Morphology part 2 Andrew Hippisley Department of Computing, University of Surrey.
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Transcript of Morphology part 2 Andrew Hippisley Department of Computing, University of Surrey.
Plan agreement, a case study in
morphology challenging morphology
suppletion syncretism deponency
Please refer to handout!
What is agreement? inherent inflection: not required by the syntactic context contextual inflection: dictated by syntax (Booij 1996)
Inflection
Contextual
Inherent
Nouns: case Verbs: number, person Adjectives: number, gender
Nouns: number Verbs: tense, aspect, polarity ? Adjectives: degree
What is agreement? (See Corbett forthcoming for figure)
controller target
the system works
feature: number value: singular
domain
What is agreement?
Discussion points elements involved nature of relationship: asymmetric features involved domain
NP clause
expression of agreement
What is agreement?
agreement versus government both characterised by an asymmetric
relationship only agreement is a relationship of
covariance features different
agreement: gender, number, person government: case
Possible agreement
Canonical versus non-canonical (Corbett forthcoming)
redundancy controller marks same number of
features as target (canonical) target marks more agreement
features than controller (non-canonical)
Possible agreement
Canonical versus non-canonical (Corbett)
feature matching controller and target features have
matching values; syntactic agreement (canonical)
controller’s features differ in value from target; semantic agreement (non-canonical)
Possible agreement
Canonical versus non-canonical (Corbett)
Consistency in agreement pattern controller is consistent (canonical) controller is a hybrid (non-canonical)
Possible agreement
Canonical versus non-canonical (Corbett)
how many controllers target agrees with single controller
(canonical) target agrees with multiple controllers
(non-canonical)imbwa na-v-ana v-a-dz-o
dogs(9/10) and-Pl-young(1/2) 2-ASSOCIATIVE-10-ASSOCIATIVE
Possible agreement
Canonical versus non-canonical (Corbett)
opacity of expressions controller and target agreements
expressions are alliterative (canonical) controller and target agreements
expressions are opaque (non-canonical)
Concluding agreement Agreement hard to generaliseBUT covariance of features between target
and controller asymmetry:
target agrees with noun for a feature set noun never accommodates target’s features
Suppletion: a definition“a relation between signs X and Y such that the
semantic difference...between X and Y is maximally regular...while the phonological difference is maximally irregular.” Mel’čuk (1994)
Russian ‘child’reb´onok (sg) / det´-i (pl) Russian ‘girl’devušk(a) (sg) / devušk-i (pl)
Suppletion: a definition
regular semantically
regular phonologically
X : Y
highest
highest
high medium
lowest
Property A: frequency
Suppleting items anomalously highly frequent absolute frequency relative frequency
PROPERY B: Inherent Inflection
inherent inflection: not required by the syntactic context contextual inflection: dictated by syntax (Booij 1996)
c.f. Bybee’s (1985) relevance of categories
Inflection
Contextual
Inherent
Nouns: case Verbs: number, person Adjectives: number, gender
Nouns: number Verbs: tense, aspect, polarity ? Adjectives: degree
PROPERTY C: Morphologically
Systematic
Latin stems
am(o) amav(i) amat(um) stem 1 stem 2 stem 3 Active: - present - future - imperfect Passive: - present - future - imperfect
Active: - perfect - future perfect - pluperfect
Active: - future participle Passive: - perfect - future perfect - pluperfect - perfect participle Supine
PROPERTY C: Morphologically Systematic
Suppletion in Latin
fer(o) tul(i) lat(um) stem 1 stem 2 stem 3 Active: - present - future - imperfect Passive: - present - future - imperfect
Active: - perfect - future perfect - pluperfect
Active: - future participle Passive: - perfect - future perfect - pluperfect - perfect participle Supine
PROPERTY C: Morphologically Systematic
Slovene as an exception grâd ‘castle’ Singular Dual Plural grâd grad-ôv(a) grad-ôv(i) člóvek ‘person’ Singular Dual Plural člóvek človék(a) ljudj(ê)
Syncretism
'A single inflected form may correspond to more than one morphosyntactic description' (Spencer 1991: 45)
Example: Syncretism in Russian
Class I Class II Class III Class IV
Sg Dat stol-u komnat-e kost’-i okn-u
Sg Loc stol-e komnat-e kost’-i okn-e Sg Gen stol-a komnat-i kost’-i okn-a
Russian has syncretism of dative singular and locative singular, because one form has more than one function
... and because for other items there is a formal distinction.
A Slovene Referral
SINGULAR DUAL PLURAL nom človek člové¢ka ljudê` acc člové¢ka člové¢ka ljudî gen člové¢ka dat člové¢ku člové¢koma ljudê`m inst člové¢kom člové¢koma ljudmí loc člové¢ku Paradigm of the Slovene noun človek 'person' (based on Priestly 1993: 401)
A Slovene Referral
SINGULAR DUAL PLURAL nom človek člové¢ka ljudê ̀acc člové¢ka člové¢ka ljudî gen člové¢ka ljudí ljudí dat člové¢ku člové¢koma ljudêm̀ inst člové¢kom člové¢koma ljudmí loc člové¢ku ljudéh ljudéh Paradigm of the Slovene noun človek 'person' (based on Priestly 1993: 401)
Regular verbMeaning form
present future aorist
Active active active active
Passive passive passive passive
Middle middle middle middle
Deponency Type B Meaning form
present future aorist
Active middle middle middle
Passive passive passive passive
Middle
Deponency Type CMeaning form
present future aorist
Passive active active active
Active
Middle middle middle middle
Deponency Type DMeaning form
present future aorist
Passive middle middle middle
Active active active active
Middle