moses danlami ogah PhD proposal
-
Upload
mosesdogah -
Category
Documents
-
view
121 -
download
1
description
Transcript of moses danlami ogah PhD proposal
CHARACTERIZATION AND GENETIC STUDY OF INDIGENOUS
MUSCOVY DUCK FROM TWO AGRO- ECOLOGICAL ZONES OF
NIGERIA
OGAH.D M ./PhD/1966/06
Major Supervisor: Professor Dr. N. I. Dim
Minor Supervisor 1: Dr M . O Mommoh
CHARACTERIZATION AND GENETIC STUDY OF INDIGENOUS MUSCOVY
DUCK FROM TWO AGRO- ECOLOGICAL ZONES OF NIGERIA
1.0 INTRODUCTION
Poultry production is one area of animal production with significant contribution to human food
production. Consumers have high preference for poultry products. Beside preference; poultry
products provide protein of high biological value (Epstein, 1990).
Nigeria is endowed with many poultry species which are local to the country .These have lived,
adapted and produced for several years in Nigeria environment(Momoh, 2005) .RIM (1992)
estimated poultry population to be about 33 million. With the ever growing population and
concomitant improvement in the living standard of Nigerians ,the demand for egg and other poultry
products will continue to grow thus overstretching the supply from chicken .Therefore,there is need
to explore other poultry species such as the duck to supplement the eggs and other poultry
products obtainable from the chickens. The duck is widely distributed and is prominent in the list of
available poultry species in Nigeria (RIM, 1992)
They are essential part of many human societies around the world. They are reported to be
domesticated as early as 2500 BC (Farrel,1995).Today the domestic duck have come to serve a
variety of roles in modern society as source of food supply (meat and egg ),and in some other
societies as a species that is selectively bred for shows. They have several advantages over
other poultry species .These advantages include their disease tolerance , hardiness , excellent
foraging ability and easy to herd, particularly in wet lands since they tend to flock together
(Farrel,1995).
The population of ducks in Nigeria was put at approximately eleven million(11,000,000) and is
reported to be distributed all over the agro ecological zones of the country (FLDPcs,1992).Domestic
ducks were ranked third among various poultry species in Nigeria (Hassan and Mohammed,
2003). In spite of this positive score, very little attention has been paid to the genetic improvement
of the duck that will lead to increased productivity. There are little or no available information on
the phenotypic and genetic characteristics of Nigerian indigenous Muscovy duck.
In Nigeria, different agro ecological zones exist; and for all species of livestock variations are
reported to exist in both phenotypic and genetic characteristics as a result of adaptations to these
different ecological zones. Numerous comparative studies have provided insight into the ecological
mechanism underlying evolutionary diversification across habitat gradient .This is evident in the
reports of Akinokun (1971), Oluyemi et al (1982),Adedokun and Sonaiya(2001)for poultry;
Adebambo et al. (1998) for cattle,Epstain(1990) and Wilson(1991) for sheep and goat. These
diversities constitute valuable animal genetic resource for use in animal breeding programme for
improvement of the productivity of the animal species, particularly domestic poultry and also in
designing proper conservation strategy
In genetic studies various type of genetic makers are known, they include morphological,
chromosomal, biochemical and molecular makers. Morphological (e.g. pigmentation and other
features) and chromosomal (e.g. structural or numerical variations) makers usually show low level
of polymorphism or differences. Quite a number of techniques are in use in molecular maker
analysis; the most common and cost effective is the Random amplified polymorphic DNA
technique. This technique has been used extensively in molecular characterisation of livestock
population in detecting polymorphism between population and establishing genetic relationship
among them (Ali et al., 2003).
Ecotypes are developed through selection and adaptation and varied from one agro ecological zone
to another due to varied climatic characteristic such as humidity , temperature and
rainfall ,though in some cases some ecotypes may be similar in all traits (Adedokun and
Sonaiya ,2001) Some research findings on ducks Ksiazkiewic (1995) and Farrell(1995) reported
that they are very susceptible to effective inbreeding and genetic drift if kept in a small population
for few generation .This genetic flexibility will suggest that variation can easily be found in
different population at different location .These variation could either be morphological or genetic
or both.
.The genetic improvement of local ducks in Nigeria will first require investigation into their
productivity genetic characteristics and geographical diversity.
1.1 Research Objectives
The overall objectives of this study will be to evaluate the phenotypic and genetic characteristics, as
well as the potential of the local Muscovy ducks to contribute to egg and meat production in
Nigeria. This information will provide a frame work for the development of breeding programmes
for conservation and sustainable use of the Muscovy duck genetic resources in Nigeria.
