S Œwef;vkyftm;&Sifrsm;toH k;jyKaomudpPESif h ywfoufI wyfrawmftm; vlrqefaom/ &ufpuf=urf;=uKwfaom/ pD;yGm;a&;

aomif;usef;aomtzG J @tpnf;wckozG,f±kyfvk H;ay:aygufap&ef ajymqd kcJ ha=umif;/ xd k @tjyif OD;wifOD;onf r_cif;wyfzG J @rS w&m;pG Jqd kxm;aompd k;odrf;yg ajcmufOD;tr_ud k ppf aq;aeonf h tif ;pdeftusOf;axmifteD;&S d







oef; 0if;vI d if10

txl;w&m;&H k;od k @ 1989 ckESpf/ Zlvd kifv 4 &ufae@wGif vma&mufjyD; OD;

aiGv_ diftm; csufcsif;tmrcHray;r_ESif h ywf oufI “vufeuftm;ud k;jzif htEd kifusif haejcif;jzpfonf” [k wyfrawmfESif h jynfolud k aoG;uG Jatmifajymqd kcJ ha=umif;/ OD;wifOD;onf wd kif;jynftwGif; wnfjidrfr_ysufjym;ap&ef/ qlylr_rsm;jzpfyGm;ap&ef ajymqd kcJ honfrsm; trsm;tjym;&S dcJ ha=umif;/xd k @a=umif h Ed kifiHawmfESif h jynf olwd k @.tusKd;pD;yGm;/ touftd k;tdrfpnf;pdrfvH kjcH kwnfwH ha&;twGuf ,ckuJ hodk @ ‚if;wd k @ESpfOD;tm; wm;qD;ta&;,l

vdkuf&jcif;jzpfa=umif;” ajym=um;oGm;onf?aetdrftus,fcsKyfjzif h xd ef;odrf;jcif;cHae&pOf a':atmifqef;pk=unf

onf 1989 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv (22) &ufae@wGif ygwDpH k'Drd kua&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyG JwGif yg0if,SOf jydKifrnfjzpfa=umif; a=unmcJ honf?

a=unmcsuftjynf htpH krSm atmufygtwd kif;jzpfonf?“Ed kifiHa&;}udK;yrf;r_rsm;a=umif h 1989 Zlvd kif 20 &ufae@rSpI xdef;

odrf;cHcJh&ygonf? txdef;odrf;cHae&vsufESif hyif rdrdtzG J @csKyf. 'Drd kua&pDenf;vrf;t& qH k;jzwfcsufud k av;pm;aomtm;jzih fvnf;aumif;?wd kif;oljynfom;wd k @. trSefw&m;ESif h ud kufnDaomvd ktyfcsufrsm;ud kwwfpGrf;oa&GŒulnDjznf hpGufvd kaoma=umif hvnf;aumif;/ 'Drd kua&pDud kvd kvm;aom jynfolvlxk.ZG Jowœ dud k *k%fjyKaomtm;jzif hvnf;aumif;/1989 ck 'DZifbmvwGif A[ef;jrdKŒe,f trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyf jynf

ol @v$wfawmfud k,fpm;vS,favmif; pdppfa&G;cs,fa&;tzG J @.qH k;jzwfcsufud kvd kufemI a&G;aumufyG JwGif yg0if ,SOfjydKifvdkolwOD;tjzpf trnfpm&if; wifoGif;vd kufygonf?” [lI xkwfjyefcJ honf?

od k @aomf wdkif;&if;om;pnf;vH k;nDnGwfa&; (wpn) ygwDtm; ud k,fpm;jyKI &efukefwd kif;/ A[ef;jrdKŒe,f rJqENe,ftrSwf (1) wGif a':atmifqef;pk=unfESif h ,S OfjydKif&eftqd kjyKxm;jcif;cH&ol OD;vbef*a&mifrS uef @

uGufv$mwifoGif;cJ h&m/ yef;qd k;wef;trSwf (1) wGif zGif hvSpfppfaq;cJ honf h&efukefwd kif; a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufyG Jusif;ya&;aumfr&SifrS vufcHppfaq;Ia&G;aumufyG JOya'yk'fr 10(i) jzif hjidpGef;onf[kqd kum a':atmifqef;










pk=unf. trnfpm&if;wifoGif;v$mud k y,fcscJ hojzif h 0ifa&muf,SOfjydKif

cGif hr&&S dbJ jzpfcJ h&onf?aemufqH k;rSwfyH kwifcGif hjyK&ufjzpfonf h 1989 azazmf0g&D 28 txd

(5)v cef @twGif; rSwfyH kwifcGif hjyKcJ honf h Ed kifiHa&;ygwDtzG J @tpnf;aygif;rSm236 zG J @jzpfonf? xd k @aemuf rSwfyH kwifxm;onf h Ed kifiHa&;ygwDtzG J @tpnf;rsm;onf ygwDwGif pnf;±H k;a&;wd k @ud k aqmif&GufcJ h=u&mY ygwDtcsKdŒonfygwDwGif;tajctaet&vnf;aumif;/ tjcm; Ed kifiHa&;ygwDtzG J @tpnf;

rsm;ESif h yl;aygif;zG J @pnf;vd kI rdrdwd k @ Ed kifiHa&;ygwDrSwfyH kwifxm;jcif;ud k y,fzsufcGif hjyK&ef aumfr&Sifod k @av#mufxm;ojzif h Ed kifiHa&;ygwD tzG J @tpnf;aygif; (102) zG J @ud k y,fzsufay;cJ honf?

xdk@jyif v$wfawmfrJqENe,f 3 e,ftxd 0ifa&muf,SOf+ydKifEdkifjcif;r&S donf h (6) ygwD ESif h Ed kifiHawmftm; vufeufpJ Gud kifI awmfvSefykefuefaeaom ArmjynfuGefjrLepfygwD tzG J @tpnf;. ajray:tzG J @ tpnf;

rsm;jzpfonf[kxkwfjyefI trsKd;om;Ed kifiHa&;wyfaygif;pk (rew) rEœ av;jrdKŒ/ jynfol @wd k;wufa&;ygwD &efukefjrdKŒ/ tjrJpdrf;vli,frsm;tzG J @ rH k&GmjrdKŒponf h (3) ygwDtm;vnf; e0wtzG J @u y,fzsufcJ honf?

,if;aemuf ygwDpH k'Drd kua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyG Jud k 1990 jynf heSpf arv 27 &uf we*FaEGae@Y wjynfvHk;wGif w+ydKifeuf eHeuf 6 em&DrS nae 4 em&DtwGif; usif;ycJ honf?

e0wppftpd k;&onf 1990 jynf hESpf ygwDpH k'Drd kua&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyG J}uD;ud k usif ;yjyKvkyfonftxd Ed kifiHa&;ygwDtzG J @tpnf;rsm;wifjyawmif;qd kcJ honf h rw&m;csKyfcs,fuef @owfrdef @rsm;jzpfaom (2§88)/ (8§88) wd k @ud k vH k;0±kwfodrf;ay;jcif;r&S dbJ usif;ycJ hovd k wpnygwDud k bufvd kufrsufESmomay;cJ h&ef trsKdom;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @. pnf ;±H k;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm;ud k trsKd;rsKd;tzH kzH k uef @owfcsKyfcs,fxm;jyD;rS (t"dujydKifjrif;ud k

}udK;wkyfxm;jyD; wjcm;+ydKifjrif;awGud k v$ wfay;jyD; t+ydKifcd kif;ovd k) wzufowfpDrHcef @cG J usif ;ycJ hjcif;jzpfonf? od k @aomf jynfolvlxk}uD;w&yfvH k;urJrsm;ruGJoGm;apa&;twGuf tzrf;qD;cHxm;&onfh a':atmifqef;pk







oef; 0if;vI d if12

=unfacgif;aqmifonf h NLD tzG J @rS wpn tay: pD;csif;xd k;tEd kif,l

atmifyG JcHed kifa&;twGuf rdrdwd k @. tonf;=um;u rJwjym;ud k rSefrSefuefueftoH k;csjyD; toHwdwfqENjyyG J}uD;w&yfyrm jywfjywfom;om;azmfjycJ h=uonf? od k @uvd k jynfolvlxk}uD;. wcJeuf axmufcHtm;ay;r_a=umif h trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyfonf jrefrmEd kifiH a&G;aumufyJ Gaumfr&Siford kif;Y rnfonf htcgrS &&S dcJ hzl;aom atmifjrifr_rsKd;jzif h a&G;aumufyG J}uD;wGif tjywftowf atmifyG JcHEd kifcJ hayonf?

ygwDpH k'Drd kua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyG JY 0ifa&muf,SOfjydKifonf hEdkifiHa&;ygwD tzG J @tpnf; 93 zG J @teuf trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzJ G @csKyfonf0ifa&muf,SOf+ydKifcJ honf h 447 rJ qENe,fY 392 OD; tEd kif&&S dcJ honf? wjynfvkH;wGif rJqENe,f 485 ae&m&S donfhteufNLDygwDonf 392 OD; tEd kif&&S donf htwGuf wjynfvH k;wGif 82 &mcd kifE_ef;tEd kif&&S dum armfuGef;xlEd kifcJ honf?

1990 jynf hESpfa&G;aumufyG JwGif v$wfawmfud k,fpm;vS,f tenf;qH k;wOD;ESih ftxufa&G;aumufwifajr‡mufcH&onf h Ed kifiHa&;ygwD tzG J htpnf;aygif; (27) zG J @ a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufcH&onf? a&G;aumufyG J wifajr‡mufcH&onf h v$ wfawmfud k,fpm;vS,fOD;a&rSm atmufygtwd kif;jzpfonf?

(1) trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J@csKyf - 392 OD ;(2) &Srf;wd kif;&if;om; 'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyf - 23 OD ;

(3) &cd kif'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyf - 11 OD;(4) wd kif;&if;om;pnf;vH k;nDnGwfa&;ygwD - 10 OD;(5) rGeftrsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @ - 5 OD;(6) trsKd;om;vl @tcGif hta&;'Drd ku&ufwpfygwD - 4 OD;(7) csif;trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyf - 3 OD ;(8) ucsifjynfe,ftrsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDuGef*&uf - 3 OD;

(9) jynfaxmifpkytd k0f h trsKd;om;tzG J @csKyf - 3 OD ;(10)trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDygwD - 3 OD;(11)Zd krD;trsKd;om;uGef*&uf - 2 OD;









oef; 0if;vI d if14

nDnGwfa&;ygwD (Kokang Democracy and Unity Party) / ‘0’ trsKd;om; zG H@

+zdK;wd k;wufa&;ygwD (Wa National Development Party)/ jynfaxmifpk u&iftrsKd;om;rsm;tzGJ @csKyf (Union Karen League) wd k @jzpfonf? xd k @a=umif h w&m;0if&yfwnfvsuf&S daom Ed kifiHa&;ygwD (10) ygwDrSm atmufygtwd kif;jzpfonf?

(1) trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J@csKyf(2) wd kif;&if;om;pnf;vH k;nDnGwfa&;ygwD

(3) &Srf;wd kif;&if;om;rsm;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyf(4) jynfaxmifpkytd k0f htrsKd;om;rsm;tzG J @csKyf(5) &Srf;jynfud k;uef @'Drdku&ufwpfygwD(6) +rdK (ac: ) crDtrsKd;om;nDnGwfa&;tzG J @(7) vm;[ltrsKd;om;zG H @+zdK;wdk;wufa&;ygwD(8) jynfaxmifpk u&iftrsKd;om;rsm;tzG J@csKyf

(9) ud k;uef @'Drd kua&pDESif h nDnGwfa&;ygwD(10)‘0’ trsKd;om;zG H @+zdK;wdk;wufa&;ygwD

ponfwd k @ jzpfonf?1990 jynf hESpfa&G;aumufyG JwGif woD;yk*~vtrwfavmif; ajcmufOD;

ta&G;cH&onf? ,if;wd k @rSm -(1) a'gufwmr_xef / xef;wvef+rdKŒe,f jynfol @v$wfawmfrJqEN

e,f/ csif;jynfe,f?(2) OD;0if;&Sdef / ajrmif+rdKŒe,f/ jynfol @v$wfawmf rJqENe,f trSwf

(1) ppfud kif;wd kif;?(3) OD;yDwmvif;yif/ jyifOD;vGif+rdKŒe,f jynfol @v$wfawmfrJqENe,f

trSwf(2) rEœ av;wd kif;?(4) a'gufwmpef;atmif/ t*Fyl+rdKŒe,f jynfol @v$wfawmfrJqEN

e,ftrSwf (2) {&m0wDwd kif;?(5) OD;vseftkyf/ [m;cg;+rdKŒe,f rJqENe,f/ csif;jynfe,f?(6) OD;odef;az/ uef @bvl+rdKŒe,f rJqENe,ftrSwf(1) ppfud kif;wd kif;










wd k @ jzpf=uonf?

e0wppftpd k;&onf rnfod k @rS ar#mfvif hrxm;rdonf h &v'frsKd;jzif h trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyfu tjywftowftEd kif&&S doGm;r_tay: tH h=owkefv_yfoGm;cJ h&jyD;aemuf tzG J @csKyftay: enf;rsKd;pH kjzif h zdES dyfa&;ud kapmif;ay;vkyfaqmifvmcJ hayonf?

e0wppftpd k;&u a&G;aumufyGJtjyD;Y a&G;aumufyG JwGif tEd kif& &S dcJ haom EdkifiHa&; tiftm;pkrsm;onf -

(1) aiGa=u;tiftm;jzifh trwfae&mrsm; 0,f,lxm;Ed kifonf h bmoma&;tpGef;a&mufrsm;u bmoma&;e,fajr cG JxGufa&;ud k jyifqifvm=uonf? ratmifjrifv#if vufeufud kifwd kufrnf?

(2) vlrsKd;a&;tjrifusOf;ajrmif;onf hygwDrsm;uvnf; e,fajrrsm;ud k cG JxGuf&efjyifqifvm=uonf? cGif hrjyKv#if aomif;usef;olrsm;ESif haygif;rnf/ vufeufud kifwd kufrnf?

(3) tm%m&vmrnf[k ar#mfvif haeaomEk difiHa&;ygwDrsm;onftaemuftkyfpkoH±k H;rsm;/ jynfyrS taemuftkyfpk ud k,fpm;vS,frsm;ESif h&if;&if;ES D;ES D;qufqHvm=ujyD; taemuftkyfpkud k tvGeftu|H rS Dcd ktm;ud k;&ef jyifqifvm=uonf?

(4) taemuftkyfpkt}udKuf vd kufvkyfaeaomfvnf; vuf0J0g'Drsm; v$rf;rd k;aeaomfygwDrsm;onf tm%m&Sifpepfud k xlaxmif&ef }udK;

pm;ae=uonf?(5) wyfrawmfu tm%mrodrf;Ed kif&eftwGuf ppf±H k;ud k &efukef+rdKŒ

tjyifbuf tif;wd kifod k @a&$Œ&ef =unf;/ a&/ av/ wyfrawmfud k =unf;wyf/a&wyf/ avwyf oD;jcm;pD cG JxkwfzG J @pnf;&ef/ 'kwd,Ad kvfrSL;}uD;ESif h txuftqif hrsm;ud k wyf rawmfrSxkwfy,fypfjyD; tcsKdŒud k cH k±H k;wifI ta&;,l&efwd k @ud k aqG;aEG;=uum wyfrawmfud k +zdKcG Jypf&ef/ zsufodrf;ypf&eftxd

=uHpnfvm=uonf[lI tajctjrpfr&Sd pGyfpG JjyD; zGwfv#mo¿mefESpfcGOm%fjzif h uvdrfaphjirf;pifum tEd kif& trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyftm; tm%mv$ Jajymif;ay;a&;ud k cg;cg;wl ;wl; jiif;qefcJ honf? xd k @aemuf







oef; 0if;vI d if16

“,ckusif;ycJ haom a&G ;aumufyGJonf tm%m (3) &yfpvH k;ud k &&S drnf h

v$wfawmfrsKd;r[kwf/ zG J @pnf;yH ktajccHOya'a&;qG J&efomjzpfonf? ta&G;aumufcH v$wfawmfud k,fpm;vS,frsm;onf zG J @pnf;tkyfcsKyfyH k tajccHOya'ud k a&;qG Jzd k @omwm0ef&S donf? tm%mud k tvd ktavsmuf &&S drnfr[kwf” [kqd kjyD; yxrqH k;t}udrf ajymifvdrfajymifpm; ajymqd kcJ honf?

tu,fI wpn ac: wd kif;&if;om;pnf;vH k;nDnGwfa&;ygwDomtEd kif&&S drnfqd k v#if 1947 ckESpf zG J @pnf;yH ktajccHOya' od k @r[kwf 1974

zGJ @pnf;yH kOya'ud kvd ktyfovd k ,m,Djyifqifr_jyKvkyfjyD; tm%mud k jref jrefqefqefvG,fvG,fulul v$ Jajymif;tyfvdkufI ay:aygufvmonf h v$wfawmfopfrSzG J @pnf;tkyfcsKyfyH ktajccHOya'opfud k a&;qG Japrnfjzpfaomfvnf; trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzJ G@csKyfygwDu ,ckuJ hod k @ tjywftowf tEd kif&&S donfonf htay: e0w ppftpdk;&onf ay:ay:xifxif npfywfvmjcif; jzpfonf?

ppftpd k;&. tm%mv$ Jajymif;a&;jiif;qefaer_ud k a':atmifqef;pk=unfu -

“a&G;aumufyG Jusif;jyD;&ef a&G;aumufyG J&v'fud k taumiftxnfazmfay;zd k @vnf; vdkao;w,fqd kwJ htcsufygyJ? a&G;aumufyG J&v'fud k taumiftxnfrazmfwm[m xrif;pm;zdwf/ xrif;yG Jjyif/ pm;yG JrSm xd kifcd kifjyD;rS rpm;&bl;qd kjyD; xrif;[if;awGjyefodrf;oGm;ovd kygyJ? {nf honfawG

ud k apmfum;wJ hvkyf&yfyg? 1990 a&G;aumufyG J&v'fud k t aumiftxnfrazmfay;wm[m jynfolw&yfvH k;ud k vdrfvnfvSnf hjzm; apmfum;&ma&mufygw,f?”

“tm%myd kifawG[m rdrdwd k @oabmruswJ h a&G ;aumufyG J&v'fqd k&ifvspfv#L±_vd kuf/ vd kcsifwJ h&v'fjzpfvmEd k;Ed k; a&G;aumufyG JtopfawG usif;yvd kufeJ @ vkyfaer,fqdk&ifawmh wd kif;jynf&JŒtem*wfeJ @ upm;&m a&muf

ygvdrf hr,f? wd kif;jynf&JŒtem*wfqd kwm[m upm;&r,h ft&m r[kwfygbl;? wav;wpm;eJ @ apmif ha&SmufoGm;&r,hft&momjzpfygw,f? 'ga=umif h 1990 a&G;aumufyG J&v'fud k taumiftxnfrazmfbJ aemuf










a&G;aumufyG Jtopfusif;ya&;ud k trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyfu vH k;0

vufcHrSmr[kwfbl;vd k @ qH k;jzwfxm;wmjzpfygw,f” [lI wdwdvif;vif;ajym=um;cJ honf?

NLD tm; rJxnf hay;cJ haomjynfolvlxktm;vnf; a':atmifqef;pk=unfu -

“1990 jynf hESpfa&G;aumufyG JrSm vlxk[m wm0efauscJ hygw,f?usrwd k @Ed kifiHeJ @ Ed kifiHujynfolvlxkeJ @ wjcm; 'D rd kua&pDtwGuf v_yf&Sm;±kef;uef

ae&wJ hEd kifiHu jynfolvlxkeJ @pmvd k @&S d&if usrwd k @&JŒvlxk[m Ed kifiHa&;t& tifrwefrS &if husufw,fvd k@ usrwd k@ owfrSwf&rSmyg? bmjzpfvd k @ usrwd k @ 'Dvd kajym&vJqd kawmh usrwd k @&JŒEd kifiH 'Drd kua&pDvd kcsifwJ h jynfolvlxk[m 'Drd kua&pDud k &,lay;Ed kifwJ htzG J @wckud k axmufcHr,f/ yH hyd k;r,f/ 'Dvd kvkyfrS usrwd k @&JŒ'Drd kua&pD[m wd k;wufEd kifr,fqd kwmud k jrifw,f/ [k dtzG J @ud kay;/ 'DtzG J @ud kay;/ usrwd k @&JŒEd kifiHa&;ygwDawG trsm;}uD;&S dygw,f?

tJ'Dawmh Ed kifiHa&;ygwDawG trsm;}uD;&S dwJ htxJrSm tJ'DEd kifiHa&;ygwDawGrSmvnf; rdrdwd k @&JŒwefbd k;eJ @ rd rdwd k @&S djyD;om;yg? od k @aomfvnf; jynfolvlxk[m 'Dvd krJawGjyef @oGm;vd k @&S d&if 'Drd kua&pDtwGuf epfemEd kifw,fqd kwmem;vnfvd k @ rJawGud k rjyef @apbJ usrwd k @ trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyftwGuf rJay;cJhw,fqd kwm 'gjynfolvlxktaeeJ @ xd kufxd kufwefwefvkyfcJ hw,fqd kwm usr 'Dvd kajym&rSmyJ? 'g Ed kifiHa&;&if husufr_ud k jyw,fvd k @

usruawmh,H k=unfw,f? bmjzpfvd k @vJqd kawmh usrwd k @ 'D (82) &mcd kifE_ef;&wmud kawmifrS tm%mrv$ Jay;wm/ usrwd k @rsm;om (50) &mcd kifE_ef;wnf;wnf;av;&w,fqd kvd k h&Sd&if b,favmufyd kjyD;awmh tcuftcJjzpf&rvJqd kwm pOf;pm;=unf h? usrwd k @&JŒtzG J @[m 'Dvd kwcgwnf; 80 &mcd kifE_ef;ausmfeJ @ Ed kifcJ hvd k @vnf; wurB mvH k;u todtrSwfjyK&w,f? b,fvd krS urB mud krsufvSnf hjyjyD;awmh tzG J @csKyfud k jynfolvlxka&G;aumufyG J

wkef;u tm;ay;wmr[kwfygbl;? wnf;wnf;uav;Ed kifwmygvd k @ rajymEd kifbl;? tJvd kawmifrS rJ 60 &mcd kifE_ef;yJ&S dygw,f/ nmw,fqd kjyD;awmhtrsKd;rsKd;ajymzdk @}udK;pm;wmawG tck&S daewm od=uwmyJ/ 'Davmuf







oef; 0if;vI d if18

awmifrS jywfjywfom;om;Ed kifxm;vk d @ 'D avmufolwd k @ajymEd kifwm? tJvd k

om usrwd k @om jywfjywfowfowfrEd kifcJ hvd k @&S d&if trsKd;rsKd; wcgwnf;rsufvSnf h uGufawGeJ @vkyftH k;r,f? urB mud kvnf; vSnfhpm;zd k @/ usrwd k @jynfolvlxktaeeJ @ 1990 a&G ;aumufyG JrSm 'Drd kua&pDud k &,lay;Ed kifw,fvd k @ jynfolvlxku ,H k=unfwJ htzG J @tpnf f;ud k Ed kifiHa&;&if husufwJ htjrifeJ @rJay;cJ hwm[mawmh wm0efausygw,f? xd kufxd kufwefwefeJ @ vkyfcJ hwmyJvd k @ usrajymcsifygw,f” [lI ajym=um;cJ honf?

e0wppftpd k;&onf a&G;aumufyG Jrwd kifrDuyif ol&OD;wifOD;ESif h a': atmifqef;pk=unfwd k hud k rw&m;ojzif h zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifjcif; cHxm;& onh ftwGuf ,m,DOuUXtjzpf wm0ef,lxm;aom OD;=unfarmif OD;aqmifonf h NLD A[d ktvkyfr_aqmiftzGJ @0ifrsm;u 90 jynf hESpf a&G;aumufyG JtEd kif&aom NLDtm; e0wtpd k;&xH v$wfawmfac:,lay;a&;ud k Oya'ESif htnD wifjyawmif;qdkcJ honf?

a&G;aumufyG JtjyD; &ufaygif; (60) twGif; ac:ay;&±d k;xH k;pH&S donf hv$wfawmfud k ac:,lray;onf htwGuf tzG J @csKyfonf a&G;aumufyG J usif;ycJ honf h ar27 &ufrS &ufaygif; 60 t=um; 1990 jynf hESpf Zlvd kif28/29 &ufae@rsm;wGif NLD A[k dOD;pD;tzG J @ESif h v$wfawmfud k,fpm;vS,frsm;yxrt}udrf nd ‡E_ dif;tpnf;ta0;ud k usif;y&ef ac:,lcJ honf?

ppftpd k;&onf NLD . tpnf;ta0;rwd kifcif w&uftvd k (Zlvd kif

v 27 &uf) wGif e0wtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyf Ad kvfcsKyfcifnGef @ (aemifAd kvfcsKyf}uD;/ tus,fcsKyfzrf;qD;cHxm;&ol) vufrSwfjzif h a=unmcsuftrSwf(1§90) ud k uref ;uwef;xkwfjyefjyD; tzG [email protected] f;ta0;}uD;ud k }ud K wifuef @owfcsKyfcs,f[ef @wm;r_ud k jyKvkyfcJ honf?

e0wtpd k;&. a=unmcsuftrSwf 1§90 tjynf htpH krSm atmufygtwd kif;jzpfonf?

(1) jrefrmEd kifiHonf 1948 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&D (4) &ufae@wGif vH k;0vGwfvyfaom tcsKyftjcmtm%myd kifEd kifiHjzpfonf?

(2) 1988 ckESpftwGif; ta&;tcif;rsm;jzpfay:cJ hojzif h Ed kifiHw0Srf;





mailto:[email protected]









vH k;wGif tajctaet&yf&yf,d k,Gif;ysufjym;cJ honf? xd kod k @ ,k d,Gif;ysuf

jym;cJ honf h tajctaet&yf &yfud k tcsd efrDxdef;odrf;Ed kif&eftwGuf jynfoljynfom;tm;vH k;tusKd;iSm wyfrawmfu Ed kifiHawmftm%mt&yf&yfud kvH k;0wm0ef,lcJ honf? jynfol @v$wfawmftygt0if Ed kifiHawmf tm%mydkiftzG J @tpnf;rsm;ud k zsufodrf;vsuf Ed kifiHawmfjidrf0yfr_wnfaqmufa&;tzG J @ud k zG J hpnf;um wm0ef}uD; (4) &yfud k aqmif &Gufrnfjzpfa=umif; a=unmjyD; Ed kfifiHawmf. ta&;udpPt00ud k wm0ef,laqmif&GufcJ honf?

(3) Ed kifiHawmfjidrf0yfr_wnfaqmufa&;tzG J @onf Ed kifiHawmftwGif;jidrf0yfydjym;a&;/ w&m;Oya'pdk;rd k;a&;ESif h e,fajrat;csrf;om,ma&;wd k @ud kxda&mufpGmxdef;odrf;Ed kif&ef vd ktyfaomOya'/ trdef @/ a=unmcsuf/ Oya'uJ hod k @tm%mwnfaomtrdef @rsm;ud k xkwfjyefcJ honf?

(4) jynfolrsm;. pm;0wfaea&;acsmifvnfap&ef yk*~vdu/ or0g,r/ zufpyfvkyfief;rsm; vkyfud kifEd kifap&eftwGuf t[ef @twm;jzpfap

aom Oya'rsm;ud ky,fzsufjyD; vk dtyfaomOya'/ trdef @nGef=um;csuf/Oya'uJ hodk @ tm%mwnfaomtrdef @rsm;ud kvnf; xkwfjyefvsuf vufawG @ taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&Gufvsuf&S donf? xd k @jyif Ed kifiHawmf.a&&SnftusKd;pD;yGm;udk ar#mfrSef;I vkyfaqmifoif honfrsm;ud kvnf; vkyfaqmifvsuf&S donf?

(5) Ed kifiHawmfjidrf0yfr_wnfaqmufa&;tzG J @onf Ed kifiHw0ef;vH k;wGif

vrf;yef;qufoG,fr_vH kjcHKacsmarG @ap&efESif h wd k;wufaumif;rGefap&ef twGuf aqmif&Gufoif honfrsm;ud kvnf; aqmif&Gufvsuf&S donf?

(6) Ed kifiHawmfjidrf0yfr_wnfaqmufa&;tzG J @onf rnfonf hzG J @pnf;yHktajccHOya'ud kr# vd kufemusif hoH k;aomtzG J @tpnf;r[kwfbJ Ed kifiHawmfud k rm&S,favm (Martial Law) jzif h tk yfcsKyfaeaom tzG J @tpnf;jzpfa=umif;/Ed kifiHawmfjidrf0yfr_wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ @tpdk;&onf ppftpd k;&tjzpf

tkyfcsKyfvsuf&S da=umif;ESif h ukvor*~tygt0if urB mhed kifiHtoD;oD;rSvufcHxm;onf h tpd k;&jzpfa=umif; tm;vH k;todyifjzpfonf?

(7) Ed kifiHwumqufqHa&;eSif h ywfoufI Ed kifiHawmfjidrf0yfr_ wnf







oef; 0if;vI d if20

aqmufa&;tzG J @onf vGwfvyfI wufºuGaom Ed kifiHjcm;a&;0g'ud k usif h

oH k;rnfjzpfa=umif; a=unmcJ hjyD; Ed kifiHtoD;oD;ESif h cspf=unfpGm qufqHvsuf&S donf? Ed kifiHtcsif;csif; oHwrefqufqHa&; wd k;wufaumif;rGefap&ef jrefrmEd kifiH&S d rnfonf hoH±H k;ud kr# ,cktcsdeftxd ydwfyifjcif;r&S dbJqufvufxm;&S dcGif hjyKjyD; yH krSefqufqHaeonf henf;wl Ed kifiHjcm;wd kif;jynfrsm;wGif jrefrmoH±H k;rsm;ud kvnf; ±kyfodrf;jcif;rjyKbJ qufvufzGif hvSpfxm;&S dum yH krSefqufvuf vnfywfvsuf&S donf htjyif ,cifu oH±H k;r&S dcJ h

aom Ed kifiHwEd kifiHwGif oH±H k;topfw±H k; wd k;csJŒzGif hvSpfcJ honf?(8) jrefrmEd kifiHonf ukvor*~tzG J @0ifEd kifiHjzpfonfeSif htnD urBmh

Ed kifiHa&;udpP&yfrsm;ESif h ukvor*~qd kif&m vkyfief;wm0efrsm; aqmif&Guf&mwGif ukvor*~qd kif&m jrefrmoH±H k;onf jrefrmEd kifiH. Ed kifiHjcm;a&;0g'ud k wduspGm vdkufemaqmif&Gufvsuf&S donf? Ed kifiHwumESif h qufqH&mwGif jrefrmEd kifiHonf jidrf;csrf;pGm twl,SOfwG Jaexd kifa&;rlESif htnD

vd kufemusif hoH k;vsuf&S donf? xd k @tjyif jref rmEd kifiHonf rdrd. vGwfvyfr_ud k xdef;odrf;umuG,fvsuf rdrd.jynfwGifa&;wGif 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif;rsm;ud kvnf; ukvor*~ yÉdnmOfpmwrf;ESif htnD vd kufemusif hoH k;vsuf&S donf?

(9) Ed kifiHtcsif;csif; qufqHa&;ysufjym;apr_ud k a&Smif&Sm;&ef oHwrefwcsKdŒ. oHwrefusifh0wfazmufzsufr_rsm;ud kvnf; oabmxm;

}uD;pGmjzif h oHwreftrnfESif h Ed kifiHtrnfrsm;ud k xkwfazmfjcif;rjyKbJ rdrdwd k @ jynfwGif;a&;wGif 0ifa&mufpGufzufjcif;rjyK&ef t}udrf}udrf ajym=um;cJ honf? xdk @jyif oHwrefenf;vrf;rsm;ESif htnD oufqd kif&moH±H k;rsm;od k @vnf; ta=umif;=um;cJ honf? ,if;od k @aqmif&Gufjcif;jzif h Ed kifiHtcsif;csif;/tpd k;&tcsif;csif; qufqHa&;ysufjym;aprnf hudpP&yfrsm;ud k a&Smif&Sm;Ed kifcJ haoma=umif h ,ae@txd rnfonf hjy\emrS ay:aygufcJ hjcif;r&S dyg? oH

wrefwcsKdŒ. vkyf&yfa=umif h rd rdwd k @tpd k;&tay: txiftjrifvG JrSm;r_rsm;ud kvnf; oabmxm;}uD;pGmxm;I oHwrefenf;jzif hom ajz&Sif;aqmif&GufcJ honf?










(10)Ed kifiHawmfjidrf0yfr_wnfaqmufa&;tzG J @onf Ed kifiHawmf. wm

0efud k ,l cJhonf htcsdefrSpI jynfaxmifpkr+ydKuG Ja&;/ wd kif;&if;om; pnf;vH k;nDnGwfr_r+ydKuG Ja&;/ tcsKyftjcm tm%mwnfwH hcd kifjrJa&;wd k @ud k pG JjrJpGmud kifpG Jaqmif&Gufvsuf&S donf? wzufwGifvnf; vufeufpG Jud kif qlylaomif;usef;olrsKd;pH kud k wyfrawmfom;rsm;. touf/ aoG;/ ac|; ajrmufrsm;pGmay;vSLvsuf xd k;ppf}uD;rsm;jzif h acsr_ef;cJ honfrSm tm;vH k;todyifjzpfonf? wyfrawmfonf Ed kifiHa&;tzG J @tpnf;r[kwfojzifh qlyl

aomif;usef;olrsm;ESif h Ed kifiHa&;enf;t& aphpyfaqG;aEG;jcif; jyKvkyfcJ hjcif;r&S dyg? od k @&mwGif vufeufud kifvrf;pOfud k pGef @v$wfI tvif;0ifvmolrsm;ud krl aumif;rGefpGm vufcH}udKqd kI jyefvnfae&mcsxm;ay;a&; vkyfief;rsm;ud k tzG J @tpnf;jzif h aqmif&Gufvsuf&S donf? Ed kifiHawmfjidrf0yfr_wnfaqmufa&;tzG J @onf Ed kifiHa&;tpd k;&r[kwfojzif h rnfonf h vufeufud kifaomif;usefoltzG J htpnf;ESif hr# Ed kifiHa&;enf;t& aphpyfaqG;aEG;

jcif;jyKvkyf&ef ta=umif;r&S day?(11)Ed kifiHawmfjidrf0yfr_wnfaqmufa&;tzG J @onf ygwDpH k 'Drd kua&pD

taxGaxGa&G;aumufyG Jud k usif;yEdkif&ef ygwDpH k'Drd kua&pD taxGaxG a&G;aumufyG Jusif;ya&;aumfr&SifOya'ud k jyÏmef;vsuf ygwDpH k'Drd kua&pD taxG xGa&G;aumufyG Jaumfr&Sifud k zG J @pnf;ay;cJ honf? a&G;aumufyG J0ifvd kaom Ed kifiHa&;ygwDrsm; rSwfyH kwifEd kif&ef Ed kifiHa&;ygwDrsm; rSwfyH kwifjcif;

Oya'ud k jyÏmef;cJ honf? xd k @jyif vGwfvyfI w&m;r#waom ygwDpH k'Drd kua&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyGJusif;yEdkif&ef jynfol @v$wfawmfa&G;aumufyG JOya'ud kvnf; jyÏmef;ay;cJ honf?

(12)jynfol @v$wfawmfa&G;aumufyG JOya'yk'fr (3)wGif “v$wfawmfud krJqENe,frsm;rS TOya'ESif htnD a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufvd kufaomv$wfawmfud k,fpm;vS,frsm;jzif h zG J @pnf;&rnf” [lI jyÏmef;yg&S donf?

,if;jyÏmef;csufESif htnD v$wfawmfac:,lzG J @pnf;jcif;ud k Ed kifiHawmf jidrf0yfr_wnfaqmufa&;tzGJ @u aqmif&Gufay;rnf? xd kodk @ v$wfawmfac: ,lEd kifa&;twGuf ygwDpH k'Drd kua&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyG J usif;ya&;aumf







oef; 0if;vI d if22

r&Sifu aqmif&Guf&efudpP&yfrsm;/ a&G;aumufyG JwGif ta&G;cH&onf h ygwD

rsm;ESif h a&G ;aumufyG JwGif ta&G;cH&onf h yk *~ dKvfrsm;u aqmif&Guf&ef udpP&yfrsm;ud k Oya'/ enf ;Oya'rsm;ESif htnD aqmif&Gufxm;=u&ef tcgtm;avsmfpGm owif;xkwfjyefa&;tzG J @u &Sif;vif;cJ hjyD;jzpfonf?

(13) ,ae@ ygwDpH k 'Drd kua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyG J usif ;yjyD;pD;onf haemufyk dif;wGif v$wfawmfac:,la&;/ tm%mv$ Jajymif;a&;udpPrsm;ESif hpyfvsOf;I pmapmifrsm;xkwfa0aejcif;/aqG;aEG;jiif;cH kjcif;/ jynfytoHv$if h

Xmersm;rS a&SŒaqmifvrf;jyvkyfjcif;/ aoG;xd k;v_ H @aqmfjcif;/ w&m;r0ifpm&Gufpmwrf;xkwfa0jcif;rsm; jyKvkyfae=uonf?

(14)v$wfawmfac:,la&;eSif h ywfoufI txufwGif &Sif;vif;azmfjycJ hjyD;jzpfonf? tm%mv$ Jajymif;a&;udpPESif h pyf vsOf;I Ed kifiHawmfjidrf0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzG J @OuUX u wd kif;rSL;rsm;/ wyfrrSL;/ jynfe,fESif hwd kif;jidrf0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzG J @OuUXrsm;tm; tcgtm;avsmfpGm

ajym=um;cJ honh frdef @cGef;rsm;wGif nGefjycJ hjyD;jzpfonf? Ed kifiHawmf jidrf0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzG J @ twGif;a&;rSL; (1) taejzif hvnf; 1990 jynf hESifh Zlvd kif13 &ufae@wGif usif;yonf h (100) }udrfajrmuf owif;pm&Sif;vif;yG JY wdwdvif;vif;ajymqd kcJ hjyD; jzpfonf?

(15)EdkifiHa&;tzG J @tpnf;w&yfonf jynfol @v$wfawmfw&yf ay: aygufvm±H kjzif h Oya'jyKr_tm%m/ pDrHcef @cG Jr_tm%mESif h w&m;pD &ifr_ tm

%m[laom tcsKyftjcmtm%m (3) &yfud k tvd ktavsmufr&&S dbJzG J @pnf;yH ktajccHOya'w&yftay: tajcjyKIom &,lEd kifa=umif; txl;&Sif;vif;&ef vd krnfr[kwfyg/ 1947 ckESpfzG J @pnf;tkyfcsKyfyH ktajccHOya'onf 1947 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv 24 &ufae@wGif wd kif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfuvufcHI Oya'tjzpf twnfjyKcJ honf? od k @aomf xd ktajccHOya'tm%mwnfjyD; trSefwu,f tusKd;oufa&mufonfrSm jrefrmEd kifiH

vHk;0vGwfvyfaom tcssyftjcmtm%mydkifEdkifiHawmfjzpfa=umif;a=unmonf h 1948 ck ESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv (4) &ufae@wGifrSjzpfonfud k Oya'a=umif;t& txift&Sm;awG @Ed kifonf? Ed kifiHwck. zG J @pnf;yH ktajccHOya'










w&yfonf vGwfvyfa&;r&rD a&;om;xm;onf h Oya'ESif h vGwfvyfa&;

&&S donf haemufrS a&;om;xm;onf h Oya'[lI ESpfrsKd;&S donf? vGwfvyfa&;&&S dcJ h=uonf h urB m@Ed kifiHtoD;oD;wGif tcsKyftjcmtm%mud k vufqkyfvufud kif&jyD;rSom wd kif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfud kac:,lI zG J @pnf;yH k tajccHOya'ud k a&;qG J=uonf h tpOftvm&S donf? jrefrmEd kifiHwGifrl wd kif;jynfjyKv$wfawmfwGif zG J @pnf;yH ktajccHOya'ud k a&;qG JjyD;rS vGwfvyfa&; a=unmcJ h&onf? xd kod k @ aqmif&GufcJ hjcif;onf xd ktcsdefu ed kifiHacgif;aqmif

rsm;taejzif h jAd wdo#wd k @xHrS jidrf;csrf;aomenf;jzif h vG wfvyfa&;ud k tjref&,lvd kaomqENa=umif h aqmif&Gufjcif;jzpfa=umif; rSm xif&Sm;onf?

(16)1974 ckESpf tajccHOya'ud k avhvmygu vGwfvyfa&;&jyD;aemufa&;qG Jjcif;jzpfjyD; jynfol @qENcH,lyG Jjzif h jyÏmef ;cJ haomOya'jzpfonfud k rnfolr#jiif;qd kjcif;jyKEd kifrnfr[kwfyg?

(17)1947 ckESpf zG J @pnf;yH ktajccHOya'onf vGwfvyfa&;r&rD a&;qG J

onf h Oya'jzpf jyD; 1974 ckESpfzG J @pnf;yH ktajccHOya'onf vGwfvyfa&;&jyD;rS a&;qG Jonf hOya'jzpfa=umif; uGmjcm;csufud k txl;owdjyK&efvd konf?

(18)ygwDpH k'Drd kua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyG JwGif 0ifa&muf,SOf+ydKifcJh=uonf h Ed kifiHa&;ygwDtrsm;pk.qENrSm zG J @pnf;yH ktajccHOya'opf a&;qG Ja&;jzpfa=umif; ,if;wd k @. oabmxm;a=unmcsufrsm;t& od&SdEd kifonf? 1974 ckESpf zG J @pnf;yH ktajccHOya'a&;qG JpOfu wd kif;&if;om;rsm;t

a&;ESif hywfoufI yifvH knDvmcHwGif &Srf;/ ucsif/ csif;vlrsKd;pkrsm;ESif homaqG;aEG;nd ‡E_ dif;cJ hjyD; rGef/ &cd kifpaomvlrsKd;pkrsm;ESif h aqG;aEG;n‡ dE_ dif;r_ r&S da=umif; awG @=u&rnfjzpfonf? ,ae@jrefrmEd kifiHwGif Ed kifiHa&;Ed k;=um;vmaom wd kif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; trsm;tjym;&Sd&m ‚if;wd kif;.qEN oabmxm;rsm;ud k nd ‡Ed _if;&,ljyD; cd kifrmonf hzG J @pnf;yH ktajccHOya'opfw&yf a&;qG JjyÏmef;&ef txl;vd ktyfaea=umif; xif&Sm;aeonf?

(19)Ed kifiHawmfjidrf0yfr_wnfaqmufa&;tzG J @onf ppftpd k;&w&yfjzpfonfESif htnD rm&S,favm (Martial Law) Oya'ud k ud kifpGJoH k;aeonf htpd k;&jzpfonf? xd kod k @jzpfonfESif htnD jrefrmEd kifiHtm; atmufygtwd kif;







oef; 0if;vI d if24

tm%moH k;&yfjzif h usif hoH k;vsuf&S donf?

(u) Oya'jyKr_tm%m? ? Ed kifiHawmfjidrf0yfr_wnfaqmufa&;tzG J @uom usif hoH k;yd kifcGif h&S donf?

(c) pDrHcef @cG Jr_tm%m? ? Ed kifiHawmfjidrf0yfr_ wnfaqmufa&;tzG J @u usif hoH k;yd kifcGif h&S donf? od k @&mwGif ,if;tm%mud k tpd k;&tzG J @ESif hwuG jynfe,f/ wd kif;/ +rdKŒe,fpk/ +rdKŒe,f/ &yfuGufaus;&Gmtkyfpk jidrf0yfydjym;r_ wnfaqmufa&;tzG J @tqif hqif htm; cG Ja0ay;vsuf pDrHcef @cG Ja&;

udpP&yfrsm;ud k pkaygif;acgif;aqmifr_jzif h wm0efay; aqmif&Gufapvsuf&S donf? ,if;od k @ aqmif&Gufapjcif;rSm zG J @pnf;yH ktajccHOya'ESif h ay:aygufvmrnf htpd k;&vufxufwGif 0efxrf;rsm;onf Xmeqd kif&mvkyfief;rsm;ud kEd kifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ESif huif;&Sif;pGm aqmif&GufEd kifap&ef avhusif haqmif&Gufay;aejcif;jzpfonf?

(*) w&m;pD&ifr_tm%m? ?Ed kifiHawmf+idrf0yfr_wnf aqmuf

a&;tzG J @u usif hoH k;yd kifcGif h&S donf? od k @&mwGif zG J @pnf;yH ktjccHOya' ay:aygufvmonf htcsdefwGif tavhtusif h&ap&ef omref&mZ0wfr_ESif h w&m;rr_ponfrsm;udk w&m;±Hk;tqif hqif hzG J @pnf;jyD; ppfaq;pD&ifapvsuf&S donf?

(20)xd k@a=umif h ,ae@tajctaewGif jynfolrsm;u a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufvd kufaom ud k,fpm;vS,frsm;onf tem*wf'Drd kua&pD Ed kifiH

awmf zG J @pnf;yH ktajccHOya'ud k a&;qG J=u&ef wm0ef&S donf hyk*~ dKvfrsm; jzpfonf?

(21)Ed kifiHawmftm%m&,la&;twGuf ,m,DzG J @pnf;yH k tajccH Oya'a&;qG JI tpd k;&zG J hpnf;jcif;ud k rnfonh fenf;ESif hr# vufcHEd kifrnf r[kwfonf htjyif xd kod k haqmif&Gufygu Oya'ESih ftnD xda&mufpGm ta&;,lrnfjzpfa=umif;ESif h jynf ol @qENESif htnD cd kifrmaomzG J @pnf;yH k tajccH Oya'

opft& ay:aygufvmrnf h tpd k;&w&yfrzG J @pnf;rD =um;umvwGif Ed kifiHawmfjidrf0yfr_wnfaqmufa&;tzG J @taejzif h

(u) jynfaxmifpkr+ydKuG Ja&;/ wd kif;&if;om;pnf;vH k;nDnGwfr_ r+ydK









oef; 0if;vI d if26

trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyfrS Zlvd kifv 29 &ufae@wGif xkwfjyefcJ h

aom *E< Dcef;ra=unmpmwrf;tjynfhtpH krSm atmufygtwdkif;jzpfonf?1? trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyfrS jynfol @v$wfawmfud k,fpm;vS,f

rsm;jzpf=uukef aom u|Ek fyfwd k @onf jrefrmouU&mZf 1352 ckESpf/ 0gacgifvqef; (7) &ufESif h (8) &uf (1990jynf hESpf/ Zlvd kif 28 &ufESif h 29 &uf)ae@rsm;wGif &efukef+rdKŒ/ ausmufwHwm;+rdKŒe,f&S d *E< dcef;raqmifY pka0;a&muf&S d=u+yD; wd kif;&if;om;jynfolw&yfvH k;. tusKd ;iSm Ed kifiHawmfa&;

&mtjzmjzmESif h jynfol @v$wfawmfac:qd kzG J @pnf;a&;udpPt00wd k @ud k aqG;aEG;nd ‡E_ dif;wd kifyif=ujyD; oumv wnDwnGwfwnf;qH k;jzwfum T‘*Ecef;ra=unmpmwrf;’uk d xkwfjyefa=unmvd kuf=uayonf?

2? jrefrmEd kifiHwGif ESpfaygif;(30) twGif; yxrqH k;t}udrftjzpf1990 jynf hESpf arv 27 &ufae@Y usif;ycJ haom ygwDpH k'Drd kua&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyG J}uD;wGif jynfol @v$wfawmfud k,fpm;vS,fae&m (485)

ae&mtwGuf usif;ycJ h&mY trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyfonf trsm;jynfolvlxk}uD;. wcJeufaom axmufcHr_wd k hjzif h jynfol @v$wfawmfud k,fpm;vS,fae&m (392) ae&mwGif tEd kif&&S dcJ hayonf? od k @&mwGif trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDzG J @csKyfonf urB mh'Drd kua&pDEd kifiHrsm;. usih fxH k;rsm;twd kif; zG J @pnf;&rnf h tpd k;&w&yfud k cd kifrmpGmzG J @pnf;ed kifavmufonf h xuf0ufausmf jynfol @v$wfawmfud k,fpm;vS,ftiftm;xuf ausmfvGef±H kr#ru

v$wfawmfud k,fpm;vS,fta&wGuf. &mcd kifE_ef; (80) ausmftxd vH k;vH k;vsm;vsm;tEd kif&&S dcJ hojzif h jynfol @v$wfawmftm; OD;aqmifEd kifaom taetxm; tcd kiftrm&&S dxm;jyD; jzpfayonf?

3? ,cktcg ygwDpH k'Drd kua&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyG J}uD; atmifjrifpGm usif;yjyD;cJ hjyD;jzpfavonf? taxGaxGa&G;aumufyG J}uD;jyD;v#if jynfol @v$wfawmfud k ra&S;raESmif;umvY tjrefqH k;zG J @pnf;ay;&rnfrSm "rRwm

yifjzpfavonf? jynfolvlxkuvnf; Ttwd kif; ar#mfvif hae=uayonf? odk @aomf a&G;aumufyG J}uD;jyD;I &ufaygif; (60) =umvmonf hwd kifatmif jynfol @v$wfawmfud k rzG J @pnf;&ao;ay?










a&G;aumufyG JwGif vH k;vH k;vsm;vsm;trsm;pktEd kif&&S dxm;aom trsKd;

om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyfonf Ed kifiHawmftwGuf avmavmq,f tusKd;pD;yGm;ESif h a&&Snftem*wfumvtusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;ud k tajccH xm;I/ wrsKd;om;vH k; jyefvnfoif hjrwfa&;pdwf"gwfjzifh yGif;vif;aom/ ±d k;om;aom/apwemtjynf hygaom ESpfOD;ESpfzufnd ‡E_ dif;aqG;aEG;aqmif&Gufr_rsm; jyKvkyfoGm;&ef Ed kifiHawmfjidrf0yfr_wnfaqmufa&;tzG J @od k @trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyfA[d ktvkyftr_aqmiftzG J @rS tqd kjyKcsufud kvnf; Ed kifiHawmfjidrf

0yfr_wnfaqmufa&;tzG J @u wpH kw&m ta=umif;jyef=um;jcif;r&S dcJhay?4? &[ef;&Sifjynfolrsm;/ v,form;rsm;/ tvkyform;rsm;/ ausmif;

om;vli,frsm;/ 0efxrf;rsm;tygt0ifjzpfaom wd kif;&if;om;jynfol vlxk}uD;onf Ed kifiHawmf'Drd kua&pDtcGif hta&;rsm; uef @owfcHxm;r_a=umif hvuf&S drsufarSmufjyKae&aom pm;0wfaea&;=uyfwnf;r_/ pd k;&drfxdwfvef@ae&r_ESifh aomuAsmyg'ab;rS uif;vGwfa&;wd k @twGuf 'Drd kua&pD

tkyfcsKyfa&;pepfud k tjrefqHk;ul;ajymif;a&muf&S d&efqENjyif;jyvsuf &S daeayonf?

5? 'Drd kua&pDpepfud kusif hoHk;onf h ,Ofaus;aom vl @tzG J @tpnf;/wd kif;Ed kifiHwd kif;wGif jynfol @v$wfawmfud k tjrif hqH k;aom r¾kdKif}uD;w&yftjzpf jynfolvlxkw&yfvH k;u tav;tjrwfjyKxm;jcif;tm;jzif h Ed kifiHawmf*k%fusufoa&ud k jr‡if hwif=upjrJjzpfavonf? u|Ek fyfwd k @ jrefrmEd kifiH

wGifvnf; 'Drd kua&pDjynfol @v$wfawmfjuD;w&yf iGm;iGm;pGif hpGif h wnf &S daerSom usufoa&r*Fvm xnf0gjynf hpH kjyD; urB mhtv,fwGif av;pm;cHxd kufaom *k%ft*Fgtaygif;jzif h wif hw,fayrnf[k u|Ek fyfwd k @u tav;teuf ,Hk=unf=uayonf?

6? ,ae@ jynfolwd k @ &ifqd kifae&aom Ed kifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;paom t=uyftwnf;rsm;onf jynfolwd k @u ,H k=unfud k;pm;pGm a&G;

cs,fwifajr‡mufvd kufonf h jynfol @v$wfawmfuk d,fpm;vS,frsm;jzif h zG J @pnf;aom jynfol@v$wfawmfuom OD;aqmifI jynfol@qENESif htnD ajz&Sif;tyfayonf?








9? xd k @aemuf 'Drd kua&pDjynfaxmifpkopftwGuf &nfoefaom zG J @

pnf;tkyfcsKyfyH k tajccH Oya'opfuk d u|Ek fyfwd k @yg0ifaom jynfol @v$wfawmfuomv#if a&;qG JjyÏmef;twnfjyK&ef wm0ef&S dayonf? u|Ek fyfwd k @uvnf; xd kwm0efud k xrf;aqmifaomtcgY us,fjyef @pGm nd ‡E_ dif; aqmif&GufoGm;=urnfjzpfayonf?

od k @aomf jynfol @v$wfawmf. tm%mtyfESif;r_r&S dbJ jynfol @v$wfawmf. tm%mpufr&S dbJ/ jynfol @v$wfawmf. taqmifta,mif t

&S deft0gr&S dbJ/ jynfol @v$wfawmfu twnfjyKjyÏmef;jcif;r&S dbJ/ jynfol @v$wfawmfrS tjcm;rnfonf hae&m/ rnfonf htcsdefYrqd k/ zGJ @pnf;tkyfcskyfyH k tajccHOya'ud k a&;qG JcGif hvnf;r&S d/ jyÏmef;twnfjyKcGif hvnf;r&S d/ od k @a&;qG J=urnfqd kv#if v$wfawmftm%mpufr&S dojzif h Oya'tm%mpufvnf; &S dvdrf hrnfr[kwfay? Tvrf;a=umif;twd kif; aqmif&Gufr_onfoduQmyif &S dvdrf hrnfr[kwf[k u|Ek fyfwd k @,lqonf?

xd k @a=umif h jynfolvlxk vd kvm;awmif hwaeaom 'Drd kua&pDjynfaxmifpkopf}uD; xlaxmif&eftwGuf &nfoefaom zG J @pnf;tkyfcsKyfyH k tajccHOya'opfa&;qG J&eftvd k @iSmyif jynfol @v$wfawmfud k aqmv#ifpGmac:,lzG J @pnf;&ef txl;vd ktyfa=umif;rSm xif&Sm;ayonf?

