Morphological Spelling Assignment AnswersːAssimilation to place of articulation (Yoruba)Continuous [m� ] before + bilabials Aspect [ɱ �] before + labio-dentals Morpheme [n�] before + alveolars & pre-palatal /N� / [ɲ �] before + palatalized plosives

[ŋ �] before + velars There are no word rule indicatorsa) If there are genuine exceptions to a process, it must be a word rule. There are no exceptions found in the data for the assimilation process for

the continuous aspect morpheme. (Not an indicator)b) If a process lacks a phonetic reason, it must be a word rule.The rule does not lack a phonetic reason; assimilation, the sound

changing according to the position in the mouth, is a phonetic reason. (Not an indicator)

c) If the process is not found in roots but only across morpheme boundaries, it must be a word rule. The word 42. [n�la] ‘big’ and 130. [ɲ9 �dʲe] ‘question marker’ are roots with the same assimilation process. The process also occurs in roots and not just at morpheme boundaries. (Not an indicator)

Morphological Spelling Assignment AnswersːAssimilation to place of articulation (Yoruba)Continuous [m� ] before + bilabials Aspect [ɱ �] before + labio-dentals Morpheme [n�] before + alveolars & pre-palatal /N� / [ɲ �] before + palatalized plosives

[ŋ �] before + velars

There is one phrase rule indicatora) If a sound produced by a process is an allophone, the process must

be a phrase rule. The sounds [ɱ �], [ɲ �], [ŋ �] are allophones and not phonemes. So, the process must be a phrase rule. (Indicator)

b) If a process occurs across a word boundary, it must be a phrase rule.The process was not found across a word boundary in the data. (Not an indicator)

c) If a sound produced by a process is gradient, the process must be a phrase rule.No sounds in the data produced by the process were found to be gradient. (Not an indicator)

Morphological Spelling Assignment Answersː

Since the assimilation process is a phrase rule, we should not write the sound differences produced by the rule. The same nasal symbol (either m or n) should be used for all of the verbs with the continuous aspect morpheme.

Original Sound Written101. [N �-bi] [m�Cbi] nbi ‘vomitinɡ’ 68. [N �-fɔ9] [ɱ �fɔ9] nfo ‘washinɡ’ 73. [N �-ra] [n�ra] nra ‘buyinɡ’124. [N� -dʲ i] [ɲC �dʲ i] ndyi ‘stealinɡ’66. [N �-ɡɛ] [ŋ �ɡɛ] nge ‘cuttinɡ’

Morphological Spelling Review

For which kind of rule do we write the sound differences produced by the process?

Morphological Spelling Review

For which kind of rule do we write the sound differences produced by the process?

Word Rules (Lexical processes) produce sounds speakers are aware of; the sound differences should be written.

Phrase Rules (Postlexical processes) produce sounds speakers are not aware of; the sound differences should not be written.

How does phonology help literacy development?

1. Phonology shows us which sounds in a language need alphabet symbols, and which do not. (Steps 1-14)

2. Sometimes sounds change when words or parts of words are joined in various ways. Phonology helps us find the best spelling rules for these difficult situations. (Steps 18-19)

How does phonology help literacy development?

3. Sometimes people choose to write two words the same, even though they pronounce them differently in tone. Phonology helps us know when this is a good choice and when important meaning will be lost by this choice. (Steps 15-17)

Steps for finding how to write differences in meaning made by tone (3 of 3)

15. Decide if it is a stress language or tone language16. Study the Stress System17. Study the Tone System

STRESS The length, loudness or higher pitch that makes a syllable stand out.

TONEThe pitch of a segment, syllable or word.

ENGLISHdesert [dəˈsɹ �t] ‘sweet food at the end of a meal’

BONGO Sudantaga ‘evening’

What’s the difference between a Stress Language and a Tone Language?

In a stress language, pitch, length, or loudness combine to make one syllable per word stand out more than others.

In a tone language,various levels of pitch are phonemes that show the difference in meaning for words.