The specific objectives include
1. To evaluate the morphological/phenotypic characteristics of local Muscovy ducks from two
agro ecological zones of Nigeria (tropical rainforest and guinea savannah )
2. To estimate morphological distance between the two populations
3. To evaluate performance of the ducks from these zones in basic production traits, of growth
(0-to 35 weeks), and egg production.
4. To estimate genetic parameters of growth, egg production and fertility traits of the ducks
from the two ecotypes.
5 To estimate genetic relatedness among the two ecotypes using random molecular techniques
.
2.0 Materials and Methods
Two approaches will be adopted for the research, field measurement or field data collection and
on-station experiment;
2.1.0 Field data collection; Characterization study
A field measurement to characterise indigenous Muscovy ducks will be carried out in two agro
ecological zones.
2.1.2 Study site- The two agro ecological zones will include Rainforest and Guinea savannah
areas.
The rainforest agro ecological zone lies at the southern part of Nigeria and data will be collected
from southern part of Cross River State, Akwa Ibom and Abia states.
Guinea savannah agro ecological zone – The data will be generated from rural areas of Benue,
Nasarawa and Niger states.
2.1.3 Sampling method-participatory rural/visual appraisal and physical measurement will be
adopted. The method will involve taking measurement of body morphology and external egg
traits from the two ecotypes
2.1.4 Traits to be measured –
1 Morphological data
Body weight
Body length
Body width Head length
Beak length Neck length
Beak width
Beak height
Wing length
Shank length
Bird height
2 Egg Characteristics
Egg weight
Egg length
Egg width
Shape index
2.2.0 .Phenotypic evaluation of production traits-On station experiment.
On station experiment to evaluate the phenotypic, production and genetic characteristics of the
indigenous muscovy ducks from the two agro ecological zones , Rainforest and Guinea
savannah will be carried out in the Poultry Unit of College of Agriculture ,Lafia , Nasarawa
state of Nigeria.
2.2 .1 Screening of nondescript population of the Muscovy ducks from each of the agro
ecological zones to form foundation or base population.
Ten adult drakes and seventy ducks (female) will be randomly gathered from rural areas of
Southern Cross River, Akwa Ibom and Abia states to make up the nondescript populations from
the Rainforest, while similar adult male and females will also be gathered from rural areas of
Benue, Nasarawa and Niger states to also form the nondescript population of the birds from
Guinea savannah zone. Only matured adult that have laid and can mount and are physically
Sound will be collected.
2.2.2 Generation of experimental birds from the base population (random bred population)
The non descript population will be assigned into ten replicate pen per ecotype, in a mating ratio
of 1:7 (male /female) randomly and will be fed layers marsh .They will be allowed to lay eggs
and hatched naturally by brooding mothers in batches
The ducklings will be brooded in separate pens for eight weeks.
At ten weeks of age the breeding groups will be selected to form each ecotype, ten males and
seventy females as optimum recommendation by Nickolova (2004) for Muscovy duck.
The ducks will be mated at 28 weeks of age.
2,3.0 Genetic evaluation of the Muscovy ducks (straight bred mating)
Seventy females and ten males foundation stocks of each ecotype obtain from a random bred
Population will be place in a mating ratio of 1:7 (i.e. one male to7female).This is to generate
straight bred from first laying ducks of each ecotype.
The distribution and mating of each ecotype will be at random.
2.3.1 Traits to be measured
The following traits will be measured for the phenotypic and genetic evaluations.
Growth trait
- Body weight –each genetic group will be weighed at 5 weeks interval from hatch to
35weeks of age
- Daily weight gain
- Body weights gain at 5 weeks interval
- Specific growth rate
- Mortality from 0-35 weeks of age.
Egg production traits
- Age at first egg
- Body weight at first egg.
- Percent egg production
- Weight of first egg
- Egg weight at 30, 35,40,45,50, weeks
- Egg mass
- Number of egg laid at 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, week.
- clutch size
- Laying intensity
Fertility and hatchability traits
- Hatchability of fertile egg (%)
-Average duckling weight
2.4.0 Molecular characterization
Protocol/ procedure
-Blood sample of about 500ul will be collected from the brachial vein of 25 individual birds of
either sex from each of the two ecotypes.
-Genomic DNA will be extracted by the use of phenol chloroform extraction method using the
protocol adopted by Hesfer (1997).
