Morphology Presentation

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HS: Morphology Winter Term 2005/2006 Morphology: Processes of Word Formation Presenters: Denise Brilla & Carsten Litterscheidt Session 8 20 December 2005 Reference: Bauer, Laurie. “The Morphological Structure of Words”. Introducing Linguistic Morphology. Edinburgh: EUP, 1988: pp. 19 – 42 Illustration: Fromkin, Victoria, and Robert Rodman. An Introduction to Language. 4th ed. Forth Worth, Chicago, San Franciso, et. al.: Holt, Robert and Winston, Inc.: 1988: pp. 122-154

Transcript of Morphology Presentation

Page 1: Morphology Presentation

HS: Morphology Winter Term 2005/2006

Morphology: Processes of Word Formation

Presenters: Denise Brilla & Carsten Litterscheidt

Session 8

20 December 2005

Reference:

Bauer, Laurie. “The Morphological Structure of Words”. Introducing Linguistic

Morphology. Edinburgh: EUP, 1988: pp. 19 – 42

Illustration:

Fromkin, Victoria, and Robert Rodman. An Introduction to Language. 4th ed.

Forth Worth, Chicago, San Franciso, et. al.: Holt, Robert and Winston, Inc.:

1988: pp. 122-154

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English Studies: Linguistics Processes of Word Formation

Your contribution to our moderation:

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Please refresh your memory of the following passages:

Group 1: circumfixes p. 22 f., 3.1.3

Group 2: infixes p. 23, 3.1.4

Group 3: interfixes p. 23 f., 3.1.5

Group 4: transfixes p. 24 f., 3.1.6

Group 5: base modification: segmental changes p. 26 ff., 3.3 (21) – (24) incl. of text

Group 6: base modification: suprasegmental chg. p. 29 f., 3.3 (27) – (28) incl. of text

Group 7: subtractive morph p. 32, 3.5 – “…process.”

Group 8: endo- vs. exocentric compounding p. 33, 3.6 – p. 36 “…much rice.”

Group 9: dvanda compounds p. 36, “Many lges” – “prim. compounds.”

Group 10: incorporation p. 36, “These are…” – p. 38 (46) incl.

Group 11: neo-classical compounds p. 38, “Compounds…” – end of page

Group 12: unique morphs p. 40, 3.8

Your Task:

Please summarize briefly (!) the main ideas stated in your passage, and choose one good example to illustrate each phenomenon. Choose one spokesperson to present your findings.

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Affixation … sometimes not as easy as it seems

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Affixation

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• Circumfix

• consists of a prefix and a suffix acting together to surround a base

Examples: German past participles of weak verbs

- film-en ge-film-t

‘to film’ ‘filmed’

- frag-en ge-frag-t

‘to ask’ ‘asked’

- lob-en ge-lob-t

‘to praise’ ‘praised’

- zeig-en ge-zeig-t

‘to show’ ‘shown’

if considered a single affix, ge…t = discontinuous morph (very rare)

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Affixation

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• Infix

• morph inserted into the base

• used derivationally OR inflectionally

vŏh v-an-ŏh sulat s-um-ulat

‘know’ ‘wise’ ‘write’ ‘wrote’

(from Chrau, Vietnam) (from Tagalog, Phillippines)

creation of discontinuous base (very rare)

• In the same word-form, infixes can co-occur with prefixes and suffixes

Example: sulat ‘write’ base

s-um-ulat ‘wrote’ infixation

s-in-ulat ‘was written’ infixation

further preterite passives:

i-s-in-ulat second passive theme infix. + prefixation

s-in-ulat-an third passive theme infix. + suffixation

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Affixation

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• Infix: speciality ‘Interfix’

• empty morph (i.e. it does not carry morphemic meaning) which

occurs only between two other forms

Examples: German compounding

Auge + Arzt Auge-n-arzt ‘eye doctor’

Bauer + Frau Bauer-s-frau ‘farmer’s wife’

Strauss + Ei Strauss-en-ei ‘ostrich egg’

Geburt + Jahr Geburt-s-jahr ‘birth year’

English neo-classical compounding

electr-o-lyte

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Affixation

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• Infix: speciality ‘Transfix’

• affix which occurs throughout the base

• only appears in the Semitic languages:

- roots are created by a concatenation of consonants, they never occur in isolation

- transfixes, which always consist of vowels, are then added to the root

- each transfix occurs in a fixed position in the root

Example: Egyptian Arabic ktb (‘to write’)

΄katab ‘he wrote’

΄jiktib ‘he will write’

mak΄tuub ‘written’

mak΄taba ‘bookshops’

ma΄kaatib ‘bookshops’

ki΄taab ‘book’

΄kaatib ‘clerk’

transfixation involves two sets of discontinuous morphs

thus, transfixes are the most complex type of affix

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Internal base modifications

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• involve phonological changes to the base

• are either segmental OR suprasegmental

a) segmental modifications

Consonantal Change: Voicing

N V change: mou// mou//

thie/f/ thie/v/

sing. pl. change: mouth// mou//s

hou/s/ hou/z/es

shel/f/ shel/v/s

Vowel Mutation

Umlaut = assimilation to a following vowel, e.g. f//t f/i/t

Ablaut = any other instance of vowel mutation, e.g. s//ng s//ng s/a/ng

mostly found in Germanic languages

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Internal base modifications

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• involve phonological changes to the base