SWAHILI acha ‘to leave’ abudu ‘to worship ugali ‘porridge’ utifu ‘obedience’ alasiri ‘afternoon’ asubuhi ‘morning’

BONGO Sudan kɪCdɪ C ‘vein’ kɪ9dɪ 9 ‘snake type’ kaga ‘tree’ kada ‘sun’ taga ‘evening’ bʊCɾʊCkʊC ‘ashes’ pɪ9lɛ9gʊ9 ‘bird type’ magʊCba ‘worm’

How can we tell if it is a Stress Language or Tone Language?

Stress Languages1. Have only one syllable with High

tone per word.

Tone Languages1. Can have more than one syllable with High tone per word.

SWAHILI acha ‘to leave’ abudu ‘to worship ugali ‘porridge’ utifu ‘obedience’ alasiri ‘afternoon’ asubuhi ‘morning’

BONGO Sudan kagaC ‘tree’ kada ‘sun’ tagaC ‘evening’ bʊCɾʊCkʊC ‘ashes’ pɪ9lɛ9gʊ9 ‘bird type’ magʊCbaC ‘worm’

How can we tell if it is a Stress Language or Tone Language?

Stress Languages2. In words with more than one syllable, all syllables cannot have High tones and all cannot have Low tones.

Tone Languages2. In words with more than one syllable, all syllables can have High tones or all can have Low tones.

SWAHILI acha ‘to leave’ abudu ‘to worship ugali ‘porridge’ utifu ‘obedience’ alasiri ‘afternoon’ asubuhi ‘morning’

BONGO Sudan kaga ‘tree’ kada9 ‘sun’ taga ‘evening’ bʊCɾʊCkʊC ‘ashes’ pɪ9lɛ9gʊ9 ‘bird type’ magʊCba ‘worm’

How can we tell if it is a Stress Language or Tone Language?

Stress Languages3. High tone may always be on a certain syllable in words.

Tone Languages3. High tone is not limited to a certain syllable in words.

SWAHILI acha ‘to leave’ abudu ‘to worship ugali ‘porridge’ utifu ‘obedience’ alasiri ‘afternoon’ asubuhi ‘morning’

BONGO Sudan kagaC ‘tree’ kada ‘sun’ tagaC ‘evening’ bʊCɾʊCkʊC ‘ashes’ pɪ9lɛ9gʊ9 ‘bird type’ magʊCbaC ‘worm’

How can we tell if it is a Stress Language or Tone Language?

Stress Languages4. Have no contrast of tone in analogous environments.

Tone Languages4. Have contrast of tone in analogous environments.

SWAHILI acha ‘to leave’ abudu ‘to worship ugali ‘porridge’ utifu ‘obedience’ alasiri‘afternoon’ asubuhi ‘morning’

BONGO Sudan kaga ‘tree’ kada ‘sun’ taga ‘evening’ bʊ4ɾʊ4kʊ4 ‘ashes’ pɪ7lɛ7gʊ7 ‘bird type’ magʊ4ba ‘worm’

How can we tell if it is a Stress Language or Tone Language?

Stress Languages5. Length and high tone are always together in the same syllable in a word.

Tone Languages5. Length and high tone can be on separate syllables in a word.

KHARTOUM ARABIC ɟɑ4ɑ4mɪ9ʔ ‘mosque’ rɑ4ɑ Cɟɪ 9l ‘husband’ ɟɑ9wɑ4ɑ 9z ‘passport’ hɪ9sɑ4ɑ 9b ‘bill of service’ bɪ9dcɑ4ɑ Cjɑ9 ‘beginning’ ɟɑ9ɾɑ4ɑ Cdcɑ9 ‘locust’

GAAHMG Sudan fadɔ4ɔ Cl ‘farmland’ barɔ ɔ l ‘cistern’ sɛ9ŋaadc‘instrument’ kana adc ‘bowel’ sɛwɛ4ɛ Cl ‘tree type’ mə4ðuu l ‘village name’

How can we tell if it is a Stress Language or Tone Language?

Stress Languages6. On the final syllable of words said by themselves, can have High-falling tone but not High tone.

Tone Languages6. On the final syllable of words said by themselves, can have High tone.

