UALL 2013 UALL 2013 MORPHOLOGY AND MORPHOLOGY AND

SYNTAXSYNTAXWORD FORMATION PROCESSESWORD FORMATION PROCESSES

BY: SABRINA JABAKANNY &BY: SABRINA JABAKANNY &

CASSANDRA RASHIKACASSANDRA RASHIKA

WORD FORMATION WORD FORMATION PROCESSESPROCESSES

When long words are made into simpler words When long words are made into simpler words or the creation of completely new wordsor the creation of completely new words

A combination of various morphemes that A combination of various morphemes that have to comply with the rules of the English have to comply with the rules of the English Language.Language.

There are more than 22 types of word There are more than 22 types of word formation processes.formation processes.

TYPES OF WORD FORMATION TYPES OF WORD FORMATION PROCESSESPROCESSES

CoinageCoinage BorrowingBorrowing CompoundingCompounding BlendingBlending ClippingClipping BackformationBackformation ConversionConversion AcronymsAcronyms Folk etymologyFolk etymology

ReduplicationReduplication AgglutinationAgglutination OnomatopoeiaOnomatopoeia IncorporationIncorporation Semantic LoanSemantic Loan

COINAGECOINAGE

When new terms are inventedWhen new terms are invented Mostly found in the trade departmentMostly found in the trade department E.g.: E.g.: aspirinaspirin (a kind of medicine to reduce pain (a kind of medicine to reduce pain

and fever), and fever), KleenexKleenex (a brand promoting (a brand promoting various types of tissue), various types of tissue), nylon nylon (a kind of (a kind of synthetic fabric ),synthetic fabric ),Xerox Xerox (copier machine)(copier machine)

BORROWINGBORROWING Using words from other languagesUsing words from other languages Mostly these words are French, Italian, Dutch, etc.Mostly these words are French, Italian, Dutch, etc. ‘‘colourcolour’ (Old French) ’ (Old French) ‘‘dragondragon’ (Greek) ’ (Greek) ‘‘cutecute’ (American) ’ (American) ‘‘damseldamsel’ (Latin) ’ (Latin) ‘‘jamjam’ (British) ’ (British) ‘‘maidenmaiden’ (Scottish and Irish-Gaelic)’ (Scottish and Irish-Gaelic) ‘‘magazinemagazine’ (Arabic) ’ (Arabic) ‘‘childchild’ (Anglo-Saxon)’ (Anglo-Saxon)

COMPOUNDINGCOMPOUNDING

When joining two separate words to make it When joining two separate words to make it one whole word.one whole word.

finger + print = finger + print = fingerprintfingerprint Sun + burn = Sun + burn = sunburnsunburn Hard + ware = Hard + ware = hardwarehardware There are also four types of compound There are also four types of compound

classifications. The following areclassifications. The following are

Types of Types of compoundscompounds

ExplanationExplanation ExamplesExamples

EndocentricEndocentric When the second word When the second word of the whole word of the whole word explains its purposeexplains its purpose

‘‘Dog + house’ = Dog + house’ = doghousedoghouse

ExocentricExocentric When the word is a When the word is a metaphormetaphor

‘‘white-collarwhite-collar’ = someone ’ = someone of socioeconomic status of socioeconomic status (Wikipedia.com)(Wikipedia.com)

CopulativeCopulative When the word is When the word is meant literallymeant literally

‘‘Sleepwalk’Sleepwalk’

AppositionalAppositional When the two When the two words are polar words are polar opposites, but still opposites, but still in the same in the same categorycategory

‘‘teacher-studentteacher-student’. ’. Opposite Opposite occupations, but occupations, but still under the still under the educational fieldeducational field

BLENDINGBLENDING

Combines two words to make a new word, but Combines two words to make a new word, but in this case, the beginning of the word is in this case, the beginning of the word is combined into the second word.combined into the second word.

‘‘brunch’ (brunch’ (brbreakfast + leakfast + lunchunch)) ‘‘advertorial’ (advertorial’ (advertadvertisement + editisement + editorialorial)) ‘‘cyborg’ (cyborg’ (cybcybernetic + ernetic + orgorganism)anism) ‘‘camcorder’ (camcorder’ (camcamera + reera + recordercorder))

CLIPPINGCLIPPING

The word is reduced to a certain part. E.g.: The word is reduced to a certain part. E.g.: examexamination = exam.ination = exam.