10? Tae&mwGif 'Drd kua&pDtpd k;& ray:aygufrD umvwav#mufrvG JraoG/ ra&Smifrv$Jomay:aygufrnf h 'Drd kua&pDtcGifhta&;rsm; jy

\emud kvnf; acsmarmpGm ud kifwG,fajz&Sif;=uvdrf hrnf[k u|Ek fyfwd k @ oabm&&S dayonf?

'Drd kua&pDtpd k;& ay:xGef;onf htcgusrSom 'Drd kua&pDtcGif hta&;awG&&S dap/ Tod k @ray:xGef;rDumvYrl 'Drd kua&pDtcGif hta&;rsm; qdwfokOf;aeqd konf htjzpfrsKd;um; vH k;0rvd kvm;tyfay?

'Drd kua&pDtpd k;&ray:aygufrDumvwGif 'Drd kua&pD tajctaersm;

zefwD;ay;r_[m 'Drd kua&pDjynfaxmifpkopfxlaxmifa&;txd/ at;csrf;om,mpGm nifomaomtoGifjzif h taxmuftuljyK jzpfxGef;oGm;vdrf hrnf[k u|Ek fyfwd k @,H k=unfayonf? 'Drd kua&pDtajctaersm; &S dygrSvnf;







oef; 0if;vI d if30

jynfolvlxkonf wxdwfxdwfwvef @vef @ESif h usD ;vef @pmpm;ae&aom

Asmyg'ab;wd k @rS uif;a0;=uonfjzpfI ud k,fpdwfESpfyg;csrf;omum 'Drd kua&pDjynfaxmifpkopf xlaxmifa&;ud k wufnDvufnD ud k,fpDtodpdwf"gwfjzif h aqmif&GufoGm;Ed kif=uygrnf?

Tumvrsm;twGif; trsm;jynfolvlxktwGuf tedrf hqH k;tm;jzif hcHpm;xd kufaom vGwfvyfpGm a&;om;yH kES dyfxkwfa0cGif h/ vGwfvyfpGm,lqwifjycGif hwd k @onf pnfyifae&ygrnf? jynfol @v$wfawmfwGif tpd k;&w&yf

ud k vGwfvGwfu|wfu|wf zG J @pnf;Ed kifavmufatmif v$wfawmfud k,fpm;vS,f vH k;vH k;vsm;vsm;trsm;pk&&S dxm;aom trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyfud k,fwd kifu tedrf hqH k; 'Drd kua&pDtcGif hta&;wd k @ud kyif qH k;±_ H;tepfemcHae&onf[kqd kv#if jzpf±d k;jzpfpOfEd kifiHa&;obm0,kwœ drsm;ESif h vH k;0 zDvmjzpfaeayrnf? jynfolvlxktjyif urB mhtjrifwd k @Y tvGefw&mrS tusnf;wefaernfrSm aocsmayonf?

u|Ef kyfwd k @onf ygwD pH k'Drd kua&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyG J}uD;rSwqif hrJqeN&Sif jynfolvlxk. qENtqH k;tjzwfud k &,lxm;olrsm;jzpfI xd kobm0ESif h vd kufavsmnDaxGpGm oif hwif havsmufywfaom tqif htwef;ud k &&S d=u&ayrnf? ,kwfpGtqH k; u|Ek fyfwd k @tm; taESmif ht,Suf/ t[ef @twm; jcdrf;ajcmufr_wd k @rS uif;a0;ap&rnf?

11? avmavmq,f tajctaet& u|Ek fyfwd k@Ed kifiHwGif wygwDpepf

rS ygwDpH k'Drd kua&pDpepfod k @ ul;ajymif;&rnfjzpfojzif h ajz&Sif;aqmif&Guf=u&rnfhtusyftwnf;/ tcuftcJjy\emrsm;&S drnfudk u|Ek fyf tusyfwnf;rsm;ud kvnf; 'Drd kua&pDtajccHw&m;rsm;ud k rxdyg;rysuf,Gif;apbJ/trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyfESif h Ed kifiHawmfjidrf0yfr_wnfaqmufa&;tzG J @onf wrsKd;om;vH k;jyefvnfoif hjrwfa&;OD;wnfcsufjzif h ±d k;om;r_/ yGif hvif;r_/ tjyeftvSefav;pm;r_wd k @ud k tajccHum awG @qH kaqG;aEG; tajz&Smjcif;

tm;jzifh rkcsajz&Sif;Ed kif&rnf[k u|Ek fyfwd k @ ar#mfvif h=uayonf?,ae@ urB mwGif tvGef±_yfaxG;eufeJaom/ vlom;tm;vH k;ud k ysuf

jyKef;aprnf h t%k jrLppfyG J}uD;tEœ &m,fud kyif awG @qH kaqG;aEG; tajz&Smjcif;









oef; 0if;vI d if32

od k @uvd k *E< Dtpnf;ta0;}uD;ud k v$wfawmftjzpf ajymif;vJ a=u

nmEd kifcJ hjcif;r&S donf htwGuf tm;rvd ktm;r&jzpfolrsm; &S dcJ havonf?*E< Dtpnf;a0;}uD;aemufyd kif;Y tzG J @csKyfonf v$wfawmfac:ay;a&;/ tm%mv$ Jajymif;a&;ud k t}udrf}udrfawmif;qd k ajym=um;oHrSefor#ud k e0wppftpd k;&u ‘olcd k;vljyef[pf’ qd kovd k ‘tm%m±l;rsm;’ / ‘1§90 udkcsKd;azmufqef@usifaer_rsm;’tjzpf wkef @jyef&efapmif&if; NLD uk dt"duOD;wnf&efol}uD;tjzpf owfrSwfjyD; zufaygif;pH krS csKd;ES drfES dyfuGyfr_rsm; wd k;

jr‡if hvmcJ honf?xd k @aemuf e0wppftpd k;&onf ,m,DOuUX OD;=unfarmiftygt

0if tzG J @csKyfacgif;aqmifrsm;/ t+rdKŒ+rdKŒte,fe,fu v$wfawmfud k,fpm;vS,frsm; zrf;qD;cJ h&ovd k/ ac:,lppfaq;ar;cHr_rsm;/ xdef;odrf;uef @owfta&;,lcH&r_rsm;ud k qufwd kufjyKvkyfvmcJ honf?

e0wppftpdk;&. v$wfawmfac:,lay;a&; jiif;qefaer_ajumif h

wufºuGaom v$wfawmfud k,fpm;vS,ftcsKdŒu 1990 jynf hESpf/ pufwifbm/ atmufwd kbmtwGif; tr&yl&ESif h rEœav;+rd KŒrsm;Y v#KdŒ0SufawG @qH kaqG;aEG;r_rsm; vkyfaqmifcJ h=ujyD; pif+ydKiftpd k;&zG J @pnf;Ed kifa&;ud k }udK;yrf;v_yf&Sm;cJ hr_rsm; ay:aygufvmcJ honf? ppftpd k;&axmufvSrf;a&;u azmfxkwfzrf;qD;jyD; jyif;jyif;xefxef ta&;,lcJ honf htwGuf tzG J @csKyf v$wfawmfud k,fpm;vS,ftcsKdŒ axmif'%fcsrSwfcH&onf htjyif v$wfawmf

ud k,fpm;vS,ftjzpfrS y,fzsufa=umif; a&G;aumufyG Jaumfr&SifrS rw&m;ojzif ha=unmjcif;ud k cHcJ h&onf? v$wfawmfud k,fpm;vS,fwcsKdŒ zrf;qD;cH&mrS axmifxJYyifaoqH k;cJ h&onf? (Oyrm c&rf;v$wfawmf ud k,fpm;vS,f OD;wifarmif0if;onf tif;pdefaxmifwGif;Y e0w ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;rsm;. n‡Of;yef;ES dyfpufr_a=umif h 1991 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv (18) &ufae@wGif axmifwGif;Y aoqH k;oGm;cJ h&onf? OD;wifarmif0if;. ZeD;rSm pma&;

q&mr,k0wDcifv_ dif=uLjzpfjyD; om;orD; (2) OD;usef&pfcJ honf?) wcsKdŒe,fpyfa'o awmfvSefa&;e,fajrrsm;twGif; xGufajy;wdrf;a&SmifcJ h& onf?










,m,DOuUXOD=unfarmifzrf;qD;axmifcscHvd kuf&jyD;aemuf tzG J @csKyf

. ,m,DOuUXtjzpf Ad kvfrSL;a[mif;OD;atmifa&$ jzpfvmcJ honf? tjidrf;pm; Ad kvfrSL;csKyfatmifa&$onf r&rf;ukef;+rdKŒe,f/ rJqENe,ftrSwf (1)wGif trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyftm; ud k,fpm;jyKI 0ifa&muf ,SOf+ydKifcJ h&m a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufjcif;cH&onf? OD;atmifa&$ud k 1918 ckESpf/ arv19 &ufae@wGif tzOD;zd k;uGef;/ trda':odef;wifwd k @rS zGm;jrifcJ honf? 1940jynf hESpfwGif &efukefwuUok dvf bDat (0dZ… m) bG J @&&S dcJ hjyD; 1942 rS 1945

txd Ad kvfcsKyfatmifqef;OD;aqmifaom ArmhvGwfvyfa&;wyfrawmf (bDtd kifat)/ ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmf(bD'Dat) ESif h ArmhrsKd;cspfwyfrawmf (yDbDtufzf) wd k @wGif yg0ifcJ honf? 1945 rSpI wyfrawmf (=unf;)wGif ud k,fyd kiftrSwf 3505 jzif h Ad kvf}uD;tqif hrSpI wm0efxrf;&GufcJ h&m1950 wGif Ad kvfrSL;}uD;tqif hjzif h ppfaxmufcsKyf/ 1955 wGif ajrmufyd kif;wd kif;ppfXmecsKyfwd kif;rSL;tjzpf wd k;jr‡if hjcif;cH&onf? 1955 ckESpf/ azazmf

0g&Dv 25 &ufae@rS 1961 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv 15 &ufae@twGif; awmifyd kif;wd kif;ppfXmecsKyfwGif Ad kvfrSL;csKyftqif hjzif h wd kif;rSL;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifaepOf a&G;aumufyG JY bufvd kufvkyfcJ ha=umif; pdppfawG @&S d&ojzif hqd kum 1961 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv (13) &ufae@wGif &mxl;cef @xm;a&;tzG J @tpnf;ta0;rS wyfrawmfwGif ppfr_xrf;jcif;rS tjidrf;pm;,lcGif hjyKcJ honf?1961 rS 1975 txd jrefrmEd kifiHqd kif&moHtrwf}uD;tjzpf =opaw;vs/

(e,l;ZDvef) ygyl;wG JI tD*spf/ jyifopf/ (pydefESih f ,leufpud k) tzG J @wd k @ygyl;wG Jwm0ef,lI 1975 wGif tjidrf;pm;,lcJ honf? 1980 jynf hESpf/ ZGefv7 &ufae@wGif Ed kifiH h*k%f&nfbG J @ (yxrqif h) csD;jr‡if hjcif;cH&onf? rsKd;cspf&Jabmfa[mif;rsm;tzG J @ESif h trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyfwd k @wGif A[d ktvkyftr_aqmifESif h OuUX wm0ef,lcJhonf?

,m,DOuUXOD;atmifa&$ud k e0wppftpd k;& jypfr_usif hxH k; yk'fr (165)

t& qif hac: jyD; (1§90) ud k vd kufem&ef qif hac:ta=umif;=um;cJ h&m OD;atmifa&$u 1990 jynfhESpf/ Ed k0if bm 12 &ufwGif trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyf A[d kOD;pD;tzG J @0ifrsm;ESih f awG @qH kaqG;aEG;um NLD . a=unmcsuf







oef; 0if;vI d if34

trSwf (30§90) xkwfjyefay;cJ honf? a=unmcsuf tjynf htpH krSm -

1? e0wtzGJ @. (27 ² 7 ² 90) ae@pG Jyg a=unmcsuftrSwf (1§90)tay: trsKd;om;axmufvSrf;a&;tzG J @u ygwDpH k'Drd kua&pD taxGaxGa&G;aumufyG JwGif yg0if,SOf+ydKifcJ h =uonf h Ed kifiHa&;ygwDrsm;. oabmxm;uk dawG @qH kar;jref;um atmufygtcsufrsm;ud k wm0efcHvufrSwfa&;xd k;apcJ hygonf?

(u) a=unmcsuf (1§90) ud k aocsmpGmzwf±_avhvm od&S djyD;

jzpfygonf?(c) a=unmcsuf (1§90) ud k vd kufemrnf§ rvd kufemrnf?(*) a=unmcsuf(1§90)ud k rvd kufemygu Oya't& ta&;,lcH&rnfud k od&S dygonf?(C) a=unmcsuf (1§90) ud k rvd kufemygu ygwDtzG J @tpnf;rsm; zsufodrf;cH&rnfud k od&S dygonf?

2? ,if;ar;jref;csufrsm;ud k usif hxH k;yk'fr (160) t& ac:,lar;jref;EdkifcGif h&S donfjzpfI ygwDtzG J @tpnf;rsm;rS ‚if;wd k @wm0efay;tyfvd kufonf hud k,fpm;vS,fyk*~ dKvfrsm;udk ac:,lar;jref;onf[k qd kif&mu qd kygonf?Ttcsufud k oufqd kif&mygwDu vufrSwfa&;xd k;&rnf hpm&GufwGif twdtvif; a&;om;azmfjywm;ygonf? xd k @tjyif ‚if;vufrSwfa&;xd k;&rnf hpm&GufwGif oufqd kif&mtzG J @tpnf;ygwD. A[d ktvkyftr_aqmiftzG J @0if

rsm;. trnfpm&if;ud kvnf; yl;wG Jxm;ygonf?3? jypfr_qd kif&musif hxH k;Oya'yk'fr (160) rSm atmufygtwd kif; jzpfyg

onf?Police Officer Power of Require Attendance of Witnesses

Any police officer making an investigation under this chapter, by order

in writing, require the attendance before himself of any person being within

the limit of his own or any adjoining station who, from the information given

or other wise, appear to be acquainted with the circumstances of the case, and

such person shall attend as so required.










oufaorsm;a&muf&ap&e &Jt&m&Su qiqdEdifontm%m

Ttrdef @t& pH kprf;axmufvSrf;jcif;jyKaom rnfonf h&Jt&m&S drqd k/ay;xm;aomowif;t&jzpfap/ tjcm;enf;t&jzpfap/ tr_tjzpftysufta=umif;t&mrsm;ud k odu|rf;yH kay:aom rdrd.pcef;e,fajrtwGif; (od k @r[kwf) qufpyfaeaom &Jpcef;ajrtwGif;&S d rnfol @ud krqd k rdrda&SŒod k @a&muf&S dap&ef trdef @pmjzif h qif hqd kEd kifonf?

4? xdk @tjyif Ed kifiHawmfjidrf0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzG J @u xkwf

jyefcsufrSefor#wd k @onf (Martial Law) t& xkwfjyefjcif;jzpfa=umif;/EdkifiHawmfjidrf0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzG J @onf Oya'jyKtm%m/ tkyfcsKyfr_tm%m/ w&m;pD&ifr_tm%moH k;&yfud k oH k;pG Jaeonfjzpfa=umif;/od k @jzpfI ‚if;wd k @xkwfjyefonf h a=unmcsufrsm;ud k trsm;uvd kuf em&efjzpfa=umif; oufqd kif&mu ajym=um;ygonf?

5? tu,fI a=unmcsuf (1§90) ud k rvd kufemygu -

(u) vufrSwfa&;xd k;&rnf hpmwGif yl;wG Jxm;onf hyk*~dKvfrsm;tm; yk'fr (160) t& ta&;,ltjypfay;Ed kifonf?(c) xd k @tjyif txufygtyd k'fcG J (C) t& oufqd kif&mygwDud kvnf; zsufodrf;jcif;cH&Ed kifygonf?

6? trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG JŒcsKyfonf rdrdtzG JŒcsKyfwGif yg0ifaqmif&Gufae=uolrsm;tm; yk*~ dKvft& ta&;,ltjypfay;cH&jcif;xuf 1988

ck =o*kwfv 8 &ufae@ 'Drd kua&pDawmif;cHr_rsm;t& wnfaqmufcJ hjyD;jynfolwd k @ ,H k=unfud k;pm;onf htzG J @csKyf ysuf jyKef;oGm;rnf htjzpfud k vHk ;0(vH k;0) vufrcHEd kifay?

7? rdrdwd k @tzG J @csKyfud k pwifwnfaxmifcJ honf hae@rSpI ,ae@xufwd kifatmif }uD;pGmaomt=uyftwnf;/ tvSnf htajymif;rsm; t=um;rSyif &yfwnfr_rysufjym;atmif w&m;Oya't& ±kef;uefv_yf&Sm;cJ h&yg

onf? yxrtm;jzif h Ed kifiHa&;tzG J @tpnf;w&yftjzpf v_yf&Sm;ed kif&ef rSwfyH kwifcJ honf? 'kwd,tm;jzif h (e²o) ud k ,lcJ honf? wwd,tm;jzif h a&G;aumufyG JwGif yg0if,SOf+ydKif ta&G;cHcJ honf?







oef; 0if;vI d if36

8? tu,fI tzG J @csKyftm; zsufodrf;jcif;cH&ygu jynfolwd k @ud k,fwd kif

ay;tyfxm;onf h 'Drd kua&pDa&;wm0efrsm;ud k rxrf;aqmifEd kifawmhbJrdrdwd k @tzG J @csKyf. vkyfief;udpPt00ud kvnf; rnfod k @r# qufvufaqmif&GufEd kifawmhrnfr[kwfay? Tod k @tm;jzif h tzG J @csKyftaejzif h w&m;0if Ed kifa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rsm; ed*H k;csKyfoGm;rnfom jzpfayonf?

9? tzG J @csKyfonf qufvufI &Sifoeftouf0ifaerSomv#if Ed kifiHa&;t& qufvufI pnf;±H k;v_yf&Sm;Ed kifcGif h&S donfjzpfayonf? odk @jzpfI

tzG J @csKyf &Sifoefaejcif;u tusKd;&S drnfudk tav;teufxm;ygonf?10? wu,f hyuwdjzpf&yfud k "rR"dXmefusus qifjcifoH k;oyfcJ h=uyg

onf? urB mhord kif;wGif rnfonh fEd kifiHrS t=uyftwnf; tcuftcJrsm;&S daeygu 'D rd kua&pDud k vG,fvif hwuljzif h &&S dEd kifcJ honf hom"uud k rawG @&S d&yg?

11? tu,fI tzG J @csKyf ysuf okOf;oGm;v#if tzG J @csKyfud k ud k,fpm;jyKjyD;

0ifa&mufta&G;cHcJ h=uonf h jynfol @v$wfawmfud k,fpm;vS,frsm;onfvnf; w&m;0if&yfwnfcGif h&awmhrnfr[kwf[k ,lqygonf?

12? tzG J @csKyfonf trsKd;om;w&yfvH k;u vd kvm;awmif hwae=uaom 'Drd kua&pDa&;uk d pnf;urf;enf;vrf;wus jidrf;csrf;aomenf;vrf;rsm;jzif h &&S da&;twGuf }udK;yrf;vkyfaqmif=urnf[laom oEM dXmefjzif hyiftrsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyf[lI trnfay; v_yf&Sm;cJ hjcif;jzpfygonf?

13? rnfod k @aom tcuftcJt=uyftwnf;rsm; &Sdaeapumrl 'Drd kua&pDa&;ud k OD;xdyfyefqifvsuf tajctaeESif htcsdeftcgt& ,H k=unfcsufESif h trS efw&m;ud k od jrifjcif;[laomrl/ rSefuefpGm =uHpnfawG;qjcif;ESif h vH k @v/ 0d&d,/ owdpd kufxkwfonf hrlwd k @ESif h,SOfI v_yf&Sm;pnf;±H k;=urnfom jzpfayonf?

14? TudpPud k +rdKŒe,frsm;ESif h tajccHtzG J @tpnf;rsm;wd k @od k @ }ud Kwif

csjy&ef &nf&G,fygaomfvnf; tcsdeftuef @towf&S dr_ESif h yk'fr 160 t& aqmif&GufEd kifpGrf; r&S dcJ hyg?

15? xd k @a=umif h txufwGifazmfjycJ honf hta=umif;rsm;ud k aocsm










pGm avhvmaqG;aEG;=ujyD; TtzG J @csKyf A[d kOD;pD;tzG J @u tzG J @csKyf. &yfwnf

Ed kifa&;ESif h a&&SnftusKd;twGuf (9 ² 11 ² 90) ae@ A[d kOD;pD;tzG J @ tpnf;ta0; (7§90) wGif t"du tav;xm;I qH k;jzwfcsufcsrSwfcJ hayonf?

A[d kOD;pD;tzG J @trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J@csKyf

1990 jynf hESpf/ Ed k0ifbmv (12) &uf?

od k @uvd k a&G;aumufyG JwGif ta&G;cH&aom v$wfawmfud k,fpm;vS,frsm;tm; jynfwGif;Yaexd kif&yfwnfv_yf&Sm;r_r&S datmif ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;tzG J @u enf;rsKd;pH kjzif h qef @usifwd kufcd kuf rw&m;zrf;qD;I axmifcsaer_a=umifh NLD ygwD0iftcsKdŒESif h a&G;cs,fcHv$wfawmfud k,fpm;vS,frsm;awmwGif;od k @a&muf&S dum 1991 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&D 14 &ufae@wGif u

&ifjynfe,f&Sd KNU XmecsKyf rme,fyavma'oY trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @ csKyf (vGwfajrmufe,fajr) (NLD – LA) pwifzG J @pnf; ay:aygufvmcJ honf?

yxrqH k;pwifzG J @pnf;vd kufonf h A[d kpnf;±H k;a&;aumfrwDOuUXrSma'gufwmpdef0if;jzpfonf? ‚if;onf tmZmenfOD;b0if;.om; jzpfaoma=umif h a':atmif qef;pk=unfESif h tpf ud k0rf;uG Jawmfpyfonf? twGif;a&;

rSL;rSm OD;0if;cufjzpfjyD; A[d kpnf;±H k;a&;aumfrwD0ifrsm;tjzpf rEœ av;wd kif;rS OD;armifarmifat;/ OD;odef;OD;/ OD;jrif hatmifwd k @jzpfonf?

trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyf.tvHawmfud k jrif hjrif hrm;rm; qufvufv$ih fxl&ef/ ppftm%m&Sifpepfud k tjyD;wk dif wd kufzsufz,f&Sm;&ef/ppfrSefaom/ cd kifjrJaomjynfwGifjidrf;csrf;a&;ud k wnfaxmif&ef[lonf hOD;wnfcsufrsm;jzif h pwifzG J @pnf;cJ honf? 1991 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv 16

&ufae@wGif yJcl;wd kif; OD;atmifapmOD;/ OD;&efatmif/ OD;oef;xGÉf/ {&m0wDwd kif; t*Fyl+rdKŒe,f rJqENe,ftrSwf (2) rS woD;yk*~v v$wfawmfud k,fpm;vS,fa'gufwmpef;atmifwd k@jzif h xyfrHxd k;csJŒzG J @pnf;cJ honf?







oef; 0if;vI d if38

r=umrDrSmyif tdEN d,-jrefrme,fpyfa&muf trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pD t

zG J@csKyf v$wfawmfud k,fpm;vS,fa'gufwmwif haqG/ rEœ av;wd kif;rS OD;jrndK wd k @OD;aqmifonf h ‘trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyf’ (vGwfajrmufe,fajr)taemufbufa'o±H k;cG Jud k zGif hvSpfEd kifcJ honf? xd k @aemuf 1991 ckESpf/ 'DZifbm 23 &ufae@wGif tzG J @csKyf ucsifjynfe,f pnf;±H k;a&;aumfrwDOuUXOD;wifatmif/ jynfe,fpnf;±H k;a&;aumfrwDtzG J @0if OD;&efaemifjrif h/ v$wfawmfud k,fpm;vS,frsm;jzpf=uonf h OD;ausmfarmif/ OD;=umjr/ OD;a&mpD/

OD;rzef;qif/ OD;tifeef;*rfESif h +rdKŒe,fpnf;±H k;a&;aumfrwD0if (3) OD; tygt0if pkpkaygif; 10 OD;onfKIA a'o yga*smifod k @ a&muf&S dvmcJ hjyD;aemuftrsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyf (vGwfajrmufe,fajr) ajrmufyd kif;a'o ±H k;cG Jud kvnf; zGif hvSpfEd kifcJ honf?

1992 ckESpf/ arvtwGif;Y NLD – LA (ajrmufyd kif;) tzG J @rS OD;wifatmifESif h v$ wfawmfud k,fpm;vS,f OD;tifeef;*rfwd k @rme,fyavm&S d NLD

– LA A[d k±H k;uk d a&muf&S dvmjyD;aemuf 1992 ckESpf/ arv 18&ufae@wGiftrsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyf(vGwfajrmufe,fajr) A[d kpnf;±H k;a&; aumfrwDud k xyfrHjyifqifwd k;csJŒzG J @pnf;onf? NLD-LA . A[k dpnf;±H k;a&; aumfrwDtvkyftr_aqmiftzG J @0ifrsm;rSm -

(1) a'gufwmpdef0if; - OuUX(2) OD;0if;cuf - 'kOuUX

(3) OD;wifatmif - twGif;a&;rSL;(4) OD;armifarmifat; - tzG J @0if(5) OD;odef;OD; - tzG J @0if(6) a'gufwmpef;atmif - tzG J @0if(7) OD;0if;ud k (ppfud kif;wdkif;) - tzG J @0if(8) OD;jrifhatmif - tzG J @0if

(9) OD;atmifapmOD; - tzG J @0if(10)OD;oef;xGÉf - tzG J @0if(11) OD;&efatmif - tzG J @0if










wd k @ jzpf=uonf?

1995 ckESpfwGif ppfwyf. xd k;ppfqifwd kufcd kufr_rsm;a=umif h rme,fyavmusqH k;oGm;jyD;aemufyd kif;wGif NLD-LA XmecsKyfonf xd kif;Ed kifiHtwGif;od k @ajymif;a&$ŒcJ honf? xd k @aemuf trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyf (vGwfajrmufe,fajr) onf rsm;r=umrDrSmyif NLD-LA *syefXmecG J/ awmifud k&D;,m;XmecG J/ tar&duefXmecG J/ =opa=w;vsXmecG J/ rav;&Sm;XmecGJ/ aemfa0;XmecG J/ jAdwdefXmecG Jrsm;ud k zGif hvSpfEd kifcJ honf? 1996 ckESpf/ Zlvd kifv 7

&ufae@wGif trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyf vGwfajrmufe,fajr (vli,f)tzG J @ud k zG J @pnf;Ed kifcJ hjyD; 1998 Zefe0g&DvwGif vli,f txl;tpnf;ta0;ud kac:,lI A[d kvli,fvkyfief;tzG J @ud k jyifqifwd k;csJŒzG J @pnf;Ed kifcJ honf?

trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyf (vGwfajrmufe,fajr) . A[d kOuUXt jzpf a'gufwmpdef0if;/ OD;0if;cuf/ OD;wifatmifwd k @u toD;oD;wm0ef,lcJ hovd k twGif;a&;rSL;wm0efudkvnf; OD;oef;xGÉf/ OD;at;oef;/ OD;jrif h

od%f;/ a':pef;pef;ESif h OD;jrif hpd k;wd k @u ,lcJ honf? NLD-LA . aemufqH k;nDvmcHud k 2009 pufwifbm 15 rS 17 t

xd usif;yjyKvkyfI vuf&S dOuUXwm0efud k OD;Ad kvfaomif;/ 'kOuUXtjzpfa'gufwmat;ausmfESif h twG if;a&;rSL;tjzpf O D;jrif hpd k;wd k @u wm0ef,lxm;onf? NLD – LA ud k A[d kaumfrwD0if (15) OD;/ t&efA[d kaumfrwD0if(2) OD; pkpkaygif; (17) OD;jzif h zG J @pnf;xm;onf?

NLD-LAay:aygufjyD; r=umrDrSmyif tmZmenfacgif;aqmifwOD; jzpfol OD;b0if;. om; a'gufwmpdef0if;OD;aqmifaom ‘jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEd kifiH trsKd;om;nGef @aygif;tpd k;&’ (National Coalition Government Union

of Burma- NCGUB) ac:pif+ydKiftpk d;& ay:aygufvmcJ honf? NCGUB udk e,fpyfa'ood k @ xGufajy;wdrf;a&Smifvmaom a&G;

aumufcH jynfol @v$wfawmfud k,fpm;vS,ftcsKdŒESif h KNU XmecsKyf rm

e,fyavma'owGif 1990 jynf hESpf/ 'DZifbm 18 &ufae@Y pwifzG J @pnf;cJ honf? tzG J @ud ktrsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDygwDrS a'gufwmpdef0if;/ trsKd;om;'Drd k ua&pDtzG J @csKyfrS OD;bd kvSwif h/ OD;oef;ºuG,f/ OD;jrif hatmif/ OD;0if;ud k/







oef; 0if;vI d if40

OD;armifarmifat;/ OD;odef;OD;/ OD;vSaz/ woD;yk*~vv$wfawmfud k,fpm;

vS,f OD;yDwmvif;yif/ a'gufwmpef;atmifwd k @jzif h zG J J @pnf;cJ honf? NCGUB onf tpd k;&tzG J @jzpfonf htwGuf 0ef}uD;csKyfwm0efud k

a'gufwmpdef0if;/ 0ef}uD;rsm;tjzpf OD;yDwmvif;yif/ OD;0if;ud k/ OD;bd kvSwif h/OD;odef;OD;/ OD;vSaz/ OD;oef;ºuG,f / OD;jrifhatmif/ OD;armifarmifat;/ a'gufwmpef;atmifwd k @u wm0ef,lcJ h=uonf?

NCGUB ud k

(1) ppftm%m&Siftkyfpk etztpd k;& tjrefqH k;csKyfjidrf;a&;/(2) 1990 jynf hESpfa&G;aumufyG JrS a&G;aumufcHjynfol @v$wfawmf

ud k,fpm;vS,frsm;/ r'rctzG J @csKyfrS ud k,fpm;vS,frsm;/ 'Drd kua&pDtiftm;pkrsm;yg0ifaom trsKd;om;nDvmcHw&yfac:,la&;

(3) ppfrSefaom'Drdk ua&pDtpd k;&w&yfay:xGef;a&;wm0ef}uD; (3) &yfud k taumiftxnfazmf&ef zG J @pnf;cJ hjcif;jzpf

onf[k qd konf?1992 ck/ Zlvd kifv 31 &ufae@ NLD-LA, DAB ac: r'rc tzG J@csKyf/

NDF ac: trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDwyfaygif;pkwd k @ESif htwl yl;wG JI rme,fyavmXmecsKyfwGif ‘rme,fyavmpmcsKyf’ udk csKyfqd k&mY NCGUB onfta&;ygonf htzG J @}uD;tjzpf yg0ifvufrSwfa&;xd k;cJ honf? rme,fyavmpmcsKyfonf ‘zuf'&,fjynfaxmifpk jrefrmEd kifiHawmfwnfaqmufa&;’

twGuf oabmwlcJ honf hpmcsKyfjzpfonf? wenf;qd k&aomf wd kif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tm;vH k; trsKd;om;wef;wla&;ESif h ud k,fyd kifjyÏmef;cGif h&S donf h 'D rd kua&pDESif h tajccH vl @tcGif hta&;tjynf ht0&S donf h zuf '&,fjynfaxmifpkud k wnfaqmufoGm;rnf h oabmwlpmcsKyfyifjzpfonf?

rme,fyavmpmcskyfcskyfqd ktjyD;Y jrefrmjynf'Drd ku&ufwpftzG J @csKyf(DAB)/ trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDwyfaygif;pk (NDF)/ trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @

csKyf (vGwfajrmufe,fajr)/ trsKd;om;nGef haygif;tpd k;& (NCGUB) tzG J @tpnf; (4) ckud k tquftpyfrdrd v_yf&Sm;Ed kifap&eftwGuf jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEd kifiH trsKd;om;aumfpD (NCUB) uk d 1992 pufwifbmv 22 &uf










ae@wGif pwifzG J @pnf;cJ honf? ,if;tzG J @tpnf;}uD; ay:aygufap&mYvnf;

NCGUB onf t"du r¾dKif}uD;tjzpf yg0ifv_yf&Sm;cJ honf? NCGUB ay: aygufvmjyD;aemuf trsKd;om;nGef @aygif;tpd k;&. tmabmftjzpf ‘'Drd ku&ufwpfjrefrmhtoH’ (DVB) ud k 1992 ckESpf/ Zlvd kifv 19 &ufae@rS pwifI toHv$if hcJ honf?

xd kpOftwGif; 1991 ckESpf/ atmufwd kbmv 14 &ufae@wGif tjynfjynfqd kif&m vl @tcGif hta&;Oya'tzJ G @}uD;rS a':atmifqef;pk=unftm;

“vltcGif hta&;qmcga&mhAfqk” ud k ay;tyfcsD;jr‡if ha=umif; a=unmcJ havonf?

tqd kyg tjynfjynfqd kif&mvl @tcGif hta&;Oya'tzJ G @rS csD;jr‡if hcJ haom

qkud k a':atmifqef;pk=unfud k,fpm; om;}uD; jrif hqef;atmif (tvufZENm;) u a':atmifqef;pk=unfa&;om;ay;yd k @cJ haompmud k 1992 ckESpf/arv 14 &ufae@wGif 0g&Sifwef+rdKŒawmf Y zwf=um;cJ hygonf? tjynf htpk HrSm -

“tjynfjynfqd kif&m vl @tcGif hta&;Oya'tzJ G @rS ESpfpOfcsD;jr‡if haomvl @tcGif hta&;qkud k orRw yufx&D±_ dt,f0if (Patricio Aydwin) ESif htwlwcsdefwcgu vufcH&,l&onfud k rsm;pGm*k%f,lrdygonf? Tqkonf,cktcgY jrefrmEd kifiHwGif tvGefta&;}uD;vSaomudpP&yfrsm;ud k tm;±kHpl;pd kufap&ef rD;armif;xd k;ouJ hod k @jzpf&ygonf? csDvDEd kifiHorRw}uD;onf

om;BuD;jrif hqef;atmif rdcifud k,fpm; qmcga&mhAfqk vufcH,laepOf







oef; 0if;vI d if42

trSefw&m;ESifh jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;w&m;wdk@t=um; ckdif+rJaom

qufpyfr_&S d aeyk Hud k wae@wjcm; vltrsm;yd krd kod&S d oabmaygufap&efaqmif&Guf&mwGif us,fjyef @pGm ±d kaoav;pm;jcif;cH&aom xl;jcm;vSonf h acgif;aqmifwOD;yifjzpfygonf?

vSnf hjzm;r_/ rw&m;r_/ vl @*k%foduQmud k rav;pm;r_wd k @rS jzpfay:vmaom a=umuf&G HŒr_ESif h oH o,jzpfr_wd k @onf vl @tcGif hta&; azmufzsufr_a=umif h uJ Gtufaeaom vl @tzJ G @tpnf;rsm;tay: Y avmif;&dyfxd k;vsuf

&S dygonf? Tod k @aom vl @tzJ G @tpnf;rsm;wGif jzpfay:aeaom emusnf;csuf'%f&mrsm;ud k aysmufuif;atmifuko&mwGif jyefvnfoif hjrwfa&;onf t"duyifjzpfygonf? Tod k @jyKvkyfEd kif&ef wjynfvk H;. csrf;ajr@om,ma&;ud k yk*~vduESif h tk yfpkwd k @. usOf ;ajrmif;aomtusKd;pD;yGm;wd k @xufa&SŒwef;rSxm;vd kaom jzLpifaomapwem&S d&rnfjzpfygonf? wOD;ESif hwOD; yd kI tjyeftvSef,k H=unfpdwfcs&aom tajctaevnf;&S d&ef vd k

tyfygonf?cg;oD;vSaom &ef+idK;zJ G @r_rsm; tcsdef=umjrif hpGmjzpfyGm;+yD;aemuf wOD;

ESif hwOD; jyefvnf,k H=unfpdwfcsvmEd kifatmif jyefvnfjyKvkyf&mwGif pdwfoabmuJ GvJ Gr_ESif h aomu'kuQtaygif;ud k ay:aygufapaom tjyKtrlrsm;/ pdwfoabmxm;rsm;/ cHpm;csufrsm;ud k "rR"dÏmefusus trSefud k trSeftwd kif; ok H;oyfqifjcif&ygvdrf hrnf? trSefw&m;ud k &ifqd kif&aom t

vkyfrSm rvG,fulvSyg? owW d&S d&ef vdktyfygonf? oef @pifaomapwemESif h±k d;ajzmif haompdwfxm;rsm;arG;jrLjcif;jzif h aemufqk H;wGif rvk drkef;wD;r_ESif hvdrfvnfr_wd k @rS jzpfay:vmaom aysmufcJvSaomtusKd;qufrsm;udkatmifjrifpGm ausmfv$m;Ed kifrnf[k ,k H=unfaomo'N gpdwfud kvnf; arG;&efvd kygonf?

trSefw&m;ud k OD ;wnfI vkyfud kif&efvd ktyfa=umif; vufcHvd kufjcif;

onf ac|;odyfjcif;r#omjzpfaom tay:,Ha=umoufouf vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;ud k ausmfvGefI ud k,fpdwfESvk H;ygnDnGwfpGmjzif h bk Hjy\emrsm;ud kajz&Sif;Ed kifaprnf h ppf rSefaom jyefvnfoif hjrwfa&;vrf;ud k yGif hapEd kifygonf?










jrefrmEd kifiHwGif jynfoljynfom;rsm;onf Ed kifiHa&;vkyfief;pOft&yf

&yfwGif jynf h0pGm yg0ifqifE$ Jyd kifcGif hr&S d? vGwfvyfIw&m;r#waom a&G;aumufyJ GrSwqif h jyocJ haom vlxkqENud k wu,fav;pm;r_&S d/ r&S d? w&m;Oya'pd k;rd k;a&;ud k jr‡if hwifjcif;jzif hvnf;aumif;/ vGwfvyfaom w&m;pD&ifa&;r¾dKifwnfaxmifjcif;jzif hvnf;aumif;/ vl @tcGif hta&;ud k xda&mufpGm tumtuG,fay;jcif;&S d/ r&S d ponfwd k@ud k urB mu ,ae@ apmif h=unf havhvmaeygonf?

trsKd;om;jyefvnfaygif;pnf;nDnGwfaomtcgY jrefrmEd kifolEd kifiHom;wd k @onf vd kvm;tyfaom tajymif;tvJrsm;ud k taumiftxnfazmfEd kifvdrf hrnf[k usrtpOft+rJ,k H=unfxm;ygonf? umv=um&SnfpGm cHpm;cJ h=u&aom ud k,fyd kiftusKd;pD;yGm;ud k cd kif+rJatmifumuG,f&efenf;y&d,m,frsm;xufyd kI trSefw&m;ESif h em;vnfr_&&S da&;ud k wefzd k;xm;jcif;jzif h vd kvm;tyfaom tajymif;tvJrsm; vsifjrefpGm jzpfajrmuf

Ed kifvdrf hrnf[k usrar#mfvif hygonf?vl @tcGif hta&; od k @r[kwf 'Drk dua&pDta&;ESif h oufqd kifaom qkcsD;

jr‡if hjcif;cH&onf[k od&S d&onf htcgwd kif;Y csufcsif;qd kovd kyif usr. tawG;rsm;onf rdrdwd k @,k H=unfcsufrsm;twGuf trsKd;rsKd;tepfemcH=u/ pGef @v$wfcJ haom &J&if hwnf=unfvSonf h vk yfazmfud kifzufrsm;xHod k @ a&muf&S doGm;wwfygonf? rdrdwd k @Ed kifiH. uH=urRmud k rdrdwd k @qk H;jzwfyd kifcGif h &&S da&;

twGuf}udK;yrf;aeaom jynfolvlxkud kvnf; tpOfrjywf owd&vsuf&S dygonf? ,ae@csD;jr‡if haomqkud k jrefrmjynfoljynfom;rsm;ESif h vkyfazmfud kifzufrsm;ud k,fpm; aus;Zl;wifpGm vufcHygonf?

usr. wd kif;jynfESif h usrud k TuJ hod k @*k%fjyKvd kufaom tjynfjynfqd kif&m vl @tcGif hta&;Oya'tzJ G @. aqmif &Gufcsufrsm;ud k vGefpGmav;pm;csD;rGrf;rdyga=umif; ajym=um;I ed*k H;csKyfvdkufygonf?

atmifqef;pk=unf&efukef

12/ arv/ 1992







oef; 0if;vI d if44

tcef; (5)

Ed kb,fqkcsD;jr§if hcH& xd k@aemuf aemfa0Ed kifiH atmfpvd k+rdKŒ&S d Ed kb,fqkcsD;jr‡if ha&; aumfr

wDu 1991 ckESpftwGuf jidrf;csrf;a&;Ed kb,fqkud k a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; csD;jr‡ifha=umif; 1991 atmufwd kbm 14 wGif xkwfjyefa=unmcJ honf? a':atmifqef;pk=unf &&S dcJ honf hqkrsm;teuf +idrf;csrf;a&; Ed kb,fqkonf tjrif hqk H;qkjzpfonf? qkcsD;jr‡if ha&;aumfrwD0ifrsm;u “a':

atmifqef;pk=unf. owW donf tm&SEd kifiHrsm;. txl;tH h=ozG,f/ csD;usL;zG,fOyrmrsm;xJrS wckjzpfygonf? olronf zdES dyfcsKyfcs,fjcif;rS vGwfajrmufa&;twGuf wd kufyJ G0ifaeaom t"du ta&;ygonf h yk H&dyfwckjzpfygonf? ,ck 1991 ckESpftwGuf +idrf;csrf;a&; Ed kb,fqktm; a':atmifqef;pk=unfud k csD;jr‡if h&if;/ urB mw0Srf;wGif 'Drd kua&pDESif h vl @tcGif hta&;rsm;twGuf +idrf;csrf;pGmwd kufyJ G0ifae=uonf h jynfolrsm;tm; axmufcH

tm;ay;&efESif h ol r. tvHrvS J+idrf;csrf;a&; wd kufyJ G0ifr_rsm;ud k *k%fjyKonf htaejzif h Tqk ud k csD ;jr‡if hvd kufygonf” [lI qk H;jzwfcJ honf? 1991 ckESpf/'DZifbmv 10 &ufae@Y atmfpvd k+rdKŒawmfwGif usif;ycJ haom 1991jidrf;csrf;a&; Ed kb,fqkcsD;jr‡if hyG Jod k @ a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf ud k,fwk difrwufa&mufEd kifojzif h om;}uD;jzpfol jrif h qef;atmifu rdcifud k,fpm;wufa&mufqk,lcJ h&onf?










1991 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv 10 &ufae@wGif qkcsD;jr‡if hyG Jtcrf;tem;Y

aemfa0;Ed kifiH Ed kb,faumfrwD. OuUX ygarmuQ z&efppfpD*smpuwf(Francis Sejersted) u a':atmifqef;pk=unfud k TuJ hod k @ csD;rGrf;pum;qd kcJ honf?

“bk&ifrif;jrwf/ rdbk&m;}uD;/ tpk d;&tzG J @0ifrsm;/ oHwrefrsm;ESif h trsKd;orD;/ trsKd;om;rsm;cifAsm;?

,ae@ ae&mwGif usaemfwd k @pka0;=uonfrSm atmifqef;pk=unfonf xif&Sm;aomvltcGif hta&;ESif h 'D rd kua&pDaqmif&Gufr_rsm;ud k *k%fjyK

&efESif h ol @tm; 1991 ck ESpftwGufjzpfaom Ed kb,fjidrf;csrf;a&;qkud k csD ;jr‡if h&efyifjzpfygonf? cHpm;csuf trsKd;rsKd;tzH kzH kjzpfay:ae&onfh tcgor,vnf;jzpfygonf? jidrf;csrf;a&;qk&Sifud k,fwd kif rvma&mufEd kifbJ jzpfae& ygonf? usaemfwd k @ olr. ,H k=unfcsuftwd kif; jzpfajrmuf&ef wk dufyG J0ifaeqJyifjzpfygonf? olr.pGrf;&nfowWdESifh wm0ef,l aqmif&Gufr_rsm;a=umif h ol ronf jrefrmjynfY,H k=unfcsuf. tusOf;om;b0Y a&muf&d Saeygonf? ol rvma&mufEd kifonf htwGuf usaemfwd k@pd k;&drf a=umif h=updwfrsm;jzpfay:vmaomfvnf; ol.rdom;pk cHpm;ae&aom pd k;&drfylyefr_ESif hpmv#if ajymyavmufrnfr[kwfyg? ol. rdom;pkjzpfaom cifyGef;

Nidrf;csrf;a&;Ed kb,fqkwHqdyf







oef; 0if;vI d if46

onf rd kufu,ftJ&pfESifh om;rsm;jzpf=uaom tvufZENm;ESif h uifrfwd k @

tm; tvGefyif ud k,fcsif;pmemrda=umif; Ttcrf;tem;wGif ajymvd kygonf? usaemfwd k @onf oifwd k @ESif htwlcHpm;=u&jyD; oifwd k @. ZeD;ESif h rd cifjzpfolud k,fpm; atmfpvk d+rdKŒodk @vma&mufI Ed kbJvfqk vufcH,lonfud kusaemfwd k @rsm;pGm aus;Zl;wif&d Sygonf?

“²²²² usaemfwd k @. pd k;&drfa=umifh=ur_rsm;onf ,H k=unftm;xm;r_/

ar#mfvif hr_wd k @jzif hvnf; a&maxG;I ay:aeygonf? jidrf;csrf;a&;ESif h aphpyfzsefajza&;udk&,l&ef wdkufyG J0if}udK;yrf;&mwGif usaemfwd k @ pHerlemtjzpfxm;&rnf hyk*~ dKvfrsm;onf usaemfwd k @&,l&ef }udK;yrf;aeonf ht&mrsm;.oauFwtjzpf&yfwnfjyD; usaemfwd k @wGif &S dor# t&aumif;qH k;pGrf;tifud k v_yf&Sm;wufºuGapaom yk*~ dKvfrsKd;wd k@ud k tm;xm;=u&ygonf ? atmifqef;pk=unfonf Todk @aom yk*~ dKvfyifjzpfygonf? olonf av;eufpGm

wm0ef,lr_ESif h ZG Jowœ dck difjrJr_wd k @ud k OD;wnfcsufESif h enf;vrf;wd k @wom;wnf;jzpfaom pdwful;tjrifjzif h aygif;pyfay;xm;ygonf? ,if;tjrif.ta&;}uD;qH k;aom t*Fgtpdwftydkif;rsm;rSm 'Drd kua&pDESif h vl @tcGif ht

Nidrf;csrf;a&;Ed kb,f *kPfjyKrSwfwrf;vT m










a&;rsm;ud k ±d kaoav;pm;r_ tkyfpkrsm;t=um; aphpyfzsefajzr_/ t=urf;rzuf

r_ESif h wOD;csif;taejzif hvnf;aumif;/ pkaygif;Ivnf;aumif; pnf;urf;user_ponfwd k @yif jzpfygonf”

olrtm;pwif pdwf"gwfwufºuGv_yf&Sm;apaom txifu& yk*~ dKvfrsm;rSm r[wœ r*EN DESif holr.zcif jrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;Adokum Ad kvfcsKyfatmifqef;yifjzpfa=umif; olrud k,fwd kifxkwfazmfajym=um;cJ hygonf? t=urf;rzufa&; tawG;tjrif&d SolESif h ppftm%m&SifAd kvfcsKyf}uD;wd k @=um;

uG Jjym;jcm;em;csufrsm; trsm;tjym;&d Saomfvnf; tajccHwl±lcsufrsm;ud kawG @&d S&ygonf? 4if;wd k @ESpfOD;pvH k;wGif ppfrSefaomvGwfvyfa&;pdwfxm;/ppfrSefaomed0gww&m;ESif h atmifqef;pk=unfu ol @zcifESif h ywfowfIa&;om;&mwGif toH k;jyKcJhaom pum;twd kif;ajym&v#if “euf±d _if;vSaom ±d k;om;jzLpifr_”wd k @ud k awG @&d S&ygonf? Ad kvfcsKyfatmifqef;tzd k @ acgif ;aqmifr_onf wm0efjzpfI rdrdacgif;aqmifrnf h jynfolvlxk. ,H k=unf

ud k;pm;r_ESif h ±d kaoav;pm;r_wd k @ud k t&,lI xrf;&Guf&mwGif ed0gww&m;&d SrS wm0efausyGefrnf jzpfygonf?