• are either segmental OR suprasegmental

b) suprasegmental modifications (through superfixes)

Change of stress pattern

N V change: ΄discount dis΄count

΄import im΄port

΄insult in΄sult

also called ‘replacive morphs’ = the replacement of one phonological sequence by another

similarly: m//se m//ce

controversy: this would redefine the notion of ‘morph’ to include – in addition to form – the notion of process ( replacing a morph)

other scholars refer to such processes as infixation

term ‘replacive morph’ predominates

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Subtractive Morphs

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• = morphs which are removed by a morphological process

• In French: subtract the final consonant of the feminine form masculine form

• Example: mauvaise (f) mauvaix (m)

verte (f) vert (m)

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Compounding I a

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Endocentric compounds

• denote a sub-class of the items denoted by one of their elements hyponym of main/head element

Example: sea-bird

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Compounding I b

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Exocentric compounds

• denote something which is not a sub-class of either of the elements in the compounds

Example: egg-head

sometimes called ‘bahuvrihi compounds’

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Compounding II

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‘Dvanda’ / copulative compounds

• denote an entity made up of the two or more elements mentioned in the compound together

Example: bleu – blanc – rouge

I+II = root compounds / primary compounds

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Compounding III

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Synthetic (or verbal [nexus]) compounds

• head element contains a verb

Example: dish washer

Incorporation

• = a compound created in this way is itself a verb

• noun in the modifying element has same semantic function as direct object of verb involved

• frequently denote an activity

Example: Maori ‘hoko rare’ (= lolly-buy)

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Compounding III

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Neo-classical compounds

• two lexemes involved in their maku up are not English lexemes Greek, Latin

Example: biology, geometry

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Unique morphs

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• = only occur in one fixed expression

• bound to a particular collocation

• no own meaning, but make something a subclass

Example: cranberry

often called ‘cranberry morphs’

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Conclusion

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Bauer: There is a hierarchy of word formation processes.

Compounding [norm]

Affixation

Suffixation

other affixation processes

Other word formation processes [deviation from norm]

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Summary of

previously known processes

of word formation

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• Suffix

• the commonest bound morpheme in all languages

• used derivationally OR inflectionally

constitut-ion-ality talo-i-ssa-an

‘house-pl-in-3rd person possessive’

from Finnish: ‘in their houses’

• When derivational and inflectional suffixes co-occur in the same word-form, the general rule is that the derivational suffixes precede the inflectional ones.

Example: égal-is-a

‘equal (V, deriv.)-3rd person sing-past (infl.)’

from French: ‘he/she/it equalised’

Affixation

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• Suffix ctd.

How to mistake plural suffixation via analogy…

Affixation

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• Prefix

• rarer than suffixes

• used derivationally OR inflectionally

dis-en-tangle a-si-nga-li-jua

‘he-negative-concessive-past-know’

from Swahili: ‘if he had not known’

• When derivational and inflectional prefixes co-occur in the same word-form, the general rule is that the inflectional prefix precedes the derivational prefix.

Example: jih ji-mi-langu

‘he 3rd person (younger) (infl.)-intransitive (deriv.)-swim’

from Achenese (Sumatra): ‘he swims’ (intransitive use)

• In the same word-form, prexifes and suffixes can occur in all possible combinations.

Affixation

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• using some part of (or the whole) base more than once in a word

• far more common in the languages of the world than any affixation process

• base reduplication resembles compounding

Example: Afrikaans

dik dik-dik ‘thick’ ‘very thick’

• can also form types of affixes

Examples: Motu, Papua New Guinea redupl.:

mero me-mero ‘boy’ ‘boys’ prefix

meromero ‘little boy’ whole word

memeromemero ‘little boys’ both

Maori, New Zealand indigenous language

aahua aahua-hua ‘appearance’ ‘resemble’ suffix

• often used iconically, i.e. the form of the word reflects its meaning

often used to indicate plurality, intensity, and repetition

• usually determined phonologically: a reduplication rule states how much of the base is to be reduplicated in terms of consonants, vowels, syllables, and word-forms

Reduplication

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• Zero morphs

o account for the difference in function between homophonous forms such as sgl-pl / N-V / N-Adj / Adj-V / …

Examples: sheep – sheep / download – to download / a round – round / emtpy – to empty / …

o processes: conversion, zero-derivation, functional shift

Relationship with no change of form

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• Backformation = derivational process

o case where the element subtracted is / looks like a morpheme with independent existence elsewhere in the language

Examples: pointer, retriever, warbler point, retrieve, warble

o in retrospect, backformation is invisible. Only noticeable when backformation word unfamiliar

• Clipping = shortening a word without changing its meaning or part of speech, only stylistic change

Examples: deli(catessen), sci(ence) fi(ction)

Cases involving shortening the base

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• Blends = portmanteau word

o two meanings packed up into one word

o overlap no information is lost

Example: glass + asphalt glasphalt

• Acronyms = coined from initial letters of the words in a name, title or phrase pronounced as a new word

Examples: NATO, AIDS

Alphabet-based formation

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• roots so completely different

• derived from different words

cannot be derived by general rules

Examples: good – better, go – went

Suppletion