Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2003 by Mosby, Inc. Class Verse Psalm 139:14 I praise you...

Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2003 by Mosby, Inc.

Class Verse

Psalm 139:14

I praise you because I am fearfully and wonderfully made;

your works are wonderful, I know that full well.

Slide 1

Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2003 by Mosby, Inc. Slide 2

Chapter 1Organization of the Human Body


I. Anatomy and PhysiologyA. Anatomy

1. The study of the structure of an organism and the relationships of its parts.

2. We learn hands on – anatomy means “up” “cut” – or literally to cut up.

B. Define Physiology

1. The study of the functions of an organism and its parts.

2. Greek for “study of nature”


II. Divisions of Anatomy

• A. Gross anatomy

- study of the body and its parts using only the naked eye


B. Microscopic anatomy

- study of body parts using a microscope 1. Cytology —study of

cells

2. Histology —study of tissues


• C. Developmental anatomy

- study of human growth and development

• D. Pathological anatomy

- study of diseased body structures

• E. Systemic anatomy

- study of the body by systems


III. Levels of Organization

• Your House

• Your Street

• Your Neighborhood

• Your City

• Your County

• Your State

• Your Nation

• Your Continent

• Your Hemisphere

• Your Planet

• Your Solar System

• Your Galaxy

• Your Quadrant

• Your Universe


• A. Chemical level —basis for life 1. Organization of chemical

structures separates living material from nonliving material

2. Organization of atoms, molecules, and macromolecules results in living matter—a gel called cytoplasm


• B. Cellular level 1. Cells —smallest and most

numerous units that possess and exhibit characteristics of life

2. Cell —nucleus surrounded by cytoplasm within a limiting membrane

3. Cells differentiate to perform unique functions

4. Cells contain organelles to perform specific functions.

http://www.vonliebig.ucsd.edu/uploads/news_release/2005/Cells.jpg


• C. Tissue level

1. Tissue —an organization of similar cells specialized to perform a certain function

2. Tissue cells surrounded by nonliving matrix

3. Four major tissue types:

• a. Epithelial tissue – covers body parts

• b. Connective tissue – bone, cartilage, blood

• c. Muscle tissue – skeletal, cardiac, smooth

• d. Nervous tissue – brain, nerves


• D. Organ level 1. Organ —organization of several different kinds

of tissues to perform a special function

2. Each organ has a unique function, size, shape, appearance, and placement in the body


• E. System level 1. Systems —most complex organizational units of

the body 2. System level involves varying numbers and

kinds of organs arranged to perform complex functions


• F. Organism level The living human organism is greater than the

sum of its parts


Assign Systems Report

• 12 font

• Single space

• Between 1.5 and 2 pages

• 1” indent on left and right

• 1.25” indent from top and bottom

• 3 references (cited)

• Turn in to drop box on the class website by midnight Saturday, Sept. 1

Slide 15


Liberty Christian Anatomy Students Discover Life in Cafeteria!

INSIDE: How We Knew It!

AmazingDiscovery!

IV. Life ProcessesMetabolismResponsivenessMovementGrowthDifferentiationReproduction


• A. Metabolism —sum total of all physical and chemical reactions occurring in the living body.

• 1. Includes the breakdown of large, complex molecules into smaller, simpler ones

• a. proteins in food are split into amino acids

• 2. The building up of complex molecules from smaller, simpler ones

• a. The amino acids are used as the building blocks that can be used to build new proteins that make up muscles and bones


• B. Responsiveness – the body’s ability to detect and respond to changes in its internal or external environment. 1. permits an organism to sense and respond to

external stimuli

• C. Movement – 1. motion of the whole body

2. individual organs – the coordinated action of muscles allows you to move from one place to another

3. single cells – when a body tissue is damaged or infected, certain white blood cells help to clean up and repair the area

Slide 18


• D. Growth – 1. an increase in body size

• a. increase in size of existing cells

• b. the number of cells increases

• c. the amount of material surrounding the cells increases

• E. Differentiation – the process where unspecialized cells become specialized.

