Mortem et Gloriam Army Lists - The Three · PDF fileExperienced 0 4,6 Bow ... many bitter...

Army Lists

The Three Kingdoms

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Creating an army with the Mortem et Gloriam Army Lists

Historical Introduction

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Mounted Polearms

Chinese names and terms

1 Dates0-3 Terrain0-1 Camp

Min

Mandatory Optional Max

Experienced 4 4,6Bow 12



- 0 6,8- 8- 0 6,8- 16- 0 6,8- 8

Experienced 6 6,8Crossbow 12

Skilled 0 6Crossbow 6


Skilled 0 6Bow 6

- 0 6,8- 8- 6 6,8- 48


Conscript close fighters - Ji Poor Protected Polearm - Combat shy

Conscript crossbowmen Poor Unprotected - - Combat Shy

Formed FlexibleINFANTRY

Formed Loose

- -Drilled Flexible

INFANTRY

SpearmenINFANTRY

Average Protected Long Spear

- Combat shyDrilled Loose

Upgrade elite archersINFANTRY

Average Unprotected - - Combat shyDrilled Loose

Elite archersINFANTRY

Average Unprotected -


Upgrade elite crossbowmen - Nu

INFANTRYAverage Unprotected - - Combat shy

Drilled Loose

Elite crossbowmen - NuINFANTRY


- -Drilled Flexible

Upgrade elite close fightersINFANTRY

Superior Protected Polearm - -Drilled Flexible

Elite close fighters - JiINFANTRY

Average Protected Polearm

- Melee ExpertFormed Flexible

VolunteersINFANTRY

Superior Protected Polearm - -Formed Flexible

Tribal auxiliaires CAVALRY


- Melee ExpertFormed Loose

State light cavalryCAVALRY

Average Unprotected - - Combat shyFormed Flexible

Heavy cavalry CAVALRY

Average Protected Short Spear

UG SizeTraining and

Internal Allied Generals Any Professional Fortified or Unfortified; Poor or Average

Name

Type

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics

Shu - Three KingdomsStandard, JungleAny ProfessionalSub-Generals220 CE to 263 CEAny ProfessionalArmy Commander

Version 2018.01: 15th January 2018 © SHALL Enterprises Ltd

Shu - Three KingdomsExperienced 0 6,8

Bow 32Experienced 0 2,3

Light Art 4Experienced 0 6,9Crossbow 18


-

Conscript archers Poor Unprotected

Historical NotesIn 223 CE, Liu Shan rose to the throne of Shu following his father's defeat and death. From 224 to 225, during his southward campaigns, Zhuge Liang conquered the southern territories up to Lake Dian in Yunnan.In 227, Zhuge Liang transferred his main Shu armies to Hanzhong, and opened up the battle for the northwest with Wei. The next year, he ordered Zhao Yun to attack from Ji Gorge as a diversion while Zhuge himself led the main force to Mount Qi. The vanguard Ma Su suffered a tactical defeat at Jieting and the Shu army was forced to withdraw. In the next six years Zhuge Liang attempted several more offensives, but supply problems limited the capacity for success. In 234 he led his last great northern offensive, reaching the Battle of Wuzhang Plains south of the Wei River. Due to the death of Zhuge Liana, the Shu army was forced once again to withdraw, but were pursued by Wei. The Shu forces began to withdraw; Sima Yi deduced Zhuge Liang's demise and ordered an attack. Shu struck back almost immediately, causing Sima Yi to second guess and allow Shu to withdraw successfully.

Changes from last versionAdjusted minimums. Combined conscript crossbowmen must be downgraded to unskilled.

SkirmisherINFANTRY

- - Combat Shy

Bolt shooters behind fortifications

Average Unprotected

Close fighters and missile troops may be combined in a TuG of 6 or 9 with front rank (1/3) close fighters and second and third rank (2/3) crossbowmen or archers. If combined, conscript army crossbowmen must be downgraded to unskilled. Elite troops cannot be combined with conscript army troops. If mixed formations are used, then all infantry must be in mixed formations.All infantry can use the Barricades characteristic.

Skirmisher

AlliesXiongnuQiang allies - Later Qiang or Di allies

Notes

Foot archers Average Unprotected

INFANTRY

- Barricades -

Foot crossbowmen Average Unprotected - - Combat Shy

- Combat Shy

SkirmisherARTILLERY

INFANTRYFormed Loose



Min





- 0 6,8- 8- 0 6,8- 16- 0 6,8- 8




Skilled 0 6Bow 6

- 0 6,8- 8- 6 6,8- 48



Conscript crossbowmen Poor Unprotected - - Combat Shy

Formed FlexibleINFANTRY

Formed Loose

- -Drilled Flexible

INFANTRY

SpearmenINFANTRY









INFANTRYAverage Unprotected - - Combat shy

Drilled Loose



- -Drilled Flexible






VolunteersINFANTRY









UG SizeTraining and


Name

Type

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics

Wu - Three KingdomsStandard, JungleAny ProfessionalSub-Generals220 CE to 280 CEAny ProfessionalArmy Commander