*EN DESif h zcifjzpfolwd k @xHrS tm;userlem,lp&m pdwf"gwfcGeftm;rsm;







oef; 0if;vI d if48

ud k &,lcJ haomfvnf; atmifqef;pk=unfwGif vGwfvyfaom tawG;t

jrifrsm;&d SjyD; ,if;wd k @onf olr.Ed kifiHa&;0g'rsm; jzpfvmygawmhonf?t"dutajccHrSm olr.zcifY oljrifawG @cJ h&aom tEd _if;rJ h±d k;om;r_yifjzpfygonf? ol.tawG;tjrifwGif vl @tcGif hta&;ud k tv,fA[d kY ae&may;xm;onfrSm vl @*k%foduQmud k umuG,f&ef wu,fwrf; vk dtyfonh foabmud k a&mifjyef[yfcJ hyH k&ygonf? vlom;wd kif;onf vGwfvyfaomvl @tzG J @pnf;wGif aexd kifcGifh&d Sonfomru ±d kaoav;pm;cHyd kifcGif hvnf;

&d S&rnfjzpfygonf? Tt,ltqay:wGif tjrif hqH k;ar#mfrSef;csuf pdwful;tjrifESif h wnfjidrfaomvufawG @0g'wd k @ud k xl;jcm;pGmaygif;pyfxm;aomvrf;pOfw&yfud k olru csrSwf wnfaqmufxm;ygonf? olrtzd k @ TonfrSm trSefw&m; t,ltqr#om r[kwfyg? Tod k @aom t,ltqud k vufawG@Ed kifiHa&;Y usif hoH k;Ed kifonfud k jyo&mwGif olronfrsm;pGmtaxmuftuljyKol jzpfaeygonf?

jidrf;csrf;a&;ESif h aphpyfjzefajza&;rl0g'ud k vufawG @taumiftxnfazmf&mwGif vH k;0r&d Srjzpfaom vd ktyfcsufw&yfrSm “a=umuf&G HŒjcif; uif;rJ hr_” yifjzpfygonf? Ttcsufud k atmifqef;pk=unf odem;vnfygonf?olra&;aom;cJ haom Freedom from Fear (a=umuf&G HŒjcif;rS uif;a0;jcif;)pmtkyfY olwd k @onf tm%ma=umif hr[kwfbJ a=umuf&G HŒr_a=umif homvlom;wd kif; azmufjyef=ujcif;jzpfonf[k a&;om;azmfjyxm;ygonf?

olr.wd kif;jynfrS tm%m&Sifpepftm;&nf&G,fI a0zefxm;jcif;yif jzpfygonf? ppfAd kvfcsKyfrsm;onf jynfolvlxkud k OD;aqmifOD;&Guf vrf;jy& rnf htpm; ,if;wd k @u jynfolvlxkud k ajumuf&G HŒaeojzif h azmuf jyefapcJ hjcif;jzpfonf? TtwGuf 4if;wd k @onf raumif;r_oHo&m vnfae=u&ygonf? od k @aomfvnf; olr. tawG;tjrifwGif a=umuf&G Hr_uif;rJh&ef v_ H @aqmfxm;csufonf O D;pGmyxrtaejzih f trsm;ES if houfqd kifaom Ed _;aqmf

csufyifjzpfygonf? usaemfwd k @tm;vH k; a=umuf&G HŒjcif;uif;rJ h=u&ef awmif;qd kjcif;jzpfygonf? olud k,fwd kifvn;f a=umuf&G HŒr_uif;rJ ha=umif;ud kvn;fvufawG @jyocJ hygonf? olronf aoewfrsm;jzif hcsdefxm;onfud k w










ud k,fwnf; qef @usifcJ holjzpfygonf? Tod k @aomowœ dud k rnfonf ht&m

u cHEd kifygrnfenf;? olrtm; rypf&ef aemufqH k;trdef @ay;vk dufol Ad kvfrSL;.pdwfxJwGif rnfod k @&d Sygoenf;? olr.owœ dud k av;pm;Ivn;f jzpfEd kifygonf? =urf;wrf;aomtiftm;jzif h rnf onf ht&mud kr# atmifjrifEd kifrnfr[kwfonfud k ,if;yk*~ dKvfu oabmaygufIvnf; jzpfEd kifygonf?

t=urf;zufr_. tqk d;0g;qH k;aom &efolonf t=urf;zufr_yifjzpfI,if;wk d @ud k wd kufzsuf&mwGif a=umuf&G HŒr_uif;rJ hjcif;onf txufjrufqH k;

vufeufjzpfygonf? olr.tm;uszG,f&m &JpGrf;owœ da=umif h atmif qef;pk=unfonf *EN DESif h zcifjzpfol Ad kvfcsKyfatmifqef;uJ hod k @ =oZmwduUr}uD;rm;vSaomoauFw. trSwftom;tjzpfod k @ a&muf&d Svmjcif; jzpfygonf? Ad kvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf 4if;. vGwfvyfa&; }udK;yrf;aqmif&Gufr_rsm; rjyD;jywfao;rD vkyf=uHowfjzwfjcif;cH&ygonf? Tod k @ ol&Jabma=umifpGmvkyfaqmifjcif;/ Ad kvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm; jrefrmhEd kifiHa&; jzpfpOf

xJrS z,f&Sm;Ed kifrnf[k vkyf=uHowfjzwfolrsm;u ,lqcJ hygv#if wufwufpifvG JrSm;r_omjzpfygonf? Ad kvfcsKyfatmifqef;onf vGwfvyfaomjrefrmjynfoltwGuf pnf;vH k;nDnGwfr_. oabmjzpfvmjyD; vGwfvyfaom vl @tzG J @tpnf;ud k aqmif &GufEd kif&ef ,ckwd kufyG J0if}udK;yrf;aeolrsm;tm; pdwf"gwfwufºuGaponf h yk*~ dKvfrsm;jzpfvmygawmhonf? Tod k @erlemxm;p&m/ pdwf"gwfwufp&mtjyif jynfolvlxkpdwfESvH k;wGif Ad kvf

csKyfatmifqef; &,lxm;onf hae&ma=umif h 4if;aoqH k;jyD; ESpfaygif; 40ausmft=umwGif atmifqef;pk=unfonf Ed kifiHa&; pwifvkyfud kif&ef vd ktyfaomtajccHud k &&d SEd kifcJ hygonf? olronf zcif.tarGtESpfud k qufcHcJ hjyD; ,cktcg olrud k,fwdkif jrefrmjynfwGifomrubJ tm&Swd kuf wcGifvH k;ESif h tjcm;urB mhae&m tES H @tjym;wGif t=urf;zufr_ud k awmfvSefIvGwfvyfaom vl @tzG J @tpnf; wnfaxmif&ef oauFwjzpfaeygonf?

atmifqef;pk=unf. &JpGrf;owœ dESif h jrif hrm;aomar#mfrSef;csufwd k @onf us aemfwd k @wGif&d Saom taumif;qH k;pGrf;&nfud k ay:xGufvmrnf[kusaemfwd k @uJ hod k @aom omrefyk*~ dKvfwd k @cHpm;=uonf[k usaemf,H k=unfyg







oef; 0if;vI d if50

onf? tem*wfwGif ,H k=unfr_&d Saeao;&eftwGuf olruJ hod k @aom yk *~ dKvf

rsKd;ud k usaemfwd k @vd ktyfonf[k cHpm;rdygonf? ,if;tcsufonf olr}udK;yrf;r_. pGrf;tm;}uD;aom oauFww&yfjzpfjyD; olrud k rw&m;vkyfwd kif; usaemfwd k @ESvH k;om;wGif tjrwfwEd k;xdef;odrf; xm;onh ft&mud kcsKd;azmufcH&ouJ hod k @yif cHpm;=u&ygonf? aetdrfwGif zrf;qD;jcif;cH&olatmifqef;pk=unfonf ar#mfvif hcsufa&mifjcnfjzpfygonf? olr xd kae&mY&dSaejcif;jzifh aumif;r_ukodkvf. tiftm;udk usaemfwkd h ydkI

,H k=unfud k;pm;vm=uygonf?jynfwGif;Y Ed kifiHa&;tzdES dyfcHae&ojzif h Ed kb,fjidrf;csrf;a&;qk&Sif ud k,f

wd kif rvma&mufEd kifonfrSm Tt}udrfonf yxrqH k;t}udrf r[kwfovd k aemufqH k;t}udrfjzpfrnf rxifyg? [pfwvm. wckaom tusOf;pcef;wGif zsm;emaeol um;vfzGefatmfpDtufpuD (Carl von Ossietzky) onfvnf; 1936 ckESpfu rvma&mufEd kifcJ hyg? tm'a&qmcga&mhAf (Andrei

Sakharov) ESif h vufbd k0ifpm (Lech Walesa) wd k @onfvnf; xd kenf;wlyifjzpfcJ h&ygonf? atmfpDtufpuDonfvnf; emZDtpd k;&rjyKwfusrD aoqH k;oGm;&jyD; qmcga&mhAfESif h bd k0ifpmwd k @rSmrl 4if ;wd k @.}udK;yrf;r_rsm; atmifyG JcHonfud k awG @jrif=u&ygonf? atmifqef;pk=unfonfvnf; olr.}udK;yrf;r_ atmifyG JcHcJ honfud k jrif&rnf[k usaemfwd k @ ar#mfvif hygonf?

od k @aomfvnf; jidrf;csrf;a&;qk&Sifud k,fwd kif a&mufrvmEd kifonfrSm

Tt}udrfonf aemufqH k;jzpfcsifrSjzpfrnf[laom tvm;tvmud kvnf;usaemfwd k @ od&d Sxm;&rnf jzpfygonf? usaemfwd k @aexd kif&m urB mrsKd;wGifjidrf;csrf;a&;ESif h aphpyfjzefajza&;ud k wcgwnf;ESif h r&Ed kifonfud kvnf; owdjyK=u&rnf jzpfygonf?

usaemfwd k @. pHowfrSwfcsufrsm;uk dvnf; edrf husoGm;atmif jyKvkyfEdkifrnfr[kwfyg? xd kod k @rvkyfbJ yd krd kaumif;rGefaomavmuud k vd ktyfygu

usaemf yd kI Ek d;=um;zswfvwf&ef/ a=umuf&G HŒr_rS yd kIuif;a0;&ef ,ckESpfqk&SifajymouJ hod k @ “euf±d _if;aom±d k;om;r_”&d S=u&ef usaemfwd k @ }ud K;pm;=u&rnfjzpfygonf? TonfrSm usaemfwd k @tm;vHk; wpfOD;pDjyKvkyf&rnf h










udpPjzpfaomfvnf; tm%m&mxl;tqif h&d Solrsm; usif hoH k;&ef txl; vd k

tyfygonf? atmifqef;pk=unfuJ hod k @yif ±d k;om;Ed Srf hcsr_ESif h a=umuf&G HŒjcif;uif;a0;r_ud k jy=uyg? yd kIaecsifzG,faumif;aom urB mavmu}uD; ay: aygufvmrnfrSm rvG J{uefjzpfygonf?

tm;vH k;udk aus;Zl;wifygonf?

qkcsD;jr‡if hyG JY a':atmifqef;pk=unf rwufa&mufEd kifojzif h a': atmifqef;pk=unfud k,fpm; om;}uD;jzpfoljrif hqef;atmif (tvufZENm;tJ&pf) u atmufygtwd kif; ajym=um;cJ honf?

bk&ifrif;jrwf/ rdbk&m;}uD;/ tpd k;&tzG J@0ifrsm;/ oHwrefrsm;ESif htrsKd;orD;/ trsKd;om;rsm;cifAsm;?

qkrsm;xJwGift}uD;us,fqH k;aom TEd kb,fjidrf;csrf;a&;qkud k us

aemf hrdcif a':atmifqef;pk=unf.ud k,fpm;vufcH&ef vl}uD;rif;rsm; a&SŒarSmufwGif usaemf ,ae@a&muf&d Saejcif;jzpfygonf? usaemf hrdcifonftajctae ta=umif;a=umif;a=umif h ud k,fwd kifrvma&mufEd kifojzif holrtaejzif h xkwfazmfajymqd krnf hcHpm;csuf[k usaemf,H k=unf,lqaom cHpm;r_rsm;ud k azmfjyEd kif&ef usaemf tpGrf;ukef}udK;pm;ygrnf?

yxrOD;pGm olronf Ed kb,fjidrf;csrf;a&;qkud k olrtaejzif h r[kwf

bJ jrefrmjynfoljynfom;tm;vH k;ud k uk d,fpm;vufcHa=umif;ajymqd kIpwifvdrf hrnf[k usaemfod&d Sem;vnfygonf? Tqkonf olreSih f roufqdkifbJ usaemf ,ckpum;ajymqd kaepOfYyif jrefrmjynf'Drd kua&pD&&S da&;twGuf 4if;wd k @. ud k,fusKd;aumif;pm;r_/ ud k,fyd kifvGwfvyfr_ESif h toufwd k @ud k qufvuftepfemcHae=uaom trsKd;om;/ trsKd;orD;/ uav;oli,frsm;ESif hom oufqd kifaomqkjzpfa=umif; olru ajymrnfjzpfyg

onf? Tqkonf 4if;wd k @. qk jzpfouJ hod k @ jrefrmjynfjidrf;csrf;a&;/ vGwfvyfa&;ESif h 'Drd kua&pDtwGufjzpfaom a&&Snfwd kufyG JwGif aemufqH k;&&d Srnf hatmifyG JrSmvnf; 4if;wd k @. atmifyG Jyifjzpfygonf?







oef; 0if;vI d if52

od k @aomfvnf; olr.om;taeESif h usaemf jznf hpGufajymvd konfrSm

olrud k,fwd kifpdwfa&mud k,fygjr‡yfES Hvkyfud kifjcif;/ ud k,fwk dif tepfemcHjcif;ponfwd k @a=umif h ol ronf jrefrmjynfoljynfom;tm;vH k;. qd k;0g;aomtajctaeud k trsm;u todtrSwfjyKvmap&ef tm;vH k;ud k,fpm; &yfwnfxd kufaom oauFwjzpfvm&ygonf?

,if;tajctaeqd k;rsm;ud k rnfolr#av#mhrwGufoif hyg? +rdKŒ&Gm/ aus;vufwGif qif;&JrG JawcsKdŒwJ hEGrf;yg;ae=ujcif;/ tusOf;axmifxJwGif t

±d kuftESufcH/ tEd SyfpufcHae=u&jcif;/ jrefrmjynf. ar#mfvif hcsufjzpf aomvli,fvl&G,frsm;/ 4if;wd k@ xGufajy;&mawmxJY iSufzsm;rdjyD; 'kuQa&mufae=ujcif;/ Ak'<bmombkef;awmf}uD;rsm; t±d kufcH/ oduQmcscHae& jcif; ponf htajctaeqd k;rsm;yif jzpfygonf? usaemf hrdciftjyif txl;±d kaoav;pm;cJ h&aom 0g&if hacgif;aqmifrsm;onfvnf; tusOf;cscHae&onfud k usaemfwd k @ rarhoif hyg?

Tod k @ tjrif hqH k;*k%fjyKcH&onfud ku 4if;wdk @udk,fpm; usaemfuvd _ufvd _ufvS JvS J aus;Zl;wifa=umif;ajymtyfygonf? TuJ hok d @ tvGefa0;vHaomwd kif;jynfwGif rdrdwd k @. 'kuQa0'emcHpm;ae&r_rsm;ud k em;pd kuf*±kjyKaeaoma=umif h jrefrmjynfolwd k @taejzif h ,ae@ tenf;i,f acgif;armhEd kifrnfjzpfygonf?

tapmifhxlxyfpGmcsxm;aom &efukef+rdKŒaetdrfwGif wOD;wnf;

qifE$ Jaeaomwd kufyG Jonf pdwf"mwfa&;&mEd SyfuGyfr_ESif h Ed kifiHa&; t"rRtEd kifusif hr_wd k @rS vlom;wd k @ vGwfajrmufatmif urB mESif h csDI us,fjyef @pGm}udK;yrf;aeaom wd kufyG J}uD;. wpdwfwyd kif;yifjzpfa=umif; usaemfwd k @owd&=u&rnfjzpfygonf? Tqkonf Twd kufyG J}uD;xJwGif rnfonf ht&yfrSrqd k yg0ifaeolrsm;ud kvnf; *k%fjyK&ef &nf&G,fonf[k usaemf,H k=unfrdygonf? ,ae@ atmfpvd k+rdKŒwGif jyKvkyfaom Ttcrf;tem;ud k

wurB mvH k;wGifusif;yaeaom urB m@vltcGif hta&;ae@Y usif;y&onfrSmvnf; ta=umif;&d Sygonf?

OuUX}uD;cifAsm;/ vl}uD;rif;wd k @aumfrwD. a&G;cs,fcsufud k urBmhrd










om;pkwckvHk;u aumif;csD;=obmay;ae=uygonf? vGefcJ haom &uft

enf;i,fcef @u ukvor*~onf wnDwnGwfwnf; ord kif;0ifqH k;jzwfcsufw&yfcsrSwfum Tqk.ta&;ygyH kESif h ywfowfaom taxGaxG twGif;a&;rSL;csKyfyJ&pf'DauG;vsm; (Perez de cyellar) .xkwfjyefcsufud k }udK qd kus+yD; usaemf hrdcifvGwfajrmufa&;twGuf 4if;u xyfwvJvJ yef=um;xm;onfrsm;ud kvnf; axmufcHvd kufygonf? jrefrmjynf. vl @tcGif hta&; tajctae tvG efpdk;&drfzG,f&mrsm;jzpfaeonfud k wurB mvH k;

u od&d Sem;vnfxm;=uonfud kvnf; uif;uGmI txD;usefaecJhaom&efukeftpd k;&xHrSom wckwnf;aom oabmxm;uG JvG JoHud k =um;&ygonf? aemufus usef&pfjyD; tm;enf;aeaomtoHyifjzpf.?

vuf&d Sppftpdk;&onf ESpfaygif; (30) eD;yg; rw&m;ojzif h tkyfcsKyfvmcJ honf htwGuf wcsdefu}uD;yGm;csrf;omwd k;wufvmcJ haom jrefrmha&$0gajronf pD;yGm;a&;wGif urB m@tqif;&JqH k;Ed kifiHwpfEd kifiHb0od k @ a&muf

&d SoGm;&ygonf? =oZmtm%mud k xd a&mufap&ef jcdrf;ajcmufr_/ a=umuf&G HŒzdEd Syfr_/ rkef;wD;r_wd k @ud k toH k;jyKcJ haom tjcm;tm%m&Sifpepfrsm;. uH=urRmuJ hod k @ aemufqH k;wGif 4if;wd k @.uH=urRmonfvnf; jzpfay:vmrnfud k &efukef&d Stm%myd kifwd k @. twGif;pdwfxJY od&d S=u&rnf jzpfygonf?vuf&d S jrefrmh'Drd kua&pD}udK;yrf;r_wd kufyG J 1988 ckESpfu vrf;rrsm;ay: YaygufuG JxGufay:vmjcif;onf ta&SŒOa&my/ tm&SESif h tmz&duwd k@wGif

ay:aygufvmrnf h tjynfjynfqd kif&m 'Drd kua&pDa&vd _if;}uD;. yxrqH k;aomv_yf&Sm;r_w&yfyifjzpfygonf? ,ae@ 1991 ckESpfwGif jrefrmEd kifiHonfzdEd SyfcsKyfcs,faom/ acgif;rmaom Ed kifiHawmfjidrf0yfydjym;r_ wnfaqmufa&;tzG J @ vufatmufwGif qufvuf'kuQcHae&ojzif h jrefrmEd kifiHonfodom xif&Sm;aeygonf? od k @aomfvnf; tjcm;EdkifiHrsm;wGif 'Drd kua&pDatmifyG JcHoGm;aom om"uonf jrefrmjynfolwd k @twGuf ta&;}uD;

aom owif;yg;csufyifjzpfonf? tm%m&Sifpepf pD;yGm;a&;onf vH k;0pGrf;aqmifEd kifjcif;r&d Sonf htwGuf vuf&d Stpdk;&onfvnf; usqH k;&rnf[laom ta=umif;=um;csufjzpfygonf? ,cktcgwGif jrif hwufaeaom







oef; 0if;vI d if54

aiGa=u;azmif;yGr_/ tvG JvG JtrSm;rSm;jzpfaeaom pD;yGm;a&;ESif h wefzd k;r&d S

aomusyfaiGwd k @ESif h &ifqd kifae&aom jrefrmtpd k;&onf rdrdwd k @ jyKvkyfcJ honf htwd kif; cHpm;ae&onfrSm oHo,jzpfp&mrvd kyg?

od k @aomfvnf; vuf&d Stm%m& tpd k;&usqH k;oGm;jcif;onf pD;yGm;a&; vH k;0+ydKus ysufjym;oGm;&aoma=umif h rjzpf ygapESifh[k usaemf av;eufpGm ar#mfvif hygonf? ,ckESpftwGuf qka=ujimpOf Ed kb,faumfrwDu azmfjyxm;onf htwd kif; vl @tajccH*±k%mw&m;t& yef=um;xm;

onfuk d tm%m&tpd k;&u *±kjyKaumif; jyKrdygvdrf hrnf? zdES dyfcsKyfcs,fIa=umuf&G HŒxdwfvef @atmifjyKvkyfaeaom vuf&d Svrf;pOfrsm;onf jrefrmh Ak'<bmomtpOftvm. rGefjrwfaomud k,fusif hw&m;rsm;ud k csKd;azmufaejcif;jzpfonf[k,lqum &G Hrkef;aeolrsm;vnf; ppftpd k;&tzG J @wGif yg&d Sa=umif; usaemfodygonf? TonfrSm tcsnf;ES D; ud k,fvdk&mud k,fqG JjyD; awG;ac: jcif;r[kwfbJ usaemf hrdcifud k,fwd kif tm%mtqih f&d S

yk*~ dKvfrsm;ESif h xd awG @qufqH&if; &&d Svmaom,H k=unfr_yifjzpfygonf? ppfr_xrf;rsm;ESif h 4if;wd k @rdom;pkrsm;om t"dutm;jzif h aexd kifaom rJqENe,fajrrsm;wGif olr.ygwD tEd kif&&d SonfrSmvnf; Ttcsufud k xif&Sm;pGm om"ujyjcif;yifjzpfygonf? tm%myd kifrsm;xJrS ,if;wd k @r#wvd kaom/oif hjrwfvd kaom yk*~ dKvfrsm;u jrefrmjynf. tvd ktyfqH k;aom tcsdefumvY 4if;wd k @.cHpm;csufrsm;ud k xdxda&mufa&muf tusKd;oufa&mufr_

&d SEd kif&ef vkyfEd kifygap[k usaemfav;eufpGm qENjyKygonf?usaemf h rdcifom ,ae@ vGwfvyfaeygu vl}uD;rif;rsm;uk d aus;Zl;

wif&d Sa=umif; ajymqd k&if; zdEd SyfolESif h zd Ed SyfcHae&olwd k @onf 4if ;wd k @. vufeufrsm;ud k pGef @v$wfI twlwuGyl;aygif;um jidrf;csrf;a&;pdwf"gwfeSif h u±k%mw&m;wd k @tay:wGif tajccHaom wd kif;jynfud k wnfaqmufapEd kif&eftwGufyg qkawmif;ay;yg&ef vl}uD;rif;wd k @tm; yef =um;rnf[k usaemf

odygonf?usaemh frdciftm; 'Drd kua&pDtajymif;tvJrsm;ud k jidrf;csrf;aomenf;

vrf;jzif h&,lvd kaom Ed kifiHa&;twd kuftcH[k r=umc% xkwfazmfajym










qd ka&;om;=uaomfvnf; olr}udK;pm;&SmazGaeonfrSm tajccHtm;jzif h

pdwf"gwfa&;&m ajymif;vJr_jzpfonfud k usaemfwd k @ owd&oif hygonf/ “tppfrSefqH k;aom awmfvSefa&;onf pdwf"gwfawmfvSefa&;jzpfjyD;j ,if;od k @}udK;yrf;tm;xkwf&mwGif vdktyfaom pdwf"gwfa&;&m t"du&nfrSef;csufrsm;ESif hywfowfIvnf; olra&;om;xm;csufrsm; &dSygonf/ ,if; pdwf"gwfawmfvSefa&; atmifjrif&efrSm vl @wm0ef0wW&m;ay:wGif vH k;0 rlwnfaeygonf? vl @wm0ef0wW&m;todpdwf. rlvt&if;jrpfrSm vH k;0

tjypfuif;pifjcif;[laom oabmw&m;ud kem;vnfI tjypfuif;pifvk daom pdwfqEN/ tjypfuif;pif&efenf;vrf;&SmEd kifaom tod m%fESif h,if;enf;vrf;rsm;ud k vd kufemvd kaompdwf"gwf/ ,if;enf;vrf;ud k tqH k;wd kif rvd kufEd kifonf hwd kifatmif rdrd. csKdŒ,Gif;csuf tuef @towfudkausmfvGef&ef vd ktyfaomtwd kif;twmtxd tenf;qH k;a&muf&d Satmif

B }udK;pm;vd kjcif;wd k @yifjzpfygonf? b0wGif ra=umif hrus uH kvH kjynf hpH kpGm

aexd kifEd kif&eftwGuf olwyg;.vd ktyfcsufwm0efrsm;ud k xrf;aqmifvd kaom owW d&d Srnf jzpfayonf? Twm0efud k xrf;aqmifcsifpdwf &d S&rnf[k olruqd kcJ hygonf? Ttcsufud k olr. ,H k=unfr_ESif h qufpyf,l&mwGif owW0gtaygif;wd k @teuf vlom;pifppfomv#if tqif htjrif hqH k;tajctaejzpfaom bk&m;tjzpfud k &&d SEd kifojzif h vlom;tm; tvGefwefzd k;xm;onfh jrefrmh±d k;&m ,Ofaus;r_tajccHjzpfaom Ak'<0g't& vl

wd kif;onf rdrdpdwfqEN}udK;yrf;tm;xkwfjcif;jzif h opPmw&m;ud k odEd kifpGrf;&d SjyD; olwyg;ud k odap&eftwGufvn;f ulnDEd kifaom tvm;tvm&d Sonf[k a&;om;xm;ygonf?

aemufqH k;wGif olru jrefrmEd kifiHwGif 'Drd kua&pD&SmyH kawmfonf jynfolwd k @u urBmhtzG J @tpnf;twGif; vGwfvyfaom wef;wlnDwltzG J @0ifrsm;tjzpf jynf h0pGm t"dym,f&d S&d Saexd kifEd kif&ef ±kef;uefjcif;yifjzpfygonf?

TonfrSm rdrdwk d @.pdwf"gwfonf rdrd.obm0 csKdŒ,Gif;csufrsm;tm;ausmfv$m;Ek difa=umif;ud k xif&Sm;ap&ef vlom;wd k @u tqufrjywf }udK;yrf;tm;xkwfaer_. tpdwftyd kif;wckyif jzpfygonf[k a&;om;xm;ygonf?







oef; 0if;vI d if56

aemfa0;Ed kifiHwGif rdciftwGuf usaemfESif h usaemf hnDwd k @ *k%foduQm

}uD;rm;vSonf h urB mausmfqkxl;}uD;ud k vufcH&onfrSm Tt}udrfonf'kwd, t}udrfyif jzpfygonf? ,refESpfuvnf; od ka&mzf h&mzfwd k (Thorolf

Rafto) vl @tcGif hta&;qkud k vufcH&ef bm*if (Bergen) +rdKŒod k @ usaemfwd k @oGm;a&mufcJ hygonf? ,ckESpf tcrf;tem;. yrm%yifjzpfygonf? ,cktcg usaemfwd k @wGif aemfa0;jynfolrsm;twGuf txl;cHpm;csufrsm; &d Sae=ujyDjzpfygonf? r=umrDtwGif; usaemfwd k @rdcifonfvnf; T cHpm;

csufrsm;ud k r#a0cHpm;Ed kifjyD; usaemfwd k @rSwqif h od k @r[kwf rdrdud k,fwk difwd kuf±d kufpum;ajymEd kifvdrf hrnf[k usaemfar#mfvif hygonf? TtawmtwGif; olrESif h Armjynfoljynfom;wdk @tm; Tod k @ }uD;rm;xl;jcm;pGmaxmufcHjcif;onf urB mhtpGefqH k; qef @usifbufae&mrsm;wGif aexd kifae=uaom jynfolESpf&yftm; yd krd keD;uyfatmif pkaygif;ay;&musjyD; ,ckuJ hok d @ jzpfay:vmaom qufoG,fr_rS ajrmufjrm;pGmaom tusKd;quf

rsm; ay:xGufvmrnf[k usaemf,H k=unfygonf?vl}uD;rif;tm;vH k;ud k usaemf htaejzif h pdwfxJESvH k;om;xJrS aus;Zl;

wif&d Sa=umif; ajym=um;vdkygonf? ,ae@rSpI em=unf;csufrsm;/ tmCmww&m;rsm;/ pwifys,faysmufI jrefrmjynf jidrf;csrf;a&;&&d S&mwGif1991 Ed kb,fjidrf;csrf;a&;qkonf ord kif;wGif ajcwvSrf;jzpfap&ef usaemfwd k @ qkawmif;&/ ar#mfvif h&rnfjzpfygonf? twdwf. oifcef;pmrsm;ud k

arhavsmhrnfr[kwfaomfvnf; tem*wfar#mfvif hcsuftwGuf usaemfwd k @onf ,ae@tcrf;tem;pD&ifusif;yjcif;jzpfonf[k xifjrifrdygonf/

tm;vH k;ud kaus;Zl;wifvsuf

1992 ckESpf/ arv 14 &uf &ufpG Jjzif h a':atmif qef;pk=unfuvnf;

aetdrfrSwqif h Ed kb,faumfrwDod k @ ay;pmwpfapmifay;yd kcJ honf?tqd kygpmY-ygarmuQvGef'Dpwuf&Sif h










1991 ckESpftwGuf Ed kb,fvfjidrf;csrf;a&;qk usrud kay;tyf&ef qH k;

jzwfvd kufa=umif; usr yxr=um;od&aomtcgwGif csufcsif;jzpfay:vmaomcHpm;csufrsm;rSm av;eufaomed0gwpdwfESif h txl;aus;Zl;wifr_wd k @yifjzpfygonf? jrefrmEd kifiHwGif 'Drd kua&pD&&d S&ef }udK;yrf;tm;xkwf wd kufyG J0ifae=uolrsm;. tepfemcHr_ESif h qif;&J'kuQcHpm;&r_rsm;a=umif homusrud k Tod k @*k%fjyKjcif;jzpfonfud k od&d S&ojzif h rk'dwmw&m; yGm;rsm;&jcif; jzpfygonf? Tod k @ }ud K;yrf;tm;xkwf wdkufyG J0ifae=uonfud k vl

}uD;rif;rsm;u todtrSwfjyKjcif;jzif h 'D rd kua&pDwd kufyG Jud k tvGeftzd k;wefvSaom taxmuftyH hay;vd kufonf htwGuf vGefpGmrSyif aus;Zl;wifrdygonf?

usrwd k @. pkaygif;}udK;yrf;r_wGif yg0ifolrsm;tm;vHk;ud k,fpm; Tqk}uD;ud k vufcH&,la=umif; usrom;}uD; tvufZENm;(jrif hqef;atmif)u ajym=um;cJ honfrSm usr.cHpm;csufud k wdwdususazmfjyjcif;yif jzpfyg

onf? usrwd k @ jrefrmjynfoljynfom;rsm;. ta&;ud k *±kjyKa=umif; jyoonf htwGuf usr vd _ufvd _ufvS J vS J aus;Zl;wifa=umif; ajymvd kygonf?

usr&&dSaomqkaiGrsm;jzifh jrefrmjynfynma&;ESifh usef;rma&;b¾mwnfaxmif&efvnf; usrcifyGef; rd kufu,ftJ&pftm; ajym=um;xm;ygonf? usrud k,fwk dif ,if;b¾mxdef;tzG J @ud k tjynf ht0 }uD;=uyfEd kifrnf h tcsd efumvrwd kifrD Tb¾mxdef;vkyfief;ESif hqd kifaom Oya'a&;

&mudpP&yfrsm;tm;vH k;ud k usrcif yGef; tm; usrud k,fpm; aqmif&Gufyk difcGif hay;xm;ygonf?

usrtaeESif hajym&rnfqd kygu usrom;}uD;u aemfa0;jynfoljynfom;rsm;ta=umif;/ cspfcif&if;ES D;pGm aEG;axG;aomarwœ mpdwfjzif h ajym=um;oGm;onfud k =um;odvd kuf&onf htwGufvnf; usr rsm;pGm ESpfouf=unfEl;rdygonf? qkay;yG Jt crf;tem;ud k =unfEl;zG,f&m/ rarhEd kifzG,f&mjzpf&yftaejzif h txl;ojzif h wufa&muf=uaom jrefrmrsm; twGuf jyKvkyfay;&ef }udK;pm;aqmif&Gufay;=uonfrsm;ud k =um;od&aomtcgwGif usrpdwfv_yf&Sm;&onftxd =unfEl;rdcJ hygonf?







oef; 0if;vI d if58

aemfa0;Ed kifiH&d S awmifapmufawmif=um;twGif;rS yifv,furf;ajr‡mifrsm;ta=umif;ud k usruav;b0wGif zwf±_cJ h&pOfuwnf;urSpIaemfa0;Ed kifiHonf usrpdwftm±k Hud k txl;qJ GaqmifapcJ hygonf? usr

ud k,fwd kif wae@ae@wcsdefcsdefwGif udk,fwd kifvma&mufI Ed kb,fjidrf;csrf;a&;a[majymyG Jud k jyKvkyfEd kifrnf htcsdeftcgud k pdwftm;xufoefpGm apmif har#mfaeygonf?

atmifqef;pk=unf










tcef; (6)

trsKd;om;nDvmcH1990 jynf hESpf a&G;aumufyG JwGif tjywftowftEd kif&&SdcJ haom t

rsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzGJ@csKyfonf ppftpdk;&tm%mv$Jajymif;ay;&eft}udrf}udrfawmif;qd kcJ haomfvnf; vH k;0vufrcHbJ y,fcscJ honf?

xd k @aemuf ppftpd k;&onf 1993 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv 9 &ufae@wGif zG J @pnf;yH ktajccHOya'a&;qG JEd kifa&;twGuf twkta,mif trsKd;om;nDvm

cHud k pwifusif;ycJ honf?,if;nDvmcHod k @ trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @OuUX OD;atmifa&$onf

e0w pDpOfxm;onf htwd kif; cG Jwrf;usOD;a&jzif h twkta,miftrsKd;om;nDvmcHud k yg0ifwufa&muf&ef qH k;jzwfcJ honf? Tod k @jzifh OD;atmifa&$OD;aqmifaom NLD rS jynfol @v$wfawmfud k,fpm;vS,f (86) OD;onfe0w. trsKd;om;nDvmcHod k @ wufa&mufcJ h=uonf? ppftpd k;&tm; jyef

vnf wkef @jyefwd kufyG J0ifEd kifpGrf; tajctaer&S donf htwGuf ar#mvd kufaeovd k jzpfcJ h&onf?

e0wppftpd k;&onf trsKd;om;nDvmcH. OD;wnfcsuf (6) &yf/ tcef;vd kufacgif;pOf (15) ck/ tajccH&rnf hrl (104) csufud k nDvmcHud k,fpm;vS,frsm;tm; twif;csrSwfcd kif;cJ honf?

pifppf zG J @pnf;yH ktajccHOya'qd konfrSm wd kif;jynf. toufjzpfovd k/ tajccHtkwfjrpfvnf;jzpfonf? zG J @pnf;yH ktajccHOya'onf jynfwGif;ppfrD;ud k yd kjyD;awmufavmufoGm;apEd kifouJ hod k @ ESpfaygif; 60 awmufavmifaeaom jynfwGif;ppfrD;ud kvnf; tukeftpifjidrf;owfay;Ed kifpGrf;&S dygonf? zG J @pnf;yH ktajccHOya'onf Ed kifiHom;wOD;pD wOD;pDwd kif;. ud k,fa&;vH kjcHKr_/ 'Drd kua&pDESif h vl @tcGif hta&;wk d @ud k tjynf ht0tmrcHEd kifonf htaetxm;ud k zefwD;ay;Ed kifouJ hok d @ Ed kifiHom;wOD;pD/ wOD;pDwd kif;.uH=urRmud k v_yfvd k @r&atmif wkyfaESmifcsKyfwnf;xm;Ed kifpGrf;vnf; &S dygonf?

xd k @a=umif h TzG J @pnf;yH ktajccHOya'twGuf tajccHrlrsm;csrSwfjcif;/







oef; 0if;vI d if60

xd ktajccHrlrsm;ay: rlwnfI zG J @pnf;yH ktajccHOya' (rl=urf;) ud k a&;qG Jjcif;/

xd ka&;qG Jxm;aom (rl=urf;) tm; vlxkxHcsjyjyD; jyifqifjcif;/ jznf hpGufjcif;wd k @ud k t}udrf}udrftvDvDjyKvkyfjcif; ponf hudpP&yfwd kif;wGif jynfolw&yfvH k;u vGwfvyfpGmyg0ifjyD; aqmif&Guf=u&ayvdrf hr,f? wenf;qk d& v#if xd kjzpfpOfwd kif;wGif jynfolrsm;u wd kuf±d kufyg0ifIaomfvnf;aumif;/ jynfolwd k @rS wm0eftyfESif;xm;aom jynfol @v$wfawmfud k,fpm;vS,frsm;u yg0ifIaomfvnf;aumif; wduspGm aqmif&Guf=u&rnf

jzpf onf?xd kok d @ aqmif&Guf&mwGifvnf; jynfolvlxk}uD;. qEN/ Ed kifiHom;

wOD;pDwd kif;. qENESif h Ed kifiHom;wOD;pDw/ OD;pDwd kif;. t=uHjyKcsuf/ jznf hpGufwifjycsufwd kif;uk d tav;teufxm; jznf hqnf;aygif;pyfay;=u&rnf jzpfonf? rnfolwOD;wa,mufur# tm%mjzif h xdef;csKyf umqD;xm;yd kifcGif hr&S dyg?

rdrdwd k @. uH =urRmud k yJ hud kifxdef;ausmif;ay;rnf h zG J @pnf;yH ktajccHOya'ud k a&;qGJ&mwGifvnf;aumif;/ a&;qG JEd kif&ef tajccHrlrsm;csrSwf&mwGifvnf;aumif;/ a&;qG JjyD; zG J @pnf;yH ktm; jyefvnfoH k;oyfjyD; rlacsmjyK&mwGifvnf;aumif; jrefrmEd kifiHtwGif; rS Dwif;aexd kif=uaom vlrsKd;aygif;pH k jynfolw&yfvH k;. tusKd;pD;yGm;ud k wnf hrwfpGm rsufESmrlI aqmif&Guf=u&rnfjzpfygonf?

od k @aomf e0wpdwf}udKuf a&G;cs,fxm;onf h nDvmcHud k,fpm;vS,frsm;u trsm;pkjzpfjyD; a&G;aumufcHv$wfawmfud k,fpm;vS,frsm;u 14&mcd kifE_ef;r#om wufa&mufcGif h&cJ honf? ,if;twkta,mif trsKd;om;nDvmcHwGif e0wppftpd k;&u ‘ tem*wfEd kifiHawmf. trsKd;om;Ed kifiHa&;OD;aqmifr_u¾Y wyfrawmfu yg0ifxrf;aqmifEd kifa&;’ qd konf h tcsufud k twif;tusyfoGwfoGif;vmjyD; jynfolvlxku a&G;cs,fwifajr‡muf

&efrvd kbJ ppfwyfud k 25 &mcd kifE_ef; tvd ktavsmufay;&rnfqk donf h rzG,fr&mawmif;qdkr_}uD;udk rlw&yftjzpf wifoGif;vmonf htwGuftzG J @csKyfu rjzpfoif hrjzpfxd kufa=umif; wkef @jyefaqG;aEG;cJ honf? od k @uvd k










'Drd kua&pDtajccHrlrsm;ESif h rud kufnDr_rsm;tay: nDvmcHtwGif; wifjy

aqG;aEG;cJ haomfvnf; e0wtpd k;&onf av;pm;vd kufemjcif;r&S dacs?xk dpOftwGif; 1995 ckESpf/ Zlvd kifv 10 &ufae@wGif a':atmifqef;pk

=unftm; Oya'rJ htus,fcsKyfjzif h xdef;odrf;zrf;qD;xm;&mrS jyefvnfv$wfay;cJ honf? a':atmif qef;pk=unfonf vGwfajrmufvmvmcsif;,m,DOuUXtjzpfaqmif&Gufaeonf h OD ;atmifa&$/ ygwDrlv OuUX OD;wifOD;/ OD;=unfarmifwd k @tygt0if tzJ G @csKyf tr_aqmifvl}uD;rsm;ESif h nd ‡Ed _if;

aqG;aEG;r_rsm;vkyfaqmifovd k/ z±d kz&Jjzpfaeonf h ygwD pnf;±H k;a&;ESif h wnfaqmufa&;udpPrsm;ud k pepfwus jyefvnfwGef;wifEdkifa&;/ tzG J @csKyf twGif; pdwf"gwf=uH @cd kifjrif hrm;a&;rsm;ud k +rdKŒe,ftzG J @csKyf±H k;rsm;txd tES H @oGm;I tm;ay;pnf;±H k;v_ H @aqmfr_ud k qufwd kufvkyfaqmifcJ honf htwGuftzG J @csKyftwGif; jyefvnfv_yf&Sm; Ed k;=um;tm;opfvmcJ honf? tzG J @csKyfqufvuf&yfwnf wnf&S da&;udkyJ aZmif;ay;vkyfaqmifvmcJ h&ovd k &yf

wnfvkyfaqmifvmcJ honf h OD;atmifa&$ud kyif tzG J @csKyfOuUXtjzpf qufvufae&may;xm;onf?

xd k @aemuf a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf ‚if;. jcHa&SŒw&m;yG Jrsm;ud ktywfpOfrysuf azmfaqmifEd kifcJ honf? a':atmifqef;pk=unf. xufjrufonh ft&nftaoG;/ wnf=unfcd kifrmonf h t&S def=oZmrsm;a=umif ha':atmifqef;pk=unfjcHa&SŒw&m;a[majymyG Jrsm;onf vlxk=um; a&yef;

pm;cJ hovk d/ vlxk}uD;. ,H k=unfcspfcifr_ud kvnf; &,led kifcJ honf[k qd k& ayrnf?

Tod k @jzif h tzG J @csKyfonf vlxk=um;Y/ jynfwGif;jynfyY a&yef;tpm;qH k;/ vlxkaxmufcHr_t&qH k;tzG J @}uD;tjzpf qufvufay:vGif xif&Sm;cJ honf? tzG J @csKyfonf awG @qH kaqG;aEG;a&;/ 90 jynf hESpfa&G;aumufyG J&v'fud kav;pm;vd kufema&;/ trsKd;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;twGuf nd ‡ed _if;

aqmif&GufoGm;a&;rsm;udk e0wppftpd k;&xH awmufavsmufwifjyawmif;qd kcJ haomfvnf; ppftpd k;&. qef @usifzufwkef @jyefr_rsm;ud kom &&S dcJ honf?







oef; 0if;vI d if62

a':atmifqef;pk=unfonftrsKd;om;nDvmcHY wzufowf csrSwf

xm;aomOD;wnfcsuf (6) csufESif h tajccHrl (104) csufud k vH k;0 r}udKufESpfoufay?

xdk @a=umif h 1995ckESpf/ Ed k0ifbmv 28 &ufae@Y usif;yaom trsKd;om;nDvmcH pHknDtpnf;ta0;wGif (27-11-95) &ufpG Jwyfvsuf tzG J hcsKyf OuUX OD;atmifa&$vufrSwf xd k;xm;aom trsKd;om;'Drk dua&pDtzG J @csKyf. oabmxm;rl0g'pmwapmifuk d trsKd ;om;nDvmcHusif;ya&; vkyf

ief;aumfrwDOuUXOD;atmifwd k;xH vdyfrljyD;ay;yd k @cJ honf? xd k @jyif trsKd ;om;nDvmcHusif;ya&; vkyfief;aumfrwDod k @vnf; oabmxm;jyef=um;&efpmjzif h xyfrHta=umif;=um;cJ honf? ta=umif;jyef=um;pmr&&S dojzif htrsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyfonf trsKd;om;nDvmcHusif;ya&;OuUXxHay;pmwapmif xyfrHay;yd k @cJ hjyefonf?

tzG J @csKyfay;yd k@aompmY-

(1) trsKd;om;nDvmcHu csrSwfxm;aomtajccHrlrsm;ud k jyefvnfoHk;oyf&ef?

(2) a&G;aumufyG JwGif tjywftowftEd kif&&S dcJ haom tzG J @csKyf.v$wfawmf ud k,fpm;vS,ftrsm;pkjzif h trsKd;om;nDvmcHud k,fpm;vS,frsm;ud k jyefvnfzG J @pnf;ay;&ef?

(3) nDvmcHwGif csrSwfusif hoH k;aeaomenf;vrf;rsm;/ vkyfxH k;vkyf

enf;rsm;ud k jyefvnfoH k;oyfI jyifqifay;&ef?(4) txufygudpP&yfrsm;ud k aqmif&GufEd kifa&;twGuf awG @qH kaqG;

aEG;r_jyKvkyfa&;twGuf tav;xm;aqmif&Guf&ef ponf htcsufrsm;ud kazmfjyxm;onf?

od k @aomf trsKd;om;nDvmcHpH knDtpnf;ta0;Y trsKd;om;nDvmcHusifya&;aumfr&SifOuUX. rdef @cGef;ygtcsufrsm;ud k avhvmjcif;jzifh

tzG J @csKyf. vd kvm;aom awG @qH kaqG;aEG;a&;udpP vH k;0ryg&S da=umif; od&S d&ojzif h ,if;ae@ (28-11-95) rSmyif trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyfonfppftpd k;& jyKvkyfusif;yonf h twk ta,miftrsKd;om;nDvmcHud k ,if ;yH kpH










twd kif;yif qufvufusif;yaernfqd kygu

(1) trsKd;om;jyefvnf&if=um;apha&;/(2) ppfrSefaomygwDpH k'Drk dua&pDEd kifiHawmfjzpfay:vmEd kifa&;/(3) trsm;jynfolwd k @. ,H k=unfvufcHEd kifaom zG J @pnf;tkyfcsKyfyH k

tajccHOya'w&yf ay:xGef;a&;rsm;ud k taxmuftuljyKEd kifvdrf hrnf r[kwf[k oabmxm;a=unmcsufud k xkwfjyefcJ hjyD; trsKd;om;'Drd kua& pDtzG J @csKyf. nDvmcHud k,fpm;vS,frsm;u nDvmcHwufa&mufaer_ud k

&yfqd kif;vd kufonf? wqufwnf;rSmyif awG @qH kaqG;aEG;a&;ESifh nd ‡E_ dif;tajz&Sma&;ud kvnf; awmif;qd kcJ hygonf? e0wppftpd k;&u tzG J @csKyf.qH k;jzwfcsuftay: wl;wl;cg;cg;wkef @jyefcJ honf?

“OD;atmifa&$acgif;aqmifonf h tzG J @csKyfonf nDvmcHud k wufa&mufae&mu a': atmifqef;pk=unf tus,fcsKyfu vGwfajrmufvmrS tckvd k jzpf ay:vm&onfjzpfonf hta=umif;/ ,if;onf wiful;=uHpnf

r_omjzpfa=umif;” [lI ajymqdkjyD; a':atmifqef;pk=unftay: cg;cg;onf;onf; tjypfzd k @cJ h=uonf?

xd k @aemuf ppftpd k;&onf tzG J @csKyftay: enf;rsKd;pH kjzif h &ef&Smydwfyifuef @owfr_rsm;ud k qufwk dufjyKvkyfvmcJ honf?

trsKd;orD;xl;cRefqk&&S d

xd kpOftwGif; e,l;a,muftajcpd kuf ‘rpf’ (Ms) r*~Zif;rS 1995 ckESpftwGuf trsKd;orD;xl;c|efqk (12) qka&G;cs,fcJ h&wGif a':atmifqef;pk=unfyg0ifcJ honf?

acgif;jzwfjyD;ud k ,f ,le0wppftpd k;&onf trsKd;om;'Drk dua&pDtzG J @csKyfud k ‘acgif;jzwfjyD;

ud k,f,l’ qd konf h enf ;AsL[mrsKd;ud k wd k;jr‡if husif hoH k;um OD;aqmifol xdyfyd kif;tqif hESifh atmufajcpnf;±H k;a&; tqif hqif ht=um; tquftpyfrJ hatmif v_yf&Sm;r_r&&S datmif tpDtpOf&S d&S dwd k;jr‡if h vkyfaqmifvmcJ honf?







oef; 0if;vI d if64

om"utm;jzif h ygwD qd kif;bkwfrsm;jzKwfcsjcif;/ qd kif;bkwfvufcHwifxm;

onf htdrf&Sifrsm;ud k qufvufrwif0H hap&ef enf;rsKd;pH kjzif h [ef @wm;/ +cdrf;ajcmuf/ zdtm;ay;jzKwfcscd kif;jcif;/ tzG J @csKyf0ifa&SŒaersm;/ q&m0efrsm;ud ka&SŒaevd kufcGif hESif h aq;uk ocGif hr&&S dap&eftwGuf vd kifpif±kyfodrf;jcif;/ tzG J @0ifrsm;.rdom;pk0ifrsm; Xmeqd kif&m0efxrf;rsm;jzpfaeygu rdom;pk0ifrsm;ud k jcd rf;ajcmufzdtm;ay;I tzG J @csKyf0iftjzpfrS EkwfxGufcd kif;jcif;/ tzG J @csKyf0ifrsm;ud k trsKd;pH kta=umif;&SmI rw&m;zrf;qD;ta&;,ljcif;/ yk'fxD;

yk'frrsKd;pHkwyfI ESpf &Snfaxmifrsm;csrSwfjcif; ponfwdk @ud k ,kwfrmaumufuspfpGm jyKvkyfvmcJ honf?

twd k uftcd k ufcH& a':atmifqef;pk=unf. ygwDpnf;±Hk;a&;c&D;pOfrsm;tay: Yvnf;

ay:ay:xifxif taESmif ht,SufjyK [ef @wm; wm;jrpfcJ hjyD; ppftpd k;&zG J @

pnf;xm;onf h vufud kifwkwf cg;yd kufaqmiftzG J @tpnf;jzpfonf h =uHŒcd kifa&;toif;0ifrsm;ud ktoH k;jyKum touftEœ &m,fjyKonftxd ajymifajymifwif;wif; zdESdyfapmfum;vmcJ honf?

Ed kifiHa&;ygwDonf jynfolvlxk.vk dvm;csufESif hqENud k nDnGwf pkpnf;r_jyKEd kifa&;twGuf Ed kifiHa&;t& pepfwus zG J @pnf;xm;onf h tzG J @tpnf;wckjzpf&m Ed kifiHa&;ygwDw&yfonf 'Drd kua&pDud k rSefuefpGm usif h

oH k;Ed kifcGif hESif h jynfolvlxkud k ppfrSefpGm ud k,fpm;jyKcGif h&&S d&ef vd ktyfayonf? xd k @jyif Ed kifiHa&;ygwDrsm;onf t&Snfojzif h wnfwnfjidrfjidrf cd kifrmpGm &yfwnfEd kifa&;twGuf pnf;±H k;a&;pGrf;&nfrsm;tay: wnfrS Daeaoma=umif h Ed kifiHawmftwGif; vGwfvyfpGm pnf;±H k;v_yf&Sm;cGif h &&S d&rnfjzpfonf?

1996 ckESpf/ Ed k0ifbmv 9 &ufae@wGif ygwDpnf;±H k;a&;c&D;pOftjzpf

c&D;xGufpOf a':atmifqef;pk=unfESif h 'kOuUX ol&OD;wifOD;/ 'kOuUX OD;=unfarmifwd k @ pD ;eif;vd kufygcJhonf hum;ud k =uHŒzG H @vl&rf;um; 200 ausmfu wkwf/ "m;/ ausmufcJvufeufrsm;pGmud kifjyD; &efukef+rdKŒv,facgif A










[ef;+rdKŒe,f&S d q&mpHESif h *Gwfwvdwfvrf;qH kY 0d kif;0ef;t=urf;zuf wd kuf

cdkufonftxd ajymifususjyKvkyfvmcJ h=uonf? tqd kygae&monf jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;XmeESif h jrefrmEd kifiH&JcsKyf±k H;wnf&S d&mae&mteD;wGif ae@cif;a=umifawmif vlpnfum;&mY wd kufcd kufcH&jcif;jzpfonf?

1997 ckESpf/ Ed k0ifbmv 15 &ufaewGif Ed kifiHawmfjidrf0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzG J @ (e0w)onf Ed kifiHawmfat;csrf;oma&;@Sif h zG H @+zdK;a&;aumifpD (etz) tjzpf trnfajymif;vJvd kufjyD; aemufyd kif;wav#muf

vH k;Yvnf; tzG J @csKyfonf etz.enf;aygif;pHkjzif h qufvufzdES dyfapmfum;r_ud k cHcJ h&±H komru etz. t"du OD;wnf&efoltjzpfyg owfrSwfcHcJ h&onf?

1998 ckESpf/ ZGefv 23 &ufae@wGif trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyfOD;atmifa&$onf enf;rsKd;pH kjzif h zdES dyfcHae&onf h=um;rS &ufaygif;(60) twGif; v$wfawmfac:,lay;a&;ud k xyfrHawmif;qd kcJ honf? od k @aomf ppf

tpd k;& vH k;0y,fcsvdkufonf?xd k @a=umif h 1996 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv 16 &ufae@wGif ‘ jynfol @

v$wfawmfud k,fpm;jyKaumfrwD’ (Committee Representing The People’s

Parliament-CRPP) ud k pwifzG J @pnf;cJ honf? 1990 jynf hESpf ygwDpH k taxGaxGa&G;aumufyG J}uD; usif;yjyKvkyfjyD;aemuf rvG JraoGac:,lay;&rnf hjynfol @v$wfawmfud k e0w wjzpfvJ etzppftpd k;&u vH k;0ac:,lay;

jcif;r&S donf htwGuf jynfol @v$wfawmfac:,la&;onf etztwGufomwm0ef&S donfr[kwf/ jynfolua&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufxm;onf h jynfol @v$wfawmfud k,fpm;vS,frsm;Yvnf; wm0ef&S donf[k oH k;oyfI ‘ jynfol @v$wfawmf ac:,la&;&nf&G,fcsufjzif h jynfol @v$wfawmf ud k,fpm;jyK aumfrwDud k zG J @pnf;cJ hjcif;jzpfonf? jynfol @v$wfawmf ud k,fpm;jyK aumfrwDud k zG J @pnf;cJ hjyD;aemuf 1998 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv 16 &ufae@wGif yxr

t}udrftpnf;ta0;ud k w&m;0ifusif;ycJ honf?1990 jynf hESpf ygwDpH ktaxGaxGa&G;aumufyG JwGif a&G;aumufwif

ajr‡mufcHcJ h&onf h jynfol @v$wfawmfud k,fpm;vS,f 485 OD;&S dcJ hjyD; uG,f







oef; 0if;vI d if66

vGefoGm;ol (26) OD;ud kz,fvd kufygu usef&S dol 459 OD;&S d&m trsKd;om;

'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyfESif h r[mrdwfEd kifiHa&;ygwDrsm;rS tEd kif&jynfol @v$wfawmf ud k,fpm;vS,faygif; 251 OD;. ‚if;wd k @.vkyfyd kifcGif hud k tzG J @csKyf A[d ktvkyftr_aqmiftzG J @od k @ tm%mtyfESif;xm;onf hvkyfyd kifcGif hrsm;t& (a&G;aumufcHv$wfawmfud k,fpm;vS,fpkpkaygif;. 52 µudk ud k,fpm;jyK

0J rS ,m (yxrwef;) - OD;vGif? OD;at;omatmif? OD;atmifa&T? OD;oef;xGef;? OD;wifOD;

0J rS ,m ('kwd,wef;) - OD;vSaz? OD;pdk;jrif h? OD;vGef;wif? OD;nGef Ya0? a':atmifqef;pkMunf

vsuf) trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyfu uruxjyK OD;aqmifum jynfol @v$wfawmfud k,fpm;jyKaumfrwDud k atmif jrifpGm zG J @pnf;Ed kifcJ hjcif; jzpfonf?

pwifzG J @pnf;pOfu jynfol @v$wfawmfud k,fpm;jyKaumfrwD0ifrsm;rSm(1) OD;atmifa&$ - OuUX(2) OD;oef;xGef; - twGif;a&;rSL; (1)(3) OD;at;omatmif - twGif;a&;rSL; (2)(4) ol&OD;wifOD; - tzG J @0if(5) a':atmifqef;pk=unf - tzG J @0if

(6) OD;vGif - tzG J @0if(7) OD;vSaz - tzG J @0if(8) OD;pd k;jrif h - tzG J @0if










(9) OD;vGef;wif - tzG J @0if

(10)OD;nGef @a0 - tzG J @0ifponfwd k @ jzpfonf?

pwifzG J @pnf;pOfu twGif;a&;rSL;OD;at;omatmifonf (1) &cdkif'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyf/ (2) &Srf;trsKd;om;'Drdkua&pDtzG J @csKyf (3) rGeftrsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyf (4) Zd krD;trsKd;om;uGef*&uf ponf htzG J @ (4) zG J @. ud k,fpm;vS,fjzpfonf?

CRPP yxr t}udrftpnf;ta0; yxrae@rSmyif jynfol hv$wfawmfOuUX tjzpf a'gufwmOD;apmjratmifud k a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufcJ h=uonf?a'gufwmOD;apmjratmifonf &cd kif'Drk dua&pDtzG J @csKyfrSjzpfjyD; &cd kifjynfe,f ajrmufOD;rJqENe,ftrSwf (1) rS a&G;aumufcH jynfol @v$wfawmfud k,fpm;vS,fjzpfonf?

