Most collide on forward edge Some collide on backside About a million average sized droplets would...
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•Most collide on forward edge•Some collide on backside•About a million average sized droplets would be required to produce a raindrop!
Terminal velocity:Almost 10 m/s for largest raindrops
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Collisions cause coalescence…
but very smalldroplets can avoid impact
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Why can a cumuliform cloud produce heavier precipitation than a stratiform cloud?
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Supercooled water droplets
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Cumulonimbus clouds
Top = ice (fuzzy cloud margins)
Bottom = liquid(sharp margins)
Middle = mix of ice & water
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•Ice forms directly on ice nuclei (from vapour)
•Promote freezing of supercooled droplets(contact nuclei)•Freezing nuclei can cause freezing whenimmersed in a liquid drop•They also promote condensation
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Higher saturation vapour pressure
Ice crystals grow atthe expense of waterdroplets
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The Bergeron Process
Lower SVP Enough water vapour to prevent droplets from evaporating away
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Graupel or snow pellets -supercooled dropletsfreeze on contact withice crystals (riming or accretion)
Snowflakes form through aggregation(ice crystals join,esp. if not too cold)
As ice crystals fall…
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Source: Desert ResearchInstitute, Nevada, USA
Source: North Dakota Cloud Modification Project, USA
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Source: North Dakota Cloud Modification Project, USA
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Rain • Rainshowers • Raindrop shape
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Ice pellet formation
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Freezing Rain
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Rime ice (review)
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Hail Formation
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Hail
Grows by accretion(freezing of supercooledliquid droplets)
Must remain in cloud for 5-10 min
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Munchique National ParkForest Ranger Station, Sector 20 de Julio2150 masl
Rain Gauge
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Aguado: Understanding Weather and Climate, Fifth Edition Copyright
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Aguado: Understanding Weather and Climate, Fifth Edition Copyright
© 2010 Pearson Education, Inc.
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Lake Effect Snow Formation
Insert Fig 7-13
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Seasonal Lake Effect Snow Averages
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Doppler Radar Precipitation Estimates