Back clipping:Back clipping: when the word is reduced at the back. when the word is reduced at the back. E.g.: E.g.: memomemorandum = memorandum = memo

Fore clippingFore clipping: when the word is reduced in front. : when the word is reduced in front. E.g.: teleE.g.: telephonephone = phone. = phone.

Middle clippingMiddle clipping: when the word is reduced both in : when the word is reduced both in the front and at the back. E.g.: inthe front and at the back. E.g.: influfluenza = flu.enza = flu.

Complex clippingComplex clipping: when two words are clipped : when two words are clipped together. E.g.: together. E.g.: sitsituational uational comcomedy = sitcom.edy = sitcom.

FOLK ETYMOLOGYFOLK ETYMOLOGY

A story of how a A story of how a particular word came to particular word came to be as it is known today.be as it is known today.

‘‘BachelorBachelor’: In Medieval ’: In Medieval Latin, it meant ‘junior Latin, it meant ‘junior knight’. Currently it’s knight’. Currently it’s used to someone who is used to someone who is a university degree a university degree holder or a male who is holder or a male who is single.single.

Example: BIKINIExample: BIKINI In 1946, an atom bomb In 1946, an atom bomb

exploded in an island exploded in an island called Bikini. Then, in called Bikini. Then, in France, a newspaper France, a newspaper report carried a story of report carried a story of someone wearing a two-someone wearing a two-piece swimsuit, saying piece swimsuit, saying “The French…have a new “The French…have a new suit planned…twice as suit planned…twice as wide as a piece of string…wide as a piece of string…it’s so explosive they call it it’s so explosive they call it the Bikini,” (the Bikini,” (Waterloo Waterloo DailyDaily CourierCourier, June 26, , June 26, 1947)1947)

Example: LIMOUSINEExample: LIMOUSINE

Originally known as an Originally known as an ordinary cape worn in a ordinary cape worn in a place called Limousin, place called Limousin, France. People saw this France. People saw this resemblance of this resemblance of this garment with the motor garment with the motor car which had a canopy. car which had a canopy. In 1900, it became known In 1900, it became known as luxurious cars which as luxurious cars which had a chauffer in front had a chauffer in front and a partition for the and a partition for the passengers at the back.passengers at the back.

Example: FUDGEExample: FUDGE

Now known as a sweet, it used to be known as Now known as a sweet, it used to be known as a term to insult politicians, who were often a term to insult politicians, who were often accused of sugarcoating the facts. In the 17accused of sugarcoating the facts. In the 17 thth century, it later meant ‘to merge together’ or century, it later meant ‘to merge together’ or ‘to manipulate facts and figures’. In the ‘to manipulate facts and figures’. In the 1980’s, people began to enjoy the fudge as a 1980’s, people began to enjoy the fudge as a sweet, as it does ‘merge’ the butter, sugar, sweet, as it does ‘merge’ the butter, sugar, milk and cream to make the sweet.milk and cream to make the sweet.

BACKFORMATIONBACKFORMATIONIt is a process that creates a new word It is a process that creates a new word by removing a real or supposed affix by removing a real or supposed affix

from another word.from another word.

For example, the noun For example, the noun resurrectionresurrection was borrowed from Latin, and the was borrowed from Latin, and the

verb verb resurrectresurrect was then back formed was then back formed hundreds of years later from it by hundreds of years later from it by

removing the removing the -ion-ion suffix. suffix.

Other examples

Isolated = isolate (removal of the [-d]) Sightseeing = sightsee (removal of the [-ing]) Orientation = orientate (removal of the [-ion]) Babysitter = babysit (removal of the [-ter]) Biceps = bicep (removal of the [-s]) Bulldozer = bulldoze (removal of the [-r]) Choreography = choreograph (removal of the

[-y])

CONVERSIONCONVERSIONIt is also called It is also called zero derivationzero derivation, is a , is a kind of word formation; specifically, kind of word formation; specifically, it is the creation of a word from an it is the creation of a word from an

existing word without any change in existing word without any change in form. form.

For example when a noun becomes a For example when a noun becomes a verbverb

- Butter – Have you buttered the - Butter – Have you buttered the toast?toast?