CRPP tpnf;ta0;Y aumfrwD. a=unmcsuftrSwf(1) xkwfjyef

cJ honf? a=unmcsufY TaumfrwDonf 1990 jynf hESpf ygwDpH k 'Drd kua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyG J Oya'ESifhtnD v$wfawmfac:ay;a&;rlt& v$wfawmfac:,lay;a&;jzpfajrmufonftxd v$wfawmfud k,fpm; aqmif&GufoGm;rnf[k twdtvif;azmfjya=unmcJ honf?

jynfol@v$wfawmfudk,fpm;jyKaumfrwD zJ G @pnf;vd kufonf htay: awmfvSefa&;e,fajrESif h jynfya&muf ta&G;cs,fcH jynfol @v$wfawmf

ud k,fpm;vS,frsm;uvnf; tm;wufoa&m axmufcHvk duf=ujyD; jynfya&mufv$wfawmfud k,fpm;vS,frsm;jzpf=uonf h a'gufwmpdef0if;/ OD;bd kvSwif h/ OD;vseftkyf/ OD;armifarmifat;/ OD;vSOD;/ OD;odef;OD;/ a'gufwmwif haqG/ a'gufwmZvyfxef/ OD;u,f'Dbl;&D;/ OD;cGefrwf&fud kbef/ OD;',feD&,fatmif/ OD;wifxGwf/ OD;xefvsef;aygif/ OD;oef;pdef/ OD;omEdk;/ a'gufwmpef;atmif/ OD;Ad kvfaomif;/ OD;xGef;OD; ponf h v$wfawmfud k,fpm;vS,f(19) OD;u ,if;wd k @ud k,fpm; aqmif&Gufyd kifcGif htm%mud k CRPP od k @ tyfESif;vd kufa=umif; vufrSwfa&;xd k;a=unmcsufxkwfjyef axmufcHcJ h=uonf?







oef; 0if;vI d if68

ppftpd k;&onf CRPP zG J @pnf;r_ud k vH k;0vufrcHbJ enf;rsKd;pH kjzif h 'kuQ

ay;vkyfaqmifcJhonfud k awG @&ayonf? v$wfawmfac:,la&;ud k axmufcHcJ h=uonf h typf&yf jidrf;csrf;a&;tzG J @jzpfonf h &Srf;jynfvlrsKd;aygif;pH k vGwfajrmufa&;tzG J@(&vvz)/ u,ef;jynfopfygwDESif h u&ifeDjynf vlrsKd;aygif;pH k jynfol @vGwfajrmufa&;wyfOD; (uvvw) tzG J @wd k @ud k ac:,l zdtm;ay;±H kru raxmufcHa=umif;a=unmcsuf jyefvnfxkwfcdkif;cJhonf?xd k @jyif jynfwGif;&S d a&G ;aumufcH v$wfawmfud k,fpm;vS,frsm;ud k ac:,l ppf

aq;jcif;/ ajccsKyfcH0eftufOya'rsm;ESifh aeapjcif;/ tcsKdŒudk zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifjcif; ponfwd k @ud k ay:ay:xifxifvkyfaqmifvmcJ honf? ppftpd k;& onf v$wfawmfud k,fpm;vS,frsm;ud k ac:,lppfaq; zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifxm;r_rsm;ud kyif “ zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifxm;jcif;r[kwf/ ac:,laqG;aEG;aejcif;omjzpfonf” [k 0g'jzef @cJ honf? wqufwnf;rSm etzppftpk d;&. vufud kifwkwftzG J @tpnf;jzpfonf h =uH Œcd kifa&;tzG J @ud k toH k;csum jynfe,f/ wd kif;

toD;oD;&S d +rdKŒ}uD;rsm;wGif jynfol @qENazmfxkwfyG Jrsm;ud k twif;t"rRvkyfaqmifvmcJ honf? ,if;vlxktpnf;ta0;}uD;rsm;rS NLD . v$wfawmf ac:,la&;a=unmcsufud k qef husif&_wfcsa&;/ NLD ud k rw&m;oif;tjzpfa=unmzsufodrf;a&;/ CRPP, NLD (10) OD;*d k%f;ud k ta&;,l &Sif;vif;ypfa&;ponf hawmif;qd kcsufrsm;ud k atmf[pf tiftm;jyapcJ honf?wzufrSvnf; CRPP zsufodrf;ay;v#if zrf;qD;csKyfaESmifxm;onf h Ed kifiH

a&;tusOf;om;rsm;ESif h v$wfawmfud k,fpm;vS,frsm;ud k jyefvnf v$wfay;rnf[k rD;pwzuf a&r_wfwzuf urf;vSrf;vmcJ honf?

CRPP ESif hywfoufI 1998 ckESpf/ Ed k0ifbmv 23 &ufae@wGif a': atmifqef;pk=unfu owif;pm&Sif;vif;yG Jw&yfjyKvkyf&if; “ 90 jynf hESpfa&G;aumufyG J&v'fud k oabmrusvd k @ a&G;aumufyGJ todtrSwfrjyK awmhjcif;[m vufrcHEd kif/ rjzpfoif h/ v$wfawmfac:,la&;ud k qufvuf}udK;yrf;oGm;r,f? CRPP ud k v$wfawmfay: Yomzsufodrf;oGm;r,f” [k&Sif;vif;ajym=um;cJ honf?

1998 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv 8 &ufae@wGif jynfol @v$wfawmfud k,fpm;jyK










aumfrwD tpnf;ta0;ud k usif;ycJ hjyD; ‘jynfol @v$wfawmfa&;&m aumfr

wD’ ud k xyf rHzG J @pnf;vd kufonf? jynfol @v$wfawmfa&;&maumfrwDrsm;rSm(u) wd kif;&if;om;a&;&maumfrwD / OuUX - OD;at;omatmif

twGif;a&;rSL; - a':atmifqef;pk=unf(c) b¾ma&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ ukefoG,fa&;&maumfrwD / OuUX -

OD;nGef @a0(*) Oya'a&;&maumfrwD / OuUX - ol&OD;wifOD;

(C) ynma&;&maumfrwD / OuUX - a':atmifqef;pk=unf(i) usef;rma&;/ vlr_a&;aumfrwD / OuUX - OD;vGif(p) Ed kifiHwumqufqHa&;aumfrwD / OuUX - OD;atmifa&$(q) awmifolv,form;a&;&maumfrwD / OuUX - OD;pd k;jrih f(Z) tvkyform;a&;&maumfrwD / OuUX - OD;oef;xGef;

twGif;a&;rS SL; - OD;vGef;wif

(ps) v$wfawmfa&;&maumfrwD / OuUX - OD;vSaz(n) umuG,fa&;&maumfrwD / OuUX - ol&OD;wifOD;

ponfwd k @jzpfonf?

vG wfvyfa&;qk2000 jynf hESpf/ rwfv 18 &ufae@wGif td kif,mvefEd kifiH 'AŠvif+rdKŒ

wGif a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; 'AŠvif+rdKŒawmf. ‘vGwfvyfa&;qk’ud k *k%fjyKcsD;jr‡ifhcJ honf? qkud k ol@ud k,fpm; om;i,fxdefvif; ac: uiftJ&pfu qkvufcH,lcJ honf? *k%fjyKrSwfwrf;v$m;tm; a':atmifqef;pk=unf ud k,fwd kifwufa&mufvufrSwfa&;xd k;Ed kifonh ftcsdeftxd apmif hqd kif;xm;rnfjzpfonf? awmiftmz&duorRwa[mif; ref'Jvm;tm;qkcsD;jr‡if hcJ hpOfuvnf; tvm;wl ud k,fwd kifvufrSwfa&;xd k;Ed kifonftxdrSwfwrf;v$mwGif csefvSyfxm;cJ hzl;onf? tqd kygqkudk tar&dueforRwa[mif;rsm;jzpf=uonf h *|eftufzfuae'D/ bDvfuvifwef/ 'kwd&ajrmufykwf&[ef;rif;}uD; *|efaygvfESif h rmomx&Dqmwd k @tm; qkcsD;jr‡if hcJ hjyD;jzpf







oef; 0if;vI d if70

onf?

*k PfjyKaw;c&pf 2000 jynf hESpftwGuf td kif,mvefEd kifiH/ +rdKŒawmf 'AŠvif tkyf

csKyfa&;tzG JŒrSay;tyfonf h +rdKŒawmf*k%fxl;aqmifqk a':atmifqef;pk=unfESif h yl;wG J&&S dcJ hol a&mcfhaw;oH&Sif bd kEd kESif htzG J @rS a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; *k%fjyKpyfqd kxm;onf h “Walk On” aw;oDcsif;ud k 2002 ckESpf/

azazmf0g&Dv (27) &ufae@Y tar&duefjynfaxmifpk *&rfrDaw;*Dwqkay;yG JwGif taumif;qH k;qkcsD;jr‡if hcHcJ h&onf?

'k wd ,tBudrf aetd rftus,fcsKyf2000 jynf hESpf/ =o*kwfv (24) &ufae@wGif 'kwd,OuUX ol&OD;wif

OD;/ &efukefwd kif; pnf;±H k;aumfrwDOuUX ocifpd k;jrif h/ &efukefwd kif; pnf;±H k;a&;

tzG JŒ0if a'gufwmrsKd;atmif/ tzG JŒcsKyfvli,f(16) OD; ¡,mOfarmif; ESpfOD;tygt0if¢ wd k @ESif htwl &efukefwzufurf; 'v+rdKŒrSwqif h &efukefwd kif;/uGrf;jcHukef;+rdKŒESif h aumhrSL;+rdKŒrsm;od k @ pnf;±H k;a&;udpPrsm; aqmif&Guf&ef&efukef+rdKŒyef;qd k;wef;qdyfurf;rSwqif h c&D ;xGuf&ef pDpOfcJ h&m yef;qd k;wef;qdyfurf;wGif wem&DcG Jcef@ tm%myd kifrsm;rS ydwfqd k @xm;cJ hjyD;rS wzufurf;ok d hul;cGif h&cJ honf? 'v+rdKŒod k @ a&muf&S donf htcg }udKwifapmif hqd kif;aeonf h tzG J @csKyfum;ESpfpD;jzif h uGrf;jcHukef;od k @ c&D;xGufvmpOf 'v+rdKŒrStxGuf (3) rd kifcef hta&muf usefppfom;&yfuGufwGif tm%myd kifrsm;rSa&SŒc&D;rqufEd kif&ef twif;t"rRydwfqd k @wm;jrpfxm;ojzif h tqd kyg ae&mYyif c&D;qufxGufEd kifonftxd tajccsapmif hqd kif;aecJ h&m (9) &ufajrmufae@jzpfonf h puf wifbmv (1) &ufn 11;15 em&DwGif &JwyfzG J @ESif hppfaxmufvSrf;a&;tiftm; 300 ausmfu a':atmifqef;pk=unfESif htzG J @tm; 0if a&mufpD;eif;jyD; twif;t=uyfzrf;qD;csKyfaESmifac:aqmifjyD;&efukef+rdKŒod k @jyefyd k @I 2000 jynf hESpf/ pufwifbmv 1 &ufae@rS 14 &ufae@txd 'kwd,aetdrftus,fcsKyfjzif h zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;xm;jcif; cHcJ h&










onf?

wwd,tBud rf aetd rftus,fcsKyfxd k @aemuf 2000 jynf hESpf/ pufwifbm 20 &ufae@wGif 'kwd,OuUX

OD;wifOD;ESif htwl tzG J @0ifrsm;vd kufygvsuf tzG J @csKyfv_yf&Sm;r_r&S ded kif&ef ydwfyifwm;qD;r_rsm;/ tzG J @csKyf±H k;rsm;ydwfapjcif;/ qd kif;bkwfrsm;csapjcif;rsm;ud kpH kprf;avhvm&ef yxrc&D;pOftjzpf naerD;&xm;jzif h rEœ av;odk @ oGm;

a&muf&ef pDpOfcJ h&m rD;&xm;vufrSwfukefaeonf[k ta=umif;jyIvufrSwfa&mif;ray;bJ aemufwae@ eHeufapmapm 2000 jynfhESpf/ pufwifbm 22 &ufae@wGif &efukefblwm}uD;rS t"rRaetdrfjyefyd k @jyD; wwd,t}udrf aetdrftus,fcsKyfjzif h zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;jcif; cHcJ h&jyefonf?

rd wf zufEd kifiH rsm; aygif;pnf;a&;qd kif&mqka':atmifqef;pk=unfonf 2001 ckESpftwGuf *smreDEd kifiH tajc

pd kuf Ed kifiHwum Ed kifiHa&;ESif h ,Ofaus;r_rsm; vGwfvyfpGm aygif;pnf;a&;qd kif&m qkay;a&;tzG J @}uD;. rdwfzufEd kifiHrsm; aygif;pnf;a&;qd kif&mqk(Collegue United Nations) qkud k &&S dcJ honf? tqd kygqk&&S dolrsm;teufa':atmifqef;pk=unfonf yxrqH k;trsKd;orD;jzpfonf? 1999 ckESpfwGifyd kvefEd kifiHorRw/ 2000 jynf hESpfwGif [efa*&DEd kifiH0ef}uD;csyfESif h Ed kifiHjcm;

a&;0ef}uD;Xme0ef}uD; rpPwm[Gef;wd k @&&S dcJ hjyD; a':atmifqef;pk=unfonfwwd,ajrmuf qk&&S dcJ holjzpfonf?

jyefvnfvGwfajrmufa':atmifqef;pk=unfonf aetdrftus,fcsKyftjzpf 1 ESpf 5 v

14 &ufuscHcJ h&jyD;aemuf 2002 ckESpf/ arv 6 &ufae@wGif aetdrf tus,fcsKyfrS jyefvnfvGwfajrmufvmcJ honf?

vGwfajrmufvmjyD;aemuf 0g&Sifwefyd k @pfowif;pmwGif yl;wG Jxkwfa0onf h Parade owif;pH kr*~Zif;wGif jrefrmh'Drd kua&pDrdcif}uD; a':atmifqef;







oef; 0if;vI d if72

pk=unfu “All We Want is Our Freedom” (vGwfvyfa&;ud kyJ usrwd k @ vd kcsif

w,f) acgif;pOfjzif h aqmif;yg;wyk'fa&;om;cJ honf?tqd kygaqmif;yg;Y“ jrefrmEd kifiHw0ef; c&D;oGm;vm&if; usru vl

awGud k bmvd k @ 'D rd kua&pDud k vd kcsifwmvJvd k @ar;=unf hrdygw,f? r=umc%qd kovd k t=um;&qH k;tajzuawmh usaemfwd k @ usrwd k @ vGwfajrmufcsifvd k @qd kwm usrem;vnfygw,f? olwd k @&JŒuH=urRmud k olwd k @ud k,fwd kif yH kazmfqH k;jzwfcGif hr&S dbJ zdES dyfcHae&wmu vGwfajrmufvd kcsif=uygw,f? vuf

euftiftm;/ tajccHwJ htrdef @awGeJ @ xif&mpd kif;r_awGatmufrSm a&mufae&wJ h olwd k @&JŒedpP"l0=uHKawG @ae&wJ htjzpfawGud k &S dwJ htwd kif; &ifzGif hajymjycsifwmvd khqd kygw,f? olwd k @todOm%fynm&JŒpdefac:r_ud k jznf hqnf;ray;Ed kifwJ hynma&;pepftay: rauseyfcsufawGud k olwd k @ xkwfazmf ajymvd k=uygw,f? a0zef/ aqG;aEG;/ jiif;ck HEd kifolawGjzpfjyD; pk±H k; oDqd k/ atmf[pf/=obmay;yd kifzd k @ axmifaomif;odef;ru pka0;Ed kifolawGjzpfvd k=uygw,f?

jrefrmEd kifiHu vli,fawG[m us,fjyef @vGef;wJ har#mfvif hcsufawGeJ @tH hrcef;r_awGjynf hapwJ h vli,fb0&JŒ Ed k;=um;wufºuGwJ ht&G,fawGud ktjynf ht0yd kifqd kifcsifw,f? ra&&mr_awG/ }uD;us,fr_awGeJ @ pdwful;,Ofr_awG/ awmufycrf;em;r_eJ @ zDvmqef @usifr_awG/ =urf;wrf;cufwefr_eJ@ odrfarG @r_awG wef;pDjynf haewJ hvli,fb0ud k tjynf ht0&,lvd k=uygw,f?

jrefrmtrsKd;orD;awGtaeeJ @a&m bmawGvd ktyfygovJ? ukefaps;E_ef;

}uD;jrif hr_&JŒzdpD;r_'%fa=umif h tm;ysufjiD;aiG @avmufatmif tdrfr_xdef;odrf;ae&wJ hb0u vGwfajrmufcsif=uygw,f? vGwfvyfpGmawG;awm=uHqrdvd k @ cifyGef;jzpfol tjypfay;ta&;,lcH&rvm;/ 'grSr[kwf uav;awGrsm; b0&JŒtcGiftvrf;awGqH k;yg;oGm;rvm;qd kwJ h pd k;&drfa=umif h=ur_awGu uif;vGwfcsif=uygw,f? rdom;pkud k axmufyH hEd kifatmif cE<mud k,fud k&if;ae&wJhb0u vGwfajrmufzd k@ awmif hwae=uwJ htrsKd;orD;awGvnf;

awmfawmfrsm;rsm; trsm;}uD;ud k &S dygw,f?usrawG @qH kcJ hwJ h v,form;/ ,morm;awGqd k&if olwd k @qENtwd kif;

pd kufysKd;xGef,ufcsif=uw,f? rawmfrw&m;aps;ES drfcH&jyD; tpd k;&udk r










a&mif;rae&jcdrf;ajcmufcH&wmrsKd;awGu uif;vGwfjyD; olwd k @xGufukef

awGud k ud k,f hqENeJ @ud k,f aps;uGufwif a&mif;csvd k=uygw,f?olwd k @[m edpP"l0 ajreJ @zufjyD; b0ud k ±kef;uef&yfwnfolawGyg? 'D

vd k =urf ;wrf;wJ hb0awGtay:rS usKd;a=umif;rqDavsmfwJ htrdef @awGeJ @ em;vnf&cufwJ htm%myd kifawGa=umif h aemuf xyf 0efxkyf0efyd k; jyefrjzpfcsif=uawmhygbl;?

'geJ @ trsKd ;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyftzG J @0ifawG usrwd k @a&mvd k @ ar;p&m

&Sdygw,f? usrwd k @wawG wd kif;jynfvGwfajrmufzd k @ cufcufcJcJ vkyfud kifaeygw,f? 'Dvd kvkyfud kifaewm[m 'Drd kua&pDtay: ra&r&meJ @ taumif;jrifar#mfvif hjyD; xif&mvkyfud kifaewm r[kwfygbl;? 'Drd kua&pDqd kwm ol&JŒawmufyr_ud k =um&Snfxdef;Ed kifatmif tjrJwap ta&mifwifay;&wJ h&wemwyg; jzpfw,fqd kwm usrwd k @ odygw,f? ysufpD;qH k;&_ H;wm/ tcd k;cH&wmawGrjzpfatmif umuG,fzd k @ 'Drd kua&pDud k rsuf jcnfrjywf apmif h=uyf

=unf h±_ae&ygvdrf hr,f? vGwfvyfwJ h jrefrmjynfuom vl @*k%foduQmud kwefzd k;xm; av;pm;wJ hEd kifiH wnfaxmifEd kifrSmrd k @ vGwfajrmufa&;twGufu usrwdk @wawG yifyifyef;yef; }udK;pm;ae=uwm jzpfygw,f?

wd kif;jynfw0ef; vSnf hvnfoGm;wJ htcg vlawGu usraetdrf tus,fcsKyfeJ @ ae&wJ htcsdefawGrSm b,fvd kcHpm;&ovJvd k @ ar;=uygw,f?yxrt}udrf (6) ESpfeJ @ 'kwd,t}udrf (19) v usr aecJ h&ygw,f? rdom;

pk rdwfaqGtaygif;toif;awGeJ @ cG JcGmjyD; usr b,fvd kaecJ hovJaygh? ar;rSar;=uygavw,f? 'Dtm%m&SifEd kifiHrSm ,H k=unfcsuftwGuf tusOf;cscH&oluom trSefwu,f vGwfvyfoljzpfw,fvd k @usru jyefajzygw,f? rSefygw,f? usrwd k @[m usrwd k @&JŒ omrefb0vGwfvyfcGif hawGud kay;qyfxm;&w,f? 'gayrJ h vlom;b0&JŒwefzk d;t&S dqH k;jzpfwJ h ,H k=unfcsuf trSefw&m;tay: usrwd k @=uHŒ=uHŒcH&yfaecJ h=uygw,f? 'Dae&mrSm

jynfolvlxktwGuf usrtvd kcsifqH k;uawmh ppfrSefwJ hvGwfvyfcGif hud ktmrcHumuG,fay;Ed kifzd k @eJ @ trSefwu,f vH kvH kjcHKjcHKumuG,fay;Ed kifzd k@ twGuf vGwfvyfcGif hygyJ?








a&;ESif h vl @tcGif hta&;&&S d&eftwGuf vGwfvyfonf hpdwf"mwfjzif h t=urf ;

rzufbJ }udK;pm;v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufonfrsm;ud k *k%fjyKonf htaejzif hqkcsD;jr‡if hcJ hjcif;jzpfonf[k qka&G;cs,faumfrwDu a=unmcJ h onf?

atoif Ed kifiH wum 'D rd k ua&pDqk2002 ckESpfonf a':aqmifqef;pk=unftwGuf qktrsm;qH k;&&S d

aomESpf[k qd k&ayrnf? 2002 ckESpf/ pufwifbmv 20 &ufae@wGif

*&dEd kifiH atoif+rdKŒawmfrS ‘atoifEd kifiHwum'Drd kua&pDqk’ (Athens

International Prize for Democracy) &&S dcJ honf? qktjzpf 'Drk dua&pDzcifjuD;Pedicles . ud k,fwyd kif;yH k±kyfwkwpfckESif h Honorary Citizen of Athens [kpmwrf;a&;xd k;xm;onf h a&$wHqdyfwckjzpfonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf tqd kygqk&&S donf h urB mhyxrqH k;yk*~ dKvfjzpfygonf?

2002 ckESpf/ Ed k0ifbmv 16 &ufae@wGifvnf; jyifopfed kifiHyg&D+rdKŒY

a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; ,leufpud ktzG J @}uD;. onf;cHpdwf&Snfr_ESif ht=urf;rzufr_jr‡if hwifa&;qd kif&m Madanjeel Singh qk csD;jr‡ih fcH&onf?tqdkygonf qkaiGa':vmwpfodef;yg&S donf?

2002 ckESpftwGuf pDteftef (CNN) Ed kifiHwumowif;Xme.tm&Sa'o owif;ta&;}uD;qH k; xdyfwef;owif; 10 yk'fwGif a':atmifqef;pk=unfaetdrftus,fcsKyfrS vGwfajrmufvmonfh owif;yg&SdcJ h

onf? tjcm;owif;rsm;rSm tif'd keD;&Sm;Ed kifiH bmvDu|ef;wGif AH k;cG JcH&onf howif;/ ta&SŒwDarmEd kifiHopf ay:xGef;vmonf howif;/ ygupPwefwGifppftkyfcsKyfa&;rS t&yfom;tkyfcsKyfa&;od k @ ajymif;vJvmonf howif;/w±kwfjynfY acgif;aqmiftajymif;tvJowif;/ ud k&D;,m;u|ef;qG,fwif;rmr_owif;rsm;yif jzpfygonf?

jAdwdefEd kifiHrS xkwfv$if haeonf h BBC rsufarSmufa&;&mtpDtpOfrS

jAdwdefEd kifiH aomw&Sifrsm;. qENrJay;onf h tpDtpOfwGif “ *k%fxl;aqmif jAdwdefEd kifiHom;tjzpf Ed kifiHwumrS yk*~ dKvfrsm;xJrS rnfol @tm;ay;rnfenf;” [lonf h qENrJppfwrf;wGif aomw&Sif (51) &mcd kifE_ef;u







oef; 0if;vI d if76

a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; qENrJay;cJh=uonf? tar&duef orRw

a[mif; bDvfuvifweftm; qENrJay;ol 18 &mcd kifE_ef;om &S dcJ honf?

&cd kifjynfe,f pnf;½H k;a&;c&D;pOf2002 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv 25 &ufae@wGif a':atmifqef;pk=unfESifh

tzG J honf &cd kifjynfe,fpnf;±H k;a&;c&D;pOfxGufcJ honf? oufqd kif&mtm%myd kifrsm;u a':atmifqef;pk=unfwd k @. ,mOfwef;ud k oGm;vmI r&

atmif enf;rsKd;pH k aES muf,Suf[ef @wm;cJ honf htjyif oHql;}udK;rsm;/ x&yfum;rsm;/ ajrwl;um;rsm;jzif h ydwfqd k @xm;cJ honf? &yfuGufaevlxktm;vnf; a':atmifqef;pk=unf. w&m;yG Jod k @ rwuf&ef jcdrf;ajcmuf [ef @wm;cJ honf?

ÙÙÙ










tcef; (7)

'D yJ ,if; vk yfMuHowfjzwf rI2003 ckESpf/ arvwGif a':atmifqef;pk=unf/ OD;wifOD;ESif h NLD tzG J @0ifrsm; ppfud kif;wd kif;od k @ pnf;±H k;a&;c&D; oGm;a&mufcJ honf? xd kc&D;pOftwGif; arv 30 &ufae@wGif a&$bk dc±d kif/ 'DyJ,if;+rdKŒteD; usD&GmY etzY ppftpd k;&apcd kif;csuft& ,if;wd k @vufyg;aprsm;u acsmif;ajrmif; wd kufcd kufcJ h=uonf? 'DyJ,if;vkyf=uHowfjzwfr_Y t=urf;zufcHcJ h&ol a':nGef @

nGef @u xd kpOfu tjzpftysufud k atmufygtwd kif; tao;pdwf rSwfrdor#jyefvnfajymjycJ havonf?

“arv 30 &ufae@reuf 9 em&D rH k&Gm+rdKŒ NLD ±H k;a&SŒrSm a':atmifqef;pk=unfu wufa&mufvmcJ hwJ h vl xky&dwfowfud k rdef @cGef;ajym=um;ygw,f? rdef @cGef;ajymjyD; jyeftxGufrSm vlxku a':pkeJ @vd kufjyD; ol @&JŒrdef @cGef;awGud k vd kufem;axmifcsifw,fvd k @ ajymw,f? tJ'DrSmyJ =uHŒzGH @eJ @pGrf;

tm;&SifawG aemufu xyfvd kufwmawG @&ygw,f? tJ'Dwkef;u rH k&Gm+rdKŒxJrSm yH krSefoGm;vmaewJ hum;awGvnf; rawG @&awmhbl;? usrwd k @tkyfpkawG&JŒum;eJ @ =uHŒzG H @&JŒum;awGyJ &S dygw,f?”

“ae@v,f 1 em&DavmufrSm a':pku bkwvif+rdKŒu vlxkeJ@ awG @qH kjyD; E_wfcGef;qufpum;ajymcJ hygw,f? jyD;awmh NLD vli,ftzG J @ud k zG J @pnf;ay;cJ hygw,f? usrwd k @ pd kif;jyifuaexGufvmawmh n 7 em&D xd k;aeygjyD? tJ'DuaexGufvmjyD; rdepf 20avmufrSmyJ usrwd k @ usD&Gm a&mufvmw,f? tJ'D&GmrSm a':pku tJ'D&Gmem;w0d kufrSmae=uwJ h &Gmom;awGud k E_wfcGef;qufpum; tenf;i,fajymygw,f? tcsdefuvnf; aemufusaejyDjzpfvd k @ a':pku rdef @cGef;rajymawmhbl;vd k@ awmif;yefpum; ajymcJ hygw,f? 'DyJ,if;+rdKŒud kvnf; tcsdefrDa&mufzd k @ud kawmh usrwd k @awG tJ'D&Gmuae jyefxGufvmcJ h=uygw,f?”

“xGufvmjyD;odyfr=umbl; usrwd k @&JŒum;wef;ud k armfawmfqd kifu,fwpD; a&mufvmjyD; &Gmom;awGud k ±d kufaewJ hta=umif; vmajymygw,f? a':pkud k}udKqd kzd k @apmif hae=uwJ h uav;/ rdef;rtygt0if &Gmom;







oef; 0if;vI d if78

awGud k pGrf;tm;&Sif 'd kif,memum;wpD;u twif;0ifwd kufjyD; um;ud k

xd k;&yfvd kufygw,f? jyD;awmh um;ay:u vlawGqif;vmjyD; &Gmom;awGud k qif;±d kufaewmud k vSrf;jrifae&ygw,f? a':pkud k xGufjyD;r}udKqd kzd k @tpd k;&u }udKwiftrdef @xkwfxm;w,fvd k @ od&ygw,f?

usrtaemufvSrf;=unf hvd kufawmh um;awGtukefvH k; &yfaewmud k awG @&ygw,f? acgif;rSmvufud kify0gawGpD;xm;wJ h bk ef;}uD;twkESpfyg;eJ @ wjcm;vloH k;a,muf a':pkum;em;ud koGm;jyD;awmh a':pkud k wckckajym

wm awG @vd kufygw,f? aemufyd kif;rS usrwdk @od&wmu tJ'DvlawGua':pkud k um;ay:uqif;jyD; olwd k @ud k rdef @cGef;ajymzd k @ ajymwmjzpfygw,f?jyD;awmh olwd k @awGu a':pkud kawG @zd k @apmif haewm awmfawm=umjyDvd k @ajymw,f? 'gu usrwd k @um;wef;ud k qufroGm;Ed kifatmif tcsdefqG Jxm;wmjzpfygw,f? tJ'Dtcd sefrSmyJ a':atmifqef;pk=unfuvnf; &Gmom;awGud k ±d kufESufaewJhtwGuf 'Dtwd kif;xGufroGm;&ufbl;vd k @ ajymyg

w,f?odr=umygbl;/ =uHŒzG H @eJ@pGrf;tm;&SifawG tjynf hwifxm;wJ h bwfpf

um; 10 pD; avmuf usrwd k @qDud k a&mufvmygw,f? tJ'DrSm usrwd k @a':pk&JŒum;ud k &efukefuygvmwJhvluw0d kif;/ rEœ av;uw0d kif;qd kjyD; oH k;qif h0ef;&HjyD; umxm;=uw,f? olwd k @&JŒ bwfpfum;awGxJu (5) pD;uoifwef;ay;xm;ovdkyJ wnDwnf;&yfjyD; usrwd k @&JŒum;wef;ud k rD;

qvd kufawGeJ @ xd k;xm;w,f? tJ'DrSmyJ bwfpfum; 10 pD;ay:rS vufywfjzLrsm;wyfqifxm;wJ h vl 5000 cef @ opfom;wkwfawG/ oHc|efawG/ oHwkwfawG/ av;cGawGud k,fpDeJ @ qif;vm=ujyD; a0omvD+rdKŒxJ bDvl;0ifovd k usrwd k @ud k ±d kuf=u/ ESuf=u/ owf=uawmhwmygyJ? olwd k @ awG @or#vlud k ±d kufjyD; awG @or#qG J}udK;/ vufaumuf/ em&DawG twif;qG Jc|wf,ljyD;um;awG/ qd kifu,fawGud k zsufqD;=uygw,f?

usrwd k @um;xJrSm&S daewJ holawGtm;vH k; um;xJrSma=umufjyD; 0yfae=uw,f? um;ay:rSmygvmwJ h tbOD;cspfwifu usrwd k @ trsKd ;orD; oH k;a,mufud k,fay:rSm uef@vef @cHjyD; umxm;ay;w,f? tJ'Dvd k vufrSm










ydwfjzLywfxm;wJ h =uHŒzG H @eJ @pGrf;tm;&SifawGu wa,mufcsif;pDud k qG Jxkwf

jyD; ±d kuf=uw,f? olwd k@u usrwd k @&JŒyifeDtuô sawGud k twif; qG JjzJ=uw,f? qG J}udK;/ vufaumuf/ vufqGJtdwfawGud k vk,l=uw,f? usrwdk @&JŒxrDud kvnf; qG Jc|wf=uw,f? 'gayr,f h usrwd k @wud k,fvH k;u aoG;awGeJ @ &$ Jaeawmh olwdk @usr&JŒt0wftpm;awGud k qG Jc|wfvd k @r&bl;?

usreJ @ cyfvSrf;vSrf;rSm&S daewJ h trd k;rygwJ hum;ay:u vlawGud kvnf;wuf±d kuf=ujyD; vlESpfa,muf yG Jcsif;jyD;aoqH k;oGm;wmud kvnf; awG @&yg

w,f? usrteD;rSmvnf; qd kifu,feJ @ vdkufvmwJhuav;awGud kvnf;vl4/ 5 a,mufu 0d kif;±d kufaewmud k awG @&ygw,f?

=uHŒzG H @eJ @pGrf;tm;&SifawGu usrud k ±d kufvJ±d kufw,f? ±d kif;vnf; ±d kif;pd kif;w,f? “eifwd k @u Ed kifiHjcm;om;rdef;rud k axmufcH=uw,faygh/ eifwd k @vnf; olwd k @vd kyJ ukvm;r,m;jzpfcsifwmvm;/ rod&ifrSwfxm;/ igwd k @upGrf;tm;”vd k @ajymjyD;awmh usrwd k @ud k 0g;vH k;eJ @ ±d kuf=uygw,f? qHyifud k

qG Jxm;jyD;awmh ajr}uD;eJ@ acgif;ud kaqmif hw,f? wkwfeJ @ acgif ;ud k ±d kufwJ htwGuf usracgif;uG JoGm;jyD; owdvpfoGm;ygw,f? usrwd k @ud k±d kufwJ h vlESpfa,muf[m bkef;}uD;vd k ouFef;0wfxm;wJ holyg? aemufESpfa,mufuawmh OD;xkyfaqmif;xm;jyD; abmif;bDud k 0wfxm;ygw,f? a':atmifqef;pk=unf&JŒum;armif;orm;u twif;um;armif;ajy;awmh a': atmifqef;pk=unf vGufoGm;cJ hygw,f?

usr owdrvpfcifav;rSm usrwd k @ud k (2) em&D avmuf wd kufcd kufwJ hvlawGu rD;/ a&qd kwJ h tcsufay;oauFweJ @ jyefqkwfoGm;=uygw,f?usrowdjyefvnfvmawmh t&rf;ud k arSmifrnf;aew,f? atmf[pf tultnDawmif;oHawG =um;ae&w,f? usr um;qDud koGm;zd k @ }udK;pm;awmh usr&JŒab;ywfywfvnfrSm toufr&S dawmhwJ hvlawGeJ @ jynf haewmyJ? usr um;ay:rSm c%em;wJ htcsdefrSm bkef;}uD;eJ @ &Gmom; av;

a,mufu u,fzd k @a&mufvmwJ htwGuf olwd k@rSmygvmwJ h "gwfrD;eJ @av#mufxd k;=unf hawmh usrwd k @pD;vmwJ hum;ud karmif;wJ h um;armif; orm;uawmh rsufvH k;tjyifxGuf aoqH k;aeygw,f? aowJ htxd t}uD;







oef; 0if;vI d if80

tus,f t±d kufcHxm;&wJ hyH kygyJ? tjcm;vlawG vJaewmvnf; awG @&yg

w,f? wcsKdŒvnf; toufr&S dawmhygbl;? usrwd k@ud k tumtuG,fay;cJ hwJ h tbOD ;cspfwif[mvnf; acgif;[ufwuf}uD;uG Jaewmud k awG @vd kuf& w,f? qd kifu,feJ @ vdkufvmwJhuav;awGvnf; aoukefjyDvdk @awmh xifwmyJ? bmjzpfvd k @vJqd kawmh olwd k @ bmv_yf&Sm;r_rS r&S d=uawmhvdk @ygyJ?wcsKdŒvlawGqd k&if olwdk @&JŒcE<mud k,fxJuaejyD; aoG;awG tqufrjywfyef;xGufaewmud kvnf; awG @&ygw,f? t&rf;a=umufp&maumif;wJ h

toHawGvnf; =um;ae&ygw,f?bkef;}uD;eJ @&Gmom;awGu usreJ @tzG J @0ifESpfa,muf/ ausmif;om;

wpfa,muf aygif; (4) a,mufwd k @ud k tJ'DteD;ywf0ef;usifrSm&S dwJ h bk ef;}uD;ausmif;ud k yd k @ay;vd kuf=uygw,f? usrwd k @tm;vH k; vH kjcHKa&;twGufbkef;}uD;ausmif;&JŒtjyifbufrSm ykef;ae=u&ygw,f? bkef;}uD;ausmif;uvlowfr_jzpfwJhae&meJ@ odyfra0;ygbl;? n 12 em&DavmufrSm ppfum;

awGa&mufvmjyD; um;rD;xd k;jyD;awmh '%f&m&aewJ holawGud k um;wpD F;/aoaewJ holawGud k um;wpD; (2) pD;cG JjyD; um;ay:ypfwifjyD; ac:oGm;wmud k awG@&ygw,f? usefum;awGu owfuGif;ud k vlawGrjrifatmifazsmufzsufaeygw,f? arv 31 &ufae@rSm q&mawmfwyg; usrwd k @ud kyd kufqHay;jyD; xGufajy;cd kif;ygw,f? aemufae@reuf 5 em&DcG Javmufa&mufawmh q&mawmfu usrwd k @av;a,mufud k bkef;}uD;ausmif;eJ @

5 rd kifavmufa0;wJ h &xm;blwmud k vd kufyd k @ay;ygw,f? usrwd k @ &xm;eJ @rH k&Gmjyefygw,f? rH k&Gmwpf+rdKŒvH k;ud kvnf; ppfwyfu odrf;xm;ygw,f? usr&xm;ay:u qif;awmh vH k;0vrf;rav#mufEd kifbl;? usrwd k @av;a,mufqd kufum;iSm;jyD;awmh rH k&GmxJrSm&S dwJ h bk ef;}uD;ausmif;ud koGm;w,f? bkef;}uD;u usrwd k @ud k 0Sufxm;ay;w,f? nae 5 em&DavmufrSm usrwd k @&JŒ'%f&mawGud kaq;ukzd k @ q&m0efac:ay;w,f? usr&JŒacgif;u 2 vufr

avmufuG JaejyD;awmh tcsdefvGefoGm;vd k @ temud kcsKyfvd k @ r&awmhbl;?q&m0efu usrud k cifAsm; t&rf;toufjyif;w,f? 'Davmuf'%f&meJ @'Davmuf=um=umaeEd kifwmudk awmfawmftH h=ow,fvd k @ ajymygw,f?










tJ'Daemuf q&m0efu usrud kaq;xd k;ay;jyD; aq;wd kufygw,f? wywf

avmufaejyD;awmh usrwd k @ rEœ av;ud k jyefoGm;w,f? 'gayrJ h ppfwyfutJ'D 'DyJ,if;rSmygwJ holawGud k vd kuf&Smaew,f=um;vd k @ usr wjcm;&GmrSmwpfvavmuf oGm;ykef;ae&ao;w,f?

aemufawmh 'DyJ,if;vlowfr_tjzpftysufudk pHkprf;ppfaq;wJhta&;ay:aumfr&Sifu vlwa,mufuaejyD; usrud k usrwd k @ =uH KawG @cJ h&wJ hta=umif;awGajymjyzdk @ qufoG,fawmif;qd kvmygw,f? 'geJ @ usr

vnf; xkwfazmfajymqd kzd k @ qH k;jzwfvd kufjyD; 2004 ckESpf/ =o*kwfvrSm xd kif;Ed kifiH rJaqmuf+rdKŒud k xGufvmcJ hygw,f”

(vuf&S dtcsdefwGif a':nGef @nGef @onf tar&duefjynfaxmifpk zd k @0def;+rdKŒwGif aexd kifvsuf&S djyD; e,l;a,muf+rdKŒwGif usif;yjyKvkyfcJ honf h EdkifiHwum=um;emyG JwGif 'DyJ,if;vlowfyG Jta=umif; oufaoxGufqd kcJ honf? pma&;ol)

taemufajrmufwd kif;ppfXmecsKyf xdef;csKyfxm;onf h e,f ajrtwGif;&S d 'DyJ,if;+rdKŒteD; usD&Gmvrf;ray:wGif jzpfyGm;cJ haom 'DyJ,if; vkyf=uHowfjzwfr_ud k jrefrmtm%myd kifrsm;u vl (4) OD;aoqH k;jyD; 50 OD; '%f&m&&S dcJ honf[kqd kaomfvnf; rsufjrifoufaorsm;. tqd kt& aoqH k;olaygif; 282 OD; &S donf[k qd konf?

tcif;jzpfyGm;&mod k @ (2) &uft=um ZGefv 1 &ufae@wGif a&muf&S dpH k

prf;cJ haom &efukef+rdKŒtar&duefoH±H k;rS t&m&S drsm;u 'DyJ,if; wd kufcd kufr_onf tpDtpOf&S d&S d=uHpnfcJ hyH k&aom t"du±k%f;ud k ppftpd k;&vd kvm;olvl&rf;um;rsm;u usL;vGefcJ hjcif;jzpfa=umif;/ aoqH k;olrsm;onf tpd k;& xkwfjyefonfxuf yd kIrsm;jym;Ed kifa=umif; qd kygonf?

'DyJ,if;vkyf=uHowfjzwfr_wGif a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf toufraobJ vGwfajrmufcJ hjyD; a&OD;+rdKŒt0if*dwfta&mufwGif tm%myd kifrsm;

rS zrf;qD;cJ hjyD; a&OD; &Jpcef;wGif ,m,Dxdef;odrf;xm;cJhonf? a&OD;&Jpcef;rSaemufwpfae@ (31-5-2003) eHeuf 1 em&DwGif &Jarrsm;rS um;wpfpD;ay: od k @ twif;t=uyfwifaqmifI ac:aqmifvmcJ h&m trSwf (6) wif hum;







oef; 0if;vI d if82

wyf&if; {nf h&dyfomwGifwpf}udrf/ rif;bl;+rdKŒ&S d ppfwyf{nf h&dyfomwGif wpf

}udrf&yfem;jyD;aemuf ZGefv (2) &ufae@ eHeuf 8 em&D 20 rdepfwGif tif;pdefaxmifod k @ yd k @aqmifxdef;odrf;jcif; cHcJ h&onf? ZGefv 24 &ufae@txdtif;pdefaxmiftwGif;&S d tdrf i,fwpfvH k;wGif xdef;odrf;xm;cJ honf? ZGefv24 &ufae@wGif tif;pdefaxmifrS &JrGefwyfpcef;&S d &J acgif&dyfomod k @ ajymif;a&$Œxm;cJ h&mrS pufwifbmv 16 &ufae@wGif a':atmifqef;pk=unfonftrsKd;orD;a&m*gjzpfyGm;cJ h&m aq;±H kwufa&mufcG Jpdwfuko&ef vd ktyfI

&efukef+rdKŒ tm&Sawmif0ifaq;±H kod k@ wifyd k @cJ honf? aq;±H kwGif rD;,yfESifhom;zGm;qd kif&ma&m*gud k cG Jpdwfukor_cH,ljyD;aemuf Ed kifiHwum. zdtm;ay;r_a=umif h ppftpd k;&onf a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; pufwifbmv23 &ufae@wGif oufqd kif&mq&m0ef}uD;rsm;u aq;±H krSqif;cGif hjyKaomtcg aetdrfod k @jyefyd k @I pwkwÎ t}udrfaetdrftus,fcsKyfjzif h xdef;odrf;xm;cJ honf? 2004 ckESpf/ arv 20 &ufae@wGif ukvor*~ txl; ud k,f

pm;vS,f tDb&m*rfbm&Donf aetdrftus,fcsKyfcsxm;jcif;cH&aoma':atmifqef;pk=unfESif h oGm;a&mufawG @qH kcJ honf? owif;pm&Sif;vif;yG JY ppftpk d;&u owif;axmufrsm;tm; ‚if;.vH kjcHKa&;t& aetdrfwGifacwœ aexd kif&ef uef @owfxm;jcif;omjzpfygonf[k ajym=um;cJ haomfvnf; 2004 ckESpf/ Ed k0ifbm 27 &ufae@wGif 1975 ckESpfwGif jyÏmef;I/1991 wGif jyifqifxkwfjyefcJ honfh ‘Ed kifiHawmftm; aESmifh,Suf zsuf

qD;vd kolrsm;. ab;tEœ &m,frS umuG,fapmif ha&Smufonf hOya'’ yk'fr10 (c) jzif h jypf'%fcsrSwfcJ honf?

rnfonf h&mZ0wfr_ud kr# usL;vGefjcif;r&S dygbJvsuf zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;jcif;cHvd kuf&I jzpfay:vmaom epfemqH k;±_ H;r_onf vlwa,muftzd k @ Tr#xuf}uD;rm;aom epfemqH k;±_ H;r_[lI r&S dEdkifay? xd k @jyif ,if;od k @ xdef;odrf;cHvd kuf&onf htwGuf xd kyk*~ dKvf. yk*~vdu vGwfvyfr_vnf; qH k;±_ H;oGm;

awmhonf? txl;ojzif h ESpf&Snfvrsm; xdef;odrf;cHvd kuf&ygu xd kol.±kyf0wKyd kif;qd kif&mempfemqH k;±_ H;r_ESif h pdwfyd kif;qd kif&mxdcd kufqH k;±_ H;r_vnf;jzpfcJ h&ayonf? trSefpifppf Ed kifiHawmftm; aESmuf,SufzsufqD;vd kolrsm;










ab;tEœ &m,frS umuG,faomOya' (Ed kifiHawmfumuG,fonf hOya')

onf ta&;ay:umvtwGufom jzpfoif hayonf? ta&;ay:umvonfvnf; tcsdeftuef @towfom &S doif honf? xd k @jyif ,ckjzpfpOfud kavhvm=unhf±_ygu Oya'rJ h vufeufjzif h owfjzwf/ ±d kufESufcHcJ h&aomolrsm;ud kom zrf;qD;tjypfay;jcif;onf Oya'ESif htnD jzpfygovm;qd konfrSm ar;p&mjzpfaeygawmhonf? vuf&S dumv jrefrmEd kifiHwGif Ed kifiHa&;wGifyg0ifowfoufolrSefor#ud k tqd kygOya'jzif h zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;vsuf&S d

onf? Oya'u rnfod k @yifqd kap/ rnfolrsm; rnfod k @yif ysufpD;ygap/ rnfr#yifxdcdkufepfemygap/ etzppftpd k;&onf ‚if;wd k@tm%mwnfjrJa&; twGuf Ed kifiHawmfvH kjcHKa&;ud kta=umif;jyum a&;qG Jxm;aom tqd kyg Oya'ud k 'd kif;tjzpf aumif;pGmtoH k;csaeonfrSm xif&Sm;vSayonf?

trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyf A[d ktvkyftr_aqmiftzG J @ 'kwd,OuUXol&OD;wifOD;onf 'DyJ,if;aoG;acsmif;pD; vkyf=uHowfjzwfr_twGif;

toufraobJ xd kae@rSmyif zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;cHcJ h&jyD; ppfud kif;wd kif; uav;axmifwGif xdef;odrf;xm;cJ honf? xd k @aemuf OD;wifOD;tm; 2004 ckeSpf/azazmf0g&Dv 14 &ufae@ nyk dif;wGif &efukef+rdKŒaetdrfod k @ tus,fcsKyfjzif hqufvufxdef;odrf;jcif;cHcJ h&onf? 2005 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&D 14 &ufae@wGif1975 ckESpfwGifjyÏmef;I 1991 ckESpfwGif jyifqifxkwfjyefcJ honf h“ ed kifiHawmftm; aESmif h,SufzsufqD;vd kolrsm;. tEœ &m,frS umuG,fapmif h

a&SmufonfhOya'” yk'fr 10 (c) jzifh 2006 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv 13 &ufae@txd aetdrftus,fcsKyf oufwrf; (1) ESpf xyfwd k;cJ honf? jypf'%fjynf hajrmufonfh 2006 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv 13 &ufae@wGif aemufxyfjypf'%foufwrf; (1) ESpf xyfrHwd k;cJ hjyefonf?

*G rf *sL; vl U tcGif hta&;qk2004 ckESpf/ {jyDv 27 &ufae@Y ud k&D;,m;orRwEd kifiH (awmifud k;&D;

,m;) Ed kifiH/ qdk;vf+rdKŒwGif ‘ar 18 atmufarhzG,f azmifa';&Sif;tzG J @’ rSa':atmifqef;pk=unftm; 2004 ckESpftwGuf ‘*Grf;*sL;vl @tcGif hta&;







oef; 0if;vI d if84

qk’ ud k csD;jr‡if hcJhavonf? ud k&D;,m;orRw c|ef'l;0Srfvufxuf 1980

jynf hESpf/ arv 18 &ufae@u qd k;vf+rdKŒawmfawmifbuf *Grf*sL;+rdKŒwGif'Drd kua&pDESif h vl @tcGif hta&;twGuf awmif;qd kqENjy=uonf h ausmif;om;rsm;ESifh jynfolrsm;tm; ppfwyfrS ypfcwfowfjzwfcJ hojzif h tjypfrJ hjynfol axmifESif hcsDI aoqH k;cJ h&onf hta&;tcif;tm; trSwfw&jzpfap&ef ‘*Grf*sL; ar 18 azmifa';&Sif;’ ud k zG J @pnf;cJ hjcif;jzpfjyD; tqd kyg azmifa';&Sif;rS a':atmifqef;pk=unfuJ hod k @yif ,cif u tqd kygqkud k ta&S ŒwDarm

orRw Zmemem*wfpfrmtd k/ a[mifaumifvl @tcGif hta&;tzG J @rS zmpDzmemwd k @tm; csD ;jr‡if hcJ hbl;onf?

'D yJ ,if;vk yfMuHowfjzwf rIta&;,laqmif&G ufa&;aumf r&Sif

'DyJ,if;vkyf=uHowfjzwfr_ ta&;,laqmif&Gufa&;aumfr&Sifonf

'DyJ,if;owfjzwfr_twGuf trSefw&m;azmfxkwfa&;/ 'DyJ,if;owfjzwfr_ESif hqufpyfI jynfwGif;jynfyESif h tjynfjynfqd kif&mtok dif;t0d kif;wGifOya'a&;&mtajccHI vlxkwd kufyG JESif haygif;pyfvkyfaqmifoGm;&ef &nf&G,fcsufjzif h zG J @pnf;cJ hjyD; tzG J @0ifav;OD;yg0ifonf? aumfr&Siftm; jrefrmEd kifiHa&SŒaersm;aumfpDESif h jrefrmEd kifiHtrsKd;om;aumifpDwd k @ yl;aygif;I2004 ckESpf/ ZGefv 25 &ufae@wGif xd kif;jrefrme,fpyfwae&mY zG J @pnf;cJ hjyD;

Zlvd kifv 4 &ufae@wGif }udKwif (ueOD;t=urf;zsOf;) tpD&ifcHpm wpfapmifud k xkwfjyefcJ hygonf?

'DyJ,if;vkyf=uHowfjzwfr_ ta&;,laqmif&Gufa&;aumfr&Sif tygt0if Ed kifiHwumrS vltrsm;u xd kvkyf=uHowfjzwfr_onf tpDtpOf&S d&S dusL;vGefaom &mZ0wfr_jzpfa=umif; tcsuftvufrsm;jzif h tcd kiftrmpGyfpG Jxm;onf?

vkyf=uHowfjzwfr_ESif h ywfoufI vkyfaqmifr_rsm;onf Ed kifiHa&;oufoufr[kwfbJ epfemcJ holrsm;twGuf w&m;r#wr_&SmazGay;&ef jzpfa=umif;/ xd kvkyf=uHowfjzwfr_onf a':atmifqef;pk=unfESif h trsKd ;om;










'Drd kua&pDtzJ G @csKyftzG J @0ifrsm;ESif hom t"du oufqd kifonf r[kwfbJ

jrefrmjynfvl @tzG J @tpnf;wckvH k;ESif h oufqd kifaea=umif; aumfr&Sif.}udKwiftpD&ifcHpmwGif azmfjyxm;onf?

xd k @jyif 'DyJ,if;vkyf=uHowfjzwfr_wGif jypfr_usL;vGefolrsm;ud k pk Hprf;azmfxkwf+yD; toufao'%f&m&&SdcJ honf h epf emqk H;±_ H;cJ holrsm;ud k auseyfr_&S donftxd awmif;yefr_rsm;jyKvkyf&rnf[k 'DyJ,if;jzpfpOfwGif toufraousef&pfcJholrsm;u xkwfazmfajym=um;cJ hygonf?

*k Pf xl;aqmif yg&DNrdKU olqk2004 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv 10 &ufae@ eHeuf 10 em&DwGif yg&D+rdKŒY

tcrf;tem;w&yfusif;yI a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; jyifopfEd kifiH.‘*k%fxl;aqmifyg&D+rdKŒolqk’ (The Honorary Citizen of Paris) ud k csD;jr‡if hcJ havonf? tqd kygqktm; 2004 ckESpf/ ZGefv 8 &ufae@wGif a&G;cs,fcJ hjcif; jzpf

jyD; 2004 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv 10 &ufae@Y a':atmifqef;pk=unf Ed kb,fjidrf;csrf;a&;qk&&S dcJ honf h (14) ESpfajrmufESpfwGif qkay;yG Jusif;ycJ hjcif;jzpfonf? tcrf;tem;od k @ a':atmifqef;pk=unfud k,fpm; 0ef}uD;csKyf a'gufwmpdef0if;u qkvufcH&,lcJ honf?

&ef ppf wuúod kvf rS *k Pf xl;aqmif yg&*lbG J U

a':atmifqef;pk=unf. 'Drd kua&pDESif h vl @tcGif hta&; wd kufyG J0ifaeolrsm;tm; av;pm;todtrSwfjyKonf htaejzif h xd kif;Ed kifiH &efppfwuUod kvf (Rang sit University) rS *k%fxl;aqmifyg&*lbG J @ (Honorary

Doctorate in Politics, Philosophy and Economics) ud k ay;tyfcsD;jr‡if hcJ honf?Ed kifiHa&;ody` H/ '\eaA'ESif h pD;yGm;a&;bmomwd k @wGif *k%fxl;aqmifbG J @&&S dcJ hjcif;jzpfonf? bG J @csD;jr‡if hyG Jud k 2004 ckESpf/ 'DZifbm 26 &ufae@wGif

&efppfwuUod kvfqkESif;obifyG JESif htwl jyKvkyfcJ honf? a':atmifqef;pk=unf. jrefrmjynftem*wfta&;ud k jidrf;csrf;pGmwd kufyG J0ifaer_twGufay;tyfcJ hjcif;jzpfa=umif; &efppfwuUod kvf. xkwfjyefcsufY azmfjyxm;







oef; 0if;vI d if86

onf? “olr[m w&m;r#wwJ h urB mavmu}uD;jzpf&eftwGuf 'Drk du

a&pDta&;ESif hvl @tcGif hta&; r&S drjzpfvd ktyfonfud k n$ef;qd kaom oauFwwckjzpfonf” [kvnf; tqd kygwuUod kvf. t"dywdu a':atmifqef;pk=unfxH ay;yd k @aompmwGif azmfjyxm;ayonf?

&efppfwuUod kvft"dywda'gufwmtmopfrS a':atmifqef;pk=unfxH 'DZifbmv 13 &ufae@pG Jjzif h ay;yd k @onf hta=umif;=um;pmwGif olrtm; *k%fxl;aqmifqkay;rnf[k azmfjyxm;aomfvnf; olrudk,fwd kif

vma&mufEd kifrnf r[kwfonfud kvnf; }udKwif em;vnfxm;ygonf[kay;pmY a&;om;azmfjyxm;onf?

