1. 1. Morphology
2. 2. Discussion Flow: What is morphology? What is a word? Morphemes How is morphology studied? Further Distinctions
3. 3. o The term morphology is Greek and is a makeup of morph- meaning 'shape, form', and -ology which means 'the study of something'. o Therefore, it is the study of the structure of something; the term is not just use in linguistics, but it is also used in BIOLOGY- as the scientific study of forms and structure of animals and plants. What is MORPHOLOGY?
4. 4. In GEOLOGY as the study of formation and evolution of rocks and land forms. But we are going to stick to morphology in linguistics, which is being defined as the scientific study of forms and structure of WORDS in a language. Studies the formation of words from smaller units called morphemes.
5. 5. If morphology is the study of the internal structure of words, we need to define the word WORD before we can continue.......
6. 6. Morphology Morphology as a sub- discipline of linguistics was named for the first time in 1859 by the German linguist August Schleicher who used the term for the study of the form of words.
7. 7. What is a word? A reliable definition of words is that they are the smallest independent units of language. They are independent in that they do not depend on other words which means that they can be separated from other units and can change position.
8. 8. Consider the sentence: 1.The man looked at the horses. -The plural ending s in horses is dependent on the noun horse to receive meaning and can therefore not be a word. Horses however, is a word, as it can occur in other positions in the sentence or stand on its own.
9. 9. Consider the sentence: 2.The horses looked at the man. - What is the man looking at? - Horses. Words are thus both independent since they can be separated from other words and move around in sentences, and the smallest units of language since they are the only units of language for which this is possible.
10. 10. Morphemes In linguistics, a morpheme is the smallest component of word, or other linguistic unit, that has semantic meaning. The term is used as part of the branch of linguistics known as morpheme-based morphology. A morpheme is composed byphoneme(s) (the smallest linguistically distinctive units of sound) in spoken language, and by grapheme(s) (the smallest units of written language) in written language.
11. 11. The concept of word and morpheme are different, a morpheme may or may not stand alone. One or several morphemes compose a word. A morpheme is free if it can stand alone (ex: "one", "possible"), or bound if it is used exclusively alongside a free morpheme (ex: "im" in impossible). Its actual phonetic representation is themorph, with the different morphs ("in-", "im-") representing the same morpheme being grouped as its allomorphs. The word "unbreakable" has three morphemes: "un-", a bound morpheme; "break", a free morpheme; and "-able", a bound morpheme. "un-" is also a prefix, "-able" is asuffix. Both "un-" and "-able" are affixes. The morpheme plural-s has the morph "-s", /s/, in cats (/kts/), but "-es", /z/, indishes (/dz/), and even the voiced "-s", /z/, in dogs (/dz/). "-s". These are allomorphs.
12. 12. Complex words A word made up of two or more morphemes. Contrast with monomorphemic word. "[W]e say that bookishness is a complex word, whose immediate components arebookish and -ness, which we can express in shorthand by spelling the word with dashes between each morph: book-ish-ness. The process of dividing a word into morphs is calledparsing.
13. 13. morphology lecture lecture which has something to do with morphology lecture = head of compound, morphology = modifier Compound with head = endocentric Meaning of compound determined regularly from meanings of elements Compounding is recursive: (14) morphology class room change announcement (procedures (review (committee (chairman (. . . ) (15) blackbird N A N black bird
14. 14. Three approaches Morpheme based Lexeme based Word based
15. 15. Morpheme based In morpheme-based morphology, word forms are analyzed as arrangements of morphemes. A morpheme is defined as the minimal meaningful unit of a language. In a word such as independently, the morphemes are said to be in-, depend, -ent, and ly; depend is the root and the other morphemes are, in this case, derivational affixes.[5] In words such as dogs, dog is the root and the -s is an inflectional morpheme. In its simplest and most nave form, this way of analyzing word forms, called "item-and- arrangement", treats words as if they were made of morphemes put after each other ("concatenated") like beads on a string. More recent and sophisticated approaches, such as distributed morphology, seek to maintain the idea of the morpheme while accommodating non-concatenative, analogical, and other processes that have proven problematic for item-and- arrangement theories and similar approaches.
16. 16. Lexeme based Lexeme-based morphology usually takes what is called an "item-and-process" approach. Instead of analyzing a word form as a set of morphemes arranged in sequence, a word form is said to be the result of applying rules that alter a word-form or stem in order to produce a new one. An inflectional rule takes a stem, changes it as is required by the rule, and outputs a word form; a derivational rule takes a stem, changes it as per its own requirements, and outputs a derived stem; a compounding rule takes word forms, and similarly outputs a compound stem.
17. 17. WORD BASED
18. 18. also referred to as 'word and radigm' approach. This method relies the fact that generalizations exist tween the forms of inflectional tterns. More simply that words can be tegorized based on the patterns that ey fit into.
19. 19. WHAT IS INFINITIVE?
20. 20. An infinitive is the most basic verb form in all languages. In English, it is always preceded by "to," as in "to run," "to love," and "to travel." Verbs in the infinitive form indicate what the action is but nothing about who is doing the action at what point in time.
21. 21. 1. As a Base for Conjugations All of the indicative and some of the subjunctive start with the infinitive. As you will see in many verb references, the first step to conjugating involves "the stem of the infinitive." To find the stem, simply take off the infinitive ending (-ar, - er, or -ir). amar (to love) -> amo comer (to eat) -> como, comes abrir (to open) -> abro, abres
22. 22. 2. As a noun . In English, the gerund (verbs that end in -ing) is used in these instances, but not in Spanish where the gerund is only used in expressing continuous actions such as the present progressive. (Speaking Spanish is fun.) (Taking pictures is prohibited.)
23. 23. 3. After a Conjugated Verb Infinitives can be used many different ways with or without prepositions to express the idea of "to do" something. (We are going to dance.) (You have to take out the trash.) (I want to leave for the party.) (I like to draw.)
24. 24. -ER Verbs INFINITIVE DEFINITION STEM beber to drink beb- comer to eat com- comprender to understand comprend- correr to run corr- creer to believe cre- deber to owe deb- leer to read le- meter to put into met- Romper to break romp- vender to sell vend-
25. 25. Exercises Write the stem for each infinitive given. Example: bailar -> bail estudiar hablar comprar entrar aprender correr beber escribir vivir decidir
26. 26. Inflectional & Derivational
27. 27. INFLECTIONAL
28. 28. Expresses grammatical changes by altering word forms Example: singular words might take inflectional morpheme 's' in order to make them plural girl girls They usually only appear as suffixes in English
29. 29. Create word forms of a lexeme A subset of the functional categories which govern syntactic relations in sentences