MORPHOLOGY, LEXICON, GRAMMAR, AND SYNTAC

MORPHOLOGY, LEXICON, GRAMMAR, AND SYNTACDEDEN SYEFRUDINMORPHOLOGY

?MORPHOLOGYWHAT IS MORPHOLOGY?

The study of the structure of words; the component of the grammar that includes the rules of word formation (F&R 2003; 588)LINGUISTIC LEVELLinguistic LevelThe Morphology Phonology InteractionAs regard the interaction with phonology, the selection of the form that manifests a given morpheme may be influenced by the sound that realize neighboring morphemes. Take the indefinite article in English. It has two manifestations. It is a before a word that begins with a consonant (e.g., a pear) and an before a word that begins with a vowel (e.g., an orange). We cannot describe the phonological shape of the indefinite article without referring to the sound at the beginning of the word that follows it.

Morphological Morpheme of Grammatical FunctionNormally, sentences are constructed in such a way that some constituents identify particular individuals or things and other constituents say things about those individuals or entities.Constituent which indicate individuals or entities are called referring expression, while those which attribute to them properties, processes, action, relation or states are called predicates.

Syntactic Categories and Grammatical RelationSyntactic Categories like noun phrase (NP) and verb phrase (VP) specify the syntactic type of particular constituents. The syntactic type of a constituent is determined by the category of the head of that constituent. Grammatical Relation indicate the grammatical relationship that holds between two syntactic constituents in a sentence. They are determined, not by semantic consideration, but by the syntactic position of a particular constituent. The grammatical relation that we shall use are verb, phrase, subject, object, second object and oblique.

Grammatical Function Change Grammatical Function Change refers to alternations in the grammatical encoding of referential expressions, to use the definition presented by Baker ( 1988: 1). Passive, causative, and other phenomena are grammatical-function-changing phenomena because they can be seen as triggering the encoding change.Grammatical Function ChangePassive, The active-passive distinction is traditionally considered one of voice. The passive is marked by a special morpheme, but the active requires no such marker. The terms marked and unmarked are frequently encountered in linguistics, and they are by no means limited to describing grammatical-function-changing phenomenon.Grammatical Function ChangeAntisipassive,The antisipassive occurs less frequently than the passive in the worlds languages. In the antisipassive, an object of the verb is expressed instead in an oblique case or it becomes null.Grammatical Function ChangeCausative,The causative typically expresses the meaning cause to do something or sometimes allow, persuade, help to do something.Grammatical Function ChangeApplicative,The term applicative describes a number of different grammatical-function-changing phenomena cross-linguistically. They involve the addition of an applicative affix along with a change in function of an oblique object, indirect object,or null object. These come to expressed as a main object of the verb, often called the applied object.The Mirror principleMorphological derivations must directly reflect syntactic derivations (and vice versa) (Baker,1985)

IncorporationBaker claims that Grammatical Category changing processes have in common is the movement of a lexical category (i.e word) from one position in a sentence to a new position, which happens to be inside another word. The process whereby one semantically independent word is moved by syntactic rules to a new position and comes to be found inside another word is called Incorporation.

IncorporationNoun incorporationVerb incorporationPreposition incorporationNoun IncorporationGerdts (1998: 84) defines incorporation as the compounding of a word (typically a verb or preposition) with another element (typically a noun, pronoun, or adverb). The compound serves the combined syntactic function of both elements. Noun incorporation is the most common type. It involves the combination of a noun stem and a verb or adjective into a complex form that serves as a predicate.Verb IncorporationChung (1978) observes that an object Noun-Phrase in a single clause is berefit of all articles and becomes incorporated in the verb itself under certain covered ircumstances.

Preposition IncorporationIn many Austronesian language and Bantu languages there are applicative sentences with direct object which can be paraphrased by other sentences in which the same Noun-Phrase occurs as an ablique Noun-Phrase governed by a preposition.Baker (1988) contend that no special Grammatical-Function Change rule is required to account for these facts. They can be adequately dealt with if we assume that such languages have a movement rule that take a preposition out of a prepositional phrase and plants it inside a verb. LexiconThe lexicon contains a list of lexical items (e.g. nouns, adjectives, verbs, adverbs). Di Sciullo and Williams (1987) refer to the items listed in the lexicon as listemes. Most listemes are single vocabulary items such as mediatrix. The idiosyncratic properties of listemes typically include:Morphological properties: mediatrix is borrowed from Old French; it takes the suffix ices for plural;Semantic properties: mediatrix means a go-between; mediatrix is human and female and the male equivalent is mediator;Phonological properties: indicating pronunciation 9e.g./mi:ditriks/);Syntactic properties: mediatrix is a noun, countable, feminine, etc.

The Character of word-formation rulesA number of linguist, notably William 91981a,1981b). Di Sciullo and Williams (1987) and Selkirk (1982), have argue that word-formation rules are phrase-structure rules akin to the phrase-structure rules found in syntax, The Syntax of Words, implies morphological rules are not regarded by Selkirk as essentially different from syntactic rules. She explicit argues in that book that morphology is the study of the syntax of words while what is traditionally called syntax is the study of the syntax of sentences.

The Character of word-formation rulesSelkirk proposed for English word-level context-free phrase structure rules like the following:Phrase-Structure ruleExampleStem -> affix stemexpelStem -> stem affixfraternalWord -> word affixbook-ingWord -> affix wordre-windWord -> word wordfootpath

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