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GUNADARMA UNIVERSITY FACULTY OF LETTERS

THE MORPHOLOGICAL PROCESS OF BETAWI LANGUAGE VERB WORD CLASS Written by: Name NPM Advisor 1 Advisor 2 : Jumaliyati : 10604064 : Prof. Dr. Indiyah Imran : Ni Luh Putu Setiarini, SS, M.Hum

An undergraduate Thesis Submitted to the Faculty of Letters As a Partial Fulfillments for S1 Degree in English Department DEPOK 2008

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ABSTRACT Jumaliyati. The Morphological Proccess of Betawi Language Verb Word Class. A Thesis. Faculty of Letters: English Department. An Undergraduate Degree. Gunadarma University, Depok: September 2008. This research wants to find out what the morphological processes of Betawi language verb word class and the markers of the verb are. The aims of this research are to describe what the morphological processes of Betawi langauge verb word class are and also to describe what the markers of the verb are in Betawi language. In arranging this research, the researcher uses a descriptive qualitative method because there is a description explaination of the data and the data analyzed are in the form of words and sentences. In the results of this research, there are three morphological processes of Betawi language verb word class which are the productive and improductive verbal affixes as they combine with verbs, productive and improductive verbal affixes in transposing nouns into verbs and productive and improductive verbal affixes in transposing adjectives into verbs. There are seven affixes as the markers of verb word class in Betawi language which are prefixes N- active, b- transitive, di- passive, k-unintentional, suffix in causative, circumfixes N in repetitive and di in passive. All of the affixes are productive in marking the verbs as they combine with verbs except prefix b-. Suffix in, circumfixes N in and di in are productive verbal affixes in transposing nouns and adjectives into verbs. Prefixes N-, b-, di-, and k- are improductive affixes in transposing nouns into verbs and zero affixes in transposing adjectives into verbs.

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CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION

1.1 Background of the Research 1.1.1 Justification of the Research This research discusses the morphological process of Betawi language verb word class. Betawi language is one of the Malay dialects which is spoken in Jakarta. Betawi language is known as bahasa Betawi, dialek Jakarta and bahasa Melayu Jakarta. Betawi language is the same as the national language of Indonesia which is Bahasa Indonesia which comes from Malay dialect. But each language shows special characteristics that makes it different from each other. Betawi language also has word classes as English has; they are verb, noun and adjective. In Betawi language, the words motong (to cut), from potong (cut); nukr (to change), from tukr (change); apu (to sweep), from sapu (broom); ambil (to take), from ambil (take) and rawat (to take care), from rawat (nurse) are the verb word class which is combined with prefix N-. In this research, the researcher also researches the markers of verb word class in Betawi language. The researcher is interested in finding out what the morphological process and the markers of verb word class in Betawi language are because the researcher is curious and wants to know about this language. Many Betawi words are written in

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dictionary and are spoken in daily conversation even though the speaker is from different ethnic. Betawi language is very easy to be spoken and understood. This research is important to be carried out because one of the subjects in the sixth semesters is morphology and the researcher is interested in researching morphology of other languages especially Betawi language. Therefore this research can help everyone who wants to research another language. This research also can be useful for everyone who wants to learn morphology generally and Betawi language especially.

1.2 Previous Research The researches which are relevant to this research are: 1.2.1 Sugito (1987) He wrote Fonologi, Morfologi dan Morfofonemik Dialek Jakarta Kampung Tugu as a thesis, Univesity of Indonesia 1987. In his research, he described the phonology, morphology and morphophonemic of Jakarta dialect or we can call Betawi language in Tugu village where the society speak Betawi language everyday. His research used descriptive method because he only focused in researching the dialect of Tugu village. In his thesis, he found out the morphemes of Betawi dialect in Tugu village, which is free morpheme and bound morpheme. There are three morphological process of Betawi dialect which is affixation, reduplication and

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compound word. He also found the productivity of affixation and reduplication process and some unproductively of that process. 1.2.2 Sandra Dewi (1997) She wrote Pemetaan Bahasa Betawi di Kotip Depok as a thesis, University of Indonesia 1997. In her research, she described the region in Depok district where the society speaks Betawi language in daily conversation. This research also collected and described the characteristics of Betawi language suburban sub-dialect in Depok district in term of vocabularies and phonology. In her thesis, she found the language in Depok district was homogeny language, which is Betawi language suburban subdialect. Generally, suburban sub-dialect is Betawi dialect which pronounce the ending vowel with /a?/ and /ah/ also the ending consonant with b, d, g, and h. Based on the vocabularies from Betawi suburban sub-dialect in Depok district, there are vocabularies from Java, Sunda, Bali and Dutch. 1.2.3 Bazalel Agustus Bisman (2005) He wrote Word Classes in English as a S1 thesis, University of Gunadarma 2005. This thesis is conducted to explain some elements of word classes by giving details on types of the markers used in some word classes. The researcher collects the data without using instrument of the data to determine which one belongs to which word classes. He tried to find what the markers of the open word classes and the types of the marker of word classes. This thesis is conducted to explain some elements of word class by giving details on types of the markers used in some word

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classes, from verbal, nominal and adjectival affixes. The data analysis in this research was done by two major steps. First, identifying and categorizing English markers in nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs. Second, describing the type markers and characteristic of the nouns, verbs, adjectives, and adverb. The researcher distributes the data without using instrument of the data to determine which one belongs to which word classes. 1.2.4 Randi Yudiansyah (2006) In his research The Morphological Process of the English Verbs, for S1 degree in Gunadarma University. He tries to explain the process of morphology, which is word classes becoming another word class. The researcher makes an instrument of the research to show what kinds of affixes mark the verb class, and what kinds of affixes can transpose the verb into another word class. The researcher concludes that inflectional suffixes are the marker of the verbs. The inflectional suffixes are the marker of verbs because the prefix doesnt transpose the word class of the verb. In his research, we can see the productivity of the inflectional affixes than the other affixes such as inflectional suffixes .The productive affixes are-s, - ing, and ed. But the most productive is s, because it can combine with 100 verbs that the researcher collects in the table of research instrument. The researcher also analyzed that after a verb is attached to some derivational affixes it will transpose by using morphological process. He categorized the transposition of the verb into noun and verb into adjective.

