Morphology and Morphometrics - University of Wisconsin ...
Transcript of Morphology and Morphometrics - University of Wisconsin ...
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Paleobiology!Origination I (Living) Monday 25, 2016
Morphology and Morphometrics
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MORPHOSPECIES ARE THE ONLY OPTION
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MORPHOSPECIES ARE THE ONLY OPTION
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MORPHOSPECIES ARE THE ONLY OPTION
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CRYPTIC AND SIBLING SPECIES
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CRYPTIC AND SIBLING SPECIES
Crassatella gibbosula
Marvacrassatella marylandica
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CRYPTIC AND SIBLING SPECIES
y = -1.31 + 0.71 * x² = 0.53, = 20.69, < 0.0002R F P1. 18
Echinodermata
Porifera
Other Metazoa
Insecta
Crustacaea
Arachnida
Others Arthropoda
other Chordata
Mammalia
Amphibia
"Reptilia"
Aves
"Fish"
PlatyhelminthesBivalvia
Gastropoda
Other Mollusca
2.5 3.0 3.5 4.0 4.5 5.0 5.5 6.0 6.5
log N species10
log
NC
SR
10
-0.5
0.0
0.5
1.0
1.5
2.0
2.5
3.0
3.5
Cephalopoda
AnnelidaNematoda
Pfenniger and Schwenk 2007
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CHRONOSPECIES (AND PSEUDOEXTINCTION)
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POLYMORPHIC SPECIES
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AN UNDERLYING PHILOSOPHICAL CHOICE
CAN YOU HAVE A POLYMORPHIC SPECIES UNDER A MORPHOSPECIES PARADIGM?
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A RETREAT TO HIGHER LINNEAN LEVELS
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A RETREAT TO HIGHER LINNEAN LEVELS
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Kingdom Phylum Class Order Family Genus species!
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Kind People Cry Out ForGood samaritans!
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Keynsian Pandas Came Over ForGood sex!
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Kangaroos Punch Cowardly Frog!
Gangsters savagely!
THE LINNEAN HIERARCHY
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A HIGHLY CONTROVERSIAL DECISION
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A HIGHLY CONTROVERSIAL DECISION
“INCREASINGLY, IT IS COMMON TO READ REPORTS OF GENERIC-LEVEL ORIGINATION AND/OR EXTINCTION RATES (E.G., PETERS 2005, 2006; KIESSLING ET AL. 2010; FOOTE 2012) … WITH LITTLE OR NO EXPLICIT DISCUSSION OF THE PROXY STATUS OF GENERA OR THE RELATIONSHIP OF GENERIC-LEVEL PATTERNS TO UNDERLYING SPECIES-LEVEL PATTERNS AND PROCESSES (SEE ALSO FOOTE 2006; KRUG AND PATZKOWSKY 2007; ZAFFOS AND HOLLAND 2012).
INTENTIONALLY OR UNINTENTIONALLY, THESE STUDIES LEAVE THE IMPRESSION THAT THE GENERA ANALYZED HAVE EVOLUTIONARILY SIGNIFICANT ATTRIBUTES THAT ARE POTENTIALLY INDEPENDENT O THOSE OF THEIR CONSTITUENT SPECIES.”
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FIRST DAY, TWO MAJOR QUESTIONS
1. ARE FOSSIL SPECIES, I.E., MORPHOSPECIES, BIOLOGICALLY MEANINGFUL ENTITIES THAT CAN TEACH US ABOUT ECOLOGY OR EVOLUTION?
2. ARE HIGHER LEVELS OF THE LINNEAN HIERARCHY, E.G., GENERA, A BIOLOGICALLY MEANINGFUL PROXY FOR LEARNING ABOUT ECOLOGY OR EVOLUTION?
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HOW TO CHARACTERIZE MORPHOLOGY?
SIZE IS A ONE DIMENSIONAL MEASUREMENT – E.G., LENGTH.
SHAPE IS THE PROPORTIONAL RELATIONSHIP OF TWO OR MORE ASPECTS OF SIZE – E.G., LENGTH/WIDTH.
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THE TWO ‘ASPECTS OF FORM’
SAME SHAPE DIFFERENT SIZE
DIFFERENT SHAPE DIFFERENT SIZE
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DESCRIPTIVE TERMINOLOGY
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DESCRIPTIVE TERMINOLOGY
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MANY TERMS DON’T WORK ACROSS GROUPS
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THREE BASIC TYPES OF MORPHOMETRICS
TRADITIONAL LANDMARK
OUTLINE
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LANDMARK ANALYSIS LANDMARKS ARE CARTESIAN (X,Y,Z) COORDINATE POINTS USED TO REPRESENT A SHAPE. A LANDMARK MUST BE PLACED ON A HOMOLOGOUS POINT. A SEMI-LANDMARK IS A POINT THAT IS PLACED ARBITRARILY BETWEEN TWO OR MORE LANDMARKS. THE BIG ADVANTAGE IS THAT YOU FOCUS ON SHAPE OVER SIZE. THE BIG DISADVANTAGE IS THAT YOU FOCUS ON SHAPE OVER SIZE.
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LANDMARK ANALYSIS
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OUTLINE ANALYSIS BRUTE FORCE SEMI-LANDMARK ANALYSIS IS SOMETIMES CALLED OUTLINE ANALYSIS. THIS IS NOT GENUINE OUTLINE ANALYSIS, BUT IS A FORM OF LANDMARK ANALYSIS. TRUE OUTLINE ANALYSIS TRACES LITERAL OUTLINES, OFTEN ELLIPSES, AROUND THE SPECIMEN.
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OUTLINE VS. LANDMARK IS CONTENTOUS Brute force semi-landmark analysis is sometimes called outline analysis. This is not true outline analysis, but is just a form of landmark analysis. True outline analysis traces literal outlines, often ellipses, around the specimen.
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THE OPTIMISTIC VIEW OF MORPHOLOGY
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THE OPTIMISTIC VIEW OF MORPHOLOGY
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THE OPTIMISTIC VIEW OF MORPHOLOGY
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FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY
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FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY
SAVARESE 1992
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FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY
SAVARESE 1992
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FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY
SAVARESE 1992
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FUNCTIONAL MORPHOLOGY
SAVARESE 1992
NEW WATER WITH FOOD
OLD FILTERED WATER
NEW WATER WITH FOOD
NEW WATER WITH FOOD
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EXPERIMENTATION OVER MEASUREMENT
“This ranks as pure guesswork in the cocktail party mode; Wright presents no neurological evidence of a brain module for sweetness, and no paleontological data about ancestral feeding. This ‘just-so story’ therefore cannot stand as a ‘classic example of an adaptation’ in any sense deserving the name of science.” – Stephen J. Gould