Wu - Three KingdomsExperienced 0 6,8

Bow 32Unskilled 0 6,8,9

Javelin 18Experienced 0 2,3

Light Art 4Experienced 0 6,9Crossbow 18


Combat Shy

Foot archers Average Unprotected - Combat Shy -

Conscript archers Poor Unprotected

Close fighters and missile troops may be combined in a TuG of 6 or 9 with front rank (1/3) close fighters and second and third rank (2/3) crossbowmen or archers. If combined, conscript army crossbowmen must be downgraded to unskilled. Elite troops cannot be combined with conscript army troops. If mixed formations are used, then all close fighters and missile troops must be in mixed formations.All infantry except tribal auxilaries can use the Barricades characteristic.

Historical NotesSun Quan turned to the aborigines of the southeast, whom the Chinese collectively called the "Shanyue". A collection of successes against the rebellious tribesmen culminated in the victory of 224 CE. In that year, Zhuge Ke ended a three-year siege of Danyang with the surrender of 100,000 Shanyue. Of these, 40,000 were drafted as auxiliaries into the Wu army. Meanwhile, Shu was also experiencing troubles with the indigenous tribes of their south. The southwestern Nanman peoples rose in revolt against Shu authority, captured and looted cities in Yi Province. Zhuge Liang, recognizing the importance of stability in the south, ordered the advance of the Shu armies in three columns against the Nanman. He fought a number of engagements against the chieftain Meng Huo, at the end of which Meng Huo submitted. A tribesman was allowed to reside at the Shu capital Chengduas an official and the Nanman formed their own battalions within the Shu army.In the times of Zhuge Liang's northern offensives, the state of Wu had always been on the defensive against invasions from the north. The area around Hefei was the scene of many bitter battles and under constant pressure from Wei after the Battle of Red Cliffs. Warfare had grown so intense that many of the residents chose to migrate and resettle south of the Yangtze River. After Zhuge Liang's death, attacks on the southern Huai River region intensified but nonetheless, Wei could not break through the line of the river defenses erected by Wu, which included the Ruxu fortress.


SkirmisherINFANTRY

- - Combat Shy

Tribal auxilaries Average Protected

Notes

SkirmisherINFANTRY

AlliesXiongnu

Skirmisher

Foot crossbowmen Average Unprotected

ARTILLERY

Short Spear - Combat shy


Average Unprotected - Barricades -

- -

Tribal LooseINFANTRY




Min





- 0 6,8- 8- 6 6,8- 16- 0 6,8- 8- 6,8- All or none




Skilled 0 6Bow 6

- 0 6,8- 8- 6 6,8- 48

Spearmen Average Protected Long Spear - -


Drilled FlexibleINFANTRY

Formed Flexible

- Combat shyDrilled LooseINFANTRY







INFANTRYAverage Unprotected -

- -Drilled Flexible



Upgrade elite close fighters with Mao

INFANTRYAverage Protected Long Spear

- -Drilled Flexible






VolunteersINFANTRY









UG SizeTraining and


Name

Type

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics

Wei - Three KingdomsStandard, JungleAny ProfessionalSub-Generals220 CE to 316 CEAny ProfessionalArmy Commander


Wei - Three Kingdoms- 6,8- All or none



Experienced 0 2,3Light Art 4



-Skirmisher


Foot archers Average Unprotected - Combat Shy

-

Foot crossbowmen Average Unprotected - - Combat Shy

In 226 CE, Sima Yi successfully defended Xiangyang against an offensive from Wu; this battle was the first time he had command in the field. In 227, Sima Yi was appointed to a post at Chang'an where he managed the military affairs along the Han River.In 238, Sima Yi was dispatched to command a military campaign against Gongsun Yuan of Manchuria, resulting in Sima Yi's capture of his capital Xiangping and massacre of his government. Between 244 and 245, General Guanqiu Jian was dispatched to invade Goguryeo and severely devastated that state. The northeastern frontier of Wei was now secured from any possible threats.The Western Jin (265 to 316 CE) was a successor state to the Wei. It reunited China in 280 CE but quickly fell into a succession crisis, civil war and an invasion by the "Five Barbarians" that inaugurated the "Sixteen Kingdoms" era.

Upgrade conscript close fighters with Mao

Poor Protected

XiongnuQiang allies - Later Qiang or Di allies

NotesClose fighters and missile troops may be combined in a TuG of 6 or 9 with front rank (1/3) close fighters and second and third rank (2/3) crossbowmen or archers. If combined, conscript army crossbowmen must be downgraded to unskilled. Elite troops cannot be combined with conscript army troops. If mixed formations are used, then all close fighters and missile troops must be in mixed formations.All infantry can use the Barricades characteristic.