KHARTOUM ARABIC ɟɑCɑCmɪ9ʔ ‘mosque’ rɑCɑC ɟɪ 9l ‘husband’ ɟɑ9wɑCɑ9z ‘passport’ hɪ9sɑCɑ9b ‘bill of service’ bɪ9dcɑCɑC jɑ9 ‘beginning’ ɟɑ9ɾɑCɑCdcɑ9 ‘locust’

GAAHMG Sudan fadɔCɔCl ‘farmland’ barɔɔl ‘cistern’ sɛ9ŋaadc‘instrument’ kanaadc ‘bowel’ sɛwɛCɛCl ‘tree type’ məCðuul ‘village name’

Steps for finding how to write differences in meaning made by tone (3 of 3)

15. Decide if it is a stress language or tone language16. Study the Stress System

A. Decide if stress is a phoneme or an allophone.

B. If an allophone, find its predictable environment.

How do we know if stress is an phoneme or an allophone?

Stress is a phonemeWe cannot predict nor write a rule to say the environment where stress occurs.

Stress is an allophoneWe can predict and write a rule to say the environment where stress occurs.

ENGLISHcontract [ˈkʰɒntɹæ9 ktʰ] ‘agreement’contract [kə9nˈtɹæj ktʰ] ‘to make an agreement’rebel [ˈrɛCbl �k] ‘person who is against a system’rebel [rə9ˈbɛjl]‘to act against a system’desert [ˈdɛCsɹ 9t]‘hot, dry area’desert [də9ˈsɹ jt] ‘sweet food at the end of a meal’

SWAHILI ˈacha ‘to leave’ aˈbudu ‘to worship uˈgali ‘porridge’ uˈtifu ‘obedience’ alaˈsiri ‘afternoon’ asuˈbuhi ‘morning’

Stress RuleStress always occurs on the next to last syllable of a word.

Exercise 1ː In which environment does stress occur in the following words?

KHARTOUM ARABIC ˈɟɪ Csɪ 9m ‘body’ bɪ9 dcɑCɑC jɑ9

‘beginning’ ˈɟɑCbɑ9 l ‘hill’ ɟɑ9 ˈɾɑCɑCdcɑ9 ‘locust’ ˈt cɑCmɑ9n ‘price’ ˈbɑCɾɑ9kɑ9 ‘blessing’

ˈrɑCɑC ɟɪ 9l ‘husband’ ˈsɑC fɑ9gɑ9 ‘leaf’

ˈɟɑCɑCmɪ9ʔ ‘mosque’ t cuˈrɑCɑ9b ‘dust’ ɟɑ9 ˈwɑCɑ9z ‘passport’ hɪ 9 sɑCɑ9b‘bill of service’

Exercise 1ː Decide if stress is a phoneme or allophone. If it is an allophone, write a rule that predicts the environment where it occurs.

KHARTOUM ARABIC ˈɟɪCsɪ 9m ‘body’ bɪ9 dcɑCɑCjɑ9

‘beginning’ ˈɟɑCbɑ9 l ‘hill’ ɟɑ9 ˈɾɑCɑCdcɑ9 ‘locust’ ˈtcɑCmɑ9n ‘price’ ˈbɑCɾɑ9kɑ9 ‘blessing’

ˈrɑCɑCɟɪ 9l ‘husband’ ˈsɑCfɑ9gɑ9 ‘leaf’

ˈɟɑCɑCmɪ9ʔ ‘mosque’ t cuˈrɑCɑ9b ‘dust’ ɟɑ9 ˈwɑCɑ9z‘passport’ hɪ 9 sɑCɑ9b‘bill of service’Stress RuleStress occurs on the syllable with long vowel, or on

the first syllable when there are no long vowels.

Class Assignmentː1. Based on the tone markings on your Yoruba

words, decide if Yoruba is a stress language or a tone language. Give reasons for your decision with example words.

Reading AssignmentA Guide to Phonological Analysis pg 76-80Tone Analysis for Field Linguists (1.3 and 1.4) pg. 13-20