&efppfwuUod kvfonf befaumuf+rdKŒteD; yok HXmeDt&yfwGif&S djyD;&efppfwuUod kvfESif hvufatmufcHaumvdyftoD;oD;wGif ausmif;om;aygif; (14˜000) cef @ ESpfpOf wufa&mufavhvmoif=um;vsuf&S donf?tqd kygwuUod kvfrS Oya'bG J@/ aq;/ Ad okumbG J @/ tEkynmbG J @rsm;/ *Dwy

nmbG J @rsm;/ uGefjyLwmody` HbG J @/ td kifwD ac: owif;enf;ynmbG J @/ tif *sifeD,mbG J @ESif h {nf h}udKvkyfief;qd kif&m pDrHcef @cG Jr_ynm&yfrsm;twGuf oif=um;ay;vsuf&S donf? a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; ay;tyfcsD;jr‡if hcJ honf h *k%fxl;aqmifyg&*lbG J @ud k ,cifu xd kif;Ed kifiH0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif; c|efvdyd kifESif h xd kif0rfEd kifiH0ef}uD;csKyfa[mif; rpPwmAifqif hwd k @tm; ay;tyfcJ hbl;onf?

xd k @jyif xd kif;Ed kifiH ormqwfwuUod kvf (Thammasat University) uvnf;

2005 ckESpf/ ZGefv 19 &ufae@wGifusa&mufaom a':atmifqef;pk=unftouf 60 q,fjynf h arG;ae@yG Jtcrf;tem;Y *k%fxl;aqmifyg&*lbJ G @(Honorary Degree in Political Science) ud k xyfrHay;tyfcJ havonf?

vG wfvyfaomvlom;qk2005 ckESpf/ ZGefv 16 &ufae@nyd kif;wGif td kif,mvefEd kifiH. 'kwd,

+rdKŒawmf *d ka0;+rdKŒwGif a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; ‘vGwfvyfaom vlom;qk’ ud k ay;tyfcJ honf? *d ka0;+rdKŒawmf0efud k,fwd kifay;tyfonf h tqd k










ygqkud k a':atmifqef;pk=unf. cifyGef;jzpfol rd kufu,ftJ&pf.nDu

wufa&mufvufcH,lcJ honf?+rdKŒawmf0efrpPuufovif;ud kEd k&Du “jrefrmEd kifiHwGif 'Drd kua&pD &&S d

&ef a':atmifqef;pk=unfrS t=urf;rzuf jidrf;csrf;onf henf;jzif h wd kufyG J0ifaeolwa,mufjzpfouJ hod k @ jrefrmjynfolrsm;omru urB mw0Srf;uyg av;pm;,H k=unfr_&&S dolwa,mufjzpfonf htwGuf ,ckuJ hod k @ *d ka0;+rdKŒawmf. tqif htjrif hqH k;qkjzpfonf *d ka0;+rdKŒawmf0ef. vGwfvyfaom

vlom;qk csD;jr‡if h&jcif;jzpfonf” [k &Sif;jycJ havonf?

td kavmh zf yrf;qk2006 ckESpf/ rwfv (1) &ufae@wGif qG D'ifEd kifiHpawmh[krf;+rdKŒY jrefrmh

'Drk dua&pDacgif;aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; vkyf=uHowfjzwfjcif;cH&aom qG D'ifEd kifiH0ef}uD;csKyf td kavmhzfyrf;txdrf;trSwfqk (Olof Palm

Prize-2005) ud k ay;tyfcsD;jr‡if hcJ havonf? tqd kygqkud k td kavmhzfyrf; trSwfw&tzG J @u *k%fjyKcsD;jr‡if hcJ hjcif;jzpfjyD; vGefcJ honf hESpf 20 cef @u vl @tcGif hta&;ESif h 'D rd kua&pDa&;twGuf wufºuGpGmv_yf&Sm;cJ haom qD G'if0ef}uD;csKyftd kavmhzfyrf; vkyf=uHcH&jcif;tm; atmufarhowd&aeap&ef td kavmhzfyrf; rdom;pkrsm;ESif h ‚if ;.qd k&S,f'Drd ku&ufwpfygwDwd k @ yl;aygif;I td kavmhzfyrf;txdrf;trSwftzG J@tm; wnfaxmifcJ hjcif;jzpfonf? tqd kygqkud k

td kavmhzfyrf;.ZeD; t,fvpPbwfyrf;ud k,fwd kif csD;jr‡if hcJ hjcif;jzpfonf?,if;qkud k a':atmifqef;pk=unfud k,fpm; 0ef}uD;csKyf a'gufwmpdef0if;rSvufcH&,lay;cJ honf? qG D'if0ef}uD;csKyftd kavmhzfyrf; vkyf=uHowfjzwfcH&jyD; wESpft=um 1987 ckESpfrSpI ESpfpOf td kavmhzfyrf;qkud k ay;tyfcJ hjcif;jzpfjyD; 2005 ckESpftwGuf jrefrmEd kifiHwGif vl @tcGif hta&;/ wd kif;&if;om;pnf;vHk;nDnGwfa&;ESif h 'Drk dua&pDa&;twGuf jidrf;csrf;onf henf;jzif h

wd kufyG J0ifaeonf h a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; &nf&G,fI ay;tyfcJ hjcif;jzpfjyD; *k%fjyKv$mrSwfwrf;ESif htwl qkaiGtjzpf tar&duefa':vm ig;aomif;csD;jr‡if hcJ honf?







oef; 0if;vI d if88

od k @uvk d jref rmEd kifiHvl @tcGif hta&;ESif h 'D rd kua&pDa&;wd k @twGuf jynf

olvlxktm; OD;aqmifwd kufyG J0ifaeaom a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; Ed kifiHtoD;oD;rS yg&*lbGJ @rsm;/ *k%fxl;aqmifqkwHqdyfrsm; ay;aeaomfvnf;etzppftpd k;&onf ukvor*~taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyf ud kzDtmeefu ppftpd k;&acgif;aqmifAd kvfoef;a&$tm; c|if;csufr&S d jyefvnfv$wfay;&ef wd kuf±d kufarwœ m&yfcHaeonf h=um;rS aetdrftus,fcsKyfud k 2006 ckESpf/arv 27 &ufae@wGif xyfrHwd k;jr‡if hvd kufavonf? Tonfud k =unf h

jcif;jzif h &ufpuf=urf;=uKwfazmufjyefum t&nftcsif;r&S daom etzppftpk d;&acgif;aqmif Ad kvfoef;a&$onf rdrdtm%mwnfjrJr_rSvG JI rnfonf hacgif;aqmif/ rnfonfhEd kifiH/ rnfonf htzG J @tpnf;.pum;ud kr# av;pm;wefzd k;xm; wkef @jyefrnfr[kwfbJ trkef;w&m;ud kom &if0,fyd kufI tmCmww&m;ud kom wGef;tm;ozG,fjyKrlaeonfrSm odomxif&Sm;vSayonf?

rqvygwDtm%m&SifpepfatmufY 26 ESpfvH k;vk H; rsufpdydwf/ em;ydwf/ vufyd kuf/ acgif;ndwfvkyfcJ h&aomvlxkonf a':atmifqef;pk=unfa=umif h 'D rd kua&pDESif h vl @tcGif hta&;ud k em;vnfoabmaygufum jrefrmh'Drd kua&pDta&;twGuf jynfolvlxkESif htwl qif;&J'kuQcHI &J&J0H h0H h OD;aqmifwk dufyG J0ifvsuf&S daeaom a':atmifqef;pk=unfvGwfajrmufa&;/a':atmifqef;pk=unfcsKyfaESmifcH&jcif;onf rdrd.vGwfvyfyd kifcGif hESif h 'Drd k

ua&pDa&;ud k csKyfaESmifxm;onf[k rSwf,lum jynfwGif;jynfy awmif;qd kwd kufyG J0ifvsuf&S dayonf?

rSefavonf? Ed kifiHa&;qd konfrSm vlwd kif;ESif hqd kifonf hudpPjzpfonf?Ed kifiHwpfEd kifiHwd k;wuf&efESif h wnf wH hcd kifjrJzd k @qd konfrSm tm;vH k;nDnD nGwfnGwf}udK;pm;=urSom jzpfEd kifayonf? rdrdtzG J @tpnf;tusKd;/ rdrd tod kif;t0d kif;tusKd;ud kom uGufIvkyfud kifaev#if ppftpd k;&onf oufqd k;&Snf

aernfrSm ajr}uD;vufcwfrvG Jyifjzpfonf?xd k @aemuf 2007 ckESpf/ atmufwd kbmv 25 &ufae@wGif urB mESif h

jrefrmjynfolvlxktm; vSnf hpm;&eftwGuf etzppftpd k;&onf tvkyf









oef; 0if;vI d if90

ud k zefwD;csifIjzpfonf? od k @aomf ppftpd k;&acgif;aqmifrsm;onf t}uD;

tus,fpd k;&drfaeaoma=umif h 'd kif,mavmh od k @r[kwf awG @qH kaqG;aEG;a&;ud k rdrdaowGif; rdrdwl;&onf htvkyf/ rdrdvnfyif;}udK;uGif;pGyf&rnf h}udK;pif[k oabmxm;um olwd k @twGuf qH k;±H _;r_w&yf[k ±_jrifae=uygonf?ppftm%m&Sifrsm;onf vl @tcGih fta&; csKd;azmufr_rsm;ESif h quf wd kufrSm;cJ haomtrSm;rsm;/ usL;vGefcJ haom&mZ0wfr_rsm;/ vmbfpm;r_rsm;/ tm%mtvG JoH k;pm;jyKr_rsm;tay: tjypfay;ta&;,lcH&rnfud k a=umuf&G HŒ

ae=uayonf? xd k @tjyif ppfAdkvfcsKyfrsm;onf ,if;wd k @. t&nftcsif;/vkyfief;wm0efxrf;aqmifr_rsm;ESif h Ed _if;pmvd kufv#if tqaygif; ajrmufrsm;pGm yd krd k&&S daeonf h vkyfyd kifcGif htm%mrsm;/ pnf;pdrfOpPmrsm;ud k bdef;pG Jovd k wyfrufpG Jvef;ae=ujyD; ,if;wdk @udkpGef @v$wf&eftwGuf tdyfrufxJrSmyif rpOf;pm;Ed kif jzpfaeayonf? 'Drd kua&pDEd kifiHrsm; umuG,fa&;OD;pD;csKyf&mxl;onf tm%mwef;pDZ,m;wGif eHygwf 10 tjyifbufwGifom

&S daom &mxl;wckjzpfonf? xd k @a=umif h rnf honf htcgrS wd kif;jynftusKd;“emp&m&S dv#if vGrf;p&m ESif hajz” qd kovd k twdwf. emusnf;r_/ rkef;wD;r_/ud k a&SŒ±_rnfh awG @qH kaqG;aEG;a&;ud k jyKvkyfrnfrxifay? [efjy awG @qH kaqG;aEG;r_rsm;ud kom jyKvkyfrnfjzpfygonf?

xd k ha=umif h jy\emrsm;ud k twlwuGtajz&Sif;&efESif h rwluG Jjym;r_rsm;ud k o[Zmwjzpfap&eftwGuf 'd kif,mavmh'fud k vlwd kif; tjyeft

vSef av;pm;wefzdk;xm;&rnf jzpfayonf?wzufESif hwzuf tjyeftvSefav;pm;em;vnfr_/ ,H k=unfr_&S drS

vnf; tay;t,l vkyfI&ayrnf? wOD;ESif hwOD; oHo,rsm;ud k acszsufI tem*wfud k a&S ;±_OD;wnfum yGif hvif;±d k;om;pGm tajz&Smcsifonf hpdwfaumif;/ apwemaumif;&S da=umif;ud kvnf; jyo&ayrnf? ta&;}uD;qH k;tcsufonf vuf&S dEd kifiHa&;jy\emrsm;ud k pkaygif;aqG;aEG; tajz&SmI

'd kif,mavmh'fyg0ifolrsm;tm;vH k; tEd kif&Ed kifrnf htajctae (Win Win

Situation) ud k zefwD;Ed kifonfud k vufcH&efyif jzpfayonf?xd k @a=umif hvnf; a':atmifqef;pk=unfu 'd kif,mavmhESif h ywfouf










I “usrwd k @uawmh wd kif;jynftwGuftusKd;jyKapr,f h&v'fwckvd k @yJ ar#mf

vif hxm;ygw,f? bmyJajymajym/ bmyJvkyfvkyf usrwd k @&JŒ&nf&G,fcsufuEd kifiHESif h tusKd;twGuf tusKd;&S dzd k @ud kyJ ar#mfvif hygw,f” [k ajym=um;cJ hzl;onf?

a':atmifqef;pk=unfESif h quf qHa&;0ef}uD; OD;atmif=unfwd k @ awG @qH kcJ hr_rsm;rSm atmufygtwd kif;jzpfonf?

(1) 2007 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv 25 &uf

(2) 2007 ckESpf/ Ed k0ifbmv 9 &uf(3) 2007 ckESpf/ Ed k0ifbmv 19 &uf(4) 2008 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv 11 &uf(5) 2008 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv 30 &uf(6) 2009 ckESpf/ atmufwd kbmv 3 &uf(7) 2009 ckESpf/ atmufwdkbmv 7 &uf

(8) 2009 ckESpf/ 'DZifbmv 9 &uf(9) 2010 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv 15 &uf(10)2011 ckESpf/ Zlvd kifv 25 &ufxdk @aemuf 2007 ckESpf/ Ed k0ifbmv 8 &ufae@wGif a':atmifqef;pk

=unfonf (3) ESpftwGif; yxrqH k; olr.ygwD A[d ktvkyftr_aqmiftzG J @ESif h awG @qH kcGif h&&S dcJ hayonf?

trSefw&m;pd wf "gwf EId;aqmfolqk2009 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv 19 &ufae@wGif jrefrmvlxkud k OD;aqmifI

ppftm%m&Siftpd k;&jyKwfusa&;uk d wd kufyG J0ifaeaom a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; vl @tcGif hta&;acgif;aqmif rmwifvlomuif;. orD;rsm;ESif hrdwfaqGrsm; yl;aygif;zG J @pnf;xm;onf h tar&d uefjynfaxmifpk&S d Realizing

the Dream tzGJ @u ‘trSefw&m;pdwf"gwfE_ d;aqmfolqk’ (Trumpet of

Conscience Award) ud k csD;jr‡if hcJ havonf?trSefw&m;pdwf"gwfEd _;aqmfolqkqd konfrSm uG,fvGefol vlrnf;







oef; 0if;vI d if92

acgif;aqmif a'gufwmrmwifvlomuif;. 1967 ckESpf/ Ed k0ifbmvESif h

'DZifbmvwGifa[majymcJ honf h emrnf ausmf vl @tcGif hta&;qd kif&m rdef @cGef;aygif;csKyfud k ac:qd konf htrnf hjzpfonf? 1986 ckESpfwGif a'gufwmrmwifvlomuif;vkyf=uHcH&jyD;aemufyd kif; ol.rdef @cGef;aygif;csKyfud k ‘ trS efw&m;pdwf"gwfEd _;aqmfol’ Trumpet of Conscience trnfjzif h pmtk yfxkwfa0Ed kifcJ honf?

a':atmifqef;pk=unfESif htwl tar&duefqD;edwf v$wfawmftrwf

wufuae'D (Ted Kennedy)/ atmufv$wfawmftrwf*|ef;vl;0pf (John

Lewis) ESif h bkef;awmf}uD; uavm'Dbvuf (Claude Black) wd k @ud kvnf;,Hk=unfcsuftwGuf tdyfrufrsm;ud k taumiftxnfazmfolrsm;qk(Realizing the Dream) udkcsD;jr‡if hcJ honf?

,k HMunfcsufoH wrefqk

jrefrmh'Drd kua&pDacgif;aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unfud k 2009 ckESpftwGuf ,H k=unfcsufoHwref (Ambassador of Conscience) qkud k ay;tyfcsD;jr‡if hvd kufa=umif;/ 2009 ckESpf/ Zlvdkifv 27 &ufae@wGif Ed kifiHwum vGwfjidrf;csrf;omcGif htzG J @ (AI) u xkwfjyefa=unmcJ honf?

vlwOD;wa,muf. xl;c|efonf hacgif;aqmift&nftaoG;eSif h tcGif hta&;ud k umuG,fapmif ha&Smuf&mwGif urB may:&S d vltrsm;. pdwf

"gwfud k wufºuGaponf hpGrf;aqmifcsufrsm;a=umif h tqd kygqkud k ay;tyfjcif;jzpfonf[k qd konf?

,if;qkud k td kif,mvefEd kifiH'rfbvif+rdKŒwGif AI tzG J @u ay;tyfcsD;jr‡if hjcif;jzpfjyD; 2008 ckESpfu td kif,mvefEd kifiH&S d U 2 aw;*DwtzG J @ud kvnf;ay;tyfcsD;jr‡if hcJ hzl;onf?

qkay;yG Jtcrf;tem;Y AI tzG J @. taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; Irene Khan

u “&Snfvsm;cufcJwJ hvl @tcGif hta&;wd kufyG JawGrSm jrefrmEd kifiHu vlrsm;twGufomru urB mw0Srf;vH k;u vlrsm;twGufyg a':atmifqef;pk=unf[m ar#mfvif hcsufeJ @ owœ d&JŒoauFw trSwftom;wckyg” [lI










ajym=um;oGm;onf?

ppftpd k;&ud k ta&;,l&ef Ed kb,fqk&Sif rsm;vH kjcHKa&;aumif pDod k U pmyd k U

a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; ,H k=unfcsufoHwrefqkay;tyfjyD; r=umrDrSmyif 2009 ckESpf/ =o*kwfv 11 &ufae@wGif Ak'<bmom bkef;awmf}uD; 'vk dif;vm;rmESif h c&pf,mefbkef;awmf}uD; 'ufprGefwlwl;/

*sKd;'D0DvsH/ rDac;vfa*:bmacsmh/ uifa';*sKHwd k @yg0if onf h Ed kb,fqk&Sif (14)OD;u ukvor*~vH kjcHKa&;aumifpDod k @ jrefrmppftpk d;&. ppf&mZ0wfr_rsm;/vlom;tjzpfud k qef @usifonf h&mZ0wfr_rsm;ud k pH kprf;ppfaq;jyD; jyif;jyif;xefxefta&;,l&eftwGuf tdwfzGif hay;pmwapmif ay;yd k @cJ honf?

Ed kb,fqk&Sif *sKd;'D0DvsHu a':atmifqef;pk=unftay: rw&m;csrSwfxm;aomjypf'%frsm;onf jrefrmjynfolrsm;. w&m;r#wa&;/ vHkjcHK

a&;ESif h 'Drk dua&pDud k rxDrJ hjrif jyKvd kufwmyJjzpfa=umif;/ ppftpd k;&. &ufpuf=urf;=uKwfr_rsm;/ Oya'rJ hxifovd kjyKrlaer_rsm;ud k vspfv#L±_aeI rjzpfawmha=umif;/ jrefrmjynfolrsm;tay: usL;vGefaeonf h&mZ0wfr_rsm;ud k ud kifwG,f&ef vH kjcHKa&;aumifpDY wm0ef&S da=umif;/ ud kifwG,f&rnf htcsdefonf ,cktcgusaemufusjyD;jzpfa=umif; ajym=um;oGm;onf?

xd kenf;wlpGm a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; pD&ifcsufcscJ honf h w&m;

ol}uD; 2 OD;ESif h w&m;vd ka&SŒaewd k @tm; 2009 ckESpf/ =o*kwf 14 &ufae@wGifOa&myor*~u ta&;,l/ '%fcwfvd kufonf htwGuf ppftm%m&Sifbufawmfom; (Black List) 0ifoGm;ayonf? ‚if;wd k @rSm &efukefajrmufyd kif;c±d kifw&m;±H k;. ±H k;xd kifw&m;ol}uD;rsm;jzpf=uaom OD;aomif;nGef @/ OD;nDnDpd k;/ c±d kifOya't&m&S d OD;jrif h}udKifwd k @jzpf=uonf?

w&mol}uD;ESpfOD;onf a':atmifqef;pk=unftjyif rpkpkaEG;ud kvnf;aumif;/ 88 ausmif;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;ud kvnf;aumif; axmif'%f trsm;tjym;csrSwfcJ holrsm;jzpfonf? c±d kifOya't&m&S d (tpd k;&a&SŒaeod k @r[kwf qG Jcs) OD;jrif h}udKifonf Ed kifiHa&;orm;rsm;ESif h ,H k=unfcsuf







oef; 0if;vI d if94

a=umif h 'Drk dua&pDa&;v_yf&Sm;olrsm;ud k tif;pdefaxmifw&m;±H k;twGif;w&m;pD&if&mwGif tpd k;&bufrS vd kufygaqmif&GufcJ holjzpfonf? w&m;a&;0efxrf;3 OD; tygt0if vuf&S dwm0efxrf;aqmifaeonf h ppftpd k;& xdyfyd kif;ESif h Xmeqd kif&mtqif hacgif;aqmifrsm;/ ‚if;wd k @. tdrfaxmifbufrsm;/ om;orD;rsm;/ ‚if;wd k @ESih feD;pyfonf hvkyfief;&Sifrsm;onf Oa&myor*~

u ppftpd k;&tay: csrSwfxm;onfh wm;qD;r_rsm;t& Oa&my (27) Ed kifiHod k @ 0ifa&mufcGif h&rnfr[kwfay? xd kpm&if;wGif w&m;a&;XmerS 15 OD;yg0ifjyD; xdyfqH k;yk*~ dKvfrSm w&m;ol}uD;csKyfOD;atmifwd k;jzpfonf?

'%fcwfydwfqd k @cH&ol 500 ausmfpm&if;. xdyfqH k;yk*~ dKvfrsm;wGif ppftm%m&Sif Ad kvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$/ ‚if;.ZeD;a': }udKif}udKif/ om;orD;/ajr;wd k @.trnfrsm;ud k awG@&onf?

ÙÙÙ

Freedom from fear

pmtkyfrsufES mzk H;










tcef; (8)

a':atmifqef;pkMunf \ pmayvuf&mrsm;vlxkacgif;aqmifa':atmifqef;pk=unfonf pma&;0goemygol wOD;jzpfonf htavsmuf ola&;cJ honf h pmayvuf&mrsm;&S dygonf? ol.pmayvuf&mrsm;ud k zwf&_ygu olr. pmaya&;om;[efESif h tawG;tac:rsm;ud k od&S d&rnf htjyif pmayA[kokw vd kufpm;=uaom wd kif;&if;om;jynfolvlxktwGufvnf; tusKd;&S dayonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf

jrefrm/ t*FvdyfESpfbmompvH k;wGif ta&;a&m tajymyg u|rf;usif Ed kifeif;onf? pma&;pmzwfvnf; tawmf0goem}uD;yH k&ygonf? pmzwf0goem}uD;±H komru pmtkyftawmfrsm;rsm;ud kvnf; 0,f,lpkaqmif;wwfonf[k =um;od&ygonf?

a':atmifqef;pk=unf.Ed kifiHa&;pmayrsm;onf &ooabm ouf0ifaom pmayvuf&mrsm;jzpfonf? xd k@a=umifhvnf; ol @pmayrsm;u

Letters from Burma

pmtkyfrsufES mzk H;







oef; 0if;vI d if96

pmzwfolrsm;. ESvH k;tdrfud k qG J,lodrf;yd kufEd kifonf[k qd kEd kifayonf?

,if;rSm bmompum;yd kifEd kifr_a=umif hjzpfonf? tcsKdŒyk*~ dKvfrsm;onf jrefrmpum;ajym&mY t*Fvdyfpum;rsm; n‡yfoHk;E_ef;avh&S donf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf t*Fvdyfpum;ud k u|rf;usifpGmajymwwfaomfvnf;jrefrmvd kajymaomtcg rnfonf htcgrS t*Fvdyfpum;ud k a&maESm oH k;avhr&S dacs?

xd k @jyif ol. tjcm;t&nftcsif;wckrSm ±d k;om;jcif;yifjzpfonf? a':

atmifqef;pk=unfonf ol rodonf hta=umif;t&mwckud k rnfonhftcgrS odovd k/ wwfovd k jzD;jzef;avhr&S dacs? rodbl;[kyif yGif hyGif hvif;vif;ajymavh&S donf[k qd konf? ol @tm; ar;jref ;cJ h onf hta=umif;t&mESif hywfoufI tvGwfr&ygu usr rSwfwrf;rSwf&mjyef=unfhjyD;rS ajzyg& ap[k ±d k;om;pGm 0efcHavh&S donf? ajymonf htwd kif;vnf; tcsuftvufrsm;ud k tao;pdwfavhvmjyD;rS jyefvnfajz=um;onf? olonf ajym

onf htwd kif;vkyfjyD; vkyfonf htwd kif;vnf; ajymavh&S doljzpfonf?a':atmifqef;pk=unf. Ed kifiHa&;pmayrsm;onf ol.,H k=unfcsuf/

cH,lcsuf/ jrefrmjynfolrsm;. vk dvm;csufeSif h acwfpepf. yH k&dyfrsm;ud kxif[yfaeayonf? Ed kifiHa&;t,ltqESif hjzpfap/ tawG;tjrif t,ltqESif h ywf oufonfjzpfap ol.avhvmtm;xkwfr_ rnfonh f twd kif;twm&S donfud k ol.ta&;tom;ud k avhvmygu awG @jrif&ayrnf?

a':atmifqef;pk=unfa&; om;cJ honf hpmayrsm;teuf Freedom from

Fear (a=umuf&G HŒr_rS vGwfuif;a&;) 1993 ckESpfu La Haule Books

pmtkyfwd kufrS yxrt}udrf xkwfa0I yif*Gif;pmtkyfwd kufu 'kwd, t}udrf xkwfa0jzef @csdcJ honf? tqd kygpmtkyfY 1984 ckESpfrS 1993 ckESpftwGif; a':atmifqef;pk=unfa&;om;cJ haompmwrf;rsm;ESif h taxGaxGrdef @cGef;rsm;ud k pk pnf;azmfjyxm;&m tyd kif; (u) Y usrzcif/ usr wd kif;jynf

ESif h jynfol/ jrefrmESif h tdEN d,ynmwwfrsm;ta=umif;/ jrefrmjynf.pmayESif h trsKd;om;a&;ta=umif;/ tyd kif; (c) Y 'Drd kua&pD &SmyH kawmf/a=umuf&GHŒjcif;rSvGwfuif;a&;/ ‘Ad kvf’. t"dy` g,ftppftrSef/ a&$wd*H k










apwDawmftaemufzufrkcf vlxkpnf;a0;yG Jrdef @cGef; &nfrSef;csufrsm;/ awmf

vSefa&;. tv,fA[d kwGif/ vl @tcGif hta&;tzG J @od k @ay;pm;ESpfapmif/ 'Drd kua&pDESif h jynfolrsm;. tcef;u¾/ ukvor*~vl @tcGif hta&;tzG J@od k @tdwfzGif hay;pm/ wd kif;&if;om;pnf;vH k;nDnGwfa&;/ jynfolvlxku vGwfajrmufa&;ud kvd kcsifonf/ a&G;aumufyG JtwGuf oabmwlnDcsuf/ 1991jidrf;csrf;a&;Ed kb,fqk/ Ed kb,fqk&Sifud k,fpm;ajymaomrdef @cGef;/ ppfrSefaomvH kjcHK&mod k @/ awG @qH kaqG;aEG;a&;/ tyd kif; (*) Y a':oef;at;a&;om;aom

‘pk’ ESifh rdwfqufjcif;/ tef;ygpwmeufpvmwm (Ann Pasternak Silverstein)

. ArmjynfrSpk/ *sKd;ZufqDAm;pwdef; (Josef Silverstein) . atmifqef;pk=unfod k @r[kwf =urRmqd k; =uHKawG @aeaom jrefrmtrsKd;orD;wOD;/ atmifqef;pk=unfESif h jref rmhvl @tcGif hta&;ud k jid rf;csrf;pGm wd kufyG J0ifaeol/ trsKd;om;&if=um;apha&; ponfwd k @yg0ifonf?

tqd kygpmtkyfud k jidrf;csrf;a&; Ed kb,fqk&Sifrsm;jzpf=uaom Am;u

vAf[mAJvfESif h bk ef;awmf}uD; 'ufprGefwlwl;wd k @u trSmpm a&;ay;xm;onf? pmtkyfrSm 10 csKd;qd k'f&S dI pmrsufESm 374 &S donf? a&mif;aps;rSmpwmvifaygif 9 '\r 99 (tar&duefa':vm 14 '\r 95) owfrSwfxm;onf? a'gufwmatmifcif (vef'ef).

‘a=umuf&G HŒjcif;rSvGwfuif;a&;’ jrefrmjyefpmtkyfwGif a':atmifqef;pk=unfu atmufygtwd kif; trSmpma&;ay;xm;onf?

“pma&;jcif;/ rdef @cGef;ajym=um;jcif;/ pum;ajymjcif;paom vkyf&yfrsm;. t"du &nf&G,fcsufwckum; vltcsif;csif;em;vnfr_ wdk;yGm;ap&efjzpfonf[k usr,lqygonf?jrefrmhvlr_a&;/ Ed kifiHa&;ESif h 'Drd kua&pDta&;wd k hud k urB muyd krd kI od&S dem;vnfap&ef &nf&G,fI Tpmtkyfyg aqmif;yg;rsm;ud k a&;om;cJ hjcif;jzpfygonf?

Ed kifiHwEd kifiHud k trS efwu,ftusKd;jyKEd kifrnf hpD;yGm;a&;/ Ed kifiHa&;/ vkyf

ief;pOfrsm; taumiftxnfazmfEd kif&ef jynfoljynfom;taygif;wGif yGif hvif;jywfom;pGm oH k;oyfa0zefyd kifcGif hESif h tod tjrif/ tawG;tac:rsm;ud kvGwfvyfpGm aqG;aEG;zvS,fyd kifcGifhrsm;&S d&rnf[kvnf; usr,H k=unfyg







oef; 0if;vI d if98

onf? 1988-89 ckESpfrsm;twGif; usrajym=um;cJ haom rdef @cGef;rsm;ESifh

owif; pm&Sif;vif;yG Jrsm;.OD;wnfcsufonf 'Drd kua&pDoabmw&m;rsm;ESif h 'Drd kua&pDepfudkwnfaqmufvd kolwd k @. tawG;tac:/ tjrifwd k @ud ktrsm;jynfol a0zefoH k;oyfEd kifa&;yifjzpfygonf?

aqmif;yg;rsm;/ rdef@cGef;rsm;/owif;pm&Sif;vif;yG Jrsm;udk pkaygif;I pmtkyfxkwfa0vk dufjcif;

jzif h jrefrmhEd kifiHa&;ESif h 'Drd kua&pDa&;rsm;ud k em;vnfoH k;oyfvd kolrsm;twGuf taxmuftuljzpfEd kifrnf[k ar#mfvif hygonf?”

,if;aemuf Letters from

Burma (jrefrmjynfrS ay;pmrsm;)

[k acgif;pOfwyfxm;onf h pmtk yfonf 1995 ckESpf/ Ed k0ifbmvrS1996 ckESpf 'DZifbmvtxd *syef

Ed kifiHxkwf Mainichi owif;pmY azmfjycJ honf h aqmif;yg; 52 yk'fud k pkpnf;xm;onf hpmtkyfjzpfonf? tqd kygpmtkyfud k 1995 ckESpfwGif pwifxkwfa0cJ hjyD; 1996 ckESpftwGuf ‘*syefowif;pmtoif;. pmayqk (Japanese

Newspaper Association’s Award) ud k &&S dcJ honf? ,if;pmtkyfY Fergal Keane

(O. B. E) u rdwfquftrSmpma&;om;ay;xm;jyD;/ jrefrmyef;csDausmf[def;xufu cJjzif h o±kyfazmfyH krsm; a&;qG Jay;cJ honf? pmtkyfwefzd k;rSmpwmvifaygif 8²99 (tar&duef 16 a':vm) jzpfonf?

pmtkyfY jrefrmjynf. vlr_b0rsm;/ yG Jvrf;obifESif hqufpyfaeaom "avhxH k;wrf;rsm;/ trsKd;om;'Drk dua&pDtzG J @csKyf jzwfoef;cJ h&onf htajctae/ pnf;±H k;a&;c&D;pOftwGif; [ef @wm;aESmif h,SufcH&r_/ aetdrftus,fcsKyf/ ppftpdk;&.Oya'rJhvkyf&yfrsm;/ Ed kifiHa&;tusOf;om;rsm;ponfh ta=umif;t&mrsm;udk xnhfoGif;a&;om;xm;avonf? odk @










aomf ta=umif;t&mrsm;rSm rnfol @ud krS tjypfzd k @a&;om;xm;jcif; r[kwf

bJ taumif;jrifpdwfxm;jzif h a0zefaxmufjyxm;onfud k awG&ayonf?om"utm;jzif h “tusOf;axmifxJY aoqH k;cJ h&onf h Ed kifiHa&; t

usOf;om;rsm;ta=umif; a&;om;&mYyif ol @a=umif h rnf olrnf0g aoqH k;&onf[k pGyfpG Ja&;om;xm;jcif;rsKd;r[kwfbJ tusOf;axmifxJY aoqH k;cJ h&onf h tusOf;om;ta&twGufud k twdtus &&S dzd k @&ef rvG,fulyg?od k @aomf tqd kygta&twGufonf renf;vSovd k tcsdefESif htr# wd k;

aeygonf? vGwfvyfr_twGuf ay;qyf&onf htzd k;tconf enf;yg;onf[k b,faomtcgrS r&S dcJ hacs? jrefrmjynfY txl;yif jrif hrm;vSayonf” [ka&;om;xm;avonf?

a':atmifqef;pk=unf. tjcm;xif&Sm;aompmtkyfrSm The Random

House Group Limited rS 1997 ckESpfu xkwfaom The Voice of Hope (ar#mfvif hcsuftoH) pmtkyfjzpfjyD; tar&duefpma&;q&m tvefuvD;rif hpf

(Alan Clement) ESif h awG@qH kajymqd kcsufrsm;ud k pkpnf;azmfjyxm;onf h pmtkyfjzpfonf? tcef; (13)yg0ifI pmrsufESm 336 &S donf? tqdkygpmtkyfud k jrefrmjyefqd kxm;jcif; r&S dao;acs?

xd k @jyif urB mhpme,fZif;toD;oD;Y a':atmifqef;pk=unf. aqmif;yg;rsm;ud kvnf; ajrmufrsm;pGm awG @&S d&ayonf? ,if;wd k @teuf tar&duefjynfaxmifpkrS xkwfa0aom Parade owif;pH kr*~Zif;Y a':atmifqef;

pk=unf. “vGwfvyfr_ud kyJ usrwd k @vd kcsifw,f” (All We want is our Freedom)

aqmif;yg;onf xif&Sm;ayonf? tqdkygaqmif;yg;Y jrefrmjynfolrsm;rnfr#txd vGwfvyfr_ud k vd kvm;=uonfudk a&;om;xm;avonf?

a':atmifqef;pk=unfta=umif;ud k jynfyEd kifiHrsm;rS pma&;q&mrsm; bmomaygif;pH kjzifh a&;om;cJ h=uonf hpmtkyfrsm;rSmvnf; renf;vSay? tqd kygpmtkyfrsm;teuf 1998 ckESpfu ‘bmb&mApfwm’ (Barbara

Victor) a&;om;cJ honf h The Lady (*k%foa&&S dtrsKd;orD;}uD;) pmtkyfESif h2007 ckESpfu xkwfa0aom *syfpwif0ifw,f Justin Wintle . Perfect

Hostage : A Life of Aung San Suu Kyi ("g;pm;cHtppf) pmtkyfESpftkyfonf







oef; 0if;vI d if00

xif&Sm;ayonf?

IFIf you can keep your head when all about you

Are losing theirs and blaming it on you.

If you can trust yourself when oll men doubt you,

But make allowance for their doubting too;

If you can wait and not be tired by waiting,

Or being lied about, don’t deal in lies.










Or being heard, don’t give way to hating,

And yet don’t look too good, nor walk too wise:If you can dream- and make dreams your master;

If you can think - and not make thoughts your aim;

If you can meet with Triumph and Disaster

And treat those two impostors just the same;

If you can bear to hear the truth you’ve spoken

Twisted by knaves to make a trap for fools,

Or watch the things you gave your life to, broken,

And stoop and build’em up with worn-our tools;

If you can make one heap of all your winnings

And risk it on one trun of pitch-and-toss,

And loose, and start again at your beginnings

And never breathe a word about your loss;

If you can force your heart and never and sinew

To serre your turn long ofter they are gone,

And so hold on when there is nothing in you

Except the will which says to them: "Hold on !"

If you can talk with crowds and keep your virtue,

Or walk with Kings-nor lose the common touch,

If neither foes nor loving friends can hurt you,

If all men count with you, but none too much;

If you can fill the unforgiving minute

With sixty seconds’ worth of distance run,

Yours is the Earth and everything that’s in it,

And-which is more-you’ll be a Man, my son!

Rudyard Kipling








jyD;awmh

tawG;tac: pdwful;awG[mar#mfrSef;csufoufoufom rjzpfapbJ awG;ac:Ed kifr,fqd k&if?

tu,fIatmifjrifr_okceJ @ qk H;±_ H;rSK'kuQawGud k =uKHawG @&wJ htcg

wlnDaom avmu"Hw&m;awGygvm;&,fvd k @

cH,lxm;Ed kifr,fqd k&if?

tu,fIrif;&JŒtrSefpum;awGud k

vlvdrfvlnpfawGu vSnf hpm;ajymif;vJjyD;rkom;tjzpf axmifacsmufqif npfwJ htcg

rif;[m wnfjidrfpGmeJ @ em=um;Ed kifr,fqd k&if?

tu,fIrif;b0wckvkH;ay;jyD;

t&dyfw=unf h=unf heJ @ jznf hqnf;cJ h&wJ h t&m&mud kzsufqD;cHvd kuf&jyD;wJ haemufrSm

tifrwefrS ao;i,fwJ h wefqmyvm t&m&meJ@jyefvnfwnfaqmufEd kifr,fqd k&if ?

tu,fIrif;Ed kifcJhor#awGtm;vk H;[m

aºuGwvSnf h =uufwckefyrm

wvSnf hwcgwnf;eJ @ qk H;&_ H;oGm;cJ h&if?

jyD;awmh







oef; 0if;vI d if04

tpuae jyefpEd kifr,fqd k&if?

jyD;awmh wcgqd k;vSwJ huH=urRmud k&,fvd k @

b,faomtcgrS nD;nLraebl;qd k&if ?

tu,fI

olrsm;wumawG vkyfjyD;oGm;=uvd k @tcsdeftawmf=umrS rif;tvSnf ha&mufvmwJ htcg

rif;wa,mufwnf;eJ @yJtm;eJ @rmefeJ @ ZG JowW d&S d&S d quf=udK;pm;Ed kifr,fqd k&if?

tJ h'Dvd kyJ

rif;rSm pdwftiftm;uvG Jvd k @ bmqd kbmrSr&S dawmhwJ htcgtJ h'Dpdwftiftm;ud k cd kifrmpGmeJ @yJ

vufqkyfvufud kifxm;Ed kifr,fqd k&if?

tu,fIvlawGeJ @xdawG @qufqH ajymqkd&wJ htcg

ud k,fusif hoduQmud k apmif hxdef;Edkifr,fqd k&if?

'grSr[kwfrif;{u&mZfawGeJ @ twlvrf;av#mufae&ayr,f h

rmefrme aoG;rºuGbl;qd k&if ?

tu,fI&efolujzpfap rdwfaqGujzpfap

rif;uk dodyfjyD; em=unf;atmif rvkyfEd kifap&if?










tu,fI

vlwd kif;ud kwefzd k;xm; av;pm;&ayr,fhpG Jvrf;r_ oHa,mZOfawG xm;raebl;qd k&if?

tu,fIwd kawmif;vSwJ h rypfy,fEd kifwJ h wrdepftwGif;rSm

t"dy` g,f&S dvSwJ h puUef @ajcmufq,ftjzpf

tok H;csEd kifr,fqd k&if?

ighom;a& rif;[mt&m&m&S dwJ h t&m&mjzpfwJ h

urB m=uD;ud k qkyfud kifvd k @t&m&m bmrqd k rif;pGrf;Ed kifjyDaygh?

tJ'Dawmhrif;[mvnf;a,mufusm;aumif;wa,mufaygh?

atmifqef;pk=unf

ÙÙÙ







oef; 0if;vI d if06

tcef; (9)tuG ufqif xyf rH zrf;qD;cH&rIa':atmifqef;pk=unfonf aetdrftus,fcsKyfoufwrf;jynf hcgeD;Y

2009 ckESpf/ arv 6 &ufae@wGif ppftpk d;&.pDpOfay;r_jzif h tar&duefEd kifiHom; *|ef0DvsH,ufawmonf a':atmif;qef;pk=unf.aetdrftcsKyfod k @wdwfwqdwf0ifa&mufEd kifcJ honf? *|ef0DvsH,ufawm0ifa&mufcJ hr_ud k t

a=umif;jyKI a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; tr_qifum Oya'csKd; azmufonf[k wzufowfpGyfpG JI aetdrftus,fcsKyfpnf;urf;azmufzsufr_Oya'yk'fr (22) jzif h w&m;qd kif&ef ppftpd k;&u a': atmifqef;pk=unfud karv 13 &ufae@wGif tif;pdefaxmifwGif;od k @ ajymif;a&$ŒcsKyfaESmifvd kufonf? arv 18 &ufae@wGif a':atmifqef;pk=unfud k aetdrftus,fcsKyf pnf;urf;azmufzsufr_ yk'fr (22) jzif h tif;pdefaxmifwGif;&S d ajrmuf

yd kif;c±d kif txl;w&m;u ±H k;wifw&m;pG JqdkcJ h onf ? ,if;aemuf =o*kwfv11 &ufae@wGif tvkyf=urf;ESif haxmif'%f (3) ESpf'%fcsrSwfcJ honf? a': atmifqef;pk=unftm; jypf'%fcsrSwfonf hae@Y ppftpd k;&. rw&m;

tr_qifum jyp f'%fcsr _ud kta=umif;jyKI vlxktk HºuGr_w&yfay:ayguf vmrnfud k}udKwifod&S dxm;onf h tpkd;&onftpdk;&drfvGefum ppftm %m&SifAd kvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;oef;a&$ trdef @ jzif hjypf'%fxuf0ufud k qd kif;iH hxm; jyD;usefjypf'%f 18 vud k aetdrfwGifqufvufxdef;odrf;&ef ajymif;vJ trdef@csrSwfvdkufonf? Todk@ a': atmifqef;pk=unfonf vGwf&ufaphcgeD;Y ppftpdk;&. rw&m;tr_

a':pktm; aetdrfoufwrf;wd k;ap&ef

N*dK[farTcJhaom ],ufawm}










qifr_jzif h aetdrftus,fcsKyf xyfrH wm;qD;cH&jyefonf?

jrefrmEd kifiHwGif w&m;Oya'pd k;rd k;a&;r&S doma=umif h vlxktzd k @ vGwfvyfcGif hESif h vH kjcHKcGif hrsm; uif;rJ haeonfrSm q,fpkESpfaygif; tawmf=umcJhjyD;jzpfonf? EdkifiHom;aygif;ajrmufrsm;pGmonf vGwfvyfcGif h tcGif hta&;rsm; ydwfyifcHcJ h&um tusOf;axmifrsm;Y pHjref;ae&&Smonf? pifppf ,if;wd k @wGif rnfonf h &mZ0wfr_ud kr# usL;vGefjcif;r&S dygbJvsuf Oya'rJ hzrf;qD;cH&um tusOf;uscH

aeol&rsm;jzpfonf? jrefrmEd kifiHwGif Ed kifiHom;rsm;. vGwfvyfr_ESif h vH kjcHKr_ud k tumtuG,fay;aomOya'rsm; r&S dIavm? yGif hvif;pGmqdk&ygrl ppftpd k;& tkyfcsKyfaeaomumvrsm;wGif xd kOya'rsm; r&S day?

1947 ckESpf tajccHOya'wGif vGwfvyfcGif hESif hvH kjcHKcGif hud k tumtuG,fay;aomjyÏmef;csufud k vGwfvyfcGif hta&;atmufwGif jyÏmef;xm;ayonf? tajccHOya'yk'fr 16 wGif “w&m;Oya't&r[kwfv#if rnf

onh fEd kifiHom;r# rdrdvGwfvyfr_ud k ±kyfodrf;jcif;rcH&ap&” [k jyÏmef;umvGwfvyfr_eSif hvH kjcHKr_twGuf tumtuG,fay;xm;onf? xd kenf; wlpGmyif 1974 ckESpf tajccHOya' yk'fr 159 wGifvnf; Ed kifiHom;wd kif;onfyk*~ dKvfqd kif&m vGwfvyfcGif hESif h vH kjcHKr_twGu ftmrcHcsuf&S dap&rnf[lIjyÏmef;xm;ayonf? TjyÏmef;csuf&S djcif;onf Ed kifiHom;rsm;. vGwfvyfr_ESif hvH kjcHKr_ud k tumtuG,fay;&ef jyÏmef;csuf&S donf[k qd kEd kif.?

txufwGifqd kcJ honf htwd kif; vlwd k @onf tpkta0;ESifhaexdkifae=uaoma=umif h vlwOD;/ tzG J @tpnf;wcktwGuf tumtuG,fjyKjyD; trsm;tusKd;/ trsm;.vGwfvyfr_ud k xdcd kufapaom Oya'onfum; w&m;r#waom Oya'rsKd;r[kwfay? Oya'onf vlt rsm;ud k tumtuG,fay;aom Oya'om jzpfoif honf? vltrsm;ud kES dyfuGyfaomOya'rjzpfapoifhyg?

jrefrmEd kifiHwGif ausmf=um;vSaom ta&;ay:pDrHr_ tufOya'onf1950 jynf hESpf ygvDref'Drd kua&pDtpd k;&vufxufwGif jyÏmef;cJ hjcif;jzpfonf? vGwfvyfa&;&ump ±_yfaxG;aeaom Ed kifiHa&;tajctae atmuf







oef; 0if;vI d if08

wGif Ed kifiHa&;ygwD}uD;wck. =oZmvGrf;rd k;r_jzif h jyÏmef;cJ honf[k ,lqEd kif

onf? zqyvtpd k;&vufxufjyÏmef;cJ haom xd kta&;ay:pDrHr_ tufOya' (1950 jynf hESpf) yg yk'fr 5 tm; jrefrmjynfoltrsm;pku tjrifuyfyk'fr[lI uifyGef;wyf=uonf? tm%m&ygwDtpd k;&ESif h oabmxm;csif;uG JvG Jum twd kuftcHjyK=uaom Ed kifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;olrsm;tm; [ef @wm;zdES dyfEd kifrnf htcsufaygif;pH kud k xd kyk'fratmufwGif xnf hoGif;jyÏmef;xm;ayonf? xd k @a=umif h twd kuftcHrsm;taeESif h Ed kifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_ vkyf

vd kufonfESif h yk'fr 5 ESif h ndawmhonf? xd k @a=umif hvnf; xd kyk'frud k tjrifuyfyk'fr[k uifyGef;wyfac:qd k=ujcif;jzpfonf? xd kOya'ud k y,fzsufjyifqifaeqJ/ Ad kvfae0if;acgif;aqmifaom ppftm%m&Siftkyfpku ygvDref'Drd kua&pDtpd k;&ud kjzKwfcsum tm%modrf;yd kufvd kufaoma=umif h xd kOya'ud k y,fzsuf&ef tcGif htvrf;uif;rJ hoGm;±H kru tm%modrf; awmfvSefa&;aumifpDtwGuf twd kuftcHEd kifiHa&;orm;rsm;ud k ES dyfuGyf&ef t

aumif;qH k;Oya'jzpfcJhonf? xd k @a=umif hvnf; awmfvSefa&;aumifpD ppftpd k;&onf 1947 ckESpftajccHOya'tm; y,fzsufcJ haomfvnf; xd kta&;ay:pDrHr_tufOya'ud k ry,fzsufbJ ,ae@wd kif qufvufusif hoH k;cJ honf?

1974 tajccHOya'jyÏmef;jyD; wESpfcef @t=umwGif 1975 ckESpfEd kifiHawmftm; aESmif h,SufzsufqD;vd kolrsm;.ab;tEœ &m,frS umuG,f

[ef @wm;onf hOya' (Ed kifiHawmfumuG,fonh fOya') ud k jynfol @v$wfawmfrS jyÏmef;cJ hjcif;jzpfonf? xd kOya'rSm ta&;ay:pDrHr_tufOya'xufyd kqd k;&Gm;aomOya'jzpfonf? rnfol @ud krqd k Ed kifiHawmfvH kjcHKa&;twGuftEœ &m,f&Sdonf[k oHo,&S d±H kr#jzif h TOya't& zrf ;qD;xdef;odrf;Ed kifcGif h&S dayonf? TOya't&rl ±H k;wifw&m;pG Jqd k&efrvd kbJ pGyfpG JcH&olwOD;tm; &ufaygif; 180 txd xdef;odrf;xm;Ed kifjyD; oufqd kif&mbkwftzG J @.

cGif hjyKcsufjzif h trsm;qH k; 3 ESpftxd xdef;odrfxm;vsuf&S donf? xd k @jyif1991 ckESpfwGif ppfpd k;&onf jyifqifcsufjzif h Ed kifiHawmfvH kjcHKa&;Oya'ygzrf;qD;xdef;odrf;xm;Ed kifaomoufwrf;ud k 5 ESpfod k @ wd k;jr‡if hxm;onf?










ppfpd k;&onf 'DyJ,if;Ed kifiHa&;vkyf=uHcH&jyD;aemuf a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; vH kjcHKa&;t& aetdrfY acwœ aexd kifapcJ hjcif;omjzpfonf[k xkwfjyef

cJ hjyD;aemuf rsm;r=umrDrSmyif Ed kifiHawmftm; aESmif h,SufzsufqD;vd kolrsm;. ab;tEœ &m,frS umuG,f[ef @wm;onf hOya'jzif h aetdrftus,fcsKyfxdef;odrf;jcif;cHvd kuf&onf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf tqd kygOya'jzif h(4) }udrfwd kifwd kif tus,fcsKyfjzif h aetdrfwGif 10 ESpfausmf xdef;odrf;jcif;cHcJ h&onf? xd k @aemuf a':atmifqef;pk=unf. aetdrftus,fcsKyf ouf

wrf;ud k ppf tpk d;&u wESpf xyfrHwd k;vd kufjyefonf? xd kOya'jzif h aetd rftus,fcsKyfoufwrf;jynf hcgeD;Yyif *|ef0DvsH,ufawm0ifa&mufr_ud k ta=umif;jyKI ppftpd k;&onftr_qifum a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; aetdrftus,fcsKyfoufwrf;ud k xyfrHcsrSwfcJ honf?

aetdrftus,fcsKyf (18) v csrSwfcHjyD;aemuf 2009 pufwifbm4 &ufwGif a':atmifqef;pk=unftr_twGuf olr. a&SŒaersm;u &ef

ukefwd kif;w&m;±H k;od k @ t,lcHav#mufv$mud k wifoGif;cJ h=uonf? t,lcHav#mufxm;r_Y a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf Oya'a=umif;t& tjypfr&S da=umif; tcsuf (11) csufud k tcd kiftvH kazmfjyxm;jyD; 1988 ckESpfuwnf;u csKyfjidrf f;oGm;cJ hjyD;jzpfonf h 1947 ckESpftajccHOya'ESif h a': atmifqef;pk=unfud k xdef;odrf;xm;r_ud k ±kyfodrf;ay;&ef wifjyawmif;qd kxm;onf?

a':atmifqef;pk=unf.a&SŒae OD;=unf0if;u “uGif;vH k;u|wf v$wfud kv$wfay;&r,f? v$wfay;wJ htcgusawmh b,ftwd kif;twmxdatmifjzpfoGm;vJqd kawmh ol @ud k 1989 ckESpfuwnf;u 6 ESpfeD;yg;xdef;odrf;1995 usrS jyefv$wfcJ hw,f? tJ'Dtus,fcsKyfu eHygwfwpf/ aemufwpfcg2000 jynf hESpfrSm &efukefblwm}uD;rSjzpfwJ hwESpfeJ @ 2 v tus,fcsKyf

vkyfvd kufwmu eHygwfESpf/ aemuf tck 2003 ckESpf'DyJ,if;upjyD; tckxdatmif tus,fcsKyfxdef;odrf;xm;wmu eHygwf3/ tJ'gawGtm;vH k;[mUnlawful Illegal Detention (Oya'rJ hzrf;qD;r_) awGygyJ” [lI ajymqd kcJ honf?

aetdrftus,fcsKyfoufwrf;twGif; a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf















oef;0 if;vI d if10

2009 ckESpf/ Edk0ifbmv (4) &ufaehwGif tar&duefjynfaxmifpkta&SŒtm&SES Sif h ypdzdwfa&;&mvufaxmuf Ed kifiHjcm;a&;&m0ef}uD; rpPwm

umhurfbJvfESif h awG @qH kcJ honf?xd k @aemuf a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf pdrf;vJ huefom{nf h&dyfom

wGif usef;rma&;raumif;aom NLD acgif;aqmifrsm;jzpf=uonf h tzG J @csKyfOuUX OD;atmifa&$/ A[d ktvkyftr_aqmiftwGif;a&;rSL; OD;vGif/ A[d k tvkyftr_aqmiftzG J @OD;vGef;wifwd k @ud k *g&0jyKawG @qH kaqG;aEG;cGif h&&S dcJ honf?

awG @qH kcJ hpOftwGif; a':atmifqef;pk=unfuNLD

A[d ktvkyftr_aqmiftzG J @ud k wd k;csJŒzG J @pnf;cGif hjyK&ef arwœ m&yfcHcJ h&m cGif hjyKcsuf&&S dcJ hojzif h tusKd;aqmifa&SŒaerSwqif h 2010 Zefe0g&Dv 14 &ufae@wGif A[dktvkyftr_aqmiftzG J @ud k wd k;csJŒjyefvnfzG J @pnf;apcJ honf? wd k;csJŒjyefvnfzG J @pnf;cJ haom A[d ktvkyftr_aqmifrsm;rSm -

(1) OD;atmifa&$ - OuUX

(2) OD;wifOD; - 'kOuUX(3) a':atmifqef;pk=unf - taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;(4) OD;vGif - twGif;a&;rSL;(5) OD;0if;wif - tzG J @0if(6) OD;cifarmifaqG - tzG J @0if(7) OD;oef;xGef; - tzG J @0if(8) OD;pd k;jrif h - tzG J @0if(9) OD;vSaz - tzG J @0if(10)OD;xGef;wif - tzG J @0if(11)OD;nGef @a0 - tzG J @0if(12)a'gufwmoef;jidrf; - tzG J @0if

(13)OD;tkef;}udKif - tzG J @0if(14)OD;0if;jrif h - tzG J @0if(15)OD;xGef;xGef;[def - tzG J @0if(16)a'gufwm0if;Ed kif - tzG J @0if













(17)OD;Om%f0if; - tzG J @0if(18)OD;[Homjrif h - tzG J @0if

(19)OD;odef;nGef @ - tzG J @0if(20)a'gufwma':ar0if;jrifh - tzG J @0if

ponfwd k @jzpfonf?xd k @aemuf a':atmifqef;pk=unf.t,lcHwifoGif;r_ud k &efukefwd kif;

w&m;±H k;u y,fcscJ honf htwGuf jypfr_qd kif&m jyifqifr_av#mufvJcsufud kA[d kw&m;±H k;od k @ 2010 jynf hESpf Zefe0g&Dv 18 &ufae@wGif xyfrHwifoGif;cJ honf?

od k @aomf 2010 jynf hESpf/ arv 10 &ufae@wGif etz jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;Ad kvfcsKyfarmifOD;u a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; vmrnf h Ed k0ifbmvwGif jyefv$wfay;rnf[k ajym=um;cJ h&m a':atmifqef;pk=unfu a&SŒae}uD;OD;Om%f0if;ESif h aetdrfwGifawG @qH kpOf “'g rw&m;wJ h ajymqd kcsufyg

yJ” [k jyefvnfwH k @jyefcJ honf[kqd konf? OD;Om%f0if;u “ed k0ifbmrSma':pkud k v$wfay;r,fvd k @ jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;u ajym=um;wmeJ @ywfoufjyD;a':pku 'grw&m;wJ hajym=um;csufyJwJ h? bmvd k @vnf;qd kawmh ol @ud k tjypfcsxm;wJ hjypfr_eJ @ ywfoufjyD;awmh Ek difiHawmfw&m;±H k;csKyfu trdef @rcs

tzJ G UcsKyf½k H;ü vlxktm; rdef YcGef;ajymMum;aepOf/










oef;0 if;vI d if12

&ao;bl;? rjyD;jywfao;bl;? rjyD;jywfciftwGif;rSm 'Dvd kajymwm[m w&m;±H k;&JŒvkyfief;ud k v$rf;rd k;pGufzuf&ma&mufygw,fvd k @ tJ'Dvd kajymygw,f?

jyD;awmh a':pkud k Ed k0ifbmvrSmv$wfay;r,fqd kwm Ed kifiHa&; jyufvH k;wpfckyJ? tpd k;&u wm0ef&S dol0ef}uD;wa,mufuaejyD;awmh ajymvd kufwm[m [mojyufvH k;vd kjzpfaew,f? ol @vGwf&ufu Ed k0ifbmvrSm jynf hrSmqd kwm tm;vH k;uodaewJ hudpPrd k @ bmrS rxl;jcm;bl;? 'ghtjyif 'DEd k0ifbmv14 rSvGwfr,h f a':atmifqef;pk=unf[m a&G;aumufyJ G0ifEd kifw,f qd k

wmuvnf; a&G;aumufyG Ju Ed k0ifbmv (7) &ufrSmusif;yjyD; jzpfaeawmh 'Dpum;rsKd;ajymwm[m tawmh fud k&Dp&maumif;wJ h Ed kifiHa&;jyufvH k;vd k jzpfygw,f” [lI ajym=um;oGm;onf?

tJeft,fvf'D\ txl;aMunmcsuf2010 jynf hESpf/ rwfv 23 &ufae@wGif NLD tzG J @csKyfonf txl;

a=unmcsuf trSwf 2§03§10 ud k xkwfjyefcJ h&m a=unmcsuf tjynf htpH krSm atmufygtwd kif;jzpfygonf?