Historical Notes

Formed LooseARTILLERY

Long Spear - -

Conscript crossbowmen Poor Unprotected

Allies

SkirmisherINFANTRYSkirmisherINFANTRY


Average Unprotected

INFANTRY

- - Combat Shy

Conscript archers Poor Unprotected - - Combat Shy

- Barricades

Formed LooseINFANTRY

INFANTRYDrilled Flexible



Min


- 0 4,6- 6- - All or none- 6 4,6- 24- - All or none


Skilled Bow Up to half


- 0 6,8- 12




AlliesQiang allies - Later Qiang or Di allies

Combat Shy -Skirmisher

SkirmishersINFANTRY


- Combat ShyFormed Loose

Skirmishing horse archersCAVALRY

Average Unprotected - -Cantabrian, Combat ShySkirmisher

Chinese style crossbowmenINFANTRY

Poor Unprotected -

- Combat ShyTribal Close

Chinese style close fightersINFANTRY

Poor Protected Polearm - Combat ShyFormed Flexible

Replace horse archers with chained archers

CAVALRYAverage Protected -

- Combat ShyFormed Flexible

Upgrade horse archersCAVALRY

Average Unprotected - - Combat ShyFormed Flexible

Horse archersCAVALRY



Upgrade heavy cavalry to cataphracts

CAVALRYAverage Fully Armoured Long Spear Shove -

Formed Close

Heavy cavalryCAVALRY

Average ProtectedCharging

Lancer


Upgrade best cavalry to cataphracts

CAVALRYSuperior Fully Armoured Long Spear Shove -

Formed Close

Best cavalryCAVALRY

Superior ProtectedCharging

Lancer

UG SizeTraining and

Internal Allied Generals Any Instinctive Unfortified or Mobile; Poor or Average

Name

Type

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics

Mu Jung XianbeiPlainsAny InstinctiveSub-Generals300 CE to 431 CEAny InstinctiveArmy Commander


Mu Jung Xianbei

Changes from last versionAdjusted minimums. Combined crossbowmen must be downgraded to unskilled. Added skirmishing horse archers.

NotesClose fighters and missile troops can be combined into a TuG of 6 or 9 comprising 1/3 close fighters and 2/3 missile troops. If combined, crossbowmen must be downgraded to unskilled. If chosen, all close fighters and misssile troops must be combined in this way.

Historical NotesThe Mu-jung (Murong) clan of the Mongol Xianbei horde founded a new kingdom in Liaotung and Liaosi in the fourth century CE.



Min



- 4,6- Any


- 4,6- Any

Experienced 0Bow Up to half


Skilled 4,6Bow Up to half

- 8 6,8- 72- 0 6,8- Up to 1/3




-Cantabrian, Combat ShySkirmisher

Skirmishing archersINFANTRY

Average Unprotected - Combat Shy -Skirmisher



- -Tribal Loose

Foot archersINFANTRY

Average Unprotected - - Combat ShyTribal Loose

Upgrade Qiang and Di infantry

INFANTRYSuperior Protected Short Spear


Qiang or Di infantryINFANTRY

Average Protected Short Spear - -Tribal Loose

Upgrade ligher cavalryCAVALRY


Melee Expert -Formed Loose

Lighter cavalryCAVALRY


Upgrade heavy cavalryCAVALRY


- -Formed Loose

Regrade cavalry in full armour


Formed Close




Regrade cavalry in full armour

CAVALRYSuperior Fully Armoured Long Spear Shove -

Formed Close

Best cavalryCAVALRY

Superior Protected Short Spear

UG SizeTraining and

Internal Allied Generals Any Instinctive Unfortified or Mobile; Poor or Average

Name

Type

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics

Southern XiongnuPlainsAny InstinctiveSub-Generals300 CE to 439 CEAny InstinctiveArmy Commander


Southern XiongnuHistorical NotesHuchuquan Chanyu assumed the patronymic Liu, reflecting his imperial ancestry. In 304 CE, Liu Yuan became Chanyu of the Five Hordes. In 308, declared himself emperor and founded the Han Zhao Dynasty. In 311, his son and successor Liu Cong captured Luoyang, and with it the Emperor Huai of Jin China. In 316, the Emperor Min of Jin China was captured in Chang'an. Both emperors were humiliated as cupbearers in Linfen before being executed in 313 and 318. North China came under Xiongnu rule while the remnants of the Jin dynasty survived in the south at Jiankang.In 318, after suppressing a coup by a powerful minister in the Xiongnu-Han court (in which the Xiongnu-Han emperor and a large proportion of the aristocracy were massacred), the Xiongnu prince Liu Yao moved the Xiongnu-Han capital from Pingyang to Chang'an and renamed the dynasty as Zhao. However, the eastern part of north China came under the control of a rebel Xiongnu-Han general of Jie ancestry named Shi Le. Liu Yao and Shi Le fought a long war until 329, when Liu Yao was captured in battle and executed. Chang'an fell to Shi Le soon after, and the Xiongnu dynasty was wiped out. North China was ruled by Shi Le's Later Zhao dynasty for the next 20 years. However, the "Liu" Xiongnu remained active in the north for at least another century.The northern Tiefu branch of the Xiongnu gained control of the Inner Mongolian region in the 10 years between the conquest of the Tuoba Xianbei state of Dai by the Former Qin empire in 376, and its restoration in 386 as the Northern Wei. After 386, the Tiefu were gradually destroyed by or surrendered to the Tuoba, with the submitting Tiefu becoming known as the Dugu. Liu Bobo, a surviving prince of the Tiefu fled to the Ordos Loop, where he founded a state called the Xia (thus named because of the Xiongnu's supposed ancestry from the Xia dynasty) and changed his surname to Helian. The Helian-Xia state was conquered by the Northern Wei in 428–31, and the Xiongnu thenceforth effectively ceased to play a major role in Chinese history, assimilating into the Xianbei and Han ethnicities.

