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MORPHOLOGY, LIFE
CYCLE AND ECONOMICIMPORTANCE OF FUNGI
OYINLOYE, J.M. ADEDEJIACHIEVERS UNIVERSITY, OWO
COLLEGE OF NATURAL AND APPLIED
SCIENCES
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Brief Historical Account
Gleditsch, a German botanist attempted ashort classification of fungi in 1753
Fontana, an Italian scientist worked onrust of cereals caused by fungi in 1767
In the 19th century, De Bary (1831-88)
worked on the physiological andbiological nature of fungi and publishedhis new classification scheme in 1884. Healso discovered the lichens.
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GENERAL DESCRIPTION
Fungi (sing. Fungus) originated from a Greek
wordfungos mushroom. They are a group
of thallophytes lacking in chlorophyll.
Majority of the fungi are usually unicellular
or colonial but a few complex forms such as
mushroom and puffballs have a limitedform of cellular specialisation.
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PUFFBALL
Fly Agaric Mushroom
The brightly colored fly agaric mushroom is a deadly poisonous mushroom. Containingibotenic acid and a number of other organic poisons, the fly agaric can cause severedamage to the central nervous system, blood vessels, kidneys, liver, and muscles.Symptoms, which may not become apparent for 8 to 12 hours or longer, include nausea,vomiting, and severe diarrhea and can lead to coma and death.
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The kingdom is filled with over 100,000 spps
which can be generally divided into 2;
1. Macroscopic fungi (mushrooms, puffballsand gill fungi)
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2. Microscopic fungi (molds and yeast)
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Cells of the microscopic form exist in two
forms; yeast and hyphae.Yeast: it is differentiated by its round-oval
shape and by its mode of asexual
reproduction; mainly budding. Some produce
pseudohypha (chains of yeast cells when
buds still remain attached to the mother cell).
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Hyphae: these are long, threadlike cells foundin the body of filamentous fungi/molds.
While some fungi exist as yeast, others arehyphae, but some are dimorphic (either)depending on enviromental factors e.g.
pathogenic molds.
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Dimorphism in C albicans. DYC, Daughter yeast cell; GT, germ tube; H,
hypha; Ph, pseudohypha; YMC, yeast mother cell. (X8,980)
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CLASSIFICATION OF FUNGIPHYLUM(COMMON NAME) EXAMPLE(S)
Ascomycota (sac fungi) Neurospora, Morchella,Ergot
Basidiomycota (club fungi) Agaricus, Amanita,Cortinarius
Chytridiomycota (chytrids) Allomyces, Chytridium
Deuteromycota (fungi imperfecti) Arthrobotrys,Aspergillus
Zygomycota (Terrestrial fungi) Rhizopus, Pilobolus.
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NUTRITION
All fungi are heterotrophic i.e. they acquirenutrients from a wide variety of organicmaterials.
Most are saprobes i.e. they feed on remnants ofdead plants and animals in soils or aquatichabitats.
They can also be parasites on bodies of livinganimals and plants though a few are obligatelydependent on living host.
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Their feeding method is by extracellular
digestion i.e. they penetrate the substrate
and secrete enzymes to reduce it to small
molecules that can be easily absorbed. They
produce many enzymes that can degrade
substances like hair, nail, feathers, cellulose,petroleum products, wood, rubber etc.
The diseases they cause on living hosts are
tagged MYCOSES. They produce toxins
which are harmful to man, and spores which
can elicit allergies or other respiratory
diseases.
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MICROSCOPIC FUNGI
Colonies of yeast are similar with that of
bacteria (soft, uniform texture & in
appearance)
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Colonies of filamentous fungi/molds have somecottony, hairy or velvety textures.
The woven intertwining mass of hyphae iscalled MYCELIUM.
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In most fungi, the hyphae are divided intosegments by cross walls called SEPTA, a
condition known as septate. The septa caneither be complete crossing or partial with asmall pore which allows for inter-compartmental exchange of nutrients and
organelles.Non-septate hyphae contain no cross walls,
thus, are long, continous tube.
Hyphae can be classified into vegetative; thevisible mass growth on substrates, which intime gives rise to the reproductive hyphaethat produces the reproductive bodies
called SPORES.
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REPRODUCTIONPropagation can be by simple outward
growth already existing hypha or by
fragmentation, in which fragmented
segment grows into a new colony.Propagation is also possible by special
bodies called SCLEROTIA a compact,
hard rounded mass of hyphae.The primary means of reproduction is by
SPORE production.
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The compactness and light weight of spores
make its dissemination easy by air, water
and living things.The fungal spore is different from bacteria
spore in that it is used for multiplication,
dissemination, production of geneticvariation and survival.
Because of the diversity of spore production,
the spore and its bearing/forming structurecan be used for classification and
identification.
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Fungi may reproduce sexually or asexually.
Spores may be either sexual or asexual in
origin. Sexual spores include ascospores,basidiospores, oospores and zygospores,
which are used to determine phylogenetic
relationships. Sexual reproduction occurs by
the fusion of two haploid nuclei (karyogamy),
followed by meiotic division of the diploid
nucleus. Asexual spores are produced in sac-
like cells called sporangia and are calledsporangiospores. Asexual reproduction results
from division of nuclei by mitosis.
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ECONOMIC IMPORTANCE
They cause superficial and systemicinfections in humans.
They produce some chemicals capable of
causing allergies or neurologicaldisturbance or even death.
They are pathogenic to field plants and
harvested produce.
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They decompose organic matter, returning
essential nutrients into the soil.
They form association with plant rootshelping in the absorption of water and
nutrients the mycorrhizae.
They are a source of antibiotic, alcohol,organic acids and vitamins production in
Industries.
The yeast (Saccharomyces) producesalcohol in beer and wine and also the gas
that makes bread dough rise.