Morphology
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Transcript of Morphology
MorphologyA review
1. What is a morpheme?2. What is the difference between free and
bound morphemes?3. What is a root morpheme?4. What is the difference between inflectional
and derivational morphemes?
Morphemes◦ The most elemental unit of a word
Morphology◦Study of the internal structure; rules of word formation
What are the building blocks in the formation of complex words?
believable unbelievable
desirable undesirable
happy unhappy
dressed undressed
Prefixes Prefixes are added to the beginning Suffixes Suffixes are added to the end
Form a word with 2 suffixes Form a word with 1 Prefix and 2 Suffixes
Affixes
For each of the words below, determine the number of morphemes it has.
Sister sister’s sisters happyblister
unhappy the teacher carefully
Mini exercise
◦ Free morphemes can be used alone◦ Bound morphemes must be attached to
other morphemes Free morpheme in a complex word:
Deactivationde+act+iv+at+ion
Act: 1 a : the doing of a thing (Merriam Webster Dictionary)
Free morphemes vs. bound morphemes
Quick exerciseFor each morpheme below, determine
whether it’s free or bound.
Pre pro ive y worthwith
un ion re ductedable
Free morphemes vs. bound morphemes
Lexical morpheme◦ Have a ‘real world’ meaning◦ Also called content morpheme
Grammatical morpheme◦ Change the form of a word but don’t have ‘real
word’ meaning Test: find a synonym for the morpheme
◦ If you can find one, it’s a lexical morpheme What is the difference between free &bound
morphemes and lexical & grammatical morphemes?
Lexical morphemes vs. grammatical morphemes
What’s a root morpheme?
Root morphemes vs. Affix morphemes
Note: -roots tend to be free andlexical-affixes tend to be bound andgrammatical
Quick exercise Analyze the word: “production” How many morphemes does it have? Which morpheme is the stem? Which ones are
affixes? Is the stem free and lexical?
Exceptions
Word Meaning
con+duct To carry out
in+duct To place ceremoniously
ab+duct To lead away
Conclusion: ‘duct’ is a bound root morpheme
Quick exercise Identify the roots of the following words
kingdom interplanetary dimensional margins paintball children
Root morphemes
What are inflectional affixes?◦ Do not create new words when they attach to
existing words◦ They change the form of that word to indicate
grammatical meaning
Inflectional Affixes vs. Derivational Affixes
Inflectional Affixes vs. Derivational AffixesInflectional morpheme Example Plural –s, -es (noun) Possessive –’s, s’ (noun) Comparative –er (adj.) Superlative –est (adj.) 3rd person singular –s
(verb) Past tense –ed (verb) Past participle –ed, -en Present participle -ing
Pim likes to eat peach-es Pim’s grades are great Pim is smart-er than Boss Pim is the quick-est of all Pim like-s to study Pim studi-ed hard for the
quiz Pim hasn’t fail-ed a test
yet. Pim has been study-ing for
3 hours
Derivational Affixes◦ Create new (or derive) new words in two ways◦ Some derivational morphemes change the
content meaning but not grammatical meaning◦ Others don’t significantly change the meaning but
the grammatical meaning.
Unlike inflectional affixes, derivational affixes can be both, prefixes or suffixes in English.
Inflectional Affixes vs. Derivational Affixes
Function Morpheme
Example Word
Change content meaning un- un+happyChange content meaning re- re+writeChange grammatical function (noun ⇒verb)
-ize trauma(t)+ize
Change grammatical function (noun ⇒adj.) -y health+yChange grammatical function (adj.⇒adverb)
-ly quick+ly
Derivational affixes
The number of derivational affixes in English is far greater than inflectional affixes
Quick exercise Each of the words below contains two morphemes, a
root and a derivational affix. Decide if the derivational affix changes the meaning or class of the root.
retake hopelessundress tensiondisembark cheerful
Derivational affixes
What is the general trend with regard to the behavior of derivational prefixes vs. suffixes? That is, how does each kind of affix derive new words?
Quick exercise Each of the words below contains two morphemes, a
root and a derivational affix. Decide if the derivational affix changes the meaning or class of the root.
rewrite hopelessunclear creationunhappy helpful
Derivational affixes
What is the general trend with regard to the behavior of derivational prefixes vs. suffixes? That is, how does each kind of affix derive new words?
Overview of all discussed distinctions
free
Morphemes
lexical-bound roots
bound
lexicalgrammatical
derivational inflectional-eight suffixes
prefixesex:-un
suffixesex: -ness
Affixing◦ Affixing and derivation create new words in English◦ X number of affixes +Y number of words (stems)◦ Example: ‘un-’
Functional shift◦ Words changing word class◦ Example: impact (noun and verb)
Quick exercise:
Transition reference proposition help
hope
Word creation in English (Neologism)
Coined words◦ Speakers continually create new words.
Consider the word ‘dissing’ in the sentence:
Are you dissing me?
1. What does dissing mean?2. What part of speech does it belong to? (Defend your
answer on a morphological basis)
Word creation in English (Neologism)
Acronyms◦ Common acronyms that turned into words:◦ Laser, radar, scuba, MUIC
Where do they derive from? Light Amplification (by) Stimulated
Emission (of) Radiation RAdio Detecting And Ranging
Word creation in English (Neologism)
Borrowing Speakers of English aggressively borrow
from other languages◦ Kindergarten (German)◦ Croissant (French)◦ Sushi (Japanese)◦ Macho (???)
List 3 words in Thai that are borrowed from English?
Word creation in English (Neologism)
Blending◦ Mixing words
Quick exercise: from what words are the following blends mixed?
Motel Infomercial EdutainmentNetiquette
Word creation in English (Neologism)