Changes from last versionAdjusted maximums. Added lighter cavalry and skirmishing horse archers.



Min



- 0 4,6- Any

Experienced 0 4,6Bow Up to half

- 0 6,8,9- 18- 18 6,8,9- 72

- 8* 6,8- 24- 0 6,8- 8- 0 6,8- Any

Experienced 8* 6,8Crossbow 12



- -

Replace crossbowmen Average Unprotected - - -

Chinese troops

Chinese close fighters - Ji Poor Protected Polearm - Integral Shooters

Replace close fighters Average Protected Polearm - Integral Shooters

Replace Ji with Mao

-----

Chinese archers Poor Unprotected - - Combat ShyINFANTRY

Formed Loose

Drilled Loose


INFANTRY

Average Protected Long Spear - Combat ShyFormed Flexible

Chinese crossbowmen Poor Unprotected -


INFANTRY

Formed Flexible

- -Tribal Loose

INFANTRY

InfantryINFANTRY


Melee Expert -Formed Flexible

Best infantryINFANTRY

Superior Protected Short Spear - -Tribal Loose

Regrade cavalryCAVALRY


- -Formed Flexible

Regrade cavalry as cataphracts


Formed Close

CavalryCAVALRY


UG SizeTraining and

Internal Allied Generals Any Instinctive Fortified or Unfortified; Poor or Average

Name

Type

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics

Later QiangMountainsAny from 384 CE to 417 CESub-Generals300 CE to 550 CEAny Instinctive (Any from 384 CE to 417 CE)Army Commander


Later QiangExperienced 0 6,8



Bow 18

The Qiang were one of the non-Han Chinese peoples that overran northern China during the Jin Dynasty and the Sixteen Kingdoms period. The Later Qin (384 to 417 CE), also known as Yao Qin, was a state of Qiang ethnicity of the Sixteen Kingdoms during the Jin dynasty in China.

Changes from last versionAdjusted maximums and minimums. Added skirmishing horse archers.

AlliesXiongnu

Notes* Minimums apply if any Professional generals or Chinese troops are taken and do not apply to allied contingents. They may only be used between 384 and 417 CE (Later Qin).A command may not contain more than one TuG of best infantry.

Historical Notes

- -Cantabrian, Combat ShySkirmisher

SkirmishersINFANTRY


Tribal Loose


Average Unprotected

Average Unprotected - - Combat ShyArchersINFANTRY



Min



- 0 4,6- Any

Experienced 0 4,6Bow Up to half

- 0 6,8,9- 18- 18 6,8,9- 72

- 8* 6,8- 24- 0 6,8- 8- 0 6,8- Any

Experienced 8* 6,8Crossbow 12



- -

Replace crossbowmen Average Unprotected - - -

Chinese troops

Chinese close fighters - Ji Poor Protected Polearm - Integral Shooters

Replace close fighters Average Protected Polearm - Integral Shooters

Replace Ji with Mao

-----

Chinese archers Poor Unprotected - - Combat ShyINFANTRY

Formed Loose

Drilled Loose


INFANTRY

Average Protected Long Spear - Combat ShyFormed Flexible

Chinese crossbowmen Poor Unprotected -


INFANTRY

Formed Flexible

- -Tribal Loose

INFANTRY

InfantryINFANTRY



Best infantryINFANTRY

Superior Protected Short Spear - -Tribal Loose

Upgrade cavalryCAVALRY


- -Formed Flexible

Regrade cavalry as cataphracts


Formed Close

CavalryCAVALRY


UG SizeTraining and

Internal Allied Generals Any Instinctive Fortified or Unfortified; Poor or Average

Name

Type

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics

DiStandardAny from 351 CE to 403 CESub-Generals300 CE to 550 CEAny Instinctive (Any from 351 CE to 403 CE)Army Commander


DiExperienced 0 6,8



Bow 18

The Di were an ancient ethnic group that lived in western China, and are one of the non-Han Chinese peoples that overran northern China during the Jin Dynasty and the Sixteen Kingdoms period. The tribe of Di was originally from the southern part of Gansu Province. Its leader was Fu Jian, who founded the Former Qin Kingdom (351 to 394 CE). He established his capital in Chang'an. In 370, Fu Jian conquered the Kingdoms of Former Yan and Former Liang. He then embarked upon a plan to conquer southern China which was under the Eastern Jin Dynasty. He met the Jin's main forces at the Fei River in Anhui. the battle is known as the Battle of Fei River. Fu Jian's campaign to conquer the south ended in disaster and his empire fell apart. In 394 the Kingdom of Former Qin was conquered by the Kingdom of Later Qin.