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1.3 Position of the Research This research to some extent differs from the previous researches above. From the first previous research, the researcher found that the research similar to Betawi language with the previous research concerning about finding morphology of Betawi language. From the second previous research, the researcher found that the subject of the research is the same, which is Betawi language. From the third previous research, the researcher found that the research discussed word classes. Even though the source language is different but the researcher found that the research similar to researching of language concerning about word classes. From the last previous research, the researcher found that the research discussed morphological process of English verb word class. In some extent, this research is the same as the previous research which is discussed about morphological process but the researcher concerning about Betawi language verb word class.

1.4 Significance of the Research This research is conducted in order to observe the morphology study of Betawi language verb word class and the markers of verb word class in Betawi language. This research will be very useful for everyone. It is especially for everyone who is curious and wants to know the study of morphology of a language, particularly Betawi language.

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1.5 Problem of the Research Since many people do not know very well about Betawi language, the writer wants to research this topic. In this study, the problem formulation can be formulated as follows: 1. What are the morphological processes of the Betawi verb word class? 2. What affixes mark the verb word class? 3. What affixes transpose noun and adjective word class into verb word class?

1.6 Aim of the Research Based on the problem formulation stated above, the writer aims to obtain the factual data concerning: 1. To describe the morphological processes of the Betawi verb word class. 2. To describe the affixes mark of the verb word class. 3. To describe the affixes transpose noun and adjective word class into verb word class.

1.7 Scope of the Research This research is limited to the study of Betawi language in Buaran I. Buaran I is located in East Jakarta near Jatinegara, where many Betawi people speak Betawi language. This research is also concerned to the morphological process of Betawi language verb word class and their markers. This research does not discuss the

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transposition of verbs into nouns and adjective and the noun and adjective word class in Betawi language.

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CHAPTER II THEORETICAL FRAMEWORK

2.1 Morphology According to Fromkin and Rodman (1998:69), morphology is the study of the internal structure of words, and of the rules by which words are formed. The meaning of morphology is the science of word forms. Knowing a language implies knowing its morphology. If you ask ordinary people what the smallest unit of language is, many would probably say the word. However, in fact, many words can be broken down into smaller units, and we refer to one of these smaller units as a morpheme. According to Deterding and Poedjosoedarmo (2001:6), morphology is concerned with the way that words can be broken up into morphemes. According to Haspelmath (2002:1) in his book Understanding Morphology, he gives three definitions of Morphology, they are: 1. Morphology is the study of internal structure of words 2. Morphology is the study of systematic covariation in the form and meaning of words. 3. Morphology is the study of the combination of morphemes to yield words.

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From the theories above, this research uses the theory of morphology according to Haspelmath. This research defined morphology as the study of words structure, systematic covariation in the form and meaning of words and the combination of morphemes become words.

2.2 Morpheme Morphology as a sub-branch of linguistics deals with the internal structure of word-forms. The basic units of analysis recognize in morphology are morphemes. Consider, for example, the word-form masakin. This can be segmented to show its constituent elements thus: -masak-in, each of these segments has its own form (or set of form), its own meaning, and its own distribution. None of these segments masak-in can be further subdivided into smaller segments which function in the same kind of way as they do; each of these represents a morpheme. A morpheme may be divined as a minimal unit of grammatical analysis (Lyons, 1968:181; Matthews, 1974:11-12). According to Stageberg (1971:85), a morpheme is a short segment of language that meets three criteria: 1. 2. It is a word, or a part of a word that has meaning. It cannot be divided into smaller meaningful parts without

violation of its meaning or without meaningless remainders.

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3.

It occurs in differing verbal environment with a relatively

stable meaning. According to Haspelmath (2001:16), morphemes can be defined as the smallest meaningful constituents of a linguistic expression. The words are easily segmented. For example, the word nonton (watch), both the prefix n- and the stem tonton represent a morpheme. In the most cases, the relation between form and meaning is quite straight forward (simple): parts of word forms bear different meaning. Example: tulis write cuci wash bac read n-ulis to write -uci to wash di-tulis written di-cuci washed tulis-in write it cuci-in wash it baca-in read it

m-bac to read di-bac read

From the theories above, this research uses the theory of morpheme according to Haspelmath. This research defined a morpheme is the smallest meaningful unit of linguistic.

2.2.1 Kinds of Morpheme 1. Free Morpheme According to C Stageberg (1971:87), a free morpheme is one that can be uttered with meaning. Free morpheme is a morpheme that can stand alone as an independent word; it cannot be attached to another morpheme or word such as makan (eat), gede (big), temen (friend), and others.

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Francis Katamba stated in his book (1993: 41) that many words contain a root standing on its own. Roots, which are capable of standing

independently, are called free morpheme, for example: Free morpheme pntu (door) jalan (walk) bal (bed) pn (want) laki (man) ct (paint)

The free morphemes are examples of lexical morphemes. They are nouns, adjectives, verbs, or adverbs. pak (room) tsi (spoon) pci (Muslims hat) no? (girl) mar (mad) sn (happy) bau (smell) konng (yellow) kasi (give) tukr (change) joget (dance) makan (eat) bntar (a moment)

2. Bound Morpheme According to C Stageberg (1971:87), bound morpheme cannot be uttered alone with meaning. It is always annexed to one or more morphemes to form a word. In other words, bound morpheme is a morpheme that cannot stand alone as an independent word, but must be attached to another morpheme or word. For example, affixes such as an, in jual-an (sell), tidur-an (lay) and another are always bounds. This research defined a free morpheme as a morpheme that can stand alone independently and has lexical meaning. A bound morpheme is a morpheme that

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cannot stand alone, it must be attached to another morpheme and has grammatical meaning.

2.3 Word The definition of word according Richard (1985:21) word is the smallest of the linguistic units which can occur on its own in speech or writing. According to Matthews (1997:37) traditionally, a word is the smallest of units that make up a sentence, and marked as such in writing. Word is unit of language that comes meaning and consists of one or more morphemes which are linked more or less tightly together and has a phonetically value, typically a word will consist of root or stem and zero or more affixes word can be combine to create phrase, clause, and sentence. Based on Fromkin and Rodman (1998:67), word is a particular string of sound which is united with a meaning or a unit of languages that symbolize or communicate meaning. So if we learn about word, we learn both the sound and their related meaning. This research uses the theory of word according to Matthews. In classifying the data, this theory is useful. This research defined a word as something that should be unit of language that has meaning, consists of one or more morphemes which has a phonetically value and part of a sentence.