Other examples

‘Green’ (adj) = ‘putting green’ (for golfing) ‘Host’ (noun) = ‘host a party’

ACRONYMSACRONYMS-Acronyms are formed by taking the initial Acronyms are formed by taking the initial

letters of a phrase and making a word out of letters of a phrase and making a word out of it. The classical acronym is also it. The classical acronym is also

pronounced as a word.pronounced as a word.-- For example- - For example- ScubaScuba was formed from was formed from SSelf-elf-CContained ontained UUnderwater nderwater BBreathing reathing

AApparatus.pparatus.

Other examples:

FUCK: For Unlawful Carnal Knowledge. NATO: North Atlantic Treaty Organization. FAQ : Frequently Asked Questions NAACP: National Association for the

Advancement of Colored People. DC Comics: Detective Comics Comics CNN: Cable News Network LBD: Little Black Dress.

REDUPLICATIONREDUPLICATION

-this occurs in Malay in which the this occurs in Malay in which the base word is repeated.base word is repeated.

For example- anak-anakFor example- anak-anak - tuan-tuan- tuan-tuan

Reduplication can also occur in other Reduplication can also occur in other languages. There are three ways in languages. There are three ways in

this can be achieved.this can be achieved.

Initial reduplication (Agta): [ɸuɾab] ‘afternoon’ →[ɸuɸuɾab] ‘late afternoon’ [ɸu- ɸuɾab] 

Final reduplication (Dakota): [waʃte] ‘good’ (singular) → [waʃteʃte] ‘good’ (plural) [waʃte-ʃte]

Internal reduplication (Samoan): [alofa] ‘they love’→ [alolofa] ‘he loves’ [(a-lo-lofa)]

(wikipedia.com)

AGGLUTINATIONAGGLUTINATION

-It is the It is the morphological morphological process of adding process of adding affixes to the base of a word. affixes to the base of a word.

-For example- houses ([-s])For example- houses ([-s])

In some languages, words are combined In some languages, words are combined together to make one whole long word. together to make one whole long word. Languages that use agglutination widely Languages that use agglutination widely

are called agglutinative languages.are called agglutinative languages.

Examples of Agglutination

Tamil: “sokkathangam” [Pure Gold.] Turkish:

“Avustralyalılaştıramadıklarımızdan” is pronounced as one word, which in English actually means “one of those whom we could not see resemble the Australian people”

Japanese: “tabetakunakatta” means “(subject) did not want to eat”

(wikipedia.com)

ONOMATOPOEIAONOMATOPOEIAis a word or a grouping of words that is a word or a grouping of words that

imitates the sound it is describing, such imitates the sound it is describing, such as animal noises.as animal noises.

For example -"oink" or "meow", or For example -"oink" or "meow", or suggesting its source object, such as suggesting its source object, such as "boom", "zoom", "click", "bunk", "boom", "zoom", "click", "bunk", "clang", "buzz", "zap", or "bang"."clang", "buzz", "zap", or "bang".

INCORPORATION

A word formation process in which the word starts out as a verb before it becomes a compound.

Usually goes hand in hand with the direct object and the adverbial modifier.

There are two types of incorporation processes.

Instrumental incorporation: ‘breastfeed’ Direct object: ‘babysit’

SEMANTIC LOAN

Adding additional meanings to an already existing word.

Some of the meanings can be similar, like in the case of the word ‘realize’

‘Realize’ not only means ‘…to be aware,’ it now has expanded to mean ‘to make something happen,’

However, words can have different meanings. Like the word ‘star’, it not only has an astronomical meaning to the word, it can refer to a pop singer or an actress (‘movie star’)

Other examples:

Brilliance: Can either mean a person’s cleverness or how bright a certain shiny object is.

Brief: Can either mean ‘something that lasts for a short time’ or to ‘give specific information to someone about a particular topic’

Easy: Can be something that has no difficulty in accomplishing or something that feels relaxing and comfortable.

CONCLUSIONCONCLUSION

-Word formation is the creation of a new Word formation is the creation of a new word. word.

Word formation is sometimes contrasted Word formation is sometimes contrasted with semantic change, which is a change with semantic change, which is a change

in a single word's meaning. in a single word's meaning.