Changes from last versionAdjusted maximums and minimums. Added skirmishing horse archers.

AlliesXiongnu

Notes* Minimums apply if any Professional generals or Chinese troops are taken and do not apply to allied contingents. They may only be used between 351 and 394 CE (Former Qin) or 386 to 403 CE (Later Liang).A command may not contain more than one TuG of best infantry.

Historical Notes

- -Cantabrian, Combat ShySkirmisher

SkirmishersINFANTRY


Tribal Loose


Average Unprotected

Average Unprotected - - Combat ShyArchersINFANTRY



Min



Experienced 0Bow All or none


- 4 4,6- 8- = - =

- 6 6,8- 24



- 8 6,8- 24


-----

- Combat Shy

-

Militia archers Poor Unprotected - - Combat Shy

- Combat Shy

Provincial archers Average Unprotected - - Combat Shy

Formed Loose

Provincial spearmen Average Protected Polearm -

Tribal Flexible

INFANTRYTribal Flexible

INFANTRY

Militia fighters Poor Unprotected Polearm -

Formed Loose


INFANTRY

Combat Shy

Provincial crossbowmen Average Unprotected -

Formed Flexible

CAVALRY

INFANTRY

1/2 Rear rank followers Average Protected

Formed Loose

Long Spear

1/2 Front rank nobles Superior Protected Long Spear


CAVALRYNoble cavalry comprising:

- -

Nomad cavalryCAVALRY



Regrade guard cavalryCAVALRY

Superior Fully Armoured Long Spear Shove -Formed Close

Guard cavalryCAVALRY


Baekje - Korean Three Kingdoms Standard, Coastal, MountainsAnySub-Generals300 CE to 663 CEAnyArmy Commander

UG SizeTraining and

Internal Allied Generals Any Unfortified; Poor or Average

Name

Type

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics


Baekje - Korean Three Kingdoms Experienced 0 4,6


Bow 18

AlliesKofun allies - Yamato Era Japanese

Notes


Provincial and militia spearmen can be combined with archers or crossbowmen containing 1/3 spearmen into TUGs of 6 or 9. If combined, militia crossbowmen must be downgraded to unskilled. If mixed formations are used, then all spearmen and crossbowmen must be in mixed formations.

Historical NotesBaekje was founded as a member of the Mahan confederacy. Two sons of the founder of Goguryeo are recorded to have fled a succession conflict, to establish Baekje around the present Seoul area.Baekje absorbed or conquered other Mahan chiefdoms and, at its peak in the 4th century CE, controlled most of the western Korean peninsula. Baekje was once a great military power on the Korean Peninsula, especially during the time of Geunchogo, but was critically defeated by Gwanggaeto the Great and declined.In the late 5th century, under attack from Goguryeo, the capital of Baekje was moved south to Ungjin (present-day Gongju) and later further south to Sabi (present-day Buyeo).

Changes from last versionKofun ally. Adjusted minimums. Militia combined crossbowmen must be downgraded to unskilled.

CAVALRY

Skirmishing archersINFANTRY


Scout cavalry Average Unprotected -



Min


- 0 4,6- 6- 0 4,6- All or none- 4 4,6- 12


- 0 6,8- 12- 0 6,8- 12- 0 *- 8


- 8 6,8- 32







Scout cavalryCAVALRY


- -Tribal Flexible

Militia archersINFANTRY

Poor Unprotected - - Combat ShyTribal Flexible

Militia fightersINFANTRY

Poor Unprotected Polearm


Armoured archersINFANTRY

Average Protected - Combat Shy -Formed Loose

Armoured swordsmenINFANTRY

Average Protected -

- -Formed Flexible

Armoured spearmenINFANTRY

Average Protected Long Spear - -Formed Flexible

Armoured halbardiersINFANTRY


Shove -Formed Close

Malgal cavalry CAVALRY

Average Unprotected - Melee Expert -Formed Flexible

Other cataphractsCAVALRY

Average Fully Armoured Long Spear


Regrade SonBae cavalryCAVALRY


SonBae cavalry CAVALRY


UG SizeTraining and


Name

Type

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics

Goguryeo - Korean Three Kingdoms Standard, Coastal, MountainsAnySub-Generals300 CE to 668 CEAnyArmy Commander


Goguryeo - Korean Three Kingdoms

Changes from last versionAdjusted minimums. Combine militia.

