Ppt the Morphological Structure of Melalueca Leucadendra, Sp
MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH WORDS
description
Transcript of MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH WORDS
MORPHOLOGICAL STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH WORDS
Morphemes and Words
WORD particular meaning particular sound form capable of a particular
grammatical employment
able to form a sentence autonomous
MORPHEME particular meaning particular sound form not autonomous constituent part of a
word not divisible into smaller
meaningful units
MORPHEME
is the smallest meaningful language unitis the smallest meaningful language unit
Words are subdivided into two classes:
Non-segmentable (to) teach (to) bear drive
Segmentable teacher, teaching unbearable driver
ALLOMORPHS
Variants of one and the same morpheme
e.g. poor – povertysouth – southernwide - width
ALLOMORPH
is a positional variant of a morpheme occurring in a specific environment characterized by complimentary distribution
Complementary distribution
(allomorphs) Two linguistic variants
cannot appear in the same environment
E.g. –ion/-sion/-tion/-ation
im-/il-/ir-/in- (impossible/ illegal/irresistible/indirect
long - lengh
Contrastive distribution
(morphemes) Two language units can
appear in the same environment
They signal different meanings
E.g. –able (measurable)-ed (measured)
FREE morphemes Coincide with a word-
form May stand alone without
changing its meaning Can be only roots E.g. sport- in sportive
BOUND morphemes
Do not coincide with separate word-forms
Occur only as a constituent part of words
Are mostly derivational morphemes
E.g. –ive in sportive;eleg- and -ant in elegant
morphemes
roots affixes
DerivationalFunctional (endings or
outer formatives
prefixes
suffixes
infixes
A ROOT MORPHEME
is a lexical center of a word has an individual lexical meaning
common to a set of semantically related words (word-family)
e.g. to write, writer, writing
A ROOT MORPHEME
does not possess a part-of-speech meaning
e.g. cold water, to water flowers is often homonymous to words
e.g. find, bear, land, man is an ultimate constituent at a
morphological level of analysis
A STEMis what remains of a word when a
derivational or functional affix is removed from the word
e.g. hearty, heart - hearts
A STEM
expresses lexical and part-of-speech meaning
e.g. develop- (verbal stem) + -ment = development (noun stem)
A STEM
remains unchanged throughout a word’s paradigm
e.g. hearty – heartier – (the) heartiest;
to ask – asks – asked – asked- asking;
singer – singer’s – singers – singers’
FUNCTIONAL AFFIXES
Convey grammatical meaning
e.g. –s –the plural of nouns – boys
-er – comparative degree of adjectives - smaller
FUNCTIONAL AFFIXES
build different forms of one and the same word (a word-form)
e.g. boy- boys, boy’s – boys’;
take – takes;
hearty – heartier – (the) heartiest
DERIVATIONAL AFFIXES
build new words
e.g. to teach - a teacherhave a part-of-speech meaning
e.g. to change – changeable
to organize – organizationare dependent on the root they
modify (bound)
A SUFFIX
a derivational morphemefollows the stem or rootforms a new derived word in a
different part of speech or a different word class
e.g. heart – hearty, heartless, hearten
A PREFIX
a derivational morpheme
stands before the root or stem
modifies the word meaning
e.g. hearten – dishearten
AN INFIX
is placed within the word
e.g. stand
to-us-ward (toward us)
A SEMI-AFFIX
occupies an intermediate position between roots and affixes
is a root morpheme which functions as a derivational affix
e.g. well-done, well-fed
fireman, spaceman
ill-dressed, ill-housed
lady-like, business-like
CLASSIFICATION OF AFFIXES
Native & borrowed (e.g. sleepe.g. sleepyy – act – actoror)
Productive & non-productive ((e.g. e.g. disdisappoint appoint – child– childhoodhood))
Frequent & non-frequent (e.g. harme.g. harmful)ful)
Noun-forming, adjective-forming, etc. (e.g. e.g. mobstmobsterer, , aawake, wake, ununtie, etc.)tie, etc.)
CLASSIFICATION OF AFFIXES
transpositive (change the lexico-grammatical meaning of the word) & non-transpositive (do not change the lexico-grammatical meaning)
e.g. non- + stop (v.) = non-stop (adj.)
employ (v.) + -ee = employee (n.)
CLASSIFICATION OF AFFIXES
polysemantic (possess several connected meanings) & monosemantic (possess only one meaning)e.g. un- 1) to reverse action: untie
2) to deprive of: unhive, unearth
-less, without: colorless
ANALYSIS INTO IMMEDIATE CONSTITUENTS (анализ по непосредственным составляющим)
Ungentlemanly1. Un- + gentlemanly (unnatural,
untimely)
2. Un- +gentleman- + -ly (womanly, masterly)
3. Un- + gentle- + -man- + -ly (noble)
4. Un- + -gent- + -le- + -man- + -ly
STRUCTURAL TYPES OF WORDS
According to the number of morphemes words may be
monomorphic polymorphic
affixed (derived) compound compound-affixedsimple
MONOMORPHIC WORDS
Simple words (root words)Simple words (root words) = one root morpheme + (functional affix)
e.g. seldom, dog, asked, chairs
POLYMORPHIC WORDS
Affixed (derived) wordsAffixed (derived) words oror derivativesderivatives = one root morpheme + one or more derivational affixes + (functional affix)
e.g. acceptable, outdo, dislikes, discouragement
POLYMORPHIC WORDS
Compound wordsCompound words = two or more root morphemes + (functional affix)
e.g. baby-moons, eye-ball, stick-and-carrot (policy)
POLYMORPHIC WORDS
Compound-affixed words Compound-affixed words (derivational compounds (derivational compounds oror compound derivatives)compound derivatives) = two or more root morphemes + one or more derivational affixes + (functional affix)
e.g. job-hopper, pen-holder, light-mindedness