• F. Reproduction 1. The formation of new cells for growth, repair, or

replacement

2. The production of a new individual

Slide 19


V. Interaction of Structure and Function

• - the structure of the body often determines how it functions (respiratory problems, obesity, anorexia, etc)

• A. Body Type (somatotype or physique) and disease – body shape/fat content is affected by gender, ago, exercise, and diet 1. endomorph – heavy in the middle

• a. apple shape – large waistline – fat deposited here breaks down and enters the blood stream – can lead to heart disease, stroke, high BP, breast cancer, etc.

Slide 20


• b. Pear shaped – large hips, thighs, rear. This fat is not metabolically active, so the good news is that this fat doesn’t break down and enter the blood stream to cause health problems – but the bad news is that since it is not metabolically active, it doesn’t come off easy.

2. Mesomorph – Ken and Barbie look – muscular build

3. Ectomorph – thin, lean body types

Slide 21


VI. Homeostasis

• A. Homeostasis is the term used to describe the relatively constant states maintained by the body—internal environment around body cells remains constant.


B. Examples of homeostasis:

1. Temperature regulation

2. Regulation of blood carbon dioxide level

3. Regulation of blood glucose level


VII. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms • A. Devices for maintaining or restoring homeostasis by

self-regulation through feedback control loops

• B. Basic components of control mechanisms 1. Sensor mechanism —specific sensors detect and react to

any changes from normal 2. Control center—information is analyzed and integrated, and

then, if needed, a specific action is initiated 3. Effector mechanism —effectors directly influence controlled

physiological variables 4. Feedback —process of information about a variable

constantly flowing back from the sensor to the integrator


VIII. Anatomical Position

• A. Body erect with arms at sides and palms forward

• B. Head and feet pointing forward


Anatomical Position

• Bilateral symmetry is a term meaning that right and left sides of body are mirror images Bilateral symmetry confers balanced proportions

Remarkable correspondence of size and shape between body parts on opposite sides of the body


Body Regions1. Abdominal

2. Nasal

3. Oral

4. Facial

5. Dorsal

6. Ventral

7. Brachial

8. Carpal

9. Cephalic

10.Femoral

Stomach

Nose

Mouth

Face

Back/Top

Front/Bottom

Upper arm

Wrist

Head

Thigh


Body Cavities

• Ventral body cavity Thoracic cavity

• Right and left pleural cavities

• Mediastinum

Abdominopelvic cavity• Abdominal cavity

• Pelvic cavity


Body Cavities

• Dorsal body cavity Cranial cavity

Spinal cavity


Body Regions

• Appendicular subdivision Upper extremity and subdivisions

Lower extremity and subdivisions


Body RegionsAbdominal regions

• Right hypochondriac region

• Epigastric region

• Left hypochondriac region

• Right lumbar region

• Umbilical region

• Left lumbar region

• Right iliac (inguinal) region

• Hypogastric region

• Left iliac (inguinal) region


Body Regions

• Abdominopelvic quadrants Right upper

quadrant Left upper

quadrant Right lower

quadrant Left lower quadrant


Terms Used in Describing Body Structure

• Directional terms (Figure 1-9) Superior

Inferior

Anterior (ventral)

Posterior (dorsal)

Medial

Lateral

Proximal

Distal

Superficial

Deep


Body Planes and Sections

• Planes are lines of orientation along which cuts or sections can be made to divide the body, or a body part, into smaller pieces


Mechanisms of Disease

• Genetic

- altered or mutated genes

• Pathogenic

- disease-causing organisms

• Tumors and Cancer

- neoplasms - abnormal tissue growth

Slide 38


Mechanisms of Disease

• Physical and chemical agents

• Malnutrition

• Autoimmunity

- immune system attacks the body

• Inflammation

• Degeneration

Slide 39


Appendix A

Chemistry of Life


I. Basic Chemistry•A. Elements and

compounds – 96% of the body is made of 4 elements: carbon, oxygen, hydrogen, and nitrogen


II. Organic and Inorganic

Compounds• “rule of thumb”- organic

contains carbon, inorganic does not

• A. Inorganic Molecules- water, oxygen, carbon dioxide, electrolytes


1. Water• “cradle of life” because all living

organisms require H2O to survive

• Every cell is bathed in watery fluid (surrounds it) and cytoplasm is made largely of water

• It is 70% of bodyweight


• a. Properties of water1. Acts as a solvent – things

will dissolve in it. This makes it a good transporter of oxygen, food substances, etc.