Historical NotesGoguryeo emerged on the north and south banks of the Yalu (Amrok) River, in the wake of Gojoseon's fall. The first mention of Goguryeo in Chinese records dates from 75 BCE in reference to a commandery established by the Chinese Han dynasty. Evidence indicates Goguryeo was the most advanced, and likely the first established, of the three kingdoms.Goguryeo, eventually the largest of the three kingdoms, had several capitals in alternation: two capitals in the upper Yalu area, and later Nangrang (Lelang in Chinese) which is now part of Pyongyang. At the beginning, the state was located on the border with China; it gradually expanded into Manchuria and destroyed the Chinese Lelang commandery in 313 CE. The cultural influence of the Chinese continued as Buddhism was adopted as the official religion in 372.Goguryeo was a highly militaristic state; it was a powerful empire and one of the great powers in East Asia.The state was at its zenith in the fifth century, during the rule of King Gwanggaeto the Great and his son King Jangsu, and particularly during their campaign against China in Manchuria. For the next century or so, Goguryeo was the dominant nation in Chinese Manchuria and the Korean peninsula.Goguryeo eventually occupied the Liaodong Plains in Manchuria and today's Seoul area. Gwanggaeto achieved a loose unification of the Three Kingdoms of Korea.Goguryeo controlled not only Koreans but also Chinese and Tungusic tribes in Manchuria and North Korea. After the establishment of the Sui Dynastyand later the Tang Dynasty in China, the estate continued to aggress China and Korean Silla and Baekje until conquered by allied Silla–Tang forces in 668. Most of its territory was absorbed by Tang Dynasty China and the territory of former Baekje was absorbed by Korean Silla.

AlliesXiongnu

Notes*Armoured Swordsmens can replace bases of halbardiers , spearmen and archers. No more that 2 bases of swordsmen can be added per TuG and the maximum bases for those units size cannot be exceeded. Militia fighters can be combined with archers containing 1/3 spearmen into TUGs of 6 or 9. If mixed formations are used, then all militia fighters and archers must be in mixed formations.



Min


- 0 4,6- 6- 0 4,6- All or none


- 4 4,6- 6- 0 6,8,9- 24


- 8 6,8,9- 32







Scout cavalryCAVALRY


- -Tribal Flexible

Militia archersINFANTRY

Poor Unprotected - - Combat ShyTribal Flexible

Militia fightersINFANTRY

Poor Unprotected Polearm

- -Formed Flexible

ArchersINFANTRY

Average Protected - Combat Shy -Formed Loose

SpearmenINFANTRY



Regular cavalryCAVALRY

Average Protected Short Spear - Combat ShyFormed Loose

Hwarang cavalry CAVALRY

Superior Unprotected -


Regrade Chong cavalryCAVALRY


Chong cavalry CAVALRY


UG SizeTraining and


Name

Type

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics

Silla - Korean Three Kingdoms Standard, Coastal, MountainsAnySub-Generals300 CE to 935 CEAnyArmy Commander


Silla - Korean Three Kingdoms

- 0 4,6- 6- 0 4,6- 6


- 0 8- 16

Exiled Malgal Average Unprotected - Melee Expert -

Red Banner spearmen Average Protected Pike - -

Exiled Baekje Average Fully Armoured Long Spear

Changes from last versionAdjusted minimums. Combine militia.

Xiongnu

Notes Militia fighters can be combined with archers containing 1/3 spearmen into TUGs of 6 or 9. If mixed formations are used, then all militia fighters and archers must be in mixed formations.

Historical NotesSilla was the smallest and weakest of the Three Kingdoms of Korea, but it used cunning diplomatic means to make opportunistic pacts and alliances with the more powerful Korean kingdoms, and eventually Tang China, to its great advantage.Renamed from Saro to Silla in 503 CE, the kingdom annexed the Gaya confederacy (which in turn had absorbed Byeonhan earlier) in the first half of the 6th century. Goguryeo and Baekje responded by forming an alliance. To cope with invasions from Goguryeo and Baekje, Silla deepened its relations with the Tang Dynasty, with her newly gained access to the Yellow Sea making direct contact with the Tang possible. After the conquest of Goguryeo and Baekje with her Tang allies, the Silla kingdom drove the Tang forces out of the peninsula and occupied the lands south of Pyongyang.

INFANTRYDrilled Close

CAVALRYFormed Flexible

Shove -

Allies

Only after 670 CE

Exiled Goguryeo Average Fully Armoured Long Spear Shove -

Formed Close

CAVALRYFormed Close

CAVALRY



Min



Experienced 4,6Bow Any


Experienced 4,6Bow Up to half




- 0 6,8- 8- 0 6,8- 18- 6,8- Any- 6 6,8- 48- 6,8- Any

Upgrade levy fighters with Mao

Poor Protected Long Spear - -Formed Flexible


INFANTRY

Levy fighters with JiINFANTRY

Poor Protected Polearm

- Combat ShyDrilled Flexible

Upgrade best fighters with Mao

INFANTRYAverage Protected Long Spear - -

Drilled Flexible

Best fighters with JiINFANTRY



VolunteersINFANTRY


Tribal auxilary cavalryCAVALRY



Barbarian light cavalryCAVALRY

Average Unprotected - - Melee ExpertFormed Flexible



- -Formed Loose


Average Fully Armoured Short Spear - -Formed Close


Average Protected Mtd Polearm

- -Drilled Loose

Upgrade guard cavalryCAVALRY

Superior Fully Armoured Short Spear - -Drilled Close

Guard cavalryCAVALRY

Superior Protected Mtd Polearm

UG SizeTraining and


Name

Type

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics

Northern DynastiesStandard, Mountains, SteppesAny ProfessionalSub-Generals304 CE to 589 CEAny ProfessionalArmy Commander


