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Transcript of Morphology, Classification, and Phylogenetics · PDF fileTaxonomy: deals with describing...
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Morphology, Classification, and Phylogenetics
Biology of Fishes 9.11.2012
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Review
Basic Fish Morphology
Classification
Phylogenetics
Overview
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Adaptations to diverse environments
Symbiotic Relationships
Life History & Reproductive Strategies
Diadromy (anadromous, catadromous)
Sequential hermaphroditism (protandry, protogyny)
Ecology & Conservation
Invasive species
Habitat loss
Overfishing
Review
Northern Snakehead (CHANNIDAE)
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Basic Fish Morphology
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Basic Fish Morphology
Great White Shark
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Basic Fish Morphology
Lungfishes
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Basic Fish Morphology
Muskellunge
American Eel
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Why do we do it?
Simplification – reduce complexity of ~28,000 species
Communication – stable, shared information system
Prediction – infer qualities about unexamined species
Taxonomy & Systematics
Phenetics & Phylogenetics
Classification
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Taxonomy: deals with describing biodiversity, including naming undescribed species
Systematics: focuses on relationships among species or higher taxa
Phenetics (Linnaean system)
Phylogenetics
Classification
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Taxonomy & Systematics
Cow, lungfish, salmon
Phenetics (Linnaean system, traditional)
Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus Species
Based on similarity of characters (advanced, primitive, or lacking). “look similar = share similar evolutionary history”
Cow Lungfish, Salmon
Classification
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Phenetics (Linnaean system, traditional)
Kingdom - Animalia
Phylum - Chordata
Class - Actinopterygii
Order - Perciformes
Family - Percidae
Genus - Perca
Species - flavescens
Classification
Yellow Perch
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Taxonomy
Phylogenetic systematics (cladistics) - alternative classification, widely accepted
Cow, Lungfish (Sarcopterygii) Salmon (Actinopterygii)
Apomorphies, synapomorphies, plesiomorphies
Monophyly, paraphyly, polyphyly
Parsimony
Classification
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Study of evolutionary relationships among groups of organisms. A phylogeny is a history of taxonomic groups.
Phylogenetics
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A phylogeny is a history of taxonomic groups
Phylogenetics
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Phylogenetic systematics (Cladistics)
Requires identification of characters as either apomorphies or plesiomorphies
Apomorphies: derived (or “advanced”) characters that arise from speciation events
Plesiomorphies: ancestral, less derived (“primitive”) characters
Synapomorphies: shared derived characters or shared specializations
Symplesiomorphies: shared ancestral characters
Phylogenetics
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Phylogenetics
A: Ray-finned (Actinopterygii) B & C: Lobe-finned (Sarcopterygii)
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Phylogenetic systematics (Cladistics)
Goal is to find synapomorphies to identify monophyletic groups or clades
A clade includes a common ancestor and all of its descendants (monophyletic)
Phylogenetics
Cladogram – branching diagram of genealogical relationships
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Phylogenetics
Monophyletic: Reptiles & Birds (includes common ancestor and all descendants) Paraphyletic: Reptiles (includes most recent common ancestor but NOT all descendants) Polyphyletic: Warm-blooded Animals (does NOT include most recent common ancestor of its descendants)
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Phylogenetics
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Construct a cladogram that includes the following groups:
Holostei (Gars & Bowfins)
Chondrostei (Sturgeons & Paddlefishes)
Dipnoi (Lungfishes, tetrapods)
Teleosts (“modern” bony fishes)
Cladistia (Bichirs)
Actinistia (Coelacanths)
Phylogenetics Assignment
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A B C D E F
SARCOPTERYGII
ACTINOPTERYGII
Phylogenetics Assignment
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Construct a cladogram that includes the following groups:
Label Groups on Cladogram/Tree
List sources; at least 2 (website, text, journal article)
Turn in Thursday at beginning of lecture
Phylogenetics Assignment
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