Ed kifiHawmfat;csrf;om,ma&;ESif h zG H @+zdK;a&;aumifpDonf 2010 jynf hESpf/ rwfv 8 &ufae@wGif jynfaxmifpka&G;aumufyG Jaumfr&SifOya'/Ed kifiHa&;ygwDrsm;rSwfyH kwifjcif; Oya'/ jynfol @v$wfawmfa&G;aumufyG J Oya'/ trsKd;om;v$wfawmfa&G;aumufyG JOya'/ wd kif;a'o}uD;v$wfawmfod k@r[kwf jynfe,fv$wfawmfa&G;aumufyGJOya'wdk@ud k jyÏmef;vdkufonf?

txufygOya'rsm;ud k zwf±_avhvmoH k;oyf=unf hv#if 'Drd kua&pDusih fpOfrsm;/ vGwfvyfr_rsm;/ w&m;r#wr_rsm;/ r&S da=umif;wd k @ud k txift&Sm; awG@jrifae&ygonf? t"duusaom om"utcsKdŒrSm

(1) jynfaxmifpka&G;aumufyG Jaumfr&SifOya'. yk'fr(É)wGif “Ed kifiHa&;ygwDrsm;ud k Oya'ESif htnD aqmif&Gufap&ef }uD;=uyfjcif;/ }uD;=uyfapjcif;ESif h vrf ;n$efjcif;” [k aumfr&Siftm; wm0efESif h vkyfyd kifcGif hrsm; ay;tyfxm;ygonf? TonfrSm 'Drd kua&pDusif hpOfESif htnD vGwfvyfpGm pnf;













±k H;cGif h/ zG J @pnf;cGif h/ pka0;cGif hponf hvkyfief;pOfrsm;wGif Ed kifiHa&;ygwDr sm;ud kaumfr&Sifu uef@owfcsKyfcs,fxm;jcif;jzpfygonf?

(2) Ed kifiHa&;ygwDrsm;rSwfyH kwifjcif;Oya'.yk'fr 4 (i) wGif ygwDwnfaqmufvd kolrsm;onf “axmif'%fuscHae&olrsm;r[kwfjcif;” [kowfrSwfxm;ygonf? TonfrSm Ed kifiHa&;ygwDwck. tcGif hta&;ud kjief;qefjcif;jzpfovd k 'Drd kua&pDusif hpOfud k csKd;azmufjcif;vnf;jzpfygonf?jynfaxmifpkorRwjrefrmEd kifiHawmf zG J @pnf;yH ktajccHOya'. tcef; (10)

wGif “Ed kifiHa&;ygwDrsm;zGJ @pnf;jcif;” ESif h “Ed kifiHa&;ygwDrsm; qufvuf&yfwnfcGif hr&S djcif;” jyÏmef;csufrsm;ESif h uG JvG Jqef @usifaeygonf? zG J @pnf;yH ktajccHOya'yk'fr 449 wGif TzG J @pnf;yH ktajccHOya'onf Ed kifiHawmftwGif;&S d Oya'tm;vH k;. tajccHOya'jzpfonf[k jyÏmef;xm;ygonf? xd k @a=umif h Oya'w&yfud k jyÏmef ;&mwGif zG J @pnf;yH ktajccHOya'ESif h qef @usifjyD;jyÏmef;xm;ygonf? xdk @tjyif aemufa=umif;jyef tm%moufa&muf

jcif;jzpfaeygonf? Oya'w&yf&yfonf jyÏmef;jyD;onf hae@rSpI tm%moufa&mufae&rnfjzpfygonf? zG J @pnf;yH ktajccHOya'yg pum;&yfrsm;teuft"dy`g,fzGifhqdka&;Oya'yk'fr -3(i) Y “Oya'w&yf&yfwGifaemufa=umif;jyefI tm%moufa&mufr_r&S dap&” [kvnf;aumif;&Sif;vif;pGmjyÏmef;xm;ygonf? wzefjypf'%fuscHae&olud k aemufxyfjypf'%fay;ovd kvnf; jzpfaeygonf?

(3) Ed kifiHa&;ygwDrsm;rSwfyH kwifjcif;Oya'. yk'fr 10 Y ygwD0ifrsm;ud kpnf;±H k;&mwGif&S d&rnf h t&nftcsif;rsm;ud k owfrSwfjcif;/ yk'fr-23wGif“aumfr&Sifonf ygwDrsm;ud kwnfqJOya'/ enf;Oya'rsm;/ vkyfxH k;vkyfenf;rsm;/ trdef ha=umfjimpm/ trdef @/ nGef=um;csufrsm;ESif htnD aqmif&Gufap&ef }uD;=uyfEd kifonf? aumfr&SiftzG J @cG Jtqif hqih ftm; aumfr&Sifud k,f

pm; }uD;=uyf&ef wm0efay;tyfed kifonf” [k owfrSwfxm;jcif;/ yk'fr24 (c) wGif “ygwDwck. ygwDwGif;udpP&yfrsm;ESif h pyfvsOf; I wOD;OD;uaumfr&Sifod k@ wifjywd kif=um;vmygu aumfr&Sifonf pH kprf;ppfaq;Ivd ktyfv#if Ed kifiHawmf.tusKd;iSm xd kygwDrsm;vd kufemaqmif&Guf&rnf h


















oef;0 if;vI d if14

tcsufrsm;ud k tcsdefumvowfrSwfI n$ef=um;Ed kifonf” [k owfrSwfxm;jcif;wd k @onf ed kifiHa&;ygwDwck. vkyfyd kifcGif hrsm;ud k aumfr&Sifu vGef

uJpGm 0ifa&mufpGufzufaejcif;jzpfygonf?(4) jynfol@v$wfawmfa&G;aumufyG JOya'. yk'fr 11 (C) wGif

“v$wfawmfud k,fpm;vS,ftjzpf a&G;aumufwifajr‡mufjcif;onf rJqEN&Sif jynfolvlxk. qENoabmxm;ud k rsufuG,fjyK&m a&mufygonf?(trsKd;om;v$wfawmfa&G;aumufyG JOya'ESif h wd kif;a'o}uD;v$wfawmf)

od k hr[kwf jynfe,fv$wfawmfa&G;aumufyG J Oya'wd k @wGif xd kenf;wljzpfygonf?(5) jynfol @v$wfawmfa&G;aumufyG JOya'. yk'fr 82 wGif “aumfr

&SiftzG J @cG J tqif hqif htygt0if a&G;aumufyG JESif houfqd kifonf h wm0ef0wœ&m;rsm;ud k xrf;aqmifaomyk*~ dKvfonf atmufygtcsufrsm;udkvd kufemaqmif&Guf&rnf” [k a,bk,som jyÏmef;xm;ygonf? rvd kuf

emygu rnfonf hjypf'%fr# owfrSwfjyÏmef;xm;jcif;r&S dyg? xd k @jyif yk'fr87 wGif “aumfr&SifESif haumfr&SiftzG J h0ifrsm;/ rJ±H krSL;tygt0if rJ±H ktzG J @0ifrsm;. vkyfaqmifcsufrsm;twGuf w&m;ra=umif;t&jzpfap/ jypfr_a=umif;t&jzpfap w&m;pG Jjcif;rcHxd kufap&” [kvnf; jyÏmef;xm;ygonf?TonfrSm a&G;aumufyG Jud k vGwfvyfjyD;w&m;r#wr_r&S datmif/ tm%myd kifwd k @pdwf}udKufvkyfaqmifEd kifatmif tm%myd kifwd k @u a&G;cs,fcef @xm;rnf hyk*~ dKvfrsm;tm; tumtuG,fay;ovd kjzpfaeygonf? (trsKd;om;v$wfawmfa&G;aumufyG JOya'ESif h wd kif;a'o}uD;v$wfawmfod k @r[kwf jynfe,fv$wfawmfa&G;aumufyG JOya'wd k@wGifvnf; xd kenf;wljzpfygonf?

(6) jynfol @v$wfawmfa&G;aumufyG JOya'. yk'fr -91 (u) wGif“jynfol @v$wfawmfa&G;aumufyG JOya' (Ed kifiHjidrf0yfydjym;r_ wnfaqmuf

a&;tzG J @Oya'trSwf 14§89) ud k TOya'jzif h ±kyfodrf;vd kufonf” ESif hyk'fr -91 (c) wGif “TOya'jzif h ±kyfodrf;vd kufonf” Oya't& usif;ycJ haom ygwDpH k'Drd kua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyG Jonf zG J @pnf;yH ktajccH Oya'ESih f vd kufavsmnDaxGr&S dawmhonf htwGuf ,if;a&G;aumufyG J&v'f














oef;0 if;vI d if16

12;30 em&Dcef @wGif jyefay;vdkufa=umif; a=unmvd kufygonf?22 -3-2010 ae@wGif usif;yaom A[d ktvkyftr_aqmiftzG J @ t

pnf;ta0;qH k;jzwfcsuft&?A[dktvkyftr_aqmiftzGJ @

trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzGJ @csKyf?

a':atmifqef;pk=unfuvnf; 2010 jynf hESpf/ rwfv 29 &ufae@

wGif trsKd;om;'Drk dua&pDtzG J @csKyf A[d kaumfrwDtpnf;ta0;od k @ tcsuf(6) csufyg ‚if;.oabmxm;w&yfud k ay;yd k @vd kufonf? ay;yd k @cJ haomoabmxm; (6) csufrSm -

(1) 2008 zG J @pnf;yH ktajccHOya'ud k vH k;0vufrcHEd kif/ tzG J @csKyf. a&$*H kwd kifa=unmcsufud k pG Jud kif&rnf?

(2) w&m;r#wr_r&S daom wzufowfa&;qGJxm;onf h Oya't&

rSwfyH kwifjcif;ud k vH k;0vufrcHEd kifyg? Oya'yg pnf;urf;csufrsm;rSm 'Drd kua&pDenf;rus?

(3) tzG J @csKyfonf usr. ud k,fydkifypPnf;r[kwf/ rnfolwOD;wa,muf. ud k,fyd kifypPnf;vnf;r[kwf?

(4) tzG JŒcsKyftwGif; vlarG;onf htvkyf/ vlarG;onf[k ,lqEd kifonf htvkyfrsm;ud k vH k;0r}udKuf/ vufrcH?

(5) jynfolvlxkud k ajym=um;vd konfrSm rdrdwwfEd kifoavmuf 'Drd kua&pD&&S da&; }udK;yrf;r_ud k qufvufaqmif&GufoGm;rnf?

(6) tzG J @csKyfzsufodrf;cH&v#if tzG J @csKyfysufpD;onf[k r,lq/ ysufpD;jcif;r[kwf [lI jzpfonf?

umh wf urfbJvf xyf rHawG UqHkcGifh& 2010 jynf hESpf/ arv 10 &ufae@wGif a':atmifqef;pk=unftm;tar&duefjynfaxmifpk ta&SŒtm&SESif hypdzdwfa&;&m vufaxmufEd kifiHjcm;a&;&m0ef}uD; umhwfurfbJvf onf xyfrHawG @qHkaqG;aEG;cGif h&&S dcJ h












onf? rpPwmurfbJvfu a':atmifqef;pk=unfESif h NLD A[d ktvkyftzG J @

0ifrsm;tm; “ol @taeeJ @ vuf&S d twkduftcHtiftm;pkjzpfonfh NLD

onf rnfonf hyH kpHjzif h wnf &S daeonfjzpfap/ rSwfyH kwifonfjzpfap/ rwifonfjzpfap/ w&m;0ifygwD jzpfonf

jzpfap/ rjzpfonfjzpfapNLD

ud k tar

rpöwmuumhwfurfbJvf

a':atmifqef;pkMunftm;awGUqk HpOf/&duefjynfaxmifpkonf qufvuf tm;ay;axmufcHulnD yl;aygif;aqmif&GufoGm;rnf” [k ajym=um;oGm;onf?

twkta,mifa&G;aumuf yG Jxd k @aemuf 2010 jynf hESpf/ rwfv 29 &ufae@wGif NLD A[d k tvkyf

tr_aqmiftzG J @u etzppftpd k;& xkwfjyefcJ haom a&G;aumufyG Jqd kif&mOya'rsm;onf qdwfacgif;ud kcsdwfI acG;om;a&mif;rnf h'Drd kua&pD (0g)w&m;r#wr_vH k;0gr&S dojzif h Ed kifiHa&;ygwDtjzpf xyfrH rSwfyH kwifrnfr[kwfa=umif;NLD ud k,fpm;vS,f (113) OD;wd k @u uef @uGufolr&S d qH k;jzwfvd kuf=uonf?

a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf 2010 jynf hESpf/ Ed k0ifbm 13 &ufae@wGifaetdrftus,fcsKyfoufwrf;aphawmhrnfjzpfaoma=umif h etz ppftpd k;&onf a&G;aumufyG Jud k olr rvGwfrD wywftvd k Ed k0ifbmv 7 &ufae@wGifusif;y&ef wufokwf±d kufpDpOfvd kufawmhonf? aetdrftus,fcsKyfuscHae&onf h a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf jrefrmjynfolvlxktm; a&SŒae OD;Om%f0if;rSwqif h“rJqEN&Sifrsm;taejzif h rJay;cGif h&S dovd k/ rJray;bJ

aeEd kifcGif h&S donf” [lI rSm=um;vd kufavonf?

ÙÙÙ












oef;0 if;vI d if18

tcef; (10)a':atmifqef;pkMunf vGwfjyD

a':tmifqef;pk=unfonf 2010 jynf hESpf/ Ed k0ifbmv 13 &ufae@us,fcsKyfuscH&aom a':cifcif0if;ESif h r0if;rr (c) ri,fwd k @vnf; jyefnae 5;15 em&DwGif aetdrftus,fcsKyfrS jyefvnfvGwfajrmufvmcJ honf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfESif htwl a':atmifqef;pk=unfaetdrfY tvnfvGwfajrmufcJ h=uonf?

jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;Xme jrefrmEd kifiH&JwyfzG J @/ &J csKyfAd kvfrSL;csKyfcif&DonfEd k0ifbmv 13 &uf nae 5 em&DwGif A[ef;+rdKŒe,f a&$awmif=um; (1)&yfuGuf/ wuUod kvf&dyfomvrf;/ jcHtrSwf(54§56) &S d a':atmifqef;pk=unf. aetdrfod k @oGm;a&mufI a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; av#mhayghajymif;vJvd kufaom jypf'%fumvjynf honf h 2010 jynf hESpf/ Ek d0ifbm13 &ufae@wGif jypf'%ftm;vH k;ud k vGwfjidrf;csrf;omcGif hjyKvd kufa=umif;

jynfxJa&;0ef}uD;Xme.trdef @ud k &Sif;vif;zwf=um;onf?,if;aemuf jrefrmEd kifiH&JwyfzG J @ &JcsKyfAd kvfrSL;csKyfcif&Donf &efukef

ajrmufyd kif;c±d kif w&m;±H k;u jypfr_qd kif&mtr_}uD;trSwf 47§2009 jzif hEd kifiHawmftm; aESmif h,SufzsufqD;olrsm;. ab;tEœ &m,frS umuG,fapmif ha&Smufonf hOya'yk'fr 22 t& rw&m;tjypfay;jcif;cH&aom ac:

cifcif0if; (b) OD;wiftkef;ESif h r0if;rr (c) ri,fav; (b) OD;Om%fvif;wd k @ESpfOD;tm;vnf; qd kif;iH hxm;onf h av#mhayghajymif;vJvd kufaom jypf'%fumvjynf honf h 2010 jynf hESpf/ Ed k0ifbmv 13 &ufwGif jypf'%ftm;vH k;ud k vGwfjidrf;csrf;omcGif h jyKvd kufonh ftrdef @ud k zwf=um;onf?,if;od k @ &Sif;vif;zwf=um;&mwGif jrefrmEd kifiH&JwyfzG J @ &JcsKyfAd kvfrSL;csKyfcif&DESif htwl &efukefwd kif;a'o}uD; &JwyfzG J @&JcsKyf}uD;atmif'd kif;/ owif;wyfzG J @

'kwd,owif;wyfzGJ @rSL; &JrSL;}uD;0if;EdkifxGef;/ wd kif;w&m;ol}uD; OD;jrif hatmif/ wd kif;Oya't&m&S dOD;atmifoef;jrif hESif h wm0ef&S dolrsm; vd kufygvmcJ h=uonf?

vGwfjidrf;csrf;omcGif htrdef @rsm;ud k zwf=um;jyD;aemuf &JcsKyf Ad kvfrSL;











csKyfcif&Donf a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; usef;usef;rmrmawG @& ojzif h0rf;omyga=umif;/ rdrdwd k @. t"duvkyfief;wm0efrSm w&m;Oya' pd k;rd k;a&;

ESif h &yf&Gmat;csrf;om,ma&;jzpfyga=umif;/ Ed kifiHawmf. a&SŒc&D;wGif at;at;csrf;csrf;/ wnfwnfjidrfjidrf&Sdapvd ka=umif;/ a':atmifqef;pk=unftm;ajym=um;&m a':atmifqef;pk=unfu AdkvfrSL;csKyfcif&D. rsufESmud kaphaph=unf hI tjyHK;jzif h wk H @jyefcJ honf?

a':atmifqef;pk=unfvGwfajrmufvmonfud k }udKwifapmif hqd kif;

ae=uaomvlxk}uD;u uef @owf{&d,mud k oufqd kif&mrS z,f&Sm;ay;tjyD;wGif uef @owf{&d,mxdyfrS jcH0od k @ tajym;tv$m;oGm;a&mufuma':atmifqef;pk=unfusef;rmygap[k tm;ay;atmf[pfqkawmif;cJ h=uonfudk awG@&ayonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf aetdrfjcH0od k @xGufI vlxktm; E_wfcGef;qufpum; ajym=um;cJ honf? od k @aomftoHcsJŒpufrsm;wyfqifxm;jcif;r&Sdaoma=umif h apmif h}udKae&aom

vlxkonf toHud kaumif;pGmr=um;Ed kifaoma=umif h a':atmifqef;pk=unfu eufjzef 12 em&DwGif a&$*H kwd kifvrf;&S d tzG J @csKyf±H k;Y vlxk}uD;ud krdef @cGef;ajymp&m&S donf[lI rSm=um;cJ honf? ,if;aemuf aetdrftwGif;Y

NLD tzG J @csKyfacgif;aqmifrsm;ESih f awG @qH kaqG;aEG;cJ honf?xd k @aemuf Ek d0ifbmv 14 &ufae@wGif trSwf 97§c/ taemufa&$*H k

wd kifvrf;/ A[ef;+rdKŒe,f&S d trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyf±H k;a&SŒY ae@v,f12 em&DwGif vlxky&dowf 1 odef;ausmfud k rdef @cGef;ajym=um;&mwGif

“jynfolawGrygbJeJ @ bmudpPrS ratmifjrifbl;/ bmrSvkyfvd k @r&bl;?usrwd k @ tvkyfud kvkyf=u&r,f? usrwd k @u uH ²²² uHvd k @ajymw,f? usrwd k htvkyfud kvkyf=u&r,f hwm0efawGud k ra=umufbl;? wm0efrausrSmud kbJa=umufygw,f? usr jynfolawGud k arwœ m&yfcHyg&ap? usrwd k @eJ @ quf

qHwJ htcgrSm yGif hyGif hvif;vif; owœ d&S d&S d ajymqd kqufqH=uyg? 'g[m 'Drd kua&pDtajccHygyJ? vGwfvyfpGmajymqd kyd kifcGif h/ vGwfvyfpGmajymqd kyd kifcGif hqd kwm vGwfvyfpGmqJqd kyd kifcGif heJ @rwlbl;? usr jynfolawGud k arwœ m&yfcHcsifwmuawmh apmapmu usrajymovd kygyJ/ ud k,f hpdwfxJrSm&S dwmawG














oef;0 if;vI d if20

ud k u srwd k @ud ktoday;yg? pma&;jyD;awmhyd k @vd k @vnf;&ygw,f? pmw d kufud kpdwfrcs&&if 'DrSmyJ vmay;yg? jynfolawGpdwfxJrSm bm&S dovJqd kwm

usr odcsifw,f?tvkyfpvkyfwJ hcgrSm 0D&d,xkwf&r,f/ tvkyftv,fyd kif; a&mufwJ h

tcgrSm 0D&d, xkwf&r,f/ tvkyfaemufqH k;yd kif;a&mufcgeD;rSm 0D&d, xkwf&r,f? tvkyfqd kwm +yD;w,f&,fvd k @ r&S dbl;? tvkyfwckjyD;vnf; aemuftvkyfu ay:vmrSmyJ? avmu}uD;rSm auseyfp&m/ auseyfp&mtcsdef

awGqd kwm b,fawmhrSr&S dbl;? 'gayr,f h r}udK;pm;yJeJ @ r&bl;? usrtaeeJ @awmh usruawmh vkyfay;r,fvd k @ usr rajymEd kifbl;? jynfol&JŒ ,H k=unfr_&S d&if/ jynfol&JŒtm;ud k;r_&S d&if/ jynfol&JŒaxmufcHr_&S dvd k @&S d&if usrwd k @vkyftm;awG trsm;}uD;wufvmr,f? usrwa,mufxJ vkyfvd k @r&bl;?usrwa,mufxJvJ rvkyfcsifbl;? wa,mufxJvkyfw,fqd kwm 'Drk dua&pDr[kwfbl;? usrwd k @ bmyJvkyfzd k @qH k;jzwf/ qH k;jzwf jynfolud k today;

yghr,f?usr trsKd;om;&if=um;apha&;twGuf qufvufvkyfoGm;yghr,f?

&if=um;apha&;twGuf jynfolawGtenf;qH k; emr,f henf;eJ @ vkyfoGm;r,f/ vH k;vH k;rembl;vd k @vnf; usr rajymEd kifbl;? onf;cHaewm =umjyDqd kwm r[kwfwJh[mawGud k onf;cHaewmvm;? onf; cHoif hwmawGud konf;cHaewmvm;/ trSm;eJ @trSefud k cG Jjcm;jyD;awmh od&r,f? trSefbufuae &yfwnf&JwJhowœ d&S d&r,f? azazajymcJ hwJ hpum;wcGef;&S dygw,f?ol @vdyfjym&JŒcH k±H k;a&SŒrSm olrm;rm;rwf&yfjyD;awmh tppfcH&Jw,fwJ h? usr&JŒ vdyfjymcH k±H k;a&SŒrSmvnf; ae@wd kif;rwfwyf&yf&Jygw,f? jynfolawGvJ'Dvd kyJ ud k,f h&JŒvdyfjymcH k±H k;a&SŒrSm ae@wd kif;rwfwyf&yfjyD;awmh rm;rm;rwfrwf tppfcH&J=uyg?

usr,H k=unfwm[m vl @tcGifhta&;ud k,H k=unfw,f/ w&m;Oya'pd k;rk d;a&;ud k ,H k=unfw,f/ tJ'gawGtwGuf usrwd k @ tjrJwrf; vkyfaqmifoGm;&r,f/ yk*~ dKvfa&;t& b,fol @ud krkef;vd k @/ b,f0ghud krkef;vd k @qd kjyD;awmhvkyfaewmr[kwfbl;?


















oef;0 if;vI d if22

tcef; (11)vG wfajrmufjyD;umv Ed kifiHa&;aqmif&G ufcsuf rsm;a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf aetdrftus,fcsKyfrS vGwfajrmufvm

jyD;aemuf 2010 jynf hESpf/ Ed k0ifbm 14 &uf naeyd kif;wGif bDbDpD jrefrmyd kif; oD;oef @qufoG,far;jref;r_ud k TuJ hod k @ ajz=um;oGm;cJ honf?

“usr tjrJajymcJ hygw,f/ ar#mfvif hcsufqd kwm tvkyfeJ @wG JrS ar#mfvif hcsufvd k @ ac:vd k @&r,f/ tvkyfeJ @ wG Jrxm;wJ har#mfvif hcsufuawmh pdwf

ul;,OftdyfrufawGyJ/ usrtaeeJ @uawmh 'Dar#mfvif hcsufawGud k tvkyfjzpfatmif vkyf&rSmjzpfygw,f/ usrwd k @uvnf; tvkyfvkyf&r,f/ 'Dar#mfvif hcsufawG taumiftxnfazmfzd k @twGuf jynfolvlxkud k,fwd kifuyg0ifjyD;vkyf&r,fqd kwm em;vnfatmif usrwwfEd kifor# jynfolvlxkud k ajymcsifygw,f/ jynfol @tiftm;ud k usrwd k @tm;ud k;w,f/ jynfolawGuvnf; usrwd k @ud k tm;ud kw,fqd k&if wzufeJ @wzuf tm;ay;&r,f/

tm;jznh fay;&r,f/ ,H k=unfpdwfcsr_wnfaqmufoGm;&r,f/ tJ'Dvd k vkyfoGm;&if &r,fvd k @ usr,H k=unfygw,f?

ppfpd k;&[m 22 ESpfruvd k @ ES pf220 yJjzpfjzpf jynfolvlxk&JŒ ,H k=unfr_ud k r&,lEd kifvd k @&S d&if a&&SnfrSm bmrSratmifjrifEd kifbl;vd k @ ,H k=unfw,f/jynfolvlxk&JŒ,H k=unfr_eJ @ ppfrSefwJ hapwemtiftm;yg&r,f/ tJ'grygvd k @

uawmh b,ft&mud krS a&&Snfwnfaxmifvd k @&rSmr[kwfbl;? NLD &JŒ &yfwnfyd kifcGif hr&S dawmhbl;qd kwm usrwd k @ 'DtcsdefrSm ajymvd k hr&ygbl;/ tJ'gu wyd kif;yg/ aemufwyd kif;u usrwd k @&JŒ t"duvkyfief;[m

NLD &Sifoef tm;oefa&;twGufr[kwfbl;/ jynfolvlxk&Sifoefa&; twGuf usrwd k @tjrJqufvkyfaerSmyJ”

ukvr*~taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyf befuDrGef;uvnf; a':atmif

qef;pk=unf jyefvnfvGwfvmr_ud k }udKqd ka=umif;ESif h usefEd kifiHa&; tusOf;om;rsm;tm;vH k;ud k jyefv$wfay;&ef ppftpk d;&xH awmif;qd kcJ honf?

tar&dueforRw bm;&uftdkbm;rm;u a':atmifqef;pk=unfvGwfajrmufvmr_ud k 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omjzpf&a=umif;ESif h a':atmifqef;











pk=un fonf ol.ol&Jaumif;[kajymjyD; vGwfoif hwm=umvSjyD[kqd konf?jAdwdo#0ef}uD;csKyfa';Apfuifr&Gef;uvnf; a':atmifqef;pk=unf

onf 'Drd kua&pD/ vl @tcGif hta&;ESih f vGwfvyfpGmxkwfazmfajymqd kcGif hrsm;ud k ,H k=unfol/ wurB mvH k;. vlom;tm;vH k; tm;ustwk,lp&myk*~ dKvf[k ‚if;ud k,fwd kif w,fvDzkef;jzih f 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;omajym=um;oGm;onf?

ygupPwef0ef}uD;csKyf ,lqGwf&mu*DvmeD/ xd kif0rforRw r&ifusKd;/tmqD,HOuUX pl&ifypfpk0rf/ Oa&myaumfr&SifOuUX [k daq;ref0,fbm±d kpd k/

The Elders tzG JŒOuUX bkef; awmf}uD;'ufprGefwl;wl;/ tdEN d,Ed kifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD; tufpftrfu&pf&Sem;/ =opa=w;vs0ef}uD;csKyf Julis Gilland tar&duefEd kifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD; [Dvm&Duvifwef/ wdAufbkef;awmf}uD; 'vd kif;vm;rm;/ jypfopforRwuawmf umvmb±leDqmud kZDESif h Ed kifiHaygif; 155Ed kifiHrS ygvDreftrwftzG JŒ (IPU) wd k @uvnf; a':atmifqef;pk=unf vGwfajrmufvmr_twGuf 0rf;ompum;rsm; toD;oD;ajym=um;cJ h=uonf?

a':atmifqef;pk=unf vGwfajrmufvmr_udk wk dif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;uvnf; 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om}udKqdkcJ h=uonf? wd k;wufaomAk'<bmom u&iftrsKd;om;wyfawmf (DKBA) wyfr[m (5) wyfrSL;Ad kvfrSL;csKyf apmvm;bG,f (Ad kvfE_wfcrf;ar$;) u a':atmifqef;pk=unfvGwfajrmufvmr_ESif hywfoufI -

“a':atmifqef;pk=unfvGwfajrmufvmwmud k 0rf;ajrmuf0rf;om}udKqd kvufcHygw,f/ a':pktaejzif h 'D rk dua&pD&&S da&;twGuf jynfolvlxk/wk dif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;/ vufeufud kiftzG J @tpnf;rsm;tay:wGif Ek difiHa&;enf;vrf;jzif h trsKd;om;&if=um;apha&;/ jidrf;csrf;pGmajz&Sif;Ed kifa&;twGufrSefuefaom ,H k=unfcsuf csrSwfvkyfaqmifEd kifvdrh frnf[k 'DaubDattzG J @tpnf;taeeJ @ ,H k=unfa=umif; axmufcHygw,f” [lI ajymcJ honf?

ppftpdk;&tm; vufeufud kifawmfvSefaeaom u&ifeDtrsKd;om;wd k;wufa&;ygwD (KNPP) . OuUX cl;xJbl;zJuvnf; -

“a':atmifqef;pk=unf[m axmif'%ftESpfESpftvv uscHcJ h&wJ h'Drd kua&pDacgif;aqmifwOD;jzpfygw,f/ 'ga=umif hrd k @vd k @ olvGwfajrmufvm













oef;0 if;vI d if24

wmu d k v_ dufvS J}udKqd kygw,f/ a':atmifqef;pk=unf[m 'Drk dua&p Dacgif;aqmifwOD;vnf;jzpfw,f/ wurB mvH k;uvnf; av;pm;wJhyk*~dKvfjzpf

w,f/ vGwfvmjyDqd kawmh ArmjynfrSm 'Drd kua&pD&atmif ol wenf;wzH keJ @ }udK;pm;ay;r,fvd k @ ar#mfvif hygw,f? wk dif;&if;om;awGtay:rSmvnf; olu yH krSefqufqHr_&S dygw,f? ol @taeeJ @ ppfrSefwJ h zuf'&,f jynfaxmifpkud kvnf; wnfaqmufzd k @ yd kif;jzwfcH,lxm;oljzpfygw,f? tm;vnf;ay;w,f? vkyfaqmifvdrf hr,fvd k @vnf; ar#mfvif hygw,f?” [lI

ajym=um;oGm;onf?u&iftrsKd;om;tpnf;t±H k; (KNU) . 'kOuUX z'd ka';Apfomuayguvnf;-

“ a':pktaeeJ @ jyefjyD;awmh Ed kifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_rSm csufcsif;ryg0ifbJjyefoH k;oyfzd k @ vd kvdrf hr,fvd k @xifygw,f/ bmvd k @vJqd kawmh ESpf&Snfvrsm;tcsKyfcHcJ h&wJ htcgrSm pdwfa&m/ vla&m yifyrf;cJ hwJ h'%fawG&S dygw,f? tJ'D

'%fawGuaejyD; jyefjyD;awmh aumif;vmatmif jyefjyD;awmh em;oif hw,fvd k@ xifygw,f? tcka&G;aumufyG JjyD;jyD/ tajymif;tvJuawmhtjyifyef;tm;jzif hawmh t&yfom;tpd k;&yH kpHrsKd;jzpfayr,fvd k @ wu,f h tESpfom&uawmh zdES dyfwJ hppftpd k;& qufvufwnf&S daerSmjzpfygw,f?tJ'Dvk d vlxkqENud kvnf; *±krpd kuf/ Ed kifiHwumoabmxm;ud kvnf; tav;rxm;/ tJ h'Dvd k tpd k;&atmufrSm a&SŒud k b,fvd kEd kifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;& r,f/ 'Drd kua&pDa&;/ jynfaxmifpkta&;twGuf b,fvd kv_yf&Sm;&r,fqd kwm jyefjyD;awmhtcsdef,loH k;oyfzd k @vd kw,f? tem;,lzd k @vnf; vd kw,fvd k @ jrifygw,f” [lI ajym=um;cJ honf?

rGefjynfopfygwD taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; Ed kif[Homuvnf; -“yxrOD;qH k; a':atmifqef;pk=unfvGwfvmwJ htwGuf usaemfwd k @

0rf;omw,f/ }udKqd kw,f/ 'kwd,taeeJ @ ol&JŒ&yfwnfcsuf trsKd;om;jyefvnfoifhjrwfa&;ud k aZmif;ay;jyD;awmh/ t"duxm;jyD;awmh vkyfaqmifcsifw,fqd kwJ hudpPtay:rSm usaemfwd k @taeeJ @ odyfud k0rf;omtm;& jzpfrdygw,f” [lI ajym=um;oGm;onf?















&Srf;jynfwyfrawmf (awmifyd kif;). ajyma&;qd kcGif h&S dol pk dif;avmif0fpd kif;uvnf; -

“usaemfwd k @Ed kifiH&JŒrajyvnfao;wJ h Ed kifiHa&;jy\emrsm;ud k vnf;aumif;/ trsm;awmif hwaewJ h'Drd kua&pDa&;/ aemufjyD; wd kif;&if;om;rsm;&JŒ wef;wltcGif ha&; ponf hta&;rsm;ud k olru usaemfwd k @ vuf&S dacgif;aqmifrsm;eJ @}udK;yrf;jyD; ajz&Sif;ay;oGm;Ed kifr,fvd k @ usaemfwd k @ar#mfvif hygw,f? 'Dtrsm;awmif;qd kaewJ h oH k;yGif h qd kifaqG;aEG;yG Jjzpfajrmufa&; t

wGuf olr&JŒtcef;u¾u ta&;}uD;ygw,f? olr&JŒpGrf;&nfeJ @ owœ dawGud kvnf; usaemfwd k @av;pm;ygw,f? ol&JŒOD;aqmifr_eJ @ nd ‡E_ dif;tajz&Sma&;awGrSm usaemfwd k @wd kif;&if;om;acgif;aqmifrsm;tm;vH k;u vufwG JjyD;aqmif&Gufyg0ifzd k @&S dw,fqd kwm ajym=um;vd kygw,f” [lI ajym=um;oGm;onf?

ucsifEd kifiHa&;orm;}uD;a'gufwmwl;*smuvnf; -

“a':atmifqef;pk=unfud k trsKd;om;acgif;aqmifwOD;taeeJ @ wd kif;jynfjy\emawGud k ajz&Sif;wmud k vd kvm;ygw,f/ a':pkvGwfajrmufvmjyD;aemufyd kif; nd ‡E_ dif;aqG;aEG;a&;ud k Ed kifiHa&;ygwDrsm;eJ @a&m/ vuf&S dtpk d;& taeeJ @a&m/ jynfolxJu wm0ef&S dwJ hyk*~ dKvfrsm;tm;vH k;eJ @a&m nDtpfud kpdwf"mwfeJ @ jynfaxmifpkom;pdwf"mwfeJ @vkyfud kifaqmif&GufEd kifr,fqd k&iftajzwck&&S dvdrf hr,f usaemfwd k @ar#mfvif hygw,f/ 'ga=umif hrd k @vd k @ ygwD wck&JŒtaetxm;rsKd;xuf jynfaxmifpkwckvH k;qd kif&m/ Ed kifiHvH k;qd kif&m taeeJ @ vkyfud kifaqmif&GufEd kifr,fqd k&if yd kjyD;awmhxda&muf atmifjrifEd kifr,fvd k @ usaemfjrifygw,f” [lI ajym=um;oGm;onf?

a':atmifqef;pk=unf Ed k0ifbmv 19 &ufae@wGif 2010 jynf hESpfa&G;aumufyG JwGif yg0if,SOf+ydKifta&G;cHcJ hI ±_ H;edrf hcJ h=uaom woD;yk*~v

ud k,fpm;vS,f 12 OD;ud kvnf; oD;jcm;awG @qH kI wk dif;jynfaumif;usKd; twGuf yl;aygif;aqmif&Gufa&;udpP&yfrsm;ud k aqG;aEG;cJ honf?jrefrmh'Drd kua&pDacgif;aqmifa':atmifqef;pk=unfonf 10 ESpf

wmr# uG JuGmae&aom om;i,fuifrftJ&pfac: ud kxdefvif;ud k Ed k0ifbm












oef;0 if;vI d if26

v 23 &ufae@wGif jyefvnfawG@qHkcGif h&cJ honf?jAdwdefEd kifiHY aexd kifvsuf&S daom uifrfonf rdcifaetdrftus,f

csKyfrS vGwfajrmufEk difonf[k,lqjyD; Ed k0ifbmvqef;uwnf;u xd kif;Ed kifiH/ befaumuf&S d jrefrmoH±H k;wGif jynf0ifcGif hADZmav#mufxm;cJ h&m 3ywft=um Ed k0ifbmv 22 &ufae@wGif ADZm&&S d&S djcif; rdcifxH vma&mufvnfywfcJ hjcif;jzpfonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unf.om;}uD; tvufZENm;ac: ud kjrif hqef;atmifonf tar&duefjynfaxmifpkY aexd kifvsuf&S donf?

2010 jynh fESpf/ 'DZifbmv 28 &ufae@wGif &efukefwd kif; A[ef;+rdKŒe,f/ a&$*H kwd kifvrf;&S d trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyf±H k;Y a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf vli,frsm;ESif hawG @qHkum =o0g'pum;ajym=um;jyD;aemuf vli,fuGef,ufwckud k zG J @pnf;vd kufonf? jynfolvlxk. ynma&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ usef;rma&;/ vlr_a&;udpPrsm; us,fus,fjyef @jyef @ uspfuspfvpfvpfaqG;aEG;vkyfaqmifEd kifa&;ESif h NLD .aqG;aEG;vkyfaqmifr_wd kif;Y vli,f

rsm;od&S dyg0ifaqmif&GufEd kifa&;twGuf vli,fuGef,uf zG J @pnf;cJ hjcif; jzpfonf[k qd konf?

vli,frsm;ESif h awG @qH k&mY a':atmifqef;pk=unfu -“'DEk difiHrSmvkyf&r,f h vlr_a&;/ Ed kifiHa&;udpPawG[m tm;vH k;eJ @ ouf

qd kifaew,fqd kwmud k usrwd k @em;vnfzd k @vd kygw,f/ tJ'ga=umif h 'Dvd k aqG;aEG;yG Jvkyfwmyg/ t"dutm;jzif h usrwd k @&JŒtajctaeawG/ usr&JŒ tawG;tac:awGud k ajymjyzd k @r[kwfygbl;/ usrwd k @vli,fawG&JŒ pdwfxJrSm bm&S dw,f/ b,fvd kenf;awGeJ @ usrwd k @Ed kifiH wd k;wufatmifvkyfEd kifr,fvd k @ vli,fawGu xifovJ/ usrwd k @Ed kifiHtwGuf tm;enf;csufawG[m bmawGvJ/ 'Dtm;enf;csufawGud k b,fvd kusrwd k @u jyKjyifEd kifrvJqd kwJ h vli,fawG&JŒ tawG;tjrifawGud k usrwd k @odcsifvd k @yg?

usr Ed k0ifbmv 13 &ufae@tus,fcsKyfu xGufvmwJ htcsdefupjyD;jynfolawG&JŒtoHud k usr=um;csifw,fqd kjyD; ajymcJ hygw,f/ tJ'DxGufvmwJ hae@uyJ usrowdxm;rdwmuawmh usrwd k @&JŒv_yf&Sm;r_xJrSmaxmufcHaewJ h yk*~ dKvftrsm;pk[m awmfawmfi,fwJ h vli,fawGjzpfyg












w,f/ tJ'gud k usrtifrwefrS oabmusygw,f/ 'Dvd kvli,fawG& JŒ tiftm;&S drSomv#if usrwd k @&JŒtem*wftwGuf usrwd k @ vH kjcHKr_&Ed kifrSmyg?

vli,fawG[m wu,fyJ 'Dwd kif;jynf&JŒ Ed kifiHa&;jzpfpOf/ vlr_a&;jzpfpOfawGrSm pdwfyg0ifpm;w,f? 'Dwk dif;jynfud k ajymif;vJzd k @[m vli,fawGurdrdwd k @&JŒwm0efjzpfw,fqd kwJ h tpG J&S djyDqd k&if usrwd k @wk dif;jynftwGuf pdwfcs&ygjyD/ 'Dvd ktajctaer&S d&ifawmh reufjzef 'Drd kua&pD&vd k @&S d&ifawmifrSpdwfcs&OD;rSmr[kwfygbl;/ tem*wfud kxdef;odrf;oGm;&rSmu vli,fawG&JŒwm0efjzpfygw,f? tJ'ga=umif h vli,fawGtaeeJ h 'Dwm0efud k b,fvd kjrifovJ/ 'Dwm0efud k b,fvd kxrf;aqmifr,fvd k @ pdwful;xm;ovJqd kwmusrwd k @odzd k @trsm;}uD;vd kygw,f/ 'Dawmh usrwd k @ twlwlvufwG JjyD; vkyfvd k @&r,f/ usrwd k @taeeJ @ yH hyd k;oif hwJ hae&mu yH hyd k;ay;vd k @&rSmjzpfygw,f?”[lI ajym=um;oGm;onf?

2011 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv 1 &ufae@wGif jynfolvlxk}uD;tm; trsKd;

om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyf taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; a':atmifqef;pk=unfu ESpfopful;E_wfcGef;qufo0%fv$may;yd k @cJ honf? E_wfcGef;quf o0%fv$mY -

“ESpfa[mif;vGefajrmufeSpfopfa&mufcsdefwGif usr. Ed kifiHa&;b0















a':atmifqef;pk=unfwufa&mufI trSmpum;ajym=um;cJ h&m -“(64) ESpfajrmuf jynfaxmifpkae@rSm tm;vH k;[m yd kjyD;nDnGwfzd k @eJ @

wOD;tay:wOD;em;vnfr_&S djyD; pnf;vH k;r_&S d=uzd k @ tcktcsdefrSm ta&;t}uD;qH k;yJvd k @ usrxifygw,f? usrwd k @Ed kifiH[m wu,f hjynfaxmifpk ppfppfjzpfzd k h vlwd kif;rSmwm0ef&S dygw,f? 'gha=umif h 'kwd,yifvH knDvmcH rvG JraoG vd ktyfygw,f” [lI ajym=um;oGm;cJ honf?

xd kae@rSmyif trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyfonf a=unmcsuftrSwf

2§02§11 ud k xkwfjyefcJ honf? a=unmcsuftjynf htpH krSm -rdrdwd k @ jrefrmEd kifiHwGif ucsif/ u,m;/ csif;/ rGef/ Arm/ &cd kif/ &Srf;paom wd kif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm;/ vlrsKd;pkrsm;onf umv&Snf=umpGmuyifwajrwnf;ae/ wa&wnf;aomuf twlwuG qd k;wlaumif;buf aexd kifvmcJ h=uygonf? wd kif;wyg;.aus;u|efb0od k h twlwuG usqif;cJ h=u&ouJ hod k @ u|efb0rS vGwfajrmufa&;twGufvnf; twlwuG ±kef;

uef}udK;yrf;cJ h=u&onf?,if;uJ hod k @ Ed kifiH.vGwfvyfa&;twGuf }udK;yrf;cJ h&mwGif trsKd;om;

acgif;aqmif}uD;Ad kvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESif h wd kif;&if;om;acgif;aqmif}uD;rsm;onf tajrmfjrif}uD;rm;r_/ tjyeftvSefav;pm;,H k=unfr_/ rdom;pkpdwf"gwf&S dr_wd k @jzif h tajytvnf aqG;aEG;n‡ dE_ dif;=uum jynfaxmifpkom;tm;vH k;wd k @. pnf;vH k;nDnGwfr_ud k &,lcJ hygonf? xd k @a=umif h rdrdwd k @Ed kifiH vGwfvyfa&; jyefvnf&&S da&;twGuf 1947 ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv (12) &ufae@wGif &Srf;jynfawmifyd kif;/ yifvH k+rdKŒY ord kif;armfuGef;0if ‘yifvH kpmcsKyf’ ud kvufrSwfa&;xd k;csKyfqd kEd kifcJ honf?

,if;yifvH kpmcsKyfwGif -“²²²e,fpyfa'orsm;twGuf e,fwGif;tkyfcsKyfa&;wGif ud k,fyd kiftkyf

csKyfa&; &mcd kifE_ef;tjynf h&S dap&rnf[laomrlud k oabmwlnD=uonf?”(pmcsKyftyd k'f - 5)“e,fpyfa'orsm;. e,fole,fom;rsm;wd k @onf 'Drd kua&pDEd kifiHrsm;

wGif tajccHrlrsm;tjzpf todtrSwfjyKxm;aom tcGih fta&;wd k @ud k cHpm;













vsuf -“wwd kif;jynfvH k; }uD;yGm;apcsif&if ²²² ArmuwrsKd;/ u&ifwzH k/ &Srf;/

ucsif/ csif;wd k @u wjcm; tuG JuGJtjym;jym;vkyfae=u&if tusKd;&SdrSm r[kwfbl;/ pkaygif;vkyf=urSmom tusKd;&S dEd kifr,f?”[k rdef @=um;cJ hygonf?

trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyfacgif;aqmif taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;a':atmifqef;pk=unfuvnf; trsKd;om;jyefvnfoif hjrwfa&;ESif h pyfvsOf;I usrwd k @taeeJ@ tjrJwrf;yJ trsKd;om;jyefvnfoif hjrwfa&;ud k

,H k=unfyga=umif;/ usrwd k @jrefrmppftpk d;&ESif htwlwl ajymif;vJr_awG vkyfcsifyga=umif;[kvnf;aumif;/ wd kif;&if;om;pnf;vH k;nDnGwfr_ESif h pyfvsOf;I wd kif;&if;om;rsm;&JŒ jyif;jywJ hqEN/ ar#mfvif hjcif;awGeJ h OD;wnfcsufwpfckud koGm;jyD; tJ'Djyif;jywJ hqENud k tajccHwJ h jynfaxmifpkpdwf"mwfwpfckud kwnfaqmuf&rSmjzpfa=umif;[k vnf;aumif;/ wd kif;jynfESif h jynfolvlxk. ypPKyefESif h tem*wftrsKd;om; tusKd;pD;yGm;rsm;ud k ar#mfud k;I ajym

=um;cJ hjyD; jzpfygonf?xd k @tjyif (1989)ckESpf/ azazmf0g&Dv(12)&ufae@wGif yifvH k+rdKŒY usif;

yaom jynfaxmifpkae@tcrf;tem;Y wd kif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tm;vH k; vufwG JrjzKwfpwrf; aoG;pnf;nDnGwfr_jzif h jynfaxmifpk}uD; wnfwH hcd kifjrJa&;/jynfaxmifpk}uD; zG H h+zdK;wd k;wufa&;ESif h jynfaxmifpk}uD; jidrf;csrf;om,ma&;ud k OD;wnfa&S;±_a=umif;ud k trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyfu a=unmcsuftrSwf - (9) jzif h twdtvif;zwf=um; ajujimcJ hjyD;vnf; jzpfygonf?

od k @ygI Ed kifiHzG H @+zdK;wd k;wufa&;/ trsKd;om;jyefvnfoif hjrwfa&;/ wd kif;&if;om;vlrsKd;rsm; aoG;pnf;nDnGwfa&;/ jynfaxmifpkpdwf"mwf od k @r[kwf yifvH kpdwf"mwf &Sifoefxufjrufa&;wd k @twGuf-

(u)trsKd;om;&if=um;apha&;udk taumiftxnfazmfEdkif&efEd kifiHa&;t"dy g,f jynf h0aom awG @qH kaqG;aEG;jcif;ud k tjrefqH k;usif;y&ef?(c) rdrdwd k @. Ed kifiHa&;,H k=unfcsufa=umif h jypf'%fusjcif; cHae=u&

aom q&mawmf/ oHCmawmft&Sifoljrwfrsm;/ wkdif;&if;om;acgif;











oef;0 if;vI d if32

aqmifrsm;tygt0if Ed kifiHa&;tusOf;om;tm;vH k;ud k c|if;csufr&S d tjrefqH k; jyefv$wfay;&ef” ponfwd k @ud k tm%myd kifwd k @u tjrefqH k; aqmif&Guf

ay;yg&ef Tjynfaxmifpkae@jrwf}uD;wGif awmif;qd kvd kufonf?24 - 1 - 11 ae@wGif usif;yaom A[d ktvkyfr_aqmiftzG J @

tpnf; ta0;qH k; jzwfcsuft&?&efukef+rdKŒ

A[d ktvkyftr_aqmiftzGJ @

trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzGJ @csKyf

2011 ckESpf/ arv 19 &uf naeyd kif;wGif a':atmifqef;pk=unfonftar&duefjynfaxmifpk 'kwd,vufaxmuf Ed kifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD; *sKd;Zuf,Gef;ESif h olraetdrfY t&ifqH k; oD;jcm;awG @qH kaqG;aEG;cJ honf? xd k @aemuf*sKd;Zuf,Gef;onf NLD A[d kaumfrwD0ifrsm;/ CRPP ac: jynfol @v$wfawmf

ud k,fpm;jyKaumfrwD0ifrsm;ud k oD;jcm;awG @qH kcJ honf?2011 ckESpf/ arv 20 &ufae@wGif jrefrmEd kifiHqd kif&m ukvor*~

tcsdefjynf htxl;ud k,fpm;vS,fwOD;xm;&S dzd k @ jrefrmh'Drd kua&pDacgif;aqmifa':atmifqef;pk=unfu vd kvm;a=umif; ukvor*~twGif;a&;rSL;csKyf.txl;ud k,fpm;vS,f rpPwmADa*s;erfbD;,m;u vH kjcHKa&;aumifpD aqG;aEG;yG JY vH kjcHKa&;aumifpDud k f tpD&ifcHcJ ha=umif; ajym=um;cJ honf? xd k @tjyifjrefrmtpd k;&opfonf jrefrmEd kifiHqd kif&m ukvor*~ vl @tcGif hta&; ud k,fpm;vS,f rpPwm aomrwfpfuifwm;em;ud k a':atmifqef;pk=unfESif hawG @qH kcGif hjyK&ef awmif;qd kr_ud k jiif;y,fcJ hjcif;ESif hywfoufIvnf; jrefrmEd kifiHwGif vl @tcGif hta&;csKd;azmufr_rsm;ESif hywfoufjyD; pH kprf;a&;aumfr&Sifw&yf zG J @pnf;ay;&ef ukvor*~vl @tcGif hta&;aumifpDod k @ wif jyawmif;

qd kaeolvnf;jzpfonf?jrefrmh'Drd kua&pDacgif;aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unfarG;ae@ud k jrefrmEd kifiHtrsKd;orD;rsm;ae@[lI jrefrmEd kifiHESif h urB mw0Srf;Y ESpfpOfusif;y vmcJ honfrSm ,cktcg (15) ESpf wd kifcJ hjyD;jzpfonf? 2011 ck ZGefvwGif jrefrm













Ek difiHtrsKd;orD;rsm;ae@txdrf;trSwf ±k d;&m,Ofaus;r_*DwyG Jawmfud k 2011ck ZGefv 10 &ufrS 19 &ufae@txd 10 &ufwk difwd kif pnfum;od kuf+rdKuf

pGm usif;ycJ h=uonf?,ae@ ZGefv 19 &uf we*FaEGae@onf a':atmifqef;pk=unf.