Northern DynastiesExperienced 8 6,8Crossbow 16


Unskilled 0 6,8,9Javelin 16

Experienced 0 6,8Light Art 4


-

Levy crossbowmen Poor Unprotected - - Combat Shy

Levy archers Poor Unprotected

SkirmisherINFANTRY

- - Combat Shy

Tribal auxilary infantry Average Protected

This list includes the Cheng Han (304 to 347 CE), Former Liang (320 to 376 CE) and Northern Yan (407 to 436 CE) kingdoms as well as the five Northern Dynasties (Northern Wei, Eastern Wei, Western Wei, Northern Qi and Northern Zhou).All infantry except tribal auxilaries can use the Barricades characteristic.

Skirmisher

AlliesXiongnuQiang allies - Later Qiang or Di allies

Notes

Foot archers Average Unprotected

ARTILLERY

Short Spear - Combat shy


Average Unprotected - Barricades -

- Combat Shy

Tribal LooseINFANTRY




Northern DynastiesHistorical NotesIn the Sixteen Kingdoms period, the Tuoba family of the Xianbei were the rulers of the state of Dai. Although it was conquered by the Former Qin, the defeat of the Former Qin at the Battle of Fei River resulted in their collapse. The grandson of the last prince of Dai Tuoba Shiyijian, Tuoba Gui restored the fortunes of the Tuoba clan, renaming his state Wei (now known as Northern Wei) with its capital at Shengle (near modern Hohhot). Under the rule of Emperors Daowu (Tuoba Gui), Mingyuan, and Taiwu, the Northern Wei progressively expanded. The establishment of the early Northern Wei state and economy was also greatly indebted to the father-son pair of Cui Hong and Cui Hao. Tuoba Gui engaged in numerous conflicts with the Later Yan that ended favorably for the Northern Wei after they received help from Zhang Gun that allowed them to destroy the Later Yan army at the Battle of Canhe Slope. Following this victory, Tuoba Gui conquered the Later Yan capital of Pingcheng (modern day Datong). That same year he declared himself as Emperor Daowu.Due to Emperor Daowu's cruelty, he was killed by his son Tuoba Shao, but crown prince Tuoba Si managed to defeat Tuoba Shao and took the throne as Emperor Mingyuan. Though he managed to conquer Liu Song's province of Henan, he died soon afterwards. Emperor Mingyuan's son Tuoba Tao took the throne as Emperor Taiwu. Due to Emperor Taiwu's energetic efforts, Northern Wei's strength greatly increased, allowing them to repeatedly attack Liu Song. After dealing the Rouran threat to his northern flank, he engaged in a war to unite northern China. With the fall of the Northern Liang in 439 CE, Emperor Taiwu united northern China, ending the Sixteen Kingdoms period and beginning the Northern and Southern dynasties period with their southern rivals, the Liu Song.Even though it was a time of great military strength for the Northern Wei, because of Rouran harassment in the north, they could not fully focus on their southern expeditions. After uniting the north, Emperor Taiwu also conquered the strong Shanshan kingdom and subjugated the other kingdoms of Xiyu, or the Western Regions. In 450, Emperor Taiwu once again attacked the Liu Song and reached Guabu, in modern Nanjing, Jiangsu), threatening to cross the river to attack Jiankang, the Liu Song capital. Though up to this point, the Northern Wei military forces dominated the Liu Song forces, they took heavy casualties. The Northern Wei forces plundered numerous households before returning north.In that same year of 523 a revolt of several military garrisons was caused by a food shortage far north of Luoyang. After this was suppressed, the government had 200,000 surrendered garrison rebels deployed to Hebei, which proved later to be a mistake when a former garrison officer organized another rebellion in the years 526 and 527. The Wei court was betrayed by one of their own generals, who had the empress dowager and the young emperor thrown into the Yellow River, while establishing his own puppet ruler to maintain authority. As conflict swelled in the north between successive leaders, Gao Huan took control of the east and Luoyang (holding Emperor Xiaojing of Eastern Wei as a puppet ruler) by 534, while his rival Yuwen Taitook control of the west and the traditional Chinese capital of Chang'an by 535. Eventually, Gao Huan's son Gao Yang forced the Eastern Wei emperor to abdicate in favor of his claim to the throne, establishing the Northern Qi dynasty (551 to 577). Afterwards, Yuwen Tai's son Yuwen Jue seized the throne of power from Emperor Gong of Western Wei, establishing the Northern Zhou dynasty (557 to 580). The Northern Zhou dynasty was able to defeat and conquer Northern Qi in 577, reunifying the north. However, this success was short-lived, as the Northern Zhou was overthrown in 581 by Yang Jian, who became Emperor Wen of Sui. With greater military power and morale, along with convincing propaganda that the Chen dynasty ruler Chen Shubao was a decadent ruler who had lost the Mandate of Heaven, the Sui Dynasty was able to effectively conquer the south. After this conquest, the whole of China entered a new golden age of reunification under the centralization of the short-lived Sui dynasty and succeeding Tang dynasty.