2.4 Allomorph

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According to Payne (1997a:20-21), an allomorph is one of two or more complementary morphs which manifest a morpheme in its different phonological or morphological environments. The allomorphs of a morpheme are derived from phonological rules or morphophonemic rules that may apply to that morpheme. According to Fromkin and Rodman (1998:295), an allomorph is an alternate phonetic form of a morpheme. According to OGrady (1997:120), an allomorph is the variant forms of a morpheme. From all those theories above, this research uses the theory of allomorph according to Payne. This research defined an allomorph as one of many complementary morphs which show a morpheme in different environment and the example of allomorph is found in the pronunciation of the plural morpheme s in English. In Betawi language, the example of allomorph is found in the pronunciation of the prefix nasal N-. This prefix nasal has five allomorphs, /m/, /n/, //, // and //. tanya bawa cari ambil rusak /nanya/ (to ask) /mbawa/ (to bring) /ari/ (to look for)

/ambil/ (to take) rusak (to breake)

2.5 Affixes

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According to Haspelmath (2001:18), word-forms in an inflectional paradigm generally share (at least) one longer morpheme with a concrete meaning and are distinguished from each other that they, in addition, contain different shorter morphemes with an abstract meaning are called affixes. Based on the position of bound morphemes against free morphemes, these affixation processes can be differed from prefixes, infixes, suffixes and circumfixes. This research will discuss prefixes, suffixes and circumfixes. According to C Stageberg (1971:91), an affix is a bound morpheme that occurs before or after a base. There are two kinds of affixation, prefixes and suffixes, both of which researchers have already met in passing. C Stageberg (1971:92) stated that prefixes are those bound morpheme that occurs before a base, as in m-bli (to buy), P-man (player). Prefix is an affix that is joined before a root or stem. Here are kind of prefixes in Betawi language: a. Prefix nasal N- active transitive b. Prefix di- passive c. Prefix k- unintentional d. Prefix b- intransitive e. Prefix s- nominal f. Prefix p- agent

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Stageberg (1971:91) also states that suffixes are bound morphemes that occur after a base, for example buat-an (made) and tanya-in (ask). There are only two suffixes in Betawi language, suffix an, and -in. Based on Francis Katamba books entitled Morphology (1993: 44). An

affix is a morpheme, which only occurs when it is combining to some other morphemes or morpheme such as root or stem or base. There are three types of affixes: a. Prefix. A prefix is an affix which is attached before a root or a stem or a word base like di-, n-, and k-; di-buk (opened), n-any (to ask), k-buk (opened unintentional); b. Suffix. A suffix is an affix combine after a root or a stem or a word base like an, -in, and -nya; makan-an (food), bantu-in (help), rum-ny (his house); c. Infix. An infix is an affix inserted into the root itself. From the theories above, this research uses theory affixes according to Haspelmath. This research defined an affix as a shorter morpheme with abstract meaning and can occur after, before or after and before a root. According to Beard (1998:62), circumfixes are affixes that come in two parts. One attaches to the front of the word, and the other to the back, for example in Betawi language, k--an. It applies to the root gd (big) to form a noun kgdyan (too big).

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Affix morpheme can also be divided in to two major functional categories, namely derivational affixes and inflectional affixes.

2.5.1 Inflectional and Derivational Affixes Such bound grammatical morphemes are called inflectional morphemes; they never change the syntactic category of the words or morphemes to which they are combine. They are always combining to complete words, stated by

Victoria Fromkin and Robert Rodman in their book entitled An Introduction to Language (1998: 91). For examples: N- active tulis write (V) n-ulis to write (V)

k- unintentional cuci wash (V) k-cuci washed unintentional (V) di- passive -in causative bagi give (V) di-bagi is given (V) baca read (V) baca-in ask someone to read (V)

Derivation patterns commonly change the word class of the base lexemei.e. nouns can be derived from verbs, adjectives from nouns, and so on. Derivation is not relevant to the syntax, which stated by Haspelmath on his book entitled Understanding Morphology (2002: 68). For example: 1. Denimonal verbs (N-V) kabar news kabarin report

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sikat brush tamu guest 2. Deadjectival verbs (A-V) baak a lot cakp beautiful puti white

ikat wipe out namu visit

baakin making a lot cakpin making beautiful putiin making white

2.6 Transposition According to Andrew Spencer and Arnold M.Zwicky (1998:55) transposition is another type of derivation which reflects a simple change of category without any functional change. For example: a. makan eat become makan-an food b. sapu broom become -apu sweep (V-N) (N-V)

c. gndut fat become gndut-in make fat (A-V)

2.7 Morphological Process of Affixes in Betawi Language According to Matthew (1991:125), a morphological process is a means of changing a stem to adjust its meaning to fit its syntactic and communicational context. In the Morphological process of the verbs, there are three categories that the researcher is going to discuss with their marker: they are verb to verb, noun to verb and adjective to verb which combine with inflectional affixes or verbal affixes.

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2.8 Affixes marking other word class 2.8.1 Noun to verb Prefixes, Suffix and Circumfixes 1. nasal N- active transitive 2. b- intransitive 3. di- passive 4. k- unintentional 5. in causative 6. N in repetitive 7. di in passive macul from pacul hoe

btamu from tamu visitor dipaku from paku nail kct from ct paint sapuin from sapu broom ctin from ct paint dilapin from lap rag

2.8.2 Adjective to verb Suffix and Circumfixes 1. in causative 2. N in repetitive 3. di in passive panasin from panas hot itmin from itm black digdin from gd big

2.9 Word Classes Word classes in modern linguistics are distinguished largely by using evidence from distribution and form. A word class is a collection of words, which

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have characteristics in common, and which are given a collective name, some examples are noun, verb and adjective. The position of the word depends on its word class. There are different classes of phrases, which contain different word classes (Fabb and Routledge, 1994: 11). Word classes divided into function word and content word.

2.9.1

Function word

According to Fromkin and Rodman (1998:67) other syntactic categories include grammatical words of function word, or a word with grammatical mean. The membership is fixed and can be listed conjunctions, like and and or, prepositions, like in and of, articles, like the and a/an, determiners, pronouns, like I and he, and auxiliaries, like can and will.

2.9.2

Content words

According to Fromkin and Rodman (1998:67), in English, verbs, nouns, adjectives, and adverbs make up the largest part of the vocabulary, they are the content words of a language, which are sometimes called the open class words because we can and regularly do add new words to these classes.