-The pellet of DNA will be washed and dried. The concentration of the DNA and its purity
will be determined by spectrophotometer based on the absorbance at 260 and 280nm
respectively.
The purified DNA from individual as well as pooled DNA from each ecotype will be used for
further analysis.
3.0 ANALYSIS OF DATA
3.1 Phenotypic evaluation
For morphological traits, growth, egg production, fertility,, and short and annual term egg
Production, factorial analysis of variance in a complete randomised design using appropriate
factors such as ecotype/genotype, sex, hatch, and interaction will be used .
A generalised linear model (GLM) procedure will be adopted using Statistical
Analysis System (SAS) (1998)
Using the following model
Yijk l=µ+Ei+Sj+Mjk+ (ES) ij +eijkl
Where
Yijk=individual animal
µ =overall population mean
Ei=the fixed effect of ecotypes/genotype (1,2 )
Sj=effect of sex (1,2)
Mjk=Random effect of sire within ecotype (k=1…7)
(ES) ij=Effect of Ecotype x Sex interaction
eijkl=Residual error assume NID(0,2)
3.2 Morphological distance
Morphological data will be use to estimate genetic distance between the ecotypes.
Nine zoometric traits will be used.
body weight
body length
body width
neck length
beak length
beak width
beak height
shank length
head length
Using the means procedures of the SAS (1990) package (Statistical Analysis System Institute
Inc 1990) the simple descriptive statistics of each numerical variable will be obtain step wise
discriminatory analysis will be perform to assess the discriminatory power of each
variable ,genetic distance will be obtain using Mahalanobis D² statistics using the means of
each discriminant variables monitor.(Salako and Ngere,2001 )
D² =∑ ∑ Vij (xi-yi)(xj-yj)
Where
D²=geometric distance between two population represented in an m-dimensional space
Vij=is the element of ith row and jth Column of the inverse matrix
- The morphological data will also be subjected to principal component analysis (PCA) for
multivariate analysis to reveal pattern within the data matrix.
3.3 Genetic and phenotypic parameter estimation
Growth, egg production, and fertility data of each ecological group will be
Subjected to genetic analysis using the mixed model least square and maximum likelihood
Package Harvey (1990) to estimate genetic and phenotypic correlation as well as heritability
Estimate of traits from sire variance components.
3.4 Random Amplified Polymorphic DNA-Polymerase Chain Reaction Analysis (RAPD-PCR)
RAPD –PCR will be carried out with the pooled and the individual genomic DNA samples
.Five random primers will be use and amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR).Each
sample will be use for electrophoresis.
RAPD pattern will be visualised on a Ultraviolet (UV) transilluminators and photograph.
Recording of data and statistical analysis
The RAPD bands will be score for their presence (1) or absence (0) .The index for similarity
between ecotypes and within ecotype will be calculated using the formular developed by
(Lynch, 1990) .
Bab= 2Nab/Na+Nb
Where Nab= number of fragment observed in individuals a and b
Na and Nb = total number of fragment scored in a and b
3.4,1 Genetic distance base on band sharing
The genetic distance between the populations will be calculated based on band sharing between
the pooled sample profiles. The genetic distance between ecotypes will be calculated as
developed by (Chatterjee et al 2007)
Dab=1/N.1- (Nab/Na+Nb-Nab)
Where Nab= number of common band between ecotypes
Na= number of common band in ecotype a
Nb=number of common band in ecotype b
N= number of primers
4.0 REFERENCES
Adebambo O, J.L.Williams, Sara Blot and Barbara Urquhart (1998) Genetic variation in Nigeria
cattle breeds using 26 microsatellite marker .In proceeding of silver jubilee of
Annual conference West Africa society for Animal Production .March 24-26pp
Adedokun S.A.and Sonaiya E.B.(2001) Comparism of the performance of Nigeria indigenous
Chicken from three agro ecological zones Livestock Research for Rural Development 3(2)
34-39
Akinokun O.(1971) The problem of poultry production in Nigeria .Paper presented at the 7th
Annual Conference of Agricultural Society of Nigeria. Kano
Ali B.A , Ahmed M.M.M. and Aly OM (2003) Relationship between genetic similarity and some
Production traits in local chicken strains. Africa Journal of Biotechnology 2 (2) 46 -47
Barker J SF , Tan S G, Moore SS , Mukhere TK ,Matheron JL ,Selvaraj OS (2001)
Genetic variation within and Relationship among population of Asian goats (Capra
hircus) Journal of Animal Breeding and Genetics 118 :213 -233
Chatterjee RN, Sharmer RP ,Reddy B LN, Niranja M, Shivaprasad and Mishra S k (2007)
Genetic Analysis of highly inbred chicken using RAPD_PCR and
Immunocompetence. Intern. Journal of Poultry Sc. 6(12) 967-972
Ehiobu, N G., and Goddard, M. E. (1989) Heterosis in crosses between lines of Drosophila
melanogaster selected for adaptation to different environments .Theor. Appl.