Changes from last versionLevy reclassified as poor.



Min


- 0 2,3- 3


Unskilled 0 0Bow 4



- 0 6,8- 8- 0 6- 6

Experienced 0 6Crossbow 6

- 0 6,8- 12



- 0 6,8- 16- 0 6,8- 8Formed Flexible

Average Protected Short Spear - Integral ShootersSpearmen and archersINFANTRY

- Combat ShyDrilled Loose

Swordsmen and archersINFANTRY

Average Protected - Melee Expert Integral ShootersFormed Flexible

Mu-ping archersINFANTRY

Average Protected -

- -Drilled Flexible

Mu-ping crossbowmenINFANTRY

Average Protected - - Combat ShyDrilled Loose

Mu-ping close fighters - JiINFANTRY


- -Drilled Flexible

Guard crossbowmen - NuINFANTRY

Superior Protected - - Combat ShyDrilled Loose

Guard close fighters - JiINFANTRY

Superior Protected Polearm


VolunteersINFANTRY


Tribal auxilary cavalryCAVALRY


- -Drilled Close




Average Fully Armoured Short Spear

Shove -Tribal Loose


Average Protected Mtd Polearm - -Drilled Loose

Elephants (Liang only)ELEPHANTS

Average Protected -

UG SizeTraining and


Name

Type

Quality Protection

Shooting Skill

Weaponry

Melee

Weaponry

Characteristics

Southern DynastiesStandard, JungleAny ProfessionalSub-Generals317 CE to 589 CEAny ProfessionalArmy Commander


Southern Dynasties- 8 6,8- 24



Unskilled 0 6,8,9Javelin 18

- 0 6,8,9- Any

Experienced 0 2,3,4Light Art 4Unskilled 0 4Crossbow 8



Barricades -Skirmisher

AlliesXiongnu

Combat shy

Regrade tribal auxilary infantry

Poor Protected -Devastating

Chargers-

Tribal auxilary infantry Average Protected Short Spear -

NotesMu-ping or conscript close fighters and missile troops can be combined into a TuG of 6 or 9 comprising 1/3 close fighters and 2/3 missile troops of the same grade. If combined, conscript crossbowmen must be downgraded to unskilled. Mu-ping cannot be combined with conscrips. If mixed formations are used, then all close fighters and missile troops must be in mixed formations.If battle wagons are used, only one TuG of cavalry may be taken.All infantry except tribal auxilaries can use the Barricades characteristic.

Combat Shy -Skirmisher

Foot crossbowmenINFANTRY

Average Unprotected - - Combat ShySkirmisher



ARTILLERY

Chained wagons (Eastern Jin only)

BATTLE WAGONSAverage Protected - - -

Tribal Loose



Tribal Loose


INFANTRYTribal LooseINFANTRY

Conscript archers Poor Protected - - Combat Shy

Polearm - Combat ShyFormed Flexible

Conscript crossbowmen - Nu

INFANTRYPoor Unprotected - - Combat Shy

Formed Loose

Conscript close fighters - JiINFANTRY

Poor Protected


Southern Dynasties

Changes from last versionAdjusted minimums. Combined conscript crossbowmen must be downgraded to unskilled. Reclassified wagons.

Historical NotesThe Eastern Jin (317 to 420 CE) was established when Sima Rui moved the capital to Jiankang (modern Nanjing). The Jin were succeeded by a series of short-lived dynasties: Liu Song (420 to 479 CE), Southern Qi (479 to 502), Liang (502 to 557) and Chen (557 to 589). Because all of these dynasties had their capital at Jiankang except Liang, they are sometimes grouped together with Eastern Wu and Eastern Jin as the Six Dynasties. The rulers of these short-lived dynasties were generals who seized and then held power for several decades but were unable to securely pass power of rule onto their heirs to continue their dynasty successfully. Emperor Wu of Liang (502 to 549) was the most notable ruler of his age, being a patron of the arts and of Buddhism.Under the later waning leadership of the Chen dynasty, the southern Chinese were unable to resist the military power amassed in the north by Yang Jian, who declared himself Emperor Wen of Sui and invaded the south.

Troop NotesElephants were used by the Liang dynasty against the Western Wei.Mu-ping were volunteers.War wagons were used to make up for the lack of cavalry.


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