2.10 Verb

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According

to

Robert

Yarber

and Marry Laine Yarber (1993: 4),

traditionally a verb is a word that can express action or a state of being and thereby it tells us what noun or pronoun does or what it is. If the verb tells us what a noun or pronoun does, it is an action verb: emak lagi masak noh di dapur (mother cooks in the kitchen). According to Greenbaum (1991:76), verbal affixes (or, more simply, a main verb) are a word that can be the main word in a verb phrases and is often the only verb. Certain affixes are added to nouns or adjectives to form main verbs. Here are a few common verb affixes with words that exemplify them: n- active transitive : nulis (write), nukr (change), nuang (pour) b- intransitive di- passive -in causative : blajar (study), blanja (shopped), brnang (swim) ; diambil (take), dibac (read), : ikutin (follow), bliin (buy), bawain (bring)

2.11 Noun According to Robert E. Yarber and Mary Laine Yarber (1993:2) a noun is a word used to name something, for instance, a person, a place, a thing, or an idea. According to Sidney Greenbaum (1991:71) a noun is a word than can be the only or main word in a word phrase. We cannot identify all nouns by their form, but certain prefix can be added to verbs or adjective to make nouns. Here are few typical noun prefix with words that exemplify them:

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p- agent -an noun

: pai, ptani, plaut : manan, minuman, caran

According to Bauer (1998:34) a noun is a word that can occur as the subject or object of verb or the object (complement) of a preposition or noun is a word can be modified by an adjective and can be used with determiners. Noun typically refers to people, animal, places, things or abstraction.

2.12 Adjective According to Robert E.Yarber and Mary Laine Yarber (1993:8) in writing there is a word which modifies (or describe) a noun or pronoun. The word is an adjective, a word that modifies nouns and pronouns.

2.13 Morphophonemic According to Fromkin and Rodman (1998:295), the rule that determines the phonetics form of the plural morpheme is a morphophonemic rule, because its application is determined by both the morphology and the phonology. According to Payne (1997a:20), a morphophonemic rule has the form of a phonological rule, but is restricted to a particular morphological environment. Morphophonemic rules are sensitive to their environment, unlike phonological rules. Whenever morphological information is required to specify the environment for an allophonic rule, the rule is morphophonemic.

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Morphophonology (also morphophonemic, morphonology) is a branch of linguistics which studies:

The phonological structure of morphemes. The combinatory phonic modifications of morphemes which

happen when they are combined

The alternative series which serve a morphological function.

For example:

The prefix /N-/ has the allomorphs [] and []: /n-/ + kasi asi (to give) /n-/ + campur ampur (to mix) From all of the theories above, this research uses theory of morphophonology

according to Payne.

2.14 Productivity According to Haspemath (200:19) a morphological rule or pattern is said to be productive if (and to extent that) it can be applied to new bases and new words can be formed with it.

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CHAPTER III RESEARCH METHOD

3.1 Research Method 3.1.1 Method This research implements a qualitative descriptive method. According to Wilkinson (2000:79), Qualitative data includes observations, interviews and life history accounts. Qualitative data is usually analyzed by the subject it to some form coding process. It means that there is a description of the data from the source of data. In this research, all the data analyzed are in the form of words and sentences not in the form of numbers. 3.1.2 Population The researcher chooses the people who live in Buaran I, East Jakarta, as the population of the research. Buaran I is the place where many people of Betawi live and speak Betawi language in daily conversation. 3.1.3 Sample The researcher chooses six people who live in Buaran I, East Jakarta, as the sample of the research. These people include one person as a main informant and five people as sub-informants. The criterions why the researcher chooses that sample are

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the informants speak Betawi language in daily life and the age of the sample is around 30 35 years old.

3.2 Source of the Research There are six people who become the source of this research and lived in Buaran I, East Jakarta. The average of their age is around 30 until 35 years old. Out of the six people, one person as main informant and five people as sub-informants. The researcher also finds the source from the dictionary and internet.

3.3 Instrument of the Research This research uses an instrument for determining which word belongs to which word class if it is a noun, verb or adjective. There are two possibilities in using the research instrument concerning to the verb class. It can be inflectional affixes (dont change the word class) or derivational affixes (change the word classes). The first column is for list of verbs and their maker (prefixes, suffix and circumfixes), for example in word ajar, ajar, blajar, diajar, ajarin, ajarin, and diajarin. Second is for list of nouns and their maker become verbs (verbal suffix), for example in word ct, ct, dict, kct, cetin, and ctin. And the third column is for list of adjectives and their maker become verbs (verbal suffix), for example in the words sn, snin, nin, and disnin. The writer makes an

instrument of the research consisting of 50 verbs, 50 nouns and 50 adjectives

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to show the morphological process. The instrument of the research can also show the productive and the improductive affixes. 3.4 Technique of Collecting Data The procedures of collecting data are: 1. Listening, the researcher observes how the informant speaks Betawi language with others in daily conversation. 2. Interviewing, the researcher interviews the informants concerning their lives in three minutes in Betawi language to get the data. 3. Recording, the researcher records the informants story of their live to get the data and put it into instrument of the data.

3.5 Technique of Data Analysis The techniques in analyzing the data are: 1. Editing

In editing the data, the researcher edits the data if there are some mistakes in the sentence and if the sentence is too long to be written. 2. Classification of Data

The data are classified into two main categories, the productive and the improductive categories. The subcategories are morphophonemic and transposition. The productive and the improductive categories are classified into several categories. They are productive and

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improductive affixes as they combine with verb, productive and improductive affixes transpose the nouns into verbs and productive and improductive affixes transpose adjectives into verbs.

3.6 Presenting the Data The data are presented in the form of line charts. There are productive and improductive verbal affixes which may combine and mark the verbs. And for the nouns and adjectives, they are presented with a line chart of verbal affixes in transposing noun and adjective word class into the verb word class.

3.7 Interpreting of Data Each category and its subcategories are described to see how the affixes may combine with the free morphemes. The data is shown in the words, sentences and compared with other morphemes. The data is described to see what the markers of the verbs are and the affixes which transpose other word classes into the verb word class in Betawi language.

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CHAPTER IV RESULT OF THE STUDY 4.1 Introduction

Figure 4.1 Number of productive and improductive verbal affixes

In this chapter, there are two main categories, which are productive category and improductive category. In the first category, there are productive verbal prefixes, suffix and circumfixes which are very frequent in marking a word class. In improductive category, there are verbal prefixes, suffix, and circumfixes which are the marker of the verb and change the noun and adjective into verb word class. In transposition, there are affixes which can transpose noun and adjective word class into verb word class.