(66) ESpfajrmufarG;ae@jzpfonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf 1988ckESpfrSpI jrefrmhEd kifiHa&;avmuod k @ ajcpkefypf0ifa&mufum jrefrmEd kifiHwGif ppftm%m&Siftpd k;&tm; jzKwfcsI 'Drd kua&pD&&S da&;twGuf vl

xk}uD;ESif htwl OD;aqmifwd kufyG J0ifaeonfrSm (23) ESpfwd kifcJ hjyDjzpfonf?od k @aomf 23 ESpfumvtwGif; ppftpd k;&. aetdrftus,fcsKyf t}udrf}udrfcsxm;jcif;cH&onf htwGuf olr.arG;ae@yG Jrsm;ud k ESpfpOf rusif;yEk difcJ hacs?

,ckESpf a':atmifqef;pk=unfarG;ae@yG JY jynfe,fESif hwd kif;toD;oD;rSwk dif;&if;om;rsm;. ±d k;&mtursm;/ ±k d;&m"avhrsm;/ pmaytEkynm/ ,Ofaus;r_jyyG Jrsm;/ aps;a&mif;yG JawmfESif h *Dw+ydKifyG Jrsm;/ ajzazsmfyG Jrsm;ud kvnf;

pnfum;od kuf+rdKufpGm usif;ycJ h=uonf? a':atmifqef;pk=unf. 66ESpfjynf harG;ae@yG Jod k @ trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyf (vGwfajrmufe,fajr)rSvnf; o0%fv$mwapmifay;yd k @cJhonf? ,if;o0%fv$mY -

2011 ckESpf/ ZGefv (19) &ufae@/ Tae@wGif usa&mufaomtrsKd;om;acgif;aqmif 1991 ckESpf urB mhjidrf;csrf;a&;Ed kb,fqk&Sif a': atmifqef;pk=unf. (66) ESpfjynf harG;ae@tcgor,wGif a':atmifqef;pk=unf usef;rm&$ifvef;ygapa=umif;ESif h pdwfcsrf;omud k,frmusef;pGmjzif htouf&mausmf&Snfygapa=umif; OD;pGmyxr qkrGefaumif;awmif; arwœ myd k @otyfygonf?

ppfrSefaom 'Drd kua&pD&&S da&;/ vl @tcGif hta&;rsm;ud k tmrcHr_&&S d apa&; ponf h jynfolvlxk.ppfrSefvH kjcHKonf hb0rsm; cHpm;pHpm;Ed kif&eft

wGuf ESpfaygif; 20 ausmf=um rarmryrf; tifwd kuftm;wd kuf aqmif&Gufvsuf&S daom u|Ek fyfwd k @.acgif;aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unf. aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;ud k rdrdwd k @trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyf (vGwfajrmufe,fajr) rS OD;nGwf*k%fjyKvd kufygonf?
















oef;0 if;vI d if34

tcsdefaygif;rsm;pGm rw&m;tusOf;csxm;r_/ t}udrfaygif;rsm;pGm uef @owfaESmif h,Sufr_rsm;t=um;rS arwœ mw&m;ud k &if0,fxm;jyD; jidrf;csrf;

aomenf;vrf;ud k tcd kiftrmpG Jud kifjyD; ra=umufr&G HŒ aemufrqkwfbJ a&SŒwef;rS OD;aqmifav#mufvrf;aeonfh a':atmifqef;pk=unf. &yfwnfcsufoabmxm;rsm;onf rdrdwd k @twGuf cGeftm;w&yfud k jzpfapygonf?rdrdwd k @twGuf twk,l pHerlemxm;p&mvnf; jzpfayonf?

rjyD;qH k;ao;aom jynfolvlxk. ar#mfvif hcsufrsm;/ ra&muf&S dao;

aom 'Drd kua&pDyef;wd kiftwGuf atmifjrifacsmarG @pGm taumiftxnfazmfaqmif&GufEk dif&ef u|Ek fyfwd k @. acgif ;aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unfESif htwl rdrdwd k @ trsKd ;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyf (vGwfajrmufe,fajr) taejzif hud k,fpGrf;&S dor#/ Om%fpGrf;&S doavmuf tpGrf;ukef0ef;&H}udK;yrf; aqmif&GufoGm;rnfjzpfa=umif; av;eufwnf=unfpGm uwdopPmjyK&if; TarG;ae@o0%fv$mud k ay;yd k @vd kufygonf?

a':atmifqef;pk=unfusef;rmygap?a':atmifqef;pk=unf oufawmf&mausmf &Snfygap?

A[d kaumfrwDtrsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyf (vGwfajrmufe,fajr)

&ufpG J 2011 ckESpf/ ZGefv 19 &uf

15 }udrfajrmuf jrefrmEd kifiH trsKd;orD;rsm;ae@ESif h a':atmifqef;pk=unf. (66) ESpfajrmufarG;ae@txdrf;trSwfud k jrefrmed kifiH trsKd;orD;xkv_yf&Sm;r_aumfrwDu trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyf (vGwfajrmufe,f

ajr)/ vl @abmifopf'Drd ku&ufwpfygwD (tvkyform;Xme) wd k @u yl ;aygif;I xd kif;Ed kifiH/ rJaqmuf+rdKŒY usif;ycJ hjyD; arG;ae@txdrf;trSwf a=unmcsufw&yfuk d xkwfjyefcJ hygonf? tqd kyga=unmcsufY -

vlxkacgif;aqmifa':aqmifqef;pk=unf/ trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @













(64) ESpfajrmuf tmZmenfae@tcrf;tem;od k @ a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf eHeuf (8) em&DwGif &efukefwd kif;a'o}uD;tpDtpOfjzif h yxrt}ud rf/

ae@v,f 1 em&Dcef @wGif NLD .tpDtpOfjzif h 'kwd,t}udrf pkpkaygif;(2) }udrfwufa&mufI vGrf;ol @yef;acGcsum *g&0jyKcJ honf?

a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf 1947 ckESpf / Zlvd kifv 19 &uf eHeuf10 ; 35 em&D wGif usqH k;oGm;aom wyfrawmfzcif}uD;ESif h trsKd;om;acgif;aqmif}uD; Ad kvfcsKyfatmifqef;tm; &nfpl;I oHCmawmfrsm;tm;tm±H kqGrf; qufuyfvSL'gef;jyD; ae@v,f 11 em&DwGif NLD tzG J @csKyf±H k;Yusif;yonf h tmZmenfae@tcrf;tem;ud k CRPP acgif;aqmifrsm;/ tzG J @csKyfacgif;aqmifrsm;/ 0g&if hEd kifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;/ Ed kifiHjcm;oHwrefrsm;ESifhtwl wufa&mufcJ havonf?

2011 Zlvd kifv 25 &ufae@wGif tpd k;&opftzG J @rS jynf axmifpk0ef}uD;OD;atmif=unf (tvkyform;0ef}uD;ESif h vlr_0efxrf;/ u,fq,fa&;ESif hjyefvnfae&mcsxm;a&;0ef}uD;) ESifh a':atmifqef;pk=unfwd k@onfae@v,f 1 em&DrS 2 ; 10 em&Dtxd &efukef+rdKŒ/ A[ef;+rdKŒe,f&S d f tpd k;&{nf h

64 ESpfajrmuf tmZmenfaeY tcrf;tem;wGif a':atmifqef;pkMunf

vGrf;ol Uyef;acGcs&ef a&muf&S dvmpOf












oef;0 if;vI d if38

a*[m pdrf;vJ huefomY awG @qH kjyD; ,ae@jrefrmEd kifiH. Ed kifiHa&;tajctaersm;tay:tajccHI awG @qH kaqG;aEG;cJ honf? ,cif etztpd k;&vufxuf

wGif tvkyform;0ef}uD;ESif h qufoG,fa&;0ef}uD;jzpfcJ hol OD;atmif=unfESif h a':atmifqef;pk=unfwd k @onf 9 }udrfwd kifwd kif awG @qH kaqG;aEG;cJ haomfvnf; xifomjrifom&S donf hwd k;wufr_ wpH kw&mr&S dcJ hacs? ,cktpk d;&opfvufxufYvnf; tvkyform;0ef}uD;tjzpf qufvufxrf;&Gufaeaomjynfaxmifpk0ef}uD; OD;atmif=unfESif h a':atmifqef;pk=unfwd k @. (10)

}udrfajrmufawG @qH kaqG;aEG;r_tay: Yvnf; Ed kifiHa&;avhvmoH k;oyfolrsm;ESif h urB mhacgif;aqmifrsm;u owdxm;apmif h=unf hae=uayonf?tpd k;&opfonf oufwrf;umv 4 veD;yg;&S djyDjzpfaomfvnf; jrefrmEd kifiHY &ifqd kifawG @=uHKae&aom Ed kifiHa&;/ pD;yGm;a&;/ vlr_a&;/ usef;rma&;/ynma&;jy\emrsm;tjyif uav;ppfom;ta&;/ vufeufudkiftzG J @ tpnf;rsm;tm; e,fjcm;apmif hwyftoGifajymif;vJa&;/ wd kif;&if;om;rsm;

ta&;/ uav;oli,frsm;ESif h trsKd;orD;rsm; vlukeful;cH&r_/ ay:wmqJ GcH& r_/ ucsifjynfe,f/ &Srf;jynfe,f/ u&ifjynfe,fwd k @Y jzpfyGm;aeaom jynfwGif;ppfwd kufyG Jrsm;ta&; ponfwd k @ud k ,ae@wd kif rajz&Sif;Ed kifao;ay?jrefrmEd kifiHonf tjcm;tmqD,HEd kifiHrsm;xuf edrf husaeayonf? xd k @jyifEd kifiHwum. pD;yGm;a&;/ Ed kifiHa&; zdtm;ay;tusyfud kifr_rsm;ESif h 2014ckESpfwGif tmqD,HtvSnh fusacgif;aqmiftjzpf wm0ef,lEd kifa&;wd k @twGuf Ed kifiHwum. zdtm;rsm;av#mhcsa&;ESif h vlxktm; vSnh fpm;&ef twGuf awG @qH kaqG;aEG;r_rsm;jyKvkyfcJ honf[k avhvmoH k;oyfolrsm;&S dovd k/tcsKdŒuvnf; od k @avm ²²²od k@avmESifh pdwf0ifwpm; apmif h=unf hvsuf&S daeayonf?

awG @qH kaqG;aEG;yG JtjyD;Y owif;axmufrsm;.tar;ud k 0ef}uD; OD;

atmif=unfu “tckawG @qH kr_uawmh tJ h'D&v'frsm;xuf yd krd kaumif;rGefwJ h &v'fjzpfvmvdrf hr,fvd k @ u|efawmftaeeJ @ar#mfvif hygw,f”[lI ajz=um;cJ honf?

a':atmifqef;pk=unfurl -












oef;0 if;vI d if40

aexd kifcJ h=uaom nDtud karmifESrrsm;jzpf=uygonf? xd k @a=umif h w d kif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkrsm;tm;vH k; cspf=unf&if;ES D; aoG;pnf;nDnGwfa&;onf t

vGefta&;}uD;ygonf?,cktcg ucsif/ &Srf;/ u&ifESif h rGefponf hjynfe,frsm;wGif wyfr

awmfESif h wd kif;&if;om;vufeufud kiftzG J @tpnf;rsm;t=um;/ yÉdyuQrsm;jzpfyGm;vsuf&S da=umif; =um;odae&ygonf? ,if;yÉdyuQrsm;a=umif h aoa=uqH k;±_ H;ysufpD;r_rsm;/ 0rf;enf;zG,f&mrsm; jzpfyGm;vsuf&S donf htjyif wef

zd k;}uD;rm;onf h Ed kifiHyd kiftaqmuftODrsm;/ pDrHudef;vkyfief;rsm;/ ,d k,Gif;ysufpD;r_rsm; =uHKawG @ae&ygonf? a'ocHwd kif;&if;om;jynfolrsm;vnf;twd'kuQrsm;pGm usa&mufae=uonf htjyif tdrfeD;csif;Ed kifiHrsm;ud kyg ul;pufysHŒES H @rnf h tEœ &m,f&S daeygonf?

,if;yÉdyuQrsm;ESif h jy\emrsm;ud k tiftm;oH k;I ajz&Sif;=urnfqd kv#if ESpfOD;ESpfzuf tusKd;qkwf,kwfr_rsm;om jzpfay:ygrnf? trsKd;om;

&if=um;apha&;ud k ppfa&;enf;rsm;jzif h wnfaqmufIr&Ed kifyg? Ed kifiHa&;enf;vrf;jzpfaom aqG;aEG;n‡ dE_ dif;ajz&Sif;jcif;jzif hom wnfaqmufoGm;=u&rnfjzpfygonf? Ed kifiHa&;t&/ nd ‡Ed _if;a&;t& nd ‡E_ dif;ajz&Sif;Ed kif=urSomv#if jynfaxmifpk}uD;tem*wfud k tmrcHEd kifrnf h ppfrSefaom wd kif;&if;om; aoG;pnf;nDnGwfr_ud k &&S drnfjzpfygonf? ppfrSefaom jidrf;csrf;ajyvnfr_r&&S dv#if jynfwGif;ppfrD;[lonf us,fjyef @oGm;Ed kifonf h tEœ &m,f&S dwwfygonf?

jynfaxmifpkom;tcsif;csif;t=um; jzpfay:aeaomjy\emrsm;ud kwOD;ESif hwOD;/ wzG J @ESif hwzG J @ tjyeftvSef em;vnfr_/ tjyeftvSef ,H k=unfav;pm;r_wd k @jzif h ajz&Sif;=urnfqd kv#if ajyvnfr_&&S d=ujyD; jynfaxmifpk}uD; jidrf;csrf;wnfjidrfrnfjzpfygonf? jynfaxmifpk}uD; jidrf;csrf;wnfjidrf

rSom wd kif;jynfzG H @+zdK;wd k;wufa&;vkyfief;rsm;ud k atmifjrifpGm aqmif&GufEd kifrnfjzpfygonf?od k @ygI jynfaxmifpkjrefrmEd kifiHawmftwGif; rS Dwif;aexd kif=uaom

wd kif;&if;om;vlrsKd;tm;vH k;. tusKd;pD;yGm;ud k a&S;±_I ,ckjzpfyGm;aeaom


















axmifjyD;rS pD;yGm;a&;t& jyefjyD; wnfaxmif&rSm jzpfygw,f?Ù pD;yGm;a&;ud k Ed kifiHa&;eJ @ cJ Gxm;vd k @ rjzpfygbl;? aemufqk H; pD;yGm;a&;

pepfwckatmifjrifzd k @qd kwm[m Ed kifiHa&;pepfcd kifrmrS jzpfygvdrf hr,f? Ed kifiHa&;pepfu rrSefuefbl;qd k&if/ rcd kifrmbl;qd k&if b,folrS pD;yGm;a&;t& }uD;yGm;Ed kifrSm r[kwfygbl;?

Ù Ed kifiHa&;tusOf;om;awGqd kwm olwd k @&JŒ Ed kifiHa&;,H k=unfcsufawGud k pum;vH k;awGeJ @jzpfap/ v_yf&Sm;r_awGeJ @jzpfap azmfxkwfwmuvG Jvd k @

&mZ0wfr_wckckud k usL;vGefwmrsKd; b,fwkef;urS r&S dcJ hygbl;? 'gayrJ hvnf;usrwd k @&JŒ Ed kifiHa&;vkyfazmfud kifzuftcsKdŒ[m &mZ0wfjypfr_rsm;eJ @ etztzG J @&JŒ pGyfpG Jzrf;qD;xdef;odrf;wmud k cHae=u&ygw,f? wu,fawmh 'Dyk*~ dKvfawG[m olwd k @&JŒEdkifiHa&;v_yf&Sm;r_awGa=umifhom zrf;qD;cH=u& w,fqd kwmud k usrwd k @tm;vH k; od=uygw,f? tJ'DtwGufa=umif h ppfrSefwJ h trsKd;om;jyefvnfoif hjrwfa&;vrf;a=umif;qDud k wu,fav#mufvSrf;

csifw,fqd k&if Ed kifiHa&;tusOf;om;awGtm;vH k;ud k c|if;csufr&S d v$wfay;zd k @vk dw,fvd k @ usrwd k @ ajymqd kae=uwmyg?

Ù ppfrSefwJ h trsKd;om;jyefvnfoif hjrwfa&;vkyfief;pOf jzpfrvmao;oa&GŒ usrwd k @b,fvk drS vufcHEd kifrSmr[kwfygbl;? jyD;awmh Ed kifiHa&;tusOf;om;awGtm;vH k; jyefvnfvGwfajrmufrvmao;oa&GŒ usrwd k @Ed kifiHrSm ppfrSefwJ h'Drk dua&pDvrf;a=umif;qDud k OD;wnfoGm;aeygjyDvd k@b,fvd krS ajymvd k @r&Ed kifygbl;?

Ù rSefuefwJ h Ed kifiHa&;pepfrSm/ usrwd k @vd kcsifwJ hacgif;aqmifawGud kusrwd k@azmfxkwf&r,f? vd kcsifwJhyk HoGif;&r,f? ud k,fvd kcsifwJ hyH k ud k,froGif;vd k @&S d&if acgif;aqmifvkyfwJ holrsm;u wd kif;jynfud k olwd k @vd kcsifwJ hyH kolwd k @oGif;oGm;vdrf hr,f? t"dy g,fu bmjzpfrvJqd kawmh tm%m&Sifpepf

}uD; jzpfoGm;rSmyJ?Ù Ed kifiHa&;qd kwm vlwd kif;vlwd kif;eJ@ qdkifwJ hudpPyg? EdkifiHwEdkifiHwk d;wufzd k @/ wnfwHhcd kifjrJzd k @qd kwm tm;vH k;0d kif;jyD; }udK;pm;zd k @vd kygw,f?vlwd kif;vlwd kif;[m wd kif;jynftay:rSm ppfrSefwJ hapwemxm;&ygvdrf hr,f?












vufeuftiftm;eJ @ ppfajrjyifud kqifjyD;awmh &efolud k wd kufcd kufwmyg?tck[mu ESvH k;&nfwd kufyG J? ESvHk;&nfwd kufyG Jqd kwm[m ppfajrjyifud k

qif;rS &efolud k &ifqd kifjyD;wk duf&rS r[kwfbl;? wcsdefvH k; wd kufae&wm?ESvH k;&nfwd kufyG Jqd kwm ud k,h fESvH k;om;xJrSm tjrJyJwd kufcd kufae&r,f?ud k,fhESvH k;om;xJrSm ud k,fvd kcsifwJ hatmifjrifr_r&rcsif;/ ±kef;uefr,f/}udK;pm;r,fqd kwJ htod[m &S d&ygr,f?

Ù wu,fqdk&if owœ d&S dw,fqd kwm ra=umufwm[m wu,f h

owœ dr[kwfbl;? a=umufvsufeJ @ ud k,fvkyfoifhvkyfxd kufwmud kvkyfwm [m wu,f howœ dyJ? tJ'Dawmh 'l;wkefwkefeJ @ vkyfwJ hol[mawmfawmfowœ d &S dw,fvd k @ ac:&rSmyJ?

Ù usrwd k @[m yef;wd kifra&mufao;ygbl;? yef;wd kifud ka&mufzd k @uOm%feJ @ 0d&d,eJ @ vH k @veJ @ vd kygw,f? 'Dwd kufyG J}uD;[m ESvH k;&nfwd kufyG J}uD;rd k @vd k Om%fynmud koH k;zd k @ trsm;}uD;vd kygw,f? usrwd k @jynfolvlxk[m

vkyfwJ ht&mwd kif;uk d qifqifjcifjcif pOf;pOf;pm;pm;vkyf&ygr,f? trsm;tusKd;ud k OD;wnf&ygr,f?

Ù usrwd k @ Ed kifiH[m wu,f hjynfaxmifpkppfppfjzpfzd k @ vlwd kif;rSmwm0ef&S dygw,f?

Ù usrwd k @wOD;csif;&yfwnfvd k @ b,fvd krS rjzpfbl;? Armcsnf;yJvnf;&yfwnfvd k @ rjzpfbl;? rGefcsnf;yJvnf; &yfwnfvd k @rjzpfbl;? &Srf;csnf;yJvnf; &yfwnfvd k @rjzpfbl;? usrwd k @ jynfaxmifpk}uD; wnfwH hcd kifjrJa&;qd kwm tm;vH k;uae wpnf;w±H k;wnf;aerS jzpfr,fqd kwm usr,H k =unfw,f?

Ù ArmvlrsKd;[m vlrsm;pk}uD;jzpfaevd k @ wd kif;&if;om;rsm;ud k av;pm;yg? wd kif;&if;om;rsm;&JŒ ,Ofaus;r_ud k av;pm;yg? pdwf0ifpm;=uyg? avh

vm=uyg? tJ'Dvd k wa,mufeJ @wa,muf&JŒ ,Ofaus;r_/ wa,mufeJ @wa,muf&J h ,Hk=unfcsufrsm;ud k avhvmem;vnfrS usrwd k @tcsif;csif;wu,h foabmwlawGtjzpfeJ @ &Ed kifrSmyg?

Ù igu ucsif/ iguArm/ igu&Srf;qd kwJ h pdwf"gwfawG tckxm;vd k @












oef;0 if;vI d if46

rjzpfy gbl;? igwd k @tm;vH k;[m 'Drk dua&pDvl @tcGif hta&;awGud kvd kc sifvd k @±kef;uefaewJ h&JabmfawGqd kwJ h pdwf"gwfrsKd;xm;zd k @yJvd kygw,f? tm;vH k;[m

nD&if;tud kvd k wpdwfxJ/ woabmxJvkyf&r,f? 'grSvnf; usrwd k @ atmifjrifed kifrSmyg?

Ù jynfaxmifpk}uD;wckvH k; wnfwH hcd kifjrJzd k @/ wd k;wufzd k @/ om,m0ajymzd k @qd kwm[m jynfwGif;jidrf;csrf;a&;vd kygw,f? jynfwGif;jidrf;csrf;a&;ud kEd kifiHa&;enf;vrf;eJ @&Sm&r,fqd kwm usrwd k @trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyf&JŒ

,H k=unfcsufjzpfygw,f?Ù 'Drd kua&pDtpk d;&wckwufvmwJ htcgus&if usrwd k @ yifvH kvd k nDvmcH}uD;ud k xyfjyD;awmhac:&r,fvd k @ usrwd k @,H k=unfygw,f? 'Dvd k yifvH kuJ hod k @aom nDvmcH}uD;xyfac: jyD;awmh usrwd k @ jynfaxmifpkopfud kb,fyH k/ b,fenf;eJ @xlaxmifr,fqd kwm usrwd k @ wd kif;&if;om;vlrsKd;pkawGtm;vH k;eJ @ aqG;aEG;jyD;awmh usrwd k @ qH k;jzwf&rSmjzpfygw,f?

Ù yifvH knDvmcHrsKd;qd kwm jynfolvlxku wifajr‡mufwJ h tpd k;&rsKd;urSom ac:,lyd kifcGif h&S dygw,f? 'DnDvmcHuaejyD;awmh 'Drd kua&pDEd kifiHjynfaxmifpkopfazmfxkwfa&;twGuf aqG;aEG;&rSmjzpfygw,f? 'Dvd kudpPrsm;[m trsm;jynfolvlxkuaejyD;awmh/ vGwfvyfjyD; w&m;r#wwJ h a&G;aumufyG Jrsm;rSwqif h wifajr‡mufvd kufwJ htpd k;&rsm;uom vkyfyd kifcGif h&S dw,fvd k @ usrwd k @,H k=unfygw,f? trsm;jynfolu rwifajr‡mufxm;wJ htzG J @tpnf;rsm;u 'Dvd knDvmcHrsKd;ud k bmrSxdxda&mufa&muf vkyfEd kifrSmr[kwfygbl;?

Ù ppfrSefwJ h'Drd kua&pDqd kwm ud k,f hjynfolvlxkud k vGwfvyfr_eJ @ vH kjcHK r_ay;EdkifwJ hpepfjzpfygw,f?

Ù 'Drd kua&pDqd kwm uk d,f&ifqd kifae&wJ hjy\em/ ud k,f&ifqd kifae&

wJ h udpPrsKd;awGud k ud k,fwd kifud kifwG,fajz&Sif;Ed kifwJ h tcGif hta&;awG jzpfygw,f?Ù wd kif;jynfud ktkyfcsKyfwJ hacgif;aqmifrsm;[m jynfolvlxk axmufcH

r_ tiftm;eJ @yJ tkyfcsKyfwm jzpf&r,f? vufeuftiftm;eJ @ tkyfcsKyfwm

















rjzpf&bl;?Ù wud k,faumif;r=uH=uygeJ h? trsm;twGufvkyf=uyg? trsm;t

usKd;aqmifwJ hvlrsm;[m vlomaooGm;r,f? b,fawmhrS emrnfraobl;?

Ù usrwd k @ tck'Drd kua&pDv_yf&Sm;r_xJ yg0ifvmwm[m tm%mvd kcsifvd k @ yg0ifvm=uwmr[kwfbl;? wm0efud kxrf;aqmifcsifvd k @ yg0ifvm=uwmyg?

Ù rw&m;wJ hudpPud kvkyfzd k @ a=umuf&r,f? rrSefwJ hudpPud k vkyfzd k @a=umuf&r,f? avmurSm a=umufzd k @qd kwm 'DESpfckyJ&S dw,f?Ù w&m;r#wwJ hOya'awGud k usif hoH k;rSom vlom;awG[m wu,f h

ud k ,Ofaus;wJ hvuQ%m ay:vmrSmyg?Ùvdyfjymoef @&if tm%mrJ holrSmvnf; pGrf;tm;&S dw,f?Ù Ed kifiHa&;t&/ vlr_a&;t& tajymif;tvJwckud kvd kcsif&if nD

nGwf=uzd k @vd kw,f?Ù ra=umufatmifqdkwm udk,fhrSmcH,lcsufwck&Sd&r,f? udk,f

a=umufwJ hpdwfxuf yd kjyD;jyif;xefwJ hpdwfwckud karG;&r,f? ud k,fa=umufwJ hpdwfxuf yd kjyD;awmh vkyfcsifwJ hpdwfu rsm;&r,f? 'Dvd kpdwf"gwfawGarG;rS&rSmyJ?

Ù trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyfud k ygwDwcktaeeJ @&yfwnfzd k @ wnfaqmufcJ hwmr[kwfygbl;? 'Drd kua&pD&atmif v_yf&Sm;aqmif&Gufr,h ftzG J @wcktaeeJ @ wnfaxmifcJ hwmyg? jrefrmEd kifiHrSm jynfolawG[m 'Drd kua&pDud k vd kvm;aeoa&GŒ/ tm%myd kifawGu w&m;0ifw,fyJajymajym/w&m;r0ifbl;bJajymajym trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyfuawmh qufvuf&S daeOD;rSmyJ?

Ù usrwd k @trsKd;orD;awG[m t&nftcsif;&S dw,fvd k @ usr,H k=unfygw,f? b0rSm ±kef;uefEd kifwJ h t&nftcsif;qd kwm enf;wJ ht&nftcsif;r[kwf? 'Dvd k b0rSm ±kef;uefEd kifwJ ht&nf;tcsif;&S dvd k @vnf; pGef @pGef @pm;pm;eJ @ jynfyud koGm;jyD;awmh b0opfxlaxmifzd k @ }udK;pm;=uwmyg? 'Dvd k}udK;











oef;0 if;vI d if48

pm;w J hae&mrSm wcsdefvH k;a&&SnftusKd;twGufud k pGef @pm;apcsifygw,f?a&&Snf&nfrSef;csufud k rsufajcrjywf&S dapcsifygw,f? a&&Snf&nfrSef;csuf

qd kwmuawmh usrwd k @Ed kifiHud kjyefvmjyD;awmh usrwd k @Ed kifiHtusKd; twGufwifr[kwfbJeJ@ urB mhjynfolrsm;tusKd;twGufyg xrf;aqmifEd kifr,f htrsKd;orD;rsm;jzpfatmif vkyfzd k @yJjzpfygw,f?

Ù azazajymcJ hwJ hpum;wcGef;&S dygw,f? ol @vdyfjym&JŒcH k±H k;a&SŒrSm olrm;rm;rwfrwf&yfjyD;awmh tppfcH&Jw,fwJ h? usr&JŒ vdyfjymcH k±H k;a&SŒrSmvnf;

aewd kif;rwfwyf&yfjyD;awmh usrwd k @jynfolawGvJ 'Dvd kyJ ud k,f h&JŒvdyfjymcH k±H k;a&SŒrSm aewd kif;rwfwyf&yfygw,f? rm;rm;rwfrwf tppfcH=unf h=uyg?tJ'Dvd k tppfcH=unf hwJ htcgh ud k,f[m vkyfoif hvkyfxd kufwmawGud k vkyfaeovm;qd kwJhtajzu ay:vmygvdrfhr,f? tJ'Dvdk ay:vmvk d@&Sd&ifusrwd k @&JŒtiftm;awGu t&rf;wefzd k;wufvmrSm? tiftm;qd kwm rSefrSefuefuefoH k;rS wu,f hud ktzd k;wefwm? rSefrSefuefuefoH k;wJ htiftm;&JŒ

tmedoifud k b,folrS+zdKvd k @r&bl;?Ù trsKd;om;&if=um;apha&;qd kwm r&S drjzpf wd kif;jynf&JŒ aumif;usKd;

twGuf vd ktyfwJ hudpPyJ?Ù tajymif;tvJvd kcsif&if tajymif;tvJ&atmifvd k @ vkyf&rSmyJ?Ù 'Drd kua&pDwd kufyG Jqd kwm yH ko¿meftrsKd;rsKd;&S dygw,f? qENjyrS 'Drd k

ua&pDwd kufyG Jr[kwfygbl;? usrwd k @[m ud k,fvkyfoif hvkyfxd kufwJ hudpPud kwd k;wd k;wdwfwdwf vlrodatmifvkyfjcif;[mvnf; wk dufyG J0ifjcif;yH kpHwrsKd;ygyJ?

Ù rqvpepfqd k;a=umif hrd k @vd k @ usrwd k @wd kif;jynf[m trsm;}uD;qkwf,kwfoGm;&wm? 'gayr,f h ²²² bmjzpfvd k @ rqvpepfqd k;[m usrwd k @ wd kif;jynfrSm 'Davmuf=um=umwnfwH hcd kifjrJoGm;ovJqd kwm usrwd k @ jyefjyD;

awmh ar;&ygr,f? usrwd k @Ed kifiHol/ Ed kifiHom;rsm;[m &yf=unf haevd k @om'Drqvpepf[m 'Davmuftxd wnfwH hcd kifjrJoGm;wm?Ù wyfrawmfxJrSm tm;vH k;qd k;wm r[kwfbl;? qd k;wJ hvlawG&S dovd k

aumif;wJ hvlawGvnf;&S dw,f? wu,fqd kvd k@&S d&if 'Dvd k wyfrawmf emrnf














ysufapwmu ud k,h f&JŒtm%mwnfwH hcd kifjrJa&;twGufvkyfaewJ h v lenf;pkvlwpka=umif homjzpfygw,f?

Ù jrefrmjynfrSm 'Drk dua&pD&atmif vkyf&r,fvd k @ usrwd k @qH k;jzwf& wm[m u|efb0rSm vH kjcHKat;csrf;pGm rv_yfr,Sufaexd kifr,f htpm; tajccHvl @tcGif hta&;twGuf wd kufyG J0if&if; zdES dyfwJ htEœ &m,fud k &ifqd kif& r,fvd k @ ,H k=unfvd k @ygyJ?

Ù vuf&S dtajctaeud k vufcHwmyJaumif;w,fvd k@ ,H k=unfae

ao;wJ h vlawG&S daeao;wm tH h=op&mygyJ? ajymif;vJzdk @vd kwmawGud kajymif;ypfEd kif&r,fqd kwJ h pGrf;tm;ud k usrwd k @,H k=unfygw,f?Ù ppftm%m&Sifpepfuae 'Drd kua&pDud k toGifajymif;wm[m

vG,fr,fvd k @ r,lqygbl;? 'Drd kua&pDtpd k;&wufvmvd k @ jy\emawGtm;vH k; jyD;oGm;r,fvd k @vnf; r,lqygbl;? cd kifrmwJ h 'Drd kua&pDvl @abmifud kwnfaqmuf&mrSm usrwd k @oufwrf;ukefqH k;oGm;wmawmif rsKd;quf

opfawG[m qufvuf}udK;yrf;ae&tH k;rSmyg?•Ù vGwfvyfpGmxkwfazmfajymqd kcGih fray;wJ h vl @tzG J @tpnf;rSm &S d

ae=uayr,f h usrwd k @&,l&r,f ht&mud k qH k;jzwfEd kifygw,f?Ù jynfolvlxkeJ @ wyfrawmf=um;rSmvnf; pdwf0rf;uG Jatmif vkyf

aew,f? 'Dvk d pdwf0rf;uG Jatmifvkyfaewm[m jynfolvlxku vkyfaewmr[kwfbl;? usrwd k @ Ed kifiHa&;vkyfaewJ h vlawGuvnf; vkyfaewmr[kwfbl;? wyfrawmfud k ud k,fusKd;twGuf oH k;csifwJ hvlrsm;u vkyfaewmyJjzpfw,f? tJ'Dawmh 'Dvk dpepfrsKd;ud k usrwd k @tm;vH k;uaejyD;awmhtwd kuftcHvkyf&r,f?

Ù 'Dacwfvli,fawG[m aemifwacwf&JŒ acgif;aqmifjzpf&r,f/acgif;aqmifjzpfr,f hvlawG[m t&nftcsif;&S dzd k @/ vl}uD;eJ @vli,f tjyef

tvSef av;pm;zd k @vd kw,f? vli,fawGu acwfrDenf;ynmawG yd kjyD;awmhem;vnfu|rf;usifr,f/ tJ'Dvd k u|rf;usifr_eJ @vl}uD;awG&JŒtawG @t}uHK awG qufpyfjyD;awmh aumif;rGefatmif aqmif&GufoGm;zd k@ wdkufwGef;ygw,f?
















tcef; (13)a':atmifqef;pkMunf 'd kif ,m&D

1942/ pufwifbmv 6 Ù ae@v,f 2 em&DwGif *syefacwfaq;±H k}uD; (,ckEd kifiHawmfumuG,fa&;wuUod kof) ta&SŒbuf tpGefqH k;cef;raqmifwGif olejyKq&mr rcif=unfESif h ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmf Ad kvfcsKyfAd kvfawZwd k @ vufxyfr*FvmyG JjyKvkyfonf?

pufwifbmv 7Ù nae 5 em&DtcsdefwGif &efukef+rdKŒ

Nippon

Military Club (rifwd krpf&Sif[d kw,f) Y ArmhumuG,fa&;wyfrawmf Ad kvfcsKyfAd kvfawZESif h ZeD;a':cif=unfwd k @ r*Fvmxrif; wnfcif;{nf hcHau|;arG;onf?

1943/ ZGef 13 Ù Ad kvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESif h a':cif=unfwd k @. om;OD;atmifqef;OD;ud k zGm;jrifonf?

1944 ar 10 Ù Ad kvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESif h a':cif=unfwd k @. 'kwd,om; atmifqef;vif;ud k zGm;jrifonf?

1945 Zef 19 Ù Ad kvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESif h a':cif=unfwd k @. wwd,ajrmuforD; atmifqef;pk=unfud k eHeuf 3; 35 em&DwGif zGm;jrifonf?










oef;0 if;vI d if52

1946 pufwifbm 22 Ù Ad kvfcsKyfatmifqef;ESif h a':cif=unfwd k @.pwkwÎ orD;ud k zGm;jrifonf? (zGm;jrifjyD; 5 &uft=umwGif uG,fvGef

onf?)1947 Zlvdif 19 Ù eHeuf 10 em&D 35 rdepfY &efukef+rdKŒ&S d twGif;

0efrsm;±H k; (,ck0ef}uD;rsm;±H k;) Y tpnf;ta0;usif;yaepOf *VKefOD;apm.vufyg;apvlowform;wdk @.vkyf=uHowfjzwfr_a=umifh zcifAd kvfcsKyfatmifqef;usqH k;cJ h&onf? vkyf=uHcH& pOfu atmifqef;pk=unfonf2 ESpforD;t&G,fom &S dao;onf?

1949 Ù &efukef+rdKŒpdef @z&efppfuGefAif hausmif;wGif a':atmifqef;pk=unf pwifynmoif=um;onf?

1953 Zefe0g&Dv 16 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unf. tpfud kvwfatmifqef;vif;onf trSwf25/ wm0gvdef;vrf; (,ckAd kvfcsKyfatmifqef;jywd kufvrf;) &S daetdrfY a&epfaoqH k;onf?

arv Ù trSwf 25 / wm0gvdef;vrf;aetdrfrS A[ef;+rdKŒe,f trSwf54/ wuUod kvf&dyfomvrf;aetdrfod k @ a':atmifqef;pk=unfwd k @rdom;pkajymif;a&$Œonf?

1957 r 1960 Ù &efukef+rdKŒ t*Fvdyfrufo'pf uGefAif hausmif;

Ad kvfcsKyf vkyfMuHcH&onfh twGif;0efrsm;½k H;















(txu - 1 '*H k) wGif a': atmifqef;pk=unf qufvufynmoif=um;

cJ honf?1960 Ù rdcifjzpfola':cif=unf tdEN d,Ed kifiHqd kif&m jrefrmEd kifiH oH

trwf}uD;tjzpf cef @tyfjcif;cH&I rdcifESif htwl tdEN d,Ed kifiH e,l;a'vD+rdKŒod k @ vd kufygaexd kifcJ honf?

1960 r 1961 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unfonfa,±lESif h ar&DuGefAif hausmif; (Convent of Jesus and Mary) ESif h av'D&S,f&D&rfaumvdyf (Lady

Sheri Ram College) wd k @Y qufvufynmoif=um;onf?1962 r 1963 Ù a'vDwuUod kvfY Ed kifiHa&;ody Hbmom&yfud k

avhvmqnf;yl;cJ honf?1964 rS 1967 Ù atmufpzd k @wuUod kvf [l @pfaumvdyfY '\eaA

'/ Ed kifiHa&;ody HESif h pD;yGm;a&;ynm&yfrsm;ud k avhvmqnf;yl;cJ hjyD; 0dZ… m*k%f

xl;bG J @ud k &&S dcJ honf?1968 Ù vef'efwuUod kvfta&SŒwd kif;ESif h tmz&duavhvma&;Xme/ Ed kifiHa&;ody HXmeY okawoevufaxmuftjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifonf?

trSwf 54 wuúod kvf&dyfomvrf;? a':atmifqef;pkMunfaetdrf










oef;0 if;vI d if54

1969 r 1971 Ù e,l;a,muf ukvor*~taxGaxG tw Gif;a&;rSL;csKyf±H k;/ tkyfcsKyfa&;ESif h b¾ma&;qd kif&mudpP&yfrsm;t=uHay;aumfrwD(Advisory Committee on Administrative and Budgetary Questions United

Nations Secretariat, New York) wGifvufaxmuftwGif;a&;rSL;tjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJ honf?

1971 Ed0ibm 31 Ù ajrmufyd kif;Ak'<bmomr[m,e. vlr_a&;ESif h,Ofaus;r_qd kif&mord kif;a=umif; okawoDa'gufwmrd kufu,ftJ&pf (Dr.

Michael Viallancourt Aris)

ESif h a':atmifqef;pk=unfwd k @ xdrf;jrm;vufxyfonf?

1972 r 1973 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf blwefEd kifiH Ed kifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;±H k;ESif h ukvor*~rsm;qd kif&m t=uHay;t&m&S dtjzpf wm0efxrf;aqmifcJ honf?

1973 {jyD 12 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unfESif h a'gufwmrd kufu,f

tJ&pfwd k @. om;}uD; jrif hqef;atmif ac: tvufZef'g; (Ale»ander John

Christopher Aris) ud kz Gm;jrifcJ honf?1975 r 1977 Ù atmufpzdk @wuUod kvf abmh'vD,ef pm=unf h

wd kuf (Bodleian Library) Y jrefrmpmESif h ay/ yk&yd k'f uwfwavmuf jyKpkol














ynm&Siftjzpf aqmif&Gufonf?1977 puwibm 24 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unfESif h rd kufu,ftJ&pf

wd k @. om;i,f xdefvif;ac: uifrf (Dannian Kim Arundel Aris) ud k zGm;jrifonf?

1995 r 1986 Ù *syefEd kifiH/ wd kusKdwuUod kvf ta&SŒawmiftm&Sqd kif&mavhvma&;XmewGif okawoeynm&Siftjzpf oGm;a&muf okawoejyKcJ honf?

1987 Ù tdEN d,Ed kifiH/ qif;rvm;+rdK@&S d txl;avhvma&; tdEN d,ody HXmewGif okawoDtjzpfvkyfud kifonf?Ù vef'efwuUod kvfta&SŒwd kif;ESif h tmz&d uavhvma&;XmewGif yg&

*lbG J @twGuf “1920-1945 twGif; xkwfa0cJ haom pme,fZif;rsm;onfjrefrmhvGwfvyfa&;ud k taxmuftultjyKcJ hyH k” trnf&S d bG J @vGefpmwrf;ud k wifoGif;onf?

1988 Ù vef'efwuUod kvfu a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; yg&*lbG J @,l&eftwGuf xd kufwefoltjzpf owfrSwfonf?

1988 rw f Ù rdcif}uD;a':cif=unfemrusef;jzpfr_a=umif h rdcif}uD;tm; jyKpkapmih fa&Smuf&ef a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf jrefrmEd kifiHodk @a&muf&Sdvmonf?

=o*kwv 8 Ù jrefrmEd kifiH w0Srf;vH k;Y 88 'Drd kua&pD ta&;awmfyH k}uD; ay:aygufcJ honf?

=o*kw 26 Ù a&$wD*HkapwDawmftaemufbufrkcfwGif a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf rqvtpd k;&. jynfolvlxktm; t=urf;zuf+zdKcG Jaer_ud k qef @usifcJ haom rdef @cGef;ud k vlaygif;wpfodef;ausmfwufa&mufonf hvlxktpnf;ta0;yG JY yxrqH k;t}udrf rdef @cGef;ajym=um;cJ honf?

1988 pufwibmv 14 Ù OD;atmif}uD;/ a':atmifqef;pk=unfESif hol&OD;wifOD;wd k @. jynfolw&yfvH k;od k @ yef=um;csufpmwapmif xkwfjyefa=unmonf?

pufwifbm 18 Ù &Spfav;vH k;ta&;awmfyH k}uD;ud k ppfwyfrS vuf











oef;0 if;vI d if56

eufjzif h t=urf;zuf+zdKcGif;ypfvd kufjyD;aemuf ppfwyfrS tm%modrf;yd kufum e0w ac: Ed kifiHawmfjidrf0yfydjym;r_wnfaqmufa&;tzG J @ud k zG J @pnf;cJ h

onf?pufwibm 27 Ù trsKd;om;'Drk dua&pDtzG J @csKyfud k a':atmifqef;pk

=unf/ OD;atmif}uD;/ ol&OD;wifOD;/ OD;0if;wifwd k@jzif h pwifzG J @pnf;cJ honf?pwifzG J @pnf;pOfu trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyf (NLD) . A[d ktvkyftr_aqmiftzG J @0ifrsm;rSm -

(1) OD;atmif}uD; - OuUX(2) ol&OD;wifOD; - 'kOuUX(3) a':atmifqef;pk=unf - taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;(4) OD;=unf[ef - twGif;a&;rSL;tzG J @0if(5) OD;cspfcd kif - twGif;a&;rSL;tzG J @0if(6) OD;0if;wif - twGif;a&;rSL;tzG J @0if

(7) a': jrif hjrif hcif - vlxkvlwef;pm;XmerSL;(8) OD;vGif - b¾ma&;XmerSL;(9) OD;atmifvGif - jyef=um;a&;XmerSL;(10) OD;atmifa&$ - pnf;±H k;a&;XmerSL;(11) OD;=unfarmif - okawoeXmerSL;(12) OD;ba&$ - tkyfcsKyfa&;XmerSL;

wd k @ jzpfonf?pufwifbm 30 Ù trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyfud k a&G;aumufyG J

aumfr&Sifod k @ w&m;0ifrSwfyH kwifcJ honf? tzG J @csKyfY a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;wm0efud k ,lcJ honf?

atmufwkbm 3 Ù trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyfud k a&G;aumufyG J

aumfr&Sifu a=unmcsuftrSwf (3) jzif h Ed kifiHa&;ygwDtjzpf twnfjyK a=unmonf?'DZifbm 10 Ù trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyf OuUXtjzpf 'kwd,

OuUXOD;wifOD;tm; a&G;cs,fwifajr‡mufvd kufa=umif;ESif h OD;atmif}uD;ESif h

















twl tjcm; A[d kOD;pD;tzG J @0ifrsm;jzpf=uaom(1) OD;=unf[ef (2) OD;ba&$(3) OD;eef;EG,f (4) OD;ausmfjrif hav; (5) OD;cifarmifarmif (6) OD;omxd k

(7) OD;odef;Ed kif (8) OD;rif;'if (9) OD;cifndK (10) OD;bd k;atmif (11) OD;armifarmif (12) OD;aZmf0if;OD;wd k @uvnf; tzG J @csKyftzG J @0ifrsm;tjzpf EkwfxGufjyD;jzpfa=umif; a&G;aumufyG Jaumfr&Sifod k @ ta=umif;=um;cJ honf?

'DZifbm 13 Ù tzG J @csKyfrS OD;atmif}uD;tygt0if yk*~ dKvf (12) OD;ud kxkwfy,fvd kufa=umif; aumfr&Sifod k @ ta=umif;=um;pm ay;yd k @onf?

'DZifbm 27 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unfrdcif r[moD&dok"rR a':cif=unfonf &efukef+rdKŒY uG,fvGefonf? uG,fvGefcsdefY om;atmifqef;OD;ESif h orD;jzpfol a': atmifqef;pk=unfwd k @ usef&pfcJ honf?

1989 azazm0g&D 9 Ù trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyf A[d ktvkyftr_aqmiftzG J @ud k jyifqifzG J @pnf;I a&G;aumufyG Jaumfr&Sifod k @ ay;yd k @onf?,if;wd k @rSm -

(1) OD;wifOD; - OuUX(2) a':atmifqef;pk=unf - taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;(3) OD;0if;wif - twGif;a&;rSL;(4) OD;cspfcd kif - twGif;a&;rSL;(5) OD;=unfarmif - okawoerSL;(6) OD;atmifa&$ - pnf;±H k;a&;rSL;(7) OD;vGif - b¾ma&;rSL;(8) OD;atmifvGif - jyef=um;a&;rSL;(9) a': jrif hjrif hcif - vlxkvlwef;pm;XmerSL;

wd k @ jzpfonf?Zlvi 20 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; e0w tpd k;&u Ed kifiHawmf

tm; aESmif h,SufzsufqD;vd kolrsm;. ab;tEœ &m,frS umuG,fapmif ha&Smufonf hOya'yk'fr 10 (c) t& aetdrfwGifwm;qD;rdef @xkwfjyefI wm;qD;vd kufonf?

'DZifbm 22 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf aetdrftus,fcsKyfjzif h













oef;0 if;vI d if58

xdef;odrf;cHaepOftwGif; ygwDpH k'Drd kua&pDtaxGaxGa&G;aumufyG JwGif yg0if,SOf+ydKifrnf[k a=unmonf? od k @aomf wd kif;&if;om;pnf;vH k;nDnGwf

a&;ygwDtm; ud k,fpm;jyKI &efukefwd kif;A[ef;+rdKŒe,f rJqENe,ftrSwf(1) wGif a':atmifqef;pk=unfESif h ,SOf+ydKif&ef tqd kjyKxm;jcif;cH&ol OD;vbef*a&mifrS uef @uGufv$mwifoGif;cJh&m &efukefwd kif;a&G;cs,f wifajr‡mufyG Jusif;ya&;aumfr&SifrS vufcHppfaq;I a&G;aumufyG JOya'yk'fr10 (i) jzif h jidpGef;onf[kqd kum trnfpm&if; wifoGif;v$mud k y,fcscJ h

ojzif h 0ifa&muf,SOf+ydKifcGif h r&cJ hacs?1990 rwfv 27 Ù ygwDpH ktaxGaxGa&G;aumufyG Jud k usif;ycJ h&m/trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyfonf rJqENe,f 447 e,fY 0ifa&muf ,SOf+ydKifcJ h&m 392 e,fY tEd kif&&S dcJ honf? tzG J @csKyfonf wEd kifiHvH k;wGif rJqENe,f 485 ae&mY 392 ae&mtEd kif&&S daoma=umif h 82 &mcd kifE_ef;ausmf tEd kif&&S dcJ honf?

Zlvdifv 27 Ù e0w ppftpd k;&onf twGif;a&;rSL; Ad kvfcsKyfcifnGef @vufrSwfjzif h trdef @trSwf 1§90 ud k xkwfjyefI 1990 jynf hESpf/ Zlvd kifv28-29 wGiftzG J @csKyfA[d kOD;pD;tzG J @rS }uD;rSL;jyKvkyfrnf h v$wfawmfud k,fpm;vS,frsm; yxrt}udrf nd ‡E_ dif;tpnf;ta0;}uD;ud k [ef @wm;uef @owfvd kufonf?

Zlvdi 28/ 29 Ù ,m,DOuUXOD;=unfarmifOD;pD;onf h *EN Dcef;r tpnf;ta0;}uD;ud k jyKvkyfcJ honf?

1991 'DZifbm 10 Ù1991 ckESpftwGuf jidrf;csrf;a&;Edkb,fqkudk a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; ay;tyfcsD;jr‡if hcJ h&m jidrf;

csrf;a&;Ek db,fqkud k rdcifud k,fpm;om;}uD;jzpfol jrif hqef;atmifuaemfa0;Ed kifiH/ atmfpvd k+rdKŒY wufa&mufqk,lcJ honf? Nidrf;csrf;a&;Ed kb,fqkwHqdyf

















1995 Zlvdifv 10 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; aetdrftus,fcsKyftjzpf wm;qD;xm;onf htrdeftm; e0wtpk d;&rS jyefvnf±kyfodrf;

ay;cJhonf?Ù e,l;a,muftajcpd kuf ‘rpf’ (Ms) r*~Zif;rS 1995 ckESpftwGuf

trsKd;orD; xl;c|efqka&G;cs,f&mY a':atmifqef;pk=unfyg0ifcJ h honf?1999 rwfv 27 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unfcifyGef;jzpfol rk dufu,f

tJ&pf vef'ef +rdKŒY uG,fvGefcJ honf?

2000 rw 18 Ù td kif,mvefEd kifiH 'AŠvif+rdKŒwGif a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; 'AŠvif+rdK@awmf vGwfvyfa&;qkud k *k%fjyKcsD;jr‡if hcJ honf?=o*w 24 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf 'kwd,OuUXol&OD;wifOD;

&efukefwd kif;pnf;±H k;a&;aumfrwDOuUXocifpd k;jrif h/ &efukefwd kif; pnf;±H k;a&;tzG J @0ifa'gufwmrsKd;atmif/ tzG J @csKyfvli,f 16 OD; (,mOfarmif;ESpfOD;tygt0if) wd k @ESif htwl &efukefwzufurf; 'v+rdKŒrSwqif h &efukefwk dif;

uGrf;jcHukef;ESif h aumhrSL;+rdK@rsm;od k @ pnf;±H k;a&;udpPrsm;aqmif&Guf&ef &efukef+rdKŒyef;qd k;wef;qdyfurf;rSwqif h c&D;xGuf&ef pDpOfcJ h&m yef;qd k;wef;qdyfurf;wGif 1 em&DcG Jcef @ tm%myd kifrsm;rS ydwfqd k @xm;cJ hjyD; wzufurf;od k @ul;cGif h&cJ honf? 'v+rdKŒod k @a&muf&S donf htcg }udKwifapmif hqd kif;aeonf htzG J @csKyfum;ESpfpD;jzif h uGrf;jcHukef;od k @c&D;xGufvmpOf 'v+rdKŒrS 3 rd kifcef @ta&muf usefppfom;&yfuGufwGif tm%myd kifrsm;rS a&SŒc&D;rqufEd kif&ef











oef;0 if;vI d if60

twif;t"rR ydwfqd k @wm;jrpfxm;cJ hojzif h pufwifbmv (1) &uf ae@n11; 15 em&DtcsdefwGif &JwyfzG J @ESif h ppfaxmufvSrf;a&;tiftm; 300 ausmf

u a':atmifqef;pk=unftzG J @tm; 0ifa&mufpD;eif;jyD; twif;t=uyfzrf;qD;csKyfaESmifac:aqmifjyD; &efukef+rdKŒaetdrfod k @ jyefyd k @cJ honf?

pufwibm 1 rS 14 x d Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; 'kwd,t}udrf aetdrftus,fcsKyf zrf;qD;cJ hjyefonf?

2000 puwibm 21 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf 'kwd,OuUX

OD;wifOD;ESif htwl tzG J @0ifrsm;vd kufygI tzG J @csKyf v_yf&Sm;r_r&S dEd kif&ef ydwfyifwm;qD;r_rsm;/ tzG J @csKyf±H k;rsm;ydwfodrf;jcif;/ qd kif;bkwfrsm;csapjcif;rsm;ud kpH kprf;avhvm&ef yxrc&D;pOftjzpf naerD;&xm;jzif h rEœ av;+rdKŒok d @ oGm;a&muf&efpDpOfcJ h&m rD ;&xm;vufrSwfukefaeonf[k ta=umif;jyI vufrSwfa&mif;csray;bJ aemufwae@ eHeufapmapm 2000 jynf hESpf pufwifbm 22 &ufae@wGif &efukefblwm}uD;rS t"rR aetdrfod k @jyefyd k @jyD; wwd,

t}udrf aetdrftus,fcsKyf zrf;qD;xdef;odrf;cJ honf?2001 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; *smreDtajcpd kuf Ed kifiHwum

Ed kifiHa&;ESif h ,Ofaus;r_rsm; vGwfvyfpGmaygif;pnf;a&;qd kif&m qkay;a&;tzG J @}uD;u Collegue United Nations qkcsD;jr‡if honf?