2. Absorbs and gives off heat slowly – therefore helps maintain constant body temperature


2. Oxygen and Carbon Dioxide

• Cellular respiration where oxygen is used to break down the nutrients within the cell in order to release energy. (this is the exception to the “rule of thumb” that inorganic compounds have no carbon in them)


3. Electrolytes

• Are acids, bases and salts

A. Acids and bases – early chemists characterized acids and bases by tasting them. Acids taste sour and bases bitter.

•1. Acids – any substance that will release H+ ions or are proton donors (example: HCl – hydrochloric acid in stomach)


•2. Bases – “proton acceptors”, so they have a lower concentration of H ions in solution. (example: biocarbonate ion transports respiratory gases.

•3. pH scale – way to measure acidity or alkalinity of a solution – logarithmic scale (meaning 10 fold)

Scale is 0-14 with neutral 7 (water). <7=acidic, >7=basic


b. Salts – mineral salt electrolytes such as calcium (important for muscle contraction), potassium and sodium (important for nerve impulse)


c. If output (ie:diarrhea, vomiting, excessive sweating) exceeds input, then dehydration occurs. This causes skin to loose elasticity. Test for dehydration = “tenting” occurs when fold of skin is pinched.

Give electrolytes to fix = Gatorade, Pedialyte


• d. Homeostatic mechanism that tells your body that then electrolyte concentration is off = thirst.


B. Organic Molecules

• Also known as “macromolecules”1. Carbohydrates – sugars and

starches that function for energy

•a. Monosaccharides – sinple sugars; glucose (blood sugar)


•b. Disaccharides – 2 monosaccharides bonded together; sucrose (table sugar), lactose (milk sugar)

•c. Polysaccharides – many monosaccharides bonded together; glycogen


2. Proteins – enzymes, hair, nails, hormones, antibodies

•a. Amino acids – are the building blocks of proteins. There are 20 commonly occurring amino acids (a.a.); 8 of them are essential (the body cannot produce them so they must be included in the diet). The other 12 can be made from the 8 essential ones.


•b. PKU – 1/12,000 births are babies with phenylketouria (PKU) – a genetic disease that lacks enzymes to break down the a.a. phenylaline. Build up of phenylaline in the body causes mental retardation. All babies are tested for PKU at birth.


3. Lipids – fats used for energy, insulates to minimize heat loss, protection around internal organs

4. Nucleic acids – genetic material which is the information of heredity (DNA and RNA)


a. Deoxyribonucleuic Acid

• The primary function of DNA is to store and transmit genetic information that tells cells which proteins to make and when to make them.


b. Ribonucleic Acid• RNA is responsible for

the movement of genetic information from the DNA in the cell nucleus to the site of protein synthesis in the cytoplasm. RNA's sugar molecule is ribose instead of the deoxyribos sugar in DNA.

http://www.rockefeller.edu/labheads/darst/images/grea_fig2a.htm


III. Metabolism• The term used to describe all

the chemical reactions that occur in the body, there are 2 major types


A. Catabolism• The break down of large

food molecules which in turn releases energy


B. Anabolism• The build up of larger and

more complex chemical molecules from smaller subunits which requires energy.

Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2003 by Mosby, Inc. Class Verse Psalm 139:14 I praise you...

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Transcript of Mosby items and derived items © 2007, 2003 by Mosby, Inc. Class Verse Psalm 139:14 I praise you...