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In Betawi language, there are seven affixes which are prefix N- active, bintransitive, di- passive, k- unintentional, suffix in causative, circumfixes N in repetitive and di in passive. Six are productive and one is improductive. Prefix N- active transitive, di- passive, suffix in causative, circumfixes N in repetitive and di in passive may combine with all of the verbs which are 50 verbs. Prefix k- unintentional may combine with 36 verbs and prefix bintransitive may combine with 4 verbs. All of these affixes are verbal affixes and the marker of the verbs. The verbal affixes can transpose nouns into verbs. Suffix in causative, circumfixes N in repetitive and di in passive are productive in transposing nouns into verbs. Prefix N- active transitive, b- intransitive, di- passive, and k- unintentional are improductive in transposing nouns into verbs. Suffix in causative can transpose 34 nouns into verbs, circumfixes N in repetitive can transpose 33 nouns and di in passive can transpose 36 nouns into verbs. Prefix N- active transtive, b- intransitive, di- passive, and k- unintentional can transpose nouns less than thirty. The verbal affixes or the markers of the verbs can transpose adjectives into verbs. Suffix in causative, circumfixes N in causative and di in passive are productive in transposing adjectives into verbs. Prefix N- active transitive, bintransitive, di- passive, and k- unintentional are improductive in transposing adjectives into verbs. Suffix in causative can transpose 39 adjectives into verbs,

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circumfixes N in repetitive can combine with 47 adjectives into verbs and di in passive can combine with 44 adjectives into verbs. Prefixes N- active transitive, b- intransitive, di- passive and k- unintentional cannot transpose any adjective into verbs.

4.2 Morphophonemic The morphophonemic process happens in affixation. There are

morphophonemics of prefix N-, b- and k-. 4.2.1 Prefix N- active The prefix N- has five allomorphs which are m-, n-, -, - and . For example: m-ak from pak use m-ukul from pukul hit m-tik from ptik pick n-anm from tanm plant n-aro from taro put n-ukr from tukr change -ari from cari look for -ampur from campur mix -olo from colo steal -asi from kasi give -irim from kirim send -jar from kjar chase

From the data above, if the word base begins with a voiceless bilabial stop consonant /p/, the prefix will be bilabial nasal m-, if the word base begins with a voiceless alveolar stop consonant /t/, the prefix will be alveolar nasal n-, if the word base begins with a voiceless alveopalatal stop consonant //, the prefix will be

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alveopalatal nasal - and if the word base begins with a voiceless velar stop consonant /k/, the prefix will be velar nasal -. In the word base which begins with a voiceless consonant, the first consonant of the word base is dropped and this prefix replaces it. m-bawe from bawe bring m-bli from bli buy m-bagi from bagi give n-dpak from dpak kick n-doro from doro push n-dayu from dayu oar -jawab from jawab answer -jala from jala net -jual from jual sell -gali from gali dig -gbuk from gbuk hit -gor from gor fry

From the data above, if the word base begins with a voiced bilabial stop consonant /b/, the prefix will be bilabial nasal m-, if the word base begins with a voiced alveolar stop consonant /d/, the prefix will be alveolar nasal n-, if the word base begins with a voiced alveopalatal stop consonant /j/, the prefix will be alveopalatal nasal - and if the word base begins with a voiced velar stop consonant /g/, the prefix will be velar nasal -. In the word base begins with a voiced consonant, this prefix is added before the word base. Therefore, if the word base begins with a voiced /b/, /d/, /j/, /g/ or a voiceless /p/, /t/, //, /k/ consonant, the nasal prefix will be the same as the consonant in the point of articulation. In the word base which begins with a voiceless consonant, the first consonant of the word base is dropped and this prefix replaces it. In the word

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base begins with a voiced consonant, this prefix is added before the word base. The allomorph -, if the word base begins with a liquid consonant /l/, /r/, or semivowel /w/ and /y/, the allomorph - will be added before the word base. For example: -lawan from lawan oponent -rusak from rusak breake -wakil-in from wakil represent -yakin-in from yakin sure Besides, this allomorph - can be added before the word base which begins with a voiced consonant /b/, /d/, /j/ and /g/. So, the word base begins with a voiced consonant has two alternative form. -bawa from bawa bring -doro from doro push -jual from jual sell -gbuk from gbuk hit

So, if the word base begins with a voiced /b/, /d/, /j/, /g/, liquid /l/, /r/ or semivowel /w/, /y/, this allomorph - will be added before the word base. If the word base begins with a vowel, this allomorph - is added before the word base. -ambil from ambil take -ikt from ikt tie up

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-ukur from ukur measure -jk from jk -obat from obat medecine From all of the explanation above, the nasal prefix is homorganic to the first consonant of the word base. The velar nasal - is combined with a word base beginning with a vowel. The allomorph - is combined with word base beginning with liquids and semivowel and also with all of the voiced consonants. 4.2.2 Prefix b- intransitive The prefix b- has four allomorphs which are b-, b-, br- and bl-. For example: b-bagi b-dar from bagi give from dar blood b-paku from paku nail b-tamu from tamu visitor b-cr from cr divorce b-kaki from kaki foot

b-jalan from jalan walk b-gantu from gantu hang b-harg from harg price b-warn from warn color

b-sodar from sodar brother b-yakin-an from yakin certain

The allomorph b- can be added before the word base which begins with all of voiced and voiceless consonants and semivowels /y/, /w/ except liquid consonant /l/ and /r/. If the word base begins with a consonant /l/ or /r/, the allomorph b- is added before the word base. For example:

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b-laga from laga fight b-lari from lari run b-lipt from lipt fold

b-ras from ras taste b-racun from racun poison b-rambut from rambut hair

If the word base begins with vowels, the allomorph br- is added before the word base. For example: br-akat from akat lift br-untu from untu luck br-obat from obat medecine br-ekor from ekor tail br-isi from isi volume The exception for allomorph bl-, from the all data, this allomorph is only added before the word base ajar: bl-ajar from ajar teach So, this allomorph is special, it cannot be predicted where the phonology environment is. 4.2.3 Prefix k- unintentional This prefix has two allomorphs which are k- and k-. For example: k-buru from buru hurry k-doro from doro push k-pak from pak use k-tukr from tukr change

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k-gbuk from gbuk hit

k-kjar from kjar chase

If the word base begins with all of the consonants except /l/, /r/ and semivowel /w/, /y/, this allomorph k- is added before the word base. If the word base begins with the liquid consonant /l/, /r/ and semivowel /w/ the allomorph k- is added before the word base. For example: k-lempar from lempar throw k-ras from ras taste k-wajib-an from wajib obligation k-yakin-an from yakin sure