Genet. 77:253 -259
Ehiobu, N G ., Goddard, M. E. and Taylor, J .F (1990)Heterosis in crosses between geographical
Separated populations of Drosophila melanogaster. Theor. Appl. Genet.
80(4):569-575
Epstein H.(1990) The context and prospect for development of smallholder poultry production
In Africa. In small holder rural poultry production .proc CTA seminar G13
Thessalonica Greece35-50
Farrell D.J.(1995) Table egg laying ducks:nutritional requirement and current husbandry
System in Journal of Avian Biology Review 6(1995)55-69
FDLPCs (1991) Federal Department of Livestock and Pest Control services. Federal Government of
Nigeria 287- 288
Girard P.and L. Palabost (1976) Etude du polymorphisme enzymatique de 15 population natureles
de drosophila melanogaster Archives de zoologies experimentale et
genetics117:41-55
Harvey W.R. (1990) Mixed model least squares and maximum likelihood computer programme .pc-
2 Mimeographs. Ohio State University press Ohio
Hassan W.A and W.S. Mohammed (2003) Ecotypes of the Muscovy in the North West of Nigeria;
Variation in body weight and bill length .In proc. of 8th Ann. conf.of Animal
Science Association of Nigeria 2003.
Ksiazkiewicz J. M (1995) Duck gene pool. International Symposium on conservation measures for
rare farm Animal breeds .Balice –Poland (1995)289-292
Hesfer M (1997) Targeted mapping of chicken genome PhD Theses submitted to University of
Hertfordshire
Lynch M (1990) The similarity index and DNA fingerprinting Mol. Biol 7:478-484
Momoh O. M (2005) Genetic and Phenotypic Evaluation of the Nigerian Heavy Chicken Ecotype
and Its Cross Bred with the Light Ecotype PhD Thesis University of agriculture
Makurdi.2005
Nwosu C .C, Gowen F. A, Obioha F.C., Akpan I. A.andOnuora (1985) A biometrical study of the
Conformation of the native chicken .Nig. J. Anim .Production 12(1&2) 141-146.
Nickolova M. 2003 Study on some major reproduction factors of Muscovy ducks (Cairina
moschata with element of the incubation technology PhD thesis Agricultural
University of Plovdiv. Bulgaria 2003
Oluyemi J .A.Longe G.O.and Songu T. (1982) Requirement of the Nigerian indigenous fowl for
Protein and amino acid .Ife Journal of Agric.4:105-110.
RIM (1992) Nigeria Livestock Resource vol.11National Synthesis Annex publication. Resource
Inventory Management limited
Salako A K and Ngere L.O. (2001) Genetic distance between West African Dwarf (WAD) and
Yankasa Sheep in South West Nigeria. Nigerian Journal of Genetics 16(2001)
37-43
Saitbekova N, Gaillard C, Obexer-Ruff G, Dolf G (1990) Genetic diversity in Swiss goat breeds
based on microsatelite analysis Animal Genetic 30:36-41.
SAS (1990) SAS user guide statistics SAS Inc Cary N C 633.
Wilson R. T (1991) Small Ruminant Production and the small ruminant genetic resource in tropical
Africa FAO Animal Production and Health Paper no 88 23pp
Wilhan JGK, Kubelik AR, Livak KJ, Rafalski JA , Tingey SV (1990) DNA Polymorphism
Amplified by arbitrary primers are used as genetic markers .Nucleic acid Research
18:6531-6535
Appendix
Body measurements
Body length- measure between the first cervical vertebrae and the pygostye
Bird height – measure from the legs on the ground up to the back of the body.
Body width – distance between the right to the left flank of the body.
Beak length – measure as length of the upper beak rim
Beak width – at the widest part of the beak between the right and the left distance
Beak height - at highest part of the beak.
Shank length – from the knee or knuckle (hock joint)to the region of the tarsus
Wing length – measure as the distance from the caput humeri to the third carpal digit
Head length –as distance between the end of the beak and the end condylus occipitale
Neck length –measure between the first and the last cervical vertebrae
Head width – at the widest part of the head
Head height- at the highest part of the head.