2002 ar 6 Ù ukvor*~. v#KdŒ0Suf,H k=unfr_nd ‡E_ dif;csuft& a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; etztpk d;&u aetdrftus,fcsKyfrS jyefvnfv$wfay;cJ honf?

ar 23 Ù AdkvfrSL;atmifOD;aqmifonf h 0g&if hEd kifiHa&;orm;}uD;rsm;ua':atmifqef;pk=unftm; ocifodef;azaetdrfwGif *k%fjyKyG Jusif;yonf?

ar 25 Ù tar&duefjynfaxmifpk&S d bmhofaumvdyf. 142 }udrfajrmuf bG J @ESif;obiftcrf;tem;Y a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; *k%fxl;

aqmifyg&*lbG J @ csD;jr‡if honf?2003 ar 30 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf tzG J @0ifrsm;ESif htwlppfuk dif;wk dif;/ 'DyJ,if;+rdKŒe,f pnf;±H k;a&;c&D;pOftwGif; olr. ,mOfwef;tm; ppftpk d;&. a'gufwd kiftzG J @tpnf;rsm;jzpf=uaom =uHŒzG H @ESif hpGrf;tm;&Sifrsm;u 'DyJ,if;+rdKŒe,f usD&GmteD; t=urf;zufwd kufcd kufcJ h=uonf?













olrtm; axmufcHonf htzG J @0ifrsm; 282 OD; aoqH k;I &maygif;r sm;pGmxdcd kuf'%f&m&&S dcJ honf?

ar 31 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf etzvufyg;aprsm;. acsmif;ajrmif; wd kufcd kufr_cHcJ h&mrS toufraovGwfajrmufcJ hjyD;aemuf a&OD;+rdKŒt0if*dwfta&mufY tm%myd kifrsm;. zrf;qD;jcif;cH&onf?

ZGe 2 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; trSwf (6) wif hum;wyf&if;{nh f&dyfomwGif zrf;qD;xm;&mrS tif;pdefaxmifod k @yd k @I xdef;odrf;cJ honf?

ZGef 24 Ù tif;pdefaxmifrS a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; &JrGefwyfpcef;&S d &Jacgif&dyfomod k @ ajymif;a&$Œxdef;odrf;cJ honf?puwifbm 16 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; aq;±H kwufcG Jpdwfuk

o&eftwGuf &JrGef&dyfomrS &efukef+rdKŒtm&Sawmf0ifaq;±H kodk @wifyd k @cJ honf?

2003 pufwifbm 27 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; tm&Sawmf

0ifaq;±H krS aetdrfod k @jyefyd k @I pwkwÎ t}udrf aetdrftus,fcsKyf xdef;odrf;cJ honf?

2004 {jyD 27 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; awmfud k&D;,m;Ed kifiHrS2004 ckESpftwGuf *Grf*sL;vl @tcGif hta&;qk csD;jr‡if honf?

Ed0ifbm 27 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; Ed kifiHawmftm; aESmih f,SufzsufqD;vd kolrsm;. ab;tEœ&m,frSumuG,fapmif ha&SmufonfhOya'yk'fr 10 (c) jzif h jypf'%fwESpf xyfrHwd k;cJ honf?

2005 Edk0ifbm 27 Ù etz ppftpd k;&u a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; aemufxyfjypf'%f (6) v xyfrHwd k;cJ honf?

2006 rw 1 Ù qG D'ifEd kifiHpawmh[krf;+rdKŒwGif jrefrmh'Drd kua&pDacgif;aqmif a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; 2005 ckESpftwGuf td kavmhyef;qk

csD;jr‡if hcJ honf?arv 20 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; ukvor*~ed kifiHa&;XmerSvufaxmuftaxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; tDb&m[if*rfbm&Du awG @qH kcJ honf?














oef;0 if;vI d if62

arv 27 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; etztpk d;&u tus,fcsKyfoufwrf;wESpf xyfrHwd k;cJ honf?

Edk0ifbm 11 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; ukvvufaxmuf taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL; *rfbm&Du oGm;a&mufawG @qH kcJ honf?

2007 Zefe0g& 1 Ù ukvor*~taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyf befuDrGef;onf jrefrmEd kifiH&S d ppfacgif;aqmifrsm;ud k a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; c|if;csufr&S d jyefvnf v$wfay;&ef awmif;qd kcJ honf?

Zee0g& 18 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf ol. Ed kb,fqka=u;aiGrsm;ud k tcGefay;aqmifjcif;r&S dbJ jynfywGiftoH k;jyKcJ honf[k ppftpd k;& yd kif jrefrmhtvif;owif;pmY pGyfpG Ja&;om;onf?

atmuwbm 2 Ù pufwifbma&$0ga&mif oHCmhawmfvSefa&;}uD;tjyD; ukvor*~taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyf. t=uHay;yk*~ dKvf rpPwm*rfbm&Donf a': atmifqef;pk=unftm; xyfrHawG @qH kcJ honf?

atmufwdkbm 24 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unf. aetdrftus,fcsKyf(12) ESpfjynf htjzpf urB mh+rdKŒ}uD; 12 +rdKŒwGif w+ydKifeufwnf; qENjyyG Jusif;ycJ h=uonf?

atmufwdbm 25 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unfESif h pum;ajymqd kEd kif&ef=um;cH qufoG,fa&;0ef}uD;twGuf tvkyform;0ef}uD; OD;atmif=unfud k etztpd k;&u cef @tyfcJhjyD; awG @qH kaqG;aEG;a&;twkta,mifrsm;zefwD;jyocJ honf?

E0ibm 8 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unf (3) ESpftwGif; yxrqH k;t}udrf ol. ygwDA[d ktvkyftr_aqmiftzG J @rsm;ESif h awG @qH kcGif h&cJ honf?

2009 ar 6 Ù tar&duefEd kifiHom; *|ef0DvsH,ufawmonf a': atmifqef;pk=unf. aetdrfjcH0if;twGif;od k @ etzppftpd k;&tm%myd kif

rsm;. pDpOfay;r_jzif h wdwfwqdwf 0ifa&mufcJ honf?ar 18 Ù ppftpd k;&u a':atmifqef;pk=unfaetdrf tus,fcsKyfazmufzsufr_yk'fr (22) jzif h tif;pdeftxl;w&m;±H k;Y w&m;pG Jqd konf?

=o*kwf 11 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; aetdrftus,fcsKyf












azmu fzsufr_yk'fr 22 jzif h tvkyf=urf;ESif h axmif'%f 3 ESpf csrSwfcJ honf?trdef @csrSwfjyD; rdepfyd kif;twGif;rSmyif etzppfacgif;aqmif Ad kvfcsKyfrSL;}uD;

oef;a&$. trdef @pmjzif h xd kcsrSwfxm;onf hjypf'%fud k xuf0ufav#mhcsvd kufjyD; qd kif;iH hjypf'%ftjzpfxm;&S dum a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; aetdrf tus,fcsKyf (18) vod k @ ajymif;vJcsrSwfay;vd kufonf?

atmuwbm 2 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unftay: etzppftpd k;&urw&m;jypf'%fcsrSwfr_tay: &efukefwd kif;w&m;±H k;od k @ a':atmifqef;pk

=unf. tusKd;aqmifa&SŒaersm;u t,lcHv$mwifoGif;r_ud k wd kif;w&m;±H k;u y,fcscJ honf?'DZifbmv 21 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unf. a&SŒaersm;u A[d k w

&m;±H k;csKyfod k @ t,lcHjyifqifcGif hav#mufxm;r_ud k A[d kw&m;±H k;csKyfu vufcHcJ honf?

2010 Zefe0g& 14 Ù trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyf A[d ktvkyftr_

aqmiftzG J @ud k jyefvnf wd k;csJŒzJ G @pnf;cJ honf? tzG J @csKyfA[d ktvkyf tr_aqmiftzG J @0ifrsm;rSm -

(1) OD;atmifa&$ - OuUX(2) ol&OD;wifOD; - 'kwd, OuUX(3) a':atmifqef;pk=unf - taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;(4) OD;vGif - twGif;a&;rSL;(5) OD;0if;wif - tzG J @0if(6) OD;cifarmifaqG - tzG J @0if(7) OD;oef;xGef; - tzG J @0if(8) OD;pd k;jrif h - tzG J @0if(9) OD;vSaz - tzG J @0if

(10)OD;vGef;wif - tzG J @0if(11)OD;nGef @a0 - tzG J @0if(12)a'gufwmoef;jidrf; - tzG J @0if(13)OD;tkef;}udKif - tzG J @0if













oef;0 if;vI d if64

(14)OD;0if;jrif h - tzG J @0if(15)OD;xGef;xGef;[def - tzG J @0if

(16)a'gufwm0if;Ed kif - tzG J @0if(17)OD;Om%f0if; - tzG J @0if(18)OD;[Homjrif h - tzG J @0if(19)OD;odef;nGef @ - tzG J @0if(20)a'gufwmar0if;jrif h - tzG J @0if

wd k @ jzpfonf?2010 Edk0ifbm 13 Ù etzppftpk d;&u a':atmifqef;pk=unfuk djrefrmpHawmfcsdef nae 5 em&D 15 rdepfwGif aetdrftus,fcsKyfrS jyefvnfv$wfay;cJ honf? xd k @aemuf a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf rdepfydkif;twGif;rSmyif ol @jcHa&SŒod k @xGufI vlxkud k rdef @cGef;wd kajym=um;cJ honf?

Edk0ifbm 14 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf aetdrftus,fcsKyfrS

vGwfajrmufvmjyD;aemuf A[ef;+rdKŒe,fa&$*H kwd kifvrf;&S d trsKd;om;'Drd kua&pDtzG J @csKyf±H k;a&SŒY ae@v,f12 em&DwGifvlxktm; E_wfcGef;qufrdef @cGef; ajym=um;cJ honf?

Edk0ifbm 23 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unfaetdrftus,fcsKyfrS vGwfajrmufcJ hjyD;aemuf om;i,fuifrfac: ud kxdefvif;onf jynf0ifcGif hADZm&&S dojzif h jrefrmEd kifiHod k @ vma&mufjyD; rdcifjzpfoltm; awG @qH konf?

Ed0ifbm 26 Ù vGwfvyfonf htm&StoH (RFA) rS pDpOfwifqufonf h vlxkESih fa':atmifqef;pk=unftar;tajzu¾Y te,fe,f t&yf&yfy&dwfowfrsm;. ar;jref;csufrsm;ud k a':atmifqef;pk=unfonfyxrqHk;t}udrfajz=um;cJhonf?

'DZifbm 28 Ù vlxkacgif;aqmifa':atmifqef;pk=unfonf vl

i,frsm;tm; tzG J @csKyf±H k;Y awG @qH kaqG;aEG;I =o0g'pum;ajym=um;onf?2011 arv 12 Ù ukvor*~taxGaxGtwGif;a&;rSL;csKyf. txl;t=uHay;yk*~ dKvf ADa*s;erfAD;,m;onf ‚if;. jrefrmEd kifiHc&D;pOftwGif; a': atmifqef;pk=unfESif h awG @qH kaqG;aEG;cJ honf?












ar 19 Ù tar&duefjynfaxmifpk ta&SŒtm&SESif h ypdzdwfa&;&m'kwd,vufaxmufEd kifiHjcm;a&;0ef}uD;*sKd;Zuf,Gef;onf jrefrmEd kifiHc&D;

pOftwGif; a':atmifqef;pk=unfESif h olr.aetdrfY oGm;a&mufawG @qH kaqG;aEG;cJ honf?

ZGefv 10 rS 19 Ù jrefrmEd kifiHtrsKd;orD;rsm;ae@ (a':atmifqef;pk=unfarG;ae@) txdrf;trSwf±d k;&m,Ofaus;r_ *DwyG Jawmfud k tzG J @csKyf±H k;Ypnfum;pGmjyKvkyfcJ honf?

ZGefv 19 Ù jynfwGif;jynfy+rdKŒ}uD;rsm;Y a':atmifqef;pk=unf.66 ESpfajrmufarG;ae@txdrf;trSwfyG Jrsm;ud k pnfum;od kuf+rdKufpGm usif;ycJ honf?

ZGef 21 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; EU Oa&myor*~OuUXESif hEd kifiHjcm;a&;&mESif h vH kjcHKa&;&mt}uD;tuJ. t=uHay;yk*~ dKvf rpPwma&mbwful;yg;ESif h tD;,lud k,fpm;vS,f (11) OD;wd k @u ‚if;.aetdrfod k @ oGm;

a&mufawG @qH kaqG;aEG;cJ honf?ZGef 23 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unftm; tdEN d,Ed kifiHjcm;a&; 'kwd,

0ef}uD; Ms. Narupama Rao u ol.aetdrfod k @ oGm;a&mufawG @qH kaqG;aEG;cJ honf?

Zvifv 4 r 7 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unfonf jrefrmEd kifiHodk @ a&muf&S daeaom om;i,fud kxdefvif;ESif htwl (4) &uf=um yk*Hzk&m;zl; oGm;a&mufcJ honf?

Zlvi 19 Ù (64) }udrfajrmuftmZmenfae@tcrf;tem;od k @ a': atmifqef;pk=unfESif h tzG J @csKyftzG J @0ifrsm;wufa&mufI tmZmenf}uD;rsm;ud k vGrf;ol @yef;acGcs tav;jyKcJ honf?

Zlvi 25 Ù a':atmifqef;pk=unfESif h jynfaxmifpk0ef}uD; OD;

atmif=unfwd k @onf ae@v,fwem&DwGif wuUod kvf&dyfomvrf; pdef;vJ huefom tpd k;&{nf ha*[mY 1 em&DESif h 15 rdepf=um awG @qH kaqG;aEG;cJ hjyD;jynfwGif;jynfyowif;axmuf 80 ausmf.ar;jref;csufrsm;ud k jyefvnfajz=um;oGm;cJ honf?











oef;0 if;vI d if66

tcef; (14)a':atmifqef;pkMunf bG JU uAsmrsm;

vlom;wd kif;onf pnf;pdrfcsrf;omud k tvk d&S d.? qif;&J'kuQrS uif;a0;vd k.? csD;rGrf;ajr‡mufyif hr_ud kcH,lvd k.? uJ h&J h±_wfcsjcif;cH&jcif;rS vGwfuif;vd k.? olwpfxl;tusKd;xuf rdrdtusKd;uk dom yd krd kIvd kvm;ayonf? TonfrSm omrefvlom;wk dif;wGif&S dwwfaom oabmxm;yif jzpfonf?

omrefvltqif hrSausmfvGefI pnf;pdrfcsrf;omud k rrufarmol/ qif;&J'kuQud k rr_ol/ ajr‡mufIvnf;rajrmuf/ ajcmufIvnf;ra=umufol/ud k,fusKd;ud kpGef @I trsm;tusKd;twGuf rdrd,H k=unfcsufud k &if0,fyd kufI

owœ d&S d&S daqmif&Gufaeaom t=uifyk*~ dKvfwd k @onf TavmuY wu,f&S donfqd ktH h? pHwifxd kufol/ armfuGef;wifxd kufoljzpfonf? Tod k @ trsm;. =unfndKav;pm;xd kufaomyk*~ dKvfrsm;wGif a':atmifqef;pk=unfonfvnf; wpfOD;tygt0ifjzpfonf? xd k @a=umif h a':atmifqef;pk=unfud k txÎ KywW da&;olrsm;ua&;=uonf? aqmif;yg;a&;olrsm;u a&;=uonf? Zmwfvrf;qifum ol @b0wpfpdwfwpfyd kif;ud k AD'D,d krSwfwrf; ±d kuf

olu±k dufI ±kyf&Sif±k dufolu ±k duf=uonf? xd kenf;wlpGm uAsmq&mrsm;uvnf; uAsma&;pyfI rSwfwrf;wifcJ h=uonf?

Tod k @ a':atmifqef;pk=unf tm;a&;pyfcJ haom a':atmifqef;pk=unfbG J @uAsmrsm;ud k vufvSrf;rDa&GŒpkpnf;azmfjyvd kufygonf?











arG;aeYqk rGef=unf&$ifapaom/ rmapaom[karG;aomae@rSm/ wd k@oligonfarwœ m=unfvif/ &$if&$ifyd k @?a'gif;ysKdtd k;a0 wGefapzd k @jrwfqkrGefaumif; awmif;=upd k @? ?

rif;ok0Pf

arG;aeYo0Pfwd kif;usKd;jynfjyK ud k,fpm;jyK&Sifr_ dif;ocifrSef;

atmif;qef;pk=unfpk{u&Dtm;arG;zGm;&ufwGifusef;rmygapcsrf;om;ygapqkoGifoGifavmif;vd kufygonf?

'*kefwm&m

rD;vQH xJ uMum&J - ZG J - Om%f - pnf; - wm

ra=umufw&m;aw;uAsmrD;v#HxJu=um? ?

OD;0if;wif










oef;0 if;vI d if68

&Jqdkwm ] &J&if hjcif;?ZG Jqd kwm ] pG JjrJjcif;?

Om%fqdkwm ] Om%fynm}uD;rmjcif;?pnf;qd kwm ] pnf;urf;&S djcif;?wmqdkwm ] wm0efodjcif;/ wm0ef,ljcif;/ wm0efcHjcif;?

66 'grSr[k wf 'D rd kua&pDtvif;yGih fxJu r[mtmZmenf

“'Drd kua&pDpepfud k yH kazmf&mYwOD;wa,mufxJvkyfaqmifvd k @r&ed kifygbl;?vkyfom;jynfoltm;vH k; yl;aygif;vkyfud kifaqmif&GufrSom &&S ded kifrSmjzpfygw,f”

a':atmifqef;pkMunf

66 ²²² wJ htarSmifacwftd k}uD;xJuawmufywJhtvif;ouU&mZfa&$a&mifawGeJ @ 0if;xdefaojcif;rJ htvif;tdrfay:uaw;ig ²²² a[m'Dreufcif;opfxJrSmarG;vd k @ ²²²

66 ²²²wJ h'Drd kua&pDopftem*wfac:oH'Drdk ²²² qd kwm ²²² jynfolua&pD ²²² qd kwm ²²² tm%m

'Drd k ²²² qd kwm ²²² vlxkua&pD ²²² qd kwm ²²² tcGif hta&;vlxktm%m vlxktcGif hta&;vlxkud kjyefay;











igwd k @ r[mjynfolawGud kigwd k @ r[mjynfolawGyd kifwJ h

igwd k @yd kifwJ h igwd k @'Drd kua&pDud kig ²²² r[mjynfolawGud kjyefay;ESvH k;aoG;xJu igwd k @r[mjynfolw&yfvH k;&JŒr[m'Drd kua&pDwd kufyJ G=unf hprf; ²²² aumif;uif}uD;uG Jrwwf yGufyGufnHvd k @ ²²²

66 ²²² wJ ha&'D,d ktoHvd _if;xJrSm ,H k=unfyGif hawGv_ dif;xvlxkaA'&eH @opfawGeJ @ ar$;a0aewJ htar&JŒ 'Drd kua&pDac:oH tvif;aw;uord kif;trSefw&m;xJrSm

[öopP HawGeJ @ xm0&ysHoef;'g ²²² igwd k @cspfwJ h ighr[mEd kifiHawmf&JŒ tvif;wHcg;aygh²²

66 ²²² wJ hESif;qD±d kif;opfawG yGif ha0v_ dif;xtm%awmfvSefwJ hacwf+ydKifxJu r[maEGOD;ZGef 19 &JŒ ,H k=unfcsufrd k;yGif hOD;ud k cl;qGwfzd k @0dnmOftvif;vrf;ud kazmufud k,fusKd;pGef @pdwfeJ @ tem*wftdyfrufud kwl;azmfoHr%da&mifawmufaewJ h ±d k;r}uD;awGu,H k=unfyGif htvHud k &ifuG Jrwwfv$if hxlvd k @ ²²²

66 ²²²wJ hurB mxJu r[mtvif;oauFwESvH k;om;r[m 'Drd kua&pDtvif;wd kufud kzGif hjy










oef;0 if;vI d if70

nom;tarSmiftdkqk d;}uD;xJuEkysKdpdrf;vef;vmr,f h reufcif;ppfppfud kar#mf

'Drd kua&pDtvif;wd kufyG Jac:oH tawmif,SufvGwfajrmufa&;wk dufyG JtwGuf,H k=unfcsuftoufeJ @ZGJcwfp=u0ÏmurB mxJrSm &J&Jrufvd k @ ²²²

66 ²²² wJ htmZmenfr[mol&Jaumif;wd k @vrf;,H k=unfr_touf0dnmOfeJ @ jzwfoef;r[mjynfolawGvmaomvrf;rSmESvHk;om;udkcif;=unf hprf; ²²² 'Drd kua&pDyef;awGu

vif;xdef0if;vufaumif;uifopf}uD;ay:wufvd k@ ²²²

66 ²²² wJ hoHr%d,H k=unfcsuf[mvGwfajrmufa&;wd kufyG JtwGuf ²²² "g;acwfqd k;acwfysuf}uD;&JŒ tarSmiftd kxJrSm&J&JyGif hjyL 'Drk dua&pDacwfOD;tvHrSmESvHk;om;eJ @ v$if hxljynfolawGtwGuf xm0&,H k=unfcsufeJ @jidrf;csrf;a&;csKd;jzLiSufuav;ysHoef;zd k @A[k0g'opf&JŒ tvif;+rdKŒud kwnfvmjyD; ²²²

66 ²²² wJ htwkrJ hr[mtmZmenfocifatmifqef;&JŒvGwfvyfa&;wdkufyG JrSonf











ck ²²² acwf+ydKifxJu r[m'Drd kua&pDopfwd kufyG J&JŒr[mtmZmenf

igwd k@r[mjynfolawGcspfwJ hatmifqef;pk=unfurB mwnfrnf h tvif;vrf;ud kazgufa[m ²²² 66 ²²²wJ h jyuQ'defxJu tvif;ouU&mZftarh&iftH kajroif;cJxJu zGm;jrifvmawmhr,f

r[m'Drd kua&pDtvif;vrf;ud kazgufwd k @acwfud ka&muf&rnfrSmrvG Jygwd k @Arm r[moDcsif;xJu r[muAsmpmom;r[m'Drdkua&pDtvif;vrf;ay:rSm=unf h=uprf;a[hr[m'Drk dua&pDyef;opfawG

a0vd k @ ²²²? ?

armifaEGxuf

jynfol ud kcspfaom …jynfolucspfaom …oltJ'Drsuf0ef;&JŒEl;nH hjywfom;aom t=unf hawGatmufrSmpd k;&G HŒtm;i,fpdwfawG ajyavsmhuG,faysufoGm;tJ'DE_wfcrf;u0H hpm;csKdjrdefaomtjyHK;awGzl;tyGif hrSmar#mfvif hcsuftaoawG jyef&Sifoefvef;pGif hvm ²²²

tJ'DESvH k;om;uajyjypfnifomaom &ifckefoHpnf;csufrStoG,foG,faomvm;&mawGaygif;qHka&SŒquf=u²²ol @rsuf0ef;awGu igwd k @twGuf pGrf;tm;










oef;0 if;vI d if72

ol @E_wfcrf;u igwd k@vd ktyfwJ htvif;a&mifol @ESvH k;om;u igwd k @azG&SmaewJ htvSw&m;

ol[m ²²² ydwfxm;cH&wJ h wHcg;txyfxyfud k&ifeJ @&if;jyD; wd k;zGif hwd k;xGufolol[m ²²² &J&if hjcif;jy,k*fud k xkqpfzefqif;pdwf0dnmOfawGud k a=umuf&G HŒjcif;rS vGwfuif;apolol[m ²²²arwœ mvufeufud k tjyHK;rysufud kifpG J

trkef;wHwm;awGud k jidrf;csrf;jcif;ESif h +ydKvJapolol ²²²tbd k;tbGm;wd k @&JŒ ²²² orD;pkOD;OD;a':a':wd k @&JŒ ²²² rpkarmifwd k @r,fwd k @&JŒ ²²² tefwDpkom;wd k @orD;wd k @&JŒ ²²² tarpk

wd kif;jynfeJ @vlrsKd;&JŒ ²²² atmifqef;pk=unfol[m ²²² rdom;pkwd kif;&JŒ rdom;pk0iftay;t,lrJ h jrwfEd k;cspfcifjcif;awGeJ @tjyeftvSefarwœ mouf0ifcJh=u ²²²jynfolud kcspfaom ²²² jynfolucspfaomol @ud kjynfolvlxk&JŒ ESvH k;om;awGxJuaeb,fvk drS z,fxkwfvd k @r&aybl;? ?

aebkef;vwf

u½k PmtarolronfAd kvfcsKyf.orD;











wd kif;jynf. rD;±_;wefaqmif'Drd kua&pD. tvSzk&m;

vGwfvyfjcif;. zD;epfiSuf±d k;om;jcif;. oHwrefnDnGwfjcif;. rsKd;aphcsol

tar

olronfppftm%m}uD;pd k;a&;ud kwGef;vSefjynfoltm;vH k;. tonf;ESvH k;n‡ dK;csKH;csdeJ @aewJ h trdjynfpD;yGm;a&;ud kxm0pOfawG;tav;ay;olwd kif;&if;om;tm;vH k;. rdcif

trsKd;om;&if=um;apha&;xm0pOfawG; tav;ay;ol

tdkararwd kif;jynfwd k;wuf/ ud k,fusKd;rzufrsKd;jrwfZmenf/ Zmr%Drd k @xm0pOftjyHK;jynf&Gmuxm0pOfESvH k;=unfomap? ?

jra'gif;EG,f

armifacG;zdk YuAsmajcvufrJhayr,fhypfcsif&mud kypfvd kufwJ hypfwd kif;axmifw,fuG J @? ?










oef;0 if;vI d if74

armifoif;cd kif

rsk d;qufZmwdaoG;Ad kvfrif;a&mifaoG;atmifqef;aoG;wd k @pka0;cJ h&mighcE<"monf ighwd kif;jynfESif highjynfolwGufjzpf&rnf? ?

armifMuL;&if h

2010 Ed k 0ifbm 13tara& ²²²ae&mifr0if va&mifrvif;

arSmifrd kuftcef;usOf;av;&JŒt=um;tarhowif;rsm; 0ifa&mufvmawmhusaemfav ²²²rsuf&nfrsm;awmif0Jrdyg&JŒ? ?

rJarSmifr_efukyfvd k@aewJ htvsm;&Snf&Snf teHarsmarsmausmwcif;pm ae&muav;rSmusaemf[m'Dae@ud kapmif har#mfwrf;waecJhwmyg? ?

ae&mifjcnfud kr& vtvif;urjzmusaemfr±_±_ duf&vJ&S dygap ²²²jynfolawGtwGuf tvif;a&mifjynfolawGtwGuf rD;±_;wefaqmif











[d k; tarSmifwd kufawGud kqkwfjzJvd k @xGef;yaevd kufyH krsm;

usaemf htcef;av;xJ=um;jzmvif;oGm;avovm; ²²² ? ?

aZ,smaomf

(aumhaomif;tusOf;axmifwGif;ü a&;zG JUygonf?)

arG;aeYord kif;arG;ae@wd kif;rSmtrSwfw&mawG&Sdw,ftrSwfw&mwd kif;rSm'%f&mawG&S dw,f

'%f&mwd kif;rSmord kif;&S dw,f? ?

opfjidrf;

wd k Y Ad kvfcsKyf&J U orD;usKyfwd k @jynfoltusk d;a&SŒwef;wifxrf;yd k;ayr,f hjynfolawG&JŒ ±_rnD;wJ husKyfwd k @Ad kvfcsKyf&JŒorD;?

jidrf;csrf;cspf=unfolrxlaxmifrnfhjynfigwd k @awG ra&mufa&mufatmif csDwufrnf?cspf=unfjidrf;csrf;










oef;0 if;vI d if76

olr wnfaqmufrnh fvrf;igwd k @awG ra&mufa&mufatmifvSrf;? ?

ausmf&ifarmif (a&OD;)

tarhaus;Zl;uGef,ufavvm; ²²²

uGif;qufavvm; ²²²'Da&tvm; jznf;jznf;wufoGm;?

pnf;vH k;r_tm; nDnGwfr_tm;vufcsif;wG Jxm; cd kifjrJr_tm;aoG;ruG JwJ h 'd k @jynfaxmifpktm;

tjyma&mifEkEk jidrf;csrf;r_tm;&mZ0ifwGifr,f h *Eœ 0ifyef;csDum;tjzLay:tjymEk ‘tarpk’ qG JwJ h arSmif0iftEkynmum;‘om;qufjyD;qG J’ wJ h vufqif hurf;ay;r_vm;om;qufjyD; rqG J&ufbl;tartarh&JŒvuf&m om;rzsuf0H hbl;tartarh&JŒcHpm;r_ om;rarS;rS defapcsifbl; tartarh&JŒwifjyr_ om;tusnf;wefatmif rvkyfyg&apeJ @ tartarhxuf om; wpfvr}uD;0H hygtarom;tmacgif vS Hrpl;0H hyg tarom; t&Sifvwfvwf r[majr}uD;xJ rqif;0H hygtar?

tar[m ²²² taryg tar&,f?tarhaemufrSm om;wd k @&S dw,f?tarhab;rSm om;wd k @aer,f?











tarhajcvSrf;aemufud k om;wd k @xyf=uyfruGmvd kufr,f?tararm&if om;wd k @wGJac:ay;r,f

tarqm&if om;wd k @cl;cyfau|;r,ftar ²²² av#mufvSrf;aewJ hjidrf;csrf;r_ud k om;wd k @0d kif;&Hay;r,ftar ²²² ,ufaewJrsKd;qufopfuGef,ufud kom;wd k @csnfaESmifay;r,fom;wd k @tarhud k 'Dvd kyJ aus;Zl;qyfcGif hjyKyg tar

uJ a[h tarhom;awGnDapaemf ²²² nDapvufcsif;wG Jxm; r[mtiftm;pdwfcsif;qufxm; r[mtiftm;&JaoG;eDxm; r[mtiftm;

tarhaus;Zl;ud k qyf=uygpd k @vm;?

ausmfol

jrwf rdcifa'gif;tarSmifroef;/ta&mifrEGrf;ygwJ h/atmifqef;a[h pk=unf?

jrefjynfxk&JŒtefwDpk Zmenf?

auG @rajy;ygbl;/zathaoG;[m eDeD&Jygvd k @/jynf hta&;rSm nDnDZG JeJ @/










oef;0 if;vI d if78

wnf=unfqJa[h bmrxD/Armjynf&JŒacgif;aqmifaumif;?

wu,f,kwfrm jydwœmrsm;&,fu/tus,fcsKyfrSm ydwfumxm;±H kru/rdp> mw&m; tarSmifOm%fqif hvd k @/axmif'%fESif hyif xyfzdcsifvnf;/

Aswd œ OmOf rajymif;ygbl;/owœ dtpOf aumif;ygbd/jrwfrdcifa'gif;?

a'gif;Munfpif

rdcif rkqd k;r

vifa,muf sm;ud k oHa,mZOfrxm;trSefw&m;ud k tm;ud k;&Smol

om;orD;awGeJ @ rywfouftem*wfeJ @ qufqHcsifol

ajr;uav;awGud k awG @csifpdwfxdef;jidrf;csrf;a&;ud k ar#mfvif haeol? ?

Munfarmifoef;

qHk rS wftaraeaumif;yg&JŒvm; tarjcHeHygwf 54 ud k











tarhvufeJ @ ud k,fwk difzGih fr,h fwae@ud kwuUod kvf&dyfomu opPmawmfrysuf

apmif haeqJyg tar ²²² ?

&Sdygw,ftaru|efawmfholi,fcsif;awGvnf; &S dygao;w,folwd k @vnf; aeaumif;=uyg&J h

wcsKdŒuawmhEd kifiHom;ajymif;vJcH,l&if;jrefrmjynfud k cspfae=uwkef;yJ tarZmwdajrud k tvnftywfjyefwd kif;‘t&iftwd kif;yJaemf’ vd k @0wfauswef;ausE_wfquf

aps;0,frysuf=uygbl;wcsKdŒuawmh'kuQonfa,mifaqmif&if;(olwd k @ta&;twGuf) 'd k @ta&; 'd k @ta&;eJ @e,l;a,mufuaetarhvGwfajrmufa&; }udK;yrf;ae=uowJ h ²²²?

tarhygwDvnf; &Sdygao;w,f tarwcsKdŒu rJqG,fwkef;rSm wcsKdŒu rJray;zd k @ajymygwDzsufodrf;cd kif;umrS arG;ae@yG JvkyfeJ @a=unmcsufrxkwfwmhwmuvG J&if

t&ifvd k crf;crf;em;em;ygyJ tar&efukefuawmh csLcsm&Smw,f tarOD;aESmuf,d kpD;r_ud k ukpm;wkef; attd f kif'DtufpfjzpfrD;pufarmif;oHawG=um;u ‘pcef;c%vd kufcJ hyg’ ac:vd k @ac:










oef;0 if;vI d if80

q,fwef;orm;awGu tES dyfcef;rSmpmusufwcsKdŒu xrif;rcsufEd kifawmh

xrif;&nf0,faomuf&w,f tar ²²² ?

bmyJajymajym tar&efukefrSm ausmfoleJ @ axmifrSL;olwd k @ ESpfOD;avmufawmh

b,folrS tvkyfrrsm;bl;av

tartarr&S dwkef; uG sefawmfwd k @ em*pfud k odoGm;w,fa&$0ga&mif/ tDvufxa&mepfOya'/ e,fjcm;apmif hwyf/a&G;aumufyG J/ aejynfawmf

'gawGeJ @vnf; &if;ES D;oGm;w,ftajymif;tvJawGuawmhtrsm;}uD;ayghtar&,f&efukefrSm arG;cJ hwJ hvlawGuEd kifiHjcm;om;vkyfjyD; jyefvmZmwdud k &G H&Smovd kvd keJ @ jyef=unf hrcsdayr,f h rajymomygbl;taruG sefawmhwd k @u edrh fyg;csdefud k; ²²²

taruG sefawmfwd k @ wd kufyG JrSm

c%c%usqH k;ay;ae&wmujyuQ'defpm&GufawGyg tara[mwpf&Guf a[mwpf&GufeJ @qkwfjzJypfaevd kuf=uwm











tJ'g &uf&mZmawGcsnf;yJqd kwmuG sefawmhwd k @ todaemufusch Jygw,f tar

tarajym=unfhyg&apu|efawmfar#mfvifhaewmuav'Drd kua&pDvnf; [kwfcsifrS[kwfr,fjidrf;csrf;a&;vnf; ygcsifrSygr,f

tpnf;ta0;vnf; wufcsifrSwuf&ygvdrf hr,f tar'gayrJ hEd kifiHom;awG Ed kifiHjcm;om; jzpfp&mrvd kawmhwJ hae@'kuQonfawG 'kuQo,fp&mrvd kawmhwJ hae@ESpfa,muf&S d&if oH k;zG J @ruG JawmhwJ hae@ynmwwf&if xrif;riwfwJ hae@

ta&mifrwlwmud k &efolvd k @ rowfrSwfwJ hae@tJ'Dae@ud kyg tar

u|efawmfvJoGm;&if tarxlay;ygtarhtm;eJ @ raerem;}udK;pm;prf;yghr,fu|efawmfwd k @tm;vH k; &efukefrSm jyefqH k=uzd k @av?

urÇ mpd k;rif;

ol&Jaumif; tmZmenfa':atmifqef;pk=unfwJ h?

oltrnfud k &Gwfqd k=unf h±H kr#eJ @ol @ud k &efjyKvd kolawGud k uwkefu&ifawGjzpfapovd kol @jynfolawGtwGufawmh tm;tifawG opfapolaygh?ol[m










oef;0 if;vI d if82

Ad kvfrif;a&mif&JŒ jrpftrsKd;om;acgif;aqmif

vGwfvyfa&;rD;±S l;wefaqmif&J h orD;tmZmenfrsKd;yDyDrsKd;*k%faqmifonf h trsKd;aumif;orD;aygh?

ykcHk;ay:usvmwJ h0efwm

&J&if hpGmcH,lxrf;rsKd;qufopfawGeJ @ vufurf;rsKd;cspfa[mif;awGeJ @ wJ GtwlawmfvSefa&;c&D;=urf;ud k&J&J}uD;v$if hxlxm;wJ h r[mvlom;wa,mufaygh?rw&m;r_awGud kzDqef

vS HpGyf usnfqH csdef;ajcmufr_'%fawGud k tHwk&J&if hr_eJ @ tm%mzDqef&if;&d k;om;r_eJ @ acgif;aqmif/ Om%fynmeJ @ E_ dif;csif hcd kifusnfr_eJ @ c&D;quf/ jidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf OD;wnfwd k;wufa&;twGuf&nfn$ef;jyD; em,u*k%feJ @xH kr$ef;wJ holjzpfw,f?

tm%m&Siftqufqufuppfwyf}uD;wckvH k; tvJ $oH k;pm;jykacwftysufysufjyKef;vnf; *±krjyKyJtrsKd;rsKd;ES dyfpuf/ t}udrf+udrfvSnf hywftvDvD &ufpuf/ tcgcg owfjzwf

tzefzefxd k;ESuf ord kif;wGifatmif aumufuspf&ufpufjyD;“vrif;ud k acG;a[mifwJ hZmwf”ud k ucJ hayr,f holuawmhywœ jrm;pdefausmufvd k &J&JawmufcJ holjzpfw,f?











j idrf;csrf;a&; tvHwvlvljr‡if hjyD;urB mhtjyifzufxdawmif v$if hxlcJ holjzpfw,f?

ol @ord kif; arS;rS defjyD;ol @b0 ao;odrfatmiftm%m&Sif Om%fwdrfwdrfeJ @avSmiftdrfpH tusOf;cs

aoa=umif;=uH ao;odrf=uayr,fhol @*k%f ol@owœ d ol @ord kif; ol @tpGrf;uawmhvSnf;aeavSatmif;ru urB mt&yf&yfxd ysHŒES H @vsufygyJ?

ol[mjrefrmtm;vH k;ud k,fpm;jyK

trsKd;orD;rsm;tm;vH k;ud k f,fpm;jyK tzdESdyfcHtm;vH k;ud k,fpm;jyK vlom;tm;vH k;udk,fpm;jyK jidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf ud k,fpm;jyKoltjzpfurB mw0Srf;u av;pm;or_eJ @ cspf=uw,f?

olr[m&J&JeDpGif h ESif;qDyef;wyGif hjzpfovd kjidrf;csrf;a&;twGuf csKd;iSufvnf;jzpfw,f?

pdrf;vef;ar$;v$wJ h a&=unfcsrf;jr vnf;jzpfovd k

+ydK;jyuf&if h&if h jynfwef pdefwyGif hvnf;jzpfw,f?

vlom;tm;vH k;&JŒpHjyjyK ouf&S d±kyfxkvnf;jzpfovd kowœ d&JŒ ud k,fyGm;wck vlom;tusKd;jyKolvnf;jzpfw,f?











oef;0 if;vI d if84

arwœ m&JŒ jy,k*ftjzpf vlxk&JŒ tarGwck jzpfovd kawmfvSefjcif;&JŒ"g;wvuf

avmu&JŒ tm;aq;wcGufvnf;jzpfw,f?

ol[m wd k @tm;vH k;&JŒ rdcif/ avmuud k tvSqifolvnf;jzpfw,f?ol[m tmZmenfwOD;vnf; jzpfovd kol&Jaumif;wOD;vnf; jzpfw,f?

ol[m tmZmenfwOD;vnf;jzpfovd kol&Jaumif;wOD;vnf;jzpfw,f?

ol&defxuf

5²8²2011

ÙÙÙ











Daw Aung San Suu Kyi’s

International Awards, Honors & Appointments

( 1 9 9 0 - 2 0 1 0 )

1. Honorary Fellow St. Hugh’s College (Oxford, UK) 1990

2. Thorolf Rafto Human Rights (Norway) 1990

3. Sakharov Freedom of Thought (European Parliamnet) 1991

4. Noble Peace Oslo, Norway 1991

5. Honorary Member International EN (Norwegian Center) 1991

6. Humanities Human Rights Award (USA) 1991

7. Honorary Member International PEN (Candian Center) 1991

8. Marisa Bellisario Price Italy 19929. Annual Award of the International Human Rights Law Group

(USA) 1992

10. Honorary President Students’ Union London School of Economics

and Political Science (UK) 1992

11. Honorary Member International PEN (English Center) 1992

12. Honorary Life Member University of London Union (UK) 1992

13. Honorary Professional Fellowship Law and Society Trust (Sri

Lanka) 1992

14. Honorary Doctorate in Political Science Thammasat University

(Thailand) 1992










oef;0 if;vI d if86

15. International Simon Bolivar prize UNESCO 1992

16. Prix Litteraire des Droits de I’Homme Nouveaux Droits de

I’Homme, France 199217. Honorary Member World Commission on Culture and

Development (UNESCO) 1992

18. Member Academie Universelle des Cultures (Paris) 1993

19. Rose Prize arbejderbevaegelsens International Forum/

International Forum of the Danish Labour Movement,

Copehagen 1993

20. Victor Jara International Human Rights Center for Human Rights

and Constitutional Law, Los Angeles, USA 1993

21. Member of the Advisory Board Francois-Xavier Bagnoud Center

for Health and Human Rights, Harvard University 1993

22. Honorary Doctorate of Law University of Toronto (Canada) 1993

23. The Freedom of the City Commune of Giugliano, Italy 1993

24. Bremen Solidarity City of Bremen, Germany 1993

25. Premio Mujer Progresista (Federacion Mujeres Progresistas /

Spanish Federation of Progressive Women, Madrid) 1993

26. Honorary Doctorate Philosophy & Letters, Free University of

Brussels 1994

27. Honorary Adviser Forum of Democratic Leaders in the Asia-

Pacific 1994

28. The Freedom of the City Aversa, Italy 1995

29. Liberal International Prize for Freedom Britain’s Liberal

Democracy Party, UK 1995

30. Honorary Doctorate of Laws Queen’s University, Canada 1995

31. Jawaharlal Nehru Award for International Understanding (for

1993) India 1995

32. Gandhi Award Simon Fraser University, Canada 1995

33. Honorary Doctorate of Civil Law University of Oxford 1995

34. IRC Freedom Award International Rescue Committee 1995

35. Companion of the Order of Australia 1996











36. Liberal International Prize (UK) 1996

37. Asia Human Rights of Law (Japan) 1996

38. W. Averell Harrimen Democracy Award National DemocraticInstitute U.S.A 1996

39. Rajiv Shmirti Parashka [ Rajiv Gandhi Memorial Award] India

1996

40. Empty Chair Award Women of the Year Lunch, London, UK

1996

41. Honorary Doctorate of Law Charles University in Prague, Czech

Republic 1997

42. Honorary Doctorate of Letters Sydney University of Technology,

Australia 1997

43. Honorary Doctorate of Letters California Chapman University,

U.S.A 1997

44. Honorary Doctorate of Law Natal University, South Africa 1997

45. Honorary Doctorate of Law America University, Washington

D.C, U.S.A 1997

46. Distinguished Alumni Award Central University/ Delhi University

1997

47. Honorary Citizenship of Rome (Italy) (May 23, 1997)

48. Honorary Doctorate of Letters Glasgow University (UK) 1997

49. Pearl S. Buck Woman’s Award Pearl S. Buck Foundation (USA)

1997

50. International Award St. Angela’s Peace and Justice Group,

Waterford (Eire) 1997

51. Profiles in Courage Award Kennedy Society of Denmark 1997

52. Honorary Doctorate Cambridge University (June 1998) 1998

53. Freedom of the City (Oxford, UK) 1998

54. Honorary Doctorate of Laws University of Wales, Cardiff 1998

55. Honorary Doctorate of Laws University of Bristol (UK) 1998

56. Honorary Doctorate of Laws University of Melbourne (Australia)

1998










oef;0 if;vI d if88

57. Honorary degree Universite’ catholique de Louvain, Belgium –

December 1998

58. Honorary Degree University of Bath (UK) – December 199859. Honorary Degree Bucknell University – May 1999

60. Freedom Award International Republican Institute, USA

(October 1999) 1999

61. The Freedom of the City of Dublin Award Ireland (November

1999)

62. 2000 CAW Nelson Mandela Human Rights Award Canada

(December 2000) 2000

63. Presidential Medal of Freedom Award U.S.A (December 2000)

2000

64. Collage United Nations Prize 2001 Germany (June 2001) 2001

65. International Social Welfare Prize University of Southern

California School of Social Work (December 8) 2001

66. AI Neuharth Free Spirit Award U.S Foundation, Washington,

USA 2003

67. MTV Humanitarian Award, “Free Your Mind” MTV Europe,

EDINBURGH,UK 2003

68. The 2004 TIME 100, The most influential people in the world

today TIME Magazine 2004

69. Kwangju Human Rights Award May 18 Memory Foundation

from South Korea 2004

70. TIME’s Asia’s Hero 2004 TIME MAGAZINE 2004

71. The Honorary Citizen of Paris France 10/ 12/ 2004

72. Honorary Doctorate in Politics, Philosophy and Economics

Rangsit University, Thailand 13/ 12/ 2004

73. Outstanding Women in Buddhism United Nations Gender and

Religious Department 8/ 03/ 2005

74. Honorary Degree in Political Science Thammasat University,

Thailand 19/ 06/ 2005

75. Freedom of the City Award The City Council of Edinburgh,












Scotland 16/ 06/ 2005

76. Freedom of Galway City Galway city, Ireland June 2005

77. UNISON Honorary Membership UNISON, Britain’s largest tradeunion, June 2005

78. Olof Palme Prize Sweden, February 2006

79. Freedom Award Franklin and Eleanor Roosevelt Institute, USA

March 2006

80. New Statesmen Magazine Hero New Statesmen Magazine, May

2006

81. Netaji Subhas Chandra Bose International Deshprem Award,

India 2007, March 2007

82. An honorary doctorate (LLD) honoris causa Award from

University of Cape Town, South Africa, December 2007

83. Freedom of Glasgow (the freedom of Scotland’s largest city)

2007

84. Rome for Peace and Humanitarian Action 2007

85. Special Award for Lifetime Achievement in Politics 2007

86. “Abogados de Atocha” international prize from Spain, 22 January

2008

87. Congressional Gold Medal, United States of America, 24 April,

2008

88. Honorary Canadian Citizenship, May 6, 2008

89. The Freedom of the City, June 10, 2008

90. Catalonia International Prize 2008, MOTHERS OF COURAGE

(shard with Dr. Cynthia Maung), November, 2008

91. Honorary Member of the Club of Madrid, November 20, 2008

92. Honorary Council Member, December 20, 2008

93. Trumpet of Conscience Award, January 19, 2009

94. Freedom of the City of Glasgow, March 4, 2009

95. Mahatma Gandhi International Award for Peace and

Reconciliation – MAGI Award, May 22, 2009

96. Democracy and Peace Award of Japanese Diet Member’s League










oef;0 if;vI d if90

Japanese Diet Members’ League in support of Democracy in

Myanmar, Tokyo, Japan (2009, June 19)

97. The Honorary Doctor of Laws (LLD) at Derry’s Millennium Forum,the University of Ulster in Derry, Ireland, UK on Tuesday, July

7, 2009. (2009, June 24)

98. The Ambassador of Conscience Award the recipient of Amnesty

International’s highest honorary (Irish band U2 is publicly

announcing Aung San Suu Kyi’s award Monday night at a

Dublin concert.) (2009, July 27)

99. Benazir Bhutto Shaheed Award for Democracy instituted. The

Pakistan People’s Party, Islamabad, Pakistan. (2010, June 21)

100. Honorary Individual Membership. Council of Asian Liberals

and Democrats (CALD) (2010, June 29)

101. Queen of Myanmar’s Democracy and Human Rights. Manav

Ekta Parishad, India (2010, November 25)

ÙÙÙ












trnf&if;OD;oef;0if;jzpfonf? 1958 ck/ Zlvd kifv 22 &ufae@wGif&efukef+rdKŒ/ A[ef;+rdKŒe,fY trda':wifat; (uG,fvGef)/ tzOD;pdefxGef;(aA'ifvuQ%mq&m) wd k @rS zGm;jrifonf h wOD;wnf;aomom;jzpfonf?i,fpOfu pmayESif hyef;csD0goemxH kI ausmif;eH&Huyfpmapmifwd k @wGifaqmif;yg;rsm;a&;om;I yef;csDo±kyfazmfyH krsm; a&;qG JcJ honf? ausmif;yef;csD+ydKifyG JY qkt}udrf}udrf&&S dcJ honf? ausmif;aepOfuyif ausmif;pm

=unf hwd kufrSL;tjzpf t}udrf}udrfaqmif&GufcJ honf?xd k @aemuf 10 wef;atmifjrifjyD;aemuf 1980 jynf hESpfwGif wyfr

awmf (avwyf) od k @ 0ifa&mufI ppfr_xrf;&GufcJ honf? 1977 ckESpf/ Ed k0ifbmvxkwf ‘oifb0’ r*~Zif;yg “tem*wftmumovGef;yH s,mOf”ody` Haqmif;yg;jzif h pmaye,fod k @pwif0ifa&mufcJ honf? 1982 wGif wyfrawmf(avwyf)rS EkwfxGufcJ honf? 1992 ckESpf xkwfa0cJ haom ‘ausmufrsuf&wemvufpG J’ pmtkyfonf yxrqH k;vHk;csif;pmtkyfjzpfjyD; qufvufI ‘aer0ifao;onf hbk&ifrsm;’(y/ 'kwG J)/ ‘vlwd kif;twGuf okwaA'if’/ ‘±kyfwkrSajymaom jrefrmhord kif;0ifyk*~ dKvfxl;rsm;’/ ‘20 &mpk jrefrmhord kif;ud kajymjyaeaomae@&ufrsm;’/ ‘tESpfcsKyfjrefrmhord kif; tbd"mef’ (y/ 'kwG J)/ ‘20 &mpk tausmf=um;qH k; tm&Sacgif;aqmifrsm;’/

‘toH k;cs±lyo#wœ &ynm’/ ‘tausmfaZ,spmqd kawmfrsm;’/ ‘jrefrmh ord kif;Y arhaysmufIr&aom trsKd;om;acgif;aqmif}uD; Ad kvfcsKyfatmifqef;’/‘O=oatmfjrnf ukef;abmifwnf’/ ‘e,fcsJŒqef @usifa&; jidrf;csrf;a&;zcif}uD; rsKd;cspfpmqd kawmf}uD; ocifud k,fawmfrd _if;’/‘eDaygeef;usbk&if’/ ‘'kwd










oef;0 if;vI d if92

,ajrmuf t,fvDZbufbk&ifr’/ ‘*syef{u&mZfbk&if’/ ‘Ed kifiH hOao#mifrif;{u&mZfrsm;’/ ‘Ed kifiHawmfvkyf=uHr_w&m;cH *VKefOD;apm. aemufqH k;

ae@rsm;’ ponfwd k @ a&;om;xkwfa0cJ honf? od k @aomf ‘0ef}uD;csKyfOD;Ekb0ESif h pmayrSwfwrf;’/ ‘wd k @zcif Ad kvfcsKyfatmifqef; bmrSmcJ hovJ’/ ‘olwd k @jrifaom Ad kvfcsKyfatmifqef;’/ ‘±kef;xGufcJ h&aom Armjynf’/ ‘a'gufwmbarmf. Ed kifiHa&;aqmif&Gufcsufrsm;’/ ‘19 &mpk jrefrmhord kif;ud kajymjyaeaomae@&ufrsm;’/ ‘teufazmf&cufaom ae@pOfoH k; jrefrm

a0g[m&rsm;tbd"gef’/ ‘Ad kvfcsKyfatmifqef;. b0ESif h "gwfyH krSwfwrf;’/‘jrefrmhord kif;0ifpmcsKyfpmwrf;rsm;’/ ‘jrefrmhord kif;wauG @rS txifu& Ed kifiHa&;acgif;aqmifrsm;’ ponf hpmtkyfrsm;onf ,ae@wk dif rxkwfa0& ao;ay?

,cifu owp,pH r*~Zif;wGif yifwd kifaqmif;yg;&Siftjzpf 1986rS 1996 ckESpftxd (10) ESpfwd kifwd kifa&;om;cJ honf? xd k @jyif ‘jrefrmhaps;

uGufpD;yGm;a&;*sme, f’ ESih f ‘jr&dyfndK’ *sme,fwd k @wGif yxrqH k; wm0efcHxkwfa0cJ hjyD; ,if;*sme,fY t,f'DwmcsKyftjzpf aqmif&GufcJ honf? oef;0if;v_ difuavmiftrnftjyif ‘ody` Hcspfol’/ ‘a&$ Gjynfatmif’/ ‘pdefv_ difwif’/ ‘ae&JpGrf;’/ ‘jynf[def;atmif’/ ‘oef;a&$Ed kif’ ponf h uavmifuG Jrsm;jzif h ydawmufyGif hopf/ jrefrmopf/ EG,feD/ pHy,fjzL/ cs,f&D/ rkc/ ESvH k;tdrf/ayzl;v$mr*~Zif;rsm;Y a&;om;cJ honf? ,cktcg rd k;rc/ acwf+ydKif/ opPm/rdk;}udK;/ csKd;vif;jym ponf htifwmeufbavmufrsm;Y ord kif;qd kif&maqmif;yg;rsm;ESif h pmayqd kif&maqmif;yg;rsm; a&;om;vsuf&S donf?

2000jynf hESpf/ arvwGif etzppftpd k;&u “±kyfwkrSajymaom jrefrmhord kif;0if yk*~ dKvfxl;rsm;” pmtkyfud kta=umif;jyKI yk'fr 17§20 jzif haxmif'%f 7 ESpfcsrSwfcJ h&m tif;pdef/ om,m0wDaxmifrsm;Y &ufaygif;

2387 &uf (6 ESpf ESif h 8 v) wdwduscHjyD;aemuf 2007 ckESpf/ Zefe0g&Dv3 &ufae@wGif om,m0wDaxmifrS jyefvnfvGwfajrmufvmcJ honf?vGwfajrmufcJ hjyD;aemuf ord kif;qd kif&mpmayrsm;qufvufa&;om;cJ h&mordkif;qdkif&mpmtkyf pkpkaygif; (15) tkyf ydwfyifwm;jrpfjcif;cH&jyD;













etztppftpd k;&u ‚if;tm; jyefvnfzrf;qD;&efpDpOfaeonfud k }u dKwifod&S dcJ hojzif h 2010 jynf hESpf/ Zlvd kifv 6 &ufae@wGif xd kif;Ed kifiHod k @ acwœ

wdrf;a&SmifvmcJ honf? ,cktcg wwd,Ed kifiHY tajccsaexd kif&ef jyifqifvsuf&S d+yD;/ SAW txufwef;ausmif;Y ausmif;q&mtjzpf jrefrmbmomESif h ork dif;bmom&yfrsm;yd k @cs&if; ord kif;qd kif&mpmay jyKpkvsuf&S donf?

ÙÙÙ

qufoG,f&efvdyfpm

Ph :(66) 897 -033 -128Email : [email protected]











Mother of Democracy

Documents

Transcript of Mother of Democracy