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4.3 The Productive and Improductive Verbal Affixes 4.3.1 Productive Verbal Affixes

Figure 4.3.1 The productive and improductive verbal affixes as they combine with verbs

There are seven affixes, six are productive which are prefix N- active transitive, di- passive, k- unintentional, suffix in causative, circumfixes N in repetitive and di in passive. One is improductive affix which is prefix bintrnasitive. 4.3.1.1 N - R active transitive The prefix N- (nasal) is a productive inflectional prefix. The prefix N- active occurs before the word base. This prefix can be combined with all of the verbs. The meaning of this prefix N- is active verb. For example: Words

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(1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) Sentences

mak to wear from pak wear mbli to buy from bli buy nukr to change from tukr change ndorong to push from dorong push irim to send from kirim send gbuk to hit from gbuk hit

mamat make pci Mamat wears a hat no? mo mbeli baju baru She will buy new clothes sap ya nukr piri gu Who changes my plate? ba juki ndoro grobak sayur Juki pushes vegetables wagon gu mo irim ma? duit I will send some money to my mother The prefix nasal N- active is in opposition with the prefix di- pasive, as in: 1. no? mo she want mbli baju buy clothes baru new

She will buy new clothes 2. tu baju that clothes baru mo new want dibli no? bought she

She wants to buy new clothes 3. kalo if gu I ya mtik bu which pick fruit ntar will dimarain scolded

If I pick the fruit I will be scolded 4. kalo tu bu diptik ntar gu dimarain

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if

that

fruit

pick

will

I

scolded

If I pick that fruit I will be scolded

4.3.1.2 di R passive The prefix di- is the productive inflectional prefix which mark the verb. This prefix may combine directly before the word base. From the 50 verbs, this prefix may combine with all of them. The meaning of this prefix is passive verb. For example: Words (1) (2) (3) (4) (5) (6) Sentences baju gu dibawa min Minah took my clothes gu ditpu am di I am cheated by him di takut bini di?ambil ora He is afraid that his wife will be taken by someone kambi gu di?ikt ora di pu?un My goat is tied by someone at tree The prefix di- pasive is in opposition of the prefix nasal N- active, as in: dibawa is brought from bawa bring dipukul is hit from pukul hit

ditpu is cheated from tpu cheat diambil is taken from ambil take diikt is tied from ikt tie up diukur is measured from ukur measure

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1. baju gu clothes I

dibawa min brought Minah

Minah took my clothes 2. min mbawa baju gu Minah bring clothes I Minah brings my clothes 3. di takut bini diambil ora he afraid wife taken person He is afraid that his wife will be taken by someone 4. mamat ambil ku gu Mamat take cookies I Mamat takes my cookies

4.3.1.3 k - R unintentional The prefix k- is a productive inflectional prefix in marking the verb. This prefix may combine directly before the word base. This prefix may combine with 36 verbs. The meaning of this prefix k- is an act which already happens, can be happened or unintentionally. For example: Words (1) kbuka already opened from buka open (2) ksambit thrown unintentionally from sambit throw (3) kjblos felt unintentionally from jblos fall in (4) kburu can be chased from buru chase

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Sentences tu jndela ko? kbuka sapa ya bukain why is that window open? Who opened it? lo si bdiri di sono jadi ksambit dah you are hit because you are standing there gu ga tau ada got gu kjblos I did not know there was a drain, I fell in ant aja tar pasti kburu dah dont worry we will be there on time The prefix k- unintentional is in opposition with prefix N- active, as in: 1. tu jndela ko? kbuka sapa ya bukain that window particle open who which open why is that window open? Who opened it? 2. I which open gu ya mbuka tuh jdela that window

I open that window 3. gu ga tau ada got gu kjblos I dont know is drain exclamation I fall in I did not know there was a drain, I fell in 4. di eblos sndiri he fall in self He jumped in

4.3.1.4 R in causative The suffix in is a productive inflectional suffix which marks verbs. This suffix may combine directly after the word base. The suffix in may combine with 50 verbs. The meaning of causative is to make someone do something. For example:

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Words (1) bantuin to help someone from bantu help (2) taroin to put something for someone from taro put (3) bacain to read for someone from baca read (4) bliin to buy for someone from bli buy (5) pakin to add something for someone from pak use Sentences bantuin aba lo ort rumput noh you have to help your brother pullout the grass abis makan taroin lagi piria if you have finished your meals, you have to put the plat where it belong mat gu rabun bacain tuh surat my eyes is hazy, please read the letter for me gu minta bliin baju ama bab I ask father to buy me a clothes pakin ad lo baju tuh you have to wear your sister a clothes The suffix in causative is in opposition with the suffix an noun 1. bantuin aba lo ort rumput noh help brother you pullout grass exclamation you have to help your brother pullout the grass 2. aba lo minta bantuan noh brother you ask help exclamation your brother asks your help 3. abis makan taroin lagi piria finish eat put again the plat if you have finished your meals, you have to put the plat where it belong

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4. gu taroan di pasti mna I bet he must win I bet he must be won

4.3.1.5 N in repetitive The circumfix N in is a productive inflectional circumfix which marks the verb. This circumfix may combine directly before and after the word base. This circumfix may combine with 50 verbs. The meaning of this circumfix is to do something repeatedly or continuous. For example: Words (1) gbukin repeatedly hitting from gbuk hit (2) jualin repeatedly selling from jual sell (3) liatin continuous looking at from liat look at (4) rtin continuous dragging from rt drag (5) ambitin continuous throwing from sambit throw Sentences gu k sbl di lagi gbukin ana? I went next door and he was hitting his child lagi-lagi jual baju buat ap si lo jualin baju you are selling clothes again, why are you always selling clothes? Im liatin gu aj Imah is looking at me

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Gu tau lo kawin am di mo rtin ua I know you married him to drag his money ana?-ana? lagi pad ambitin jambu the children are throwing guavas The circumfix N in repetitive is in opposition with circumfix di in passive, as in: 1. I gu k sbl di lagi gbukin ana? to next door exclamation he presently beat his child

I went next door and he was beating his child 2. ana? lagi digbukin am his child presently beat with he his child is being beat by him 3. lagi-lagi jual baju buat ap si lo jualin baju again sell clothes for what particle you sell clothes you are selling clothes again, why are you always selling clothes? 4. baju clothes you lo sold dijualin am with mother a? di

your clothes is being sold by your mother

4.3.1.6 di in passive The circumfix di in is the productive inflection circumfix which marks the verbs. This circumfix may combine directly before and after the word base. This circumfix may combine with 50 verbs. The meaning of this circumfix is passive verb. For example:

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Words (1) diliatin being looked at from liat look at (2) dibliin being bought from bli buy (3) disbarin being sown from sbar sow (4) dibuatin being made from buat make (5) dipakin being wore from pak wear Sentences nape gu diliatin di aj why am I being looked at she? mamat dibliin babe baju Mamat is being bought new clothes by father sawa disbarin babe bibit padi the field is being sown with rice seed by father ad dibuatin boneka am a? my sister is being made a doll by mother boneka dipakin baju am im a doll is being wore a clothes by Imah The circumfix di in passive is in opposition with the circumfix N in repetitive, as in: 1. nape gu diliatin di aj why I looked at she only why am I being looked at she? 2. Im liatin gu aj Imah looking at I only Imah is looking at me 3. mamat dibliin babe baju Mamat bought father clothes Mamat is being bought new clothes by father

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4. amat Amat

mo mbliin babe baju want buy father clothes

Amat will buy his father new clothes

4.3.2 Improductive Verbal Affixes There is one improductive affix in marking the verb. There is prefix bintransitive. 4.3.2.1 b - R intransitive The prefix b- is a improductive inflectional prefix in marking the verb. This prefix may combine directly before the word base. This prefix may combine with four verbs. The meaning of this prefix is intransitive verb. For example: Words (1) bcampur to mix in one from campur mix (2) bbagi to give each other from bagi give (3) blajar to sutdy from ajar teach (4) brangkat to depart from angkat lift Sentences tu ar am oli bcampur the water is mixing with oil kite msti bbagi antr ssam we must give each other ana? po? min lagi blajar aji Minahs child is learning Quran bab brakat antor father is going to the office

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The prefix b- intransitive is in opposition with the prefix nasal N- active transitive, as in: 1. tu ar am oli bcampur that water with oil mix The water is mixing with oil 2. po? ampur ar am kupi sister mix water with coffee My sister mix the water with the coffee 3. ana? po? min lagi blajar aji child sister Minah present study learning Quran Minahs child is learning Quran 4. mine lagi ajar ana? aji Minah present teach her child learning Quran Minah is teaching Quran to her child

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4.4 The Verbal Affixes in Transposing Nouns into Verbs

Figure 4.4 The productive and improductive of the verbal affixes in transposing nouns into verbs

There are three productive verbal affixes in transposing nouns into verb which are suffix in causative, circumfixes N in repetitive and di in passive. Prefixes N- active transitive, b- have, di- passive and k- unintentional are improductive verbal affixes in transposing nouns into verbs. 4.4.1 The Productive Verbal Affixes in Transposing Nouns into Verbs 4.4.1.1 R in causative The suffix in is a productive verbal affix in transposing nouns into verbs. This suffix in occurs after the word base. This suffix may combine with 34 nouns and change the word class of the noun into verb. The meaning of this suffix in is causative

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verb. For example: Words (1) arin give it water from ar water (2) obatin give it medecine from obat medecine (3) lampuin make it bright from lampu lamp (4) sikatin brush it from sikat brush (5) tikatin rise it from tikat step Sentences tu bu arin biar kaga? mati you have to give water to the flower so it will not be wilted obatin tu kor biar smbuh you have to cure your injury lampuin gu biar kbaca nih tulisan give me some light so I can read sikatin tu baju kja bsi the clothes have to clean lu msti tikatin lagi biar tigi you have to rise higher The suffix in causative is in opposition with the circumfix N in repetitive, as in: 1. tu bu arin biar kaga? mati that flower give water so not die You have to give water to the flower so it will not be wilted 2. lu arin tu pu?un aj you give water continuously that tree exclamation You give much water to the tree

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4.4.1.2 N in repetitive The circumfix N in is a productive verbal affix in transposing nouns into verbs. This circumfix N in occurs before and after the word base. This circumfix may combine with 33 nouns and change the word class of the noun into verb. The meaning of this circumfix N in is to do something repeatedly or continuous. For example: Words (1) ctin is painting from ct paint (2) apuin is sweeping from sapu broom (3) abarin is telling from kabar news (4) obatin is curing from obat medecine (5) namuin is visiting from tamu visitor Sentences lu ctin rum lu mulu you just keep painting your house ma? lagi apuin kbon my mother is cleaning the yard min abarin ora-ora kalo di pu mobil baru Minah is telling everyone about her new car gu lagi obatin pakit bab I am healing my fathers ill lu namuin gu mulu you are always visiting me The circumfix N in repetitive is in opposition with the suffix in causative, as in:

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1. lu ctin rum lu mulu you painting house you always You just keep painting your house 2. lu cetin rum gu kja cakp you paint house I so beautiful You have to paint my house become beautiful

4.4.1.3 Di in passive The circumfix di in is a productive verbal affix in transposing nouns into verbs. This circumfix di in occurs before and after the word base. This circumfix may combine with 36 nouns and change the word class of the noun into verb. The meaning of this circumfix di in is passive verb. For example: Words (1) dictin is painted from ct paint (2) disapuin is swept from sapu broom (3) dikabarin is told from kabar news (4) diobatin is cured from obat medecine (5) ditamuin is visited from tamu visitor Sentences rum gu dictin udin my house is painted by Udin kbon lagi disapuin ma? the yard is cleaned by mother ora-ora pad dikabarin mine soal mobil baru people are told by Minah about

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her new car bab diobatin am pa? mantri father is healed by the doctor gu ditamuin mulu am lu I am always visited by you The circumfix di in passive is in opposition with the circumfix N in repetitive, as in: 1. rum gu dictin udin house I painted Udin My house is painted by Udin 2. lu ctin rum lu mulu you painting house you always You just keep painting your house

4.4.2 The Improductive Verbal Affixes in Transposing Nouns into Verbs 4.4.2.1 N R active transitive The prefix N- (nasal) is an improductive verbal affix in transposing nouns into verbs. This prefix N- active transitive occurs before the root. This prefix may combine with 22 nouns and change the word class of the noun into verb. The meaning of this prefix N- is active transitive verb. For example: Words (1) maku to nail from paku nail (2) ct to paint from ct paint (3) isi to fill from isi volume

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(4) antor to work in an office from kantor office (5) apu to sweep from sapu broom Sentences bab lagi maku balok my father nails the beam aba ct rum jadi kon my brother paints the house with yellow color gu isi bak ampe pnuh I fill the basin full bab antor pagi bat father goes to work very early ma? apu kbon mother sweeps the yard The prefix N- active transitive is in opposition with the prefix di- passive, as in: 1. bab lagi maku balok father present nails beam My father nails the beam 2. balok dipaku am bab beam nailed with father The beam is nailed by father 3. aba ct rum jadi kon brother paint house become yellow My brother paints the house with yellow color 4. rum dict am aba jadi kon house painted with brother become yellow The house is painted by my brother with yellow color

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4.4.2.2 b - R have The prefix b- is an improductive verbal affix in transposing nouns into verbs. This prefix b- have occurs before the word base. This prefix may combine with 18 nouns and change the word class of the nouns into verbs. The meaning of prefix b- is having something. For example: Words (1) bar having water from ar water (2) bbu having fruit from bu fruit (3) btamu visiting from tamu visitor (4) bkor having tail from kor tail (5) bdos having sin from dose sin Sentences bu smak bar bat the watermelon contains much water tu pu?un bbu baak the tree bear many fruit sodar gu pad btamu k rum my family visits my house mot bkor panja monkey has a long tail the prefix b- have is in opposition with the circumfix di - in passive, as in: 1. bu smak bar bat fruit watermelon has water a lot The watermelon contains much water 2. tu pu?un smak lagi diarin that tree watermelon present give water

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The watermelon tree is given water

4.4.2.3 di R passive The prefix di- is an improductive verbal prefix which transposes nouns into verbs. This prefix occurs before the word base. This prefix may combine with 9 nouns and change the word class of the nouns into verbs. The meaning of prefix di- is passive verb. For example: Words (1) dict painted from ct paint (2) digrgaji cut by mattock from grgaji mattock (3) diisi filled by something from isi volume (4) disapu swept from sapu broom (5) disikat brushed from sikat brush Sentences rum dict am aba jadi kon The house is painted by my brother with yellow color tu balok digrgaji am bab the beam is cut with mattock by father bak diisi am gu amp pnuh the basin is filled full by me kbon lagi disapu am ma? the yard is cleaned by mother tu baju lagi disikat am udin that clothes is cleaned by Udin The prefix di- passive is in the opposition with the prefix N- active, as in:

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1. rum dict am aba jadi kon house painted with brother become yellow The house is painted by my brother with yellow color 2. aba ct rum jadi kon brother paint house become yellow My brother paints the house with yellow color 3. bak diisi am gu amp pnuh basin filled with I until full The basin is filled full by me 4. gu isi bak ampe pnuh I fill basin until full I fill the basin full

4.4.2.4 k - R unintentional The prefix k- is an improductive verbal affix which transposes nouns into verbs. This prefix occurs before the word base. This prefix may combine with 5 nouns and change the word class of the nouns into verbs. The meaning of prefix k- is an act which already happens, can be happened or unintentionally. For example: Words (1) kct painted unintentionally from ct paint (2) kisi already filled from isi volume (3) kpacul dug unintentionally from pacul hoe (4) kpaku nailed unintentionally from pakunail

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(5) ksapu swept unintentionally from sapu broom Sentences baju gu kct kon my clothes is unintentionally painted with yellow paint glas ud kisi th the glass is already filled with tea kaki bab kpacul amp bdar fathers foot is unintentionally hit with hoe kayu ud kpaku di tia the wood is already nailed in the pole duit gu ksapu am lu y my money is unintentionally swept by you The prefix k- unintentionally is in opposition with the prefix di- passive, as in: 1. baju gu kct kon clothes I painted yellow My clothes is unintentionally painted with yellow paint 2. rum gu dict kon house I painted yellow My house is painted with yellow paint 3. glas ud kisi th glass finish filled tea The glass is already filled with tea 4. glas diisi th am gu glass filled tea with I The glass is filled with tea by me

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4.5 The Verbal Affixes in Transposing Adjectives into Verbs

Figure 4.5 The productive and improductive verbal affixes in transposing adjectives into verbs.

There are three productive verbal affixes in transposing adjectives into verbs. There are suffix in causative, circumfixes N in repetitive and di in passive. The prefixes N- active transitive, b- intransitive, di- passive and kunintentionally are zero affixes in transposing adjectives into verbs. 4.5.1 R in causative The suffix in is a productive verbal affix which transposes adjectives into verbs. This suffix occurs after the word base. The suffix in may combine with 39 adjectives and change the word class of the adjective into verb. The meaning of this suffix in is to make someone do something. For example:

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Words (1) cakpin make beautiful from cakp beautiful (2) gdein make big from gde big (3) baakin give more from baak many (4) itmin make it black from itm black (5) planin make slow from plan slow Sentences muk lu cakpin gida cmo no wash your face, it is dirty gdein suar lu gu kaga? dr speak louder I cannot hear you lu msti baakin minum susu biar gmuk you have to drink a lot of milk, it will make you more far gu mo lu itmin ni rambut I want you to color my hair into black planin radio gu mo tidur turn down the radio, I want to sleep The suffix in causative is in opposition with the circumfix di in passive, as in: 1. gdein suar lu gu kaga? dr make big voice you I dont hear Speak louder I cannot hear you 2. suar radio digdein am lu y voice radio made big with you exclamation The radio is turned up by me

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4.5.2 N in repetitive The circumfix N in is a productive verbal affix which transposes adjectives into verbs. This circumfix occurs before and after the word base. This circumfix may combine with 47 adjectives and change the word class of the adjective into verb. The meaning of this circumfix N in is to do something repeatedly or continuous. For example: Words (1) alusin is smoothing from alus smooth (2) mbnrin is fixing from bnr right (3) mnuhin is filling from pnuh full (4) akitin is hurting from sakit sick (5) alin is blaming from sale fault Sentences lu alusin muk lu aj you are always making up with your face bab lagi mbnrin gnt di atas father is fixing the roof udin mnuhin bak di sumur Udin is filling the basin in the bathroom lu bisa cum akitin prasaan gu aj you are always hurting me krjaan lu kaga? bnr make gu alin lu Im blaming you because your messy work The circumfix N in active is in opposition with the circumfix di in passive, as in:

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1. bab lagi mbnrin gnt di atas father present fixing roof in up Father is fixing the roof 2. gnt lagi di bnrin am bab roof present in fixed with father the roof is fixed by father

4.5.3 di in passive The circumfix di in is a productive verbal affix which transposes adjectives into verbs. This circumfix occurs before and after the word base. This circumfix may combine with 44 adjectives and change the word class of the adjective into verb. The meaning of this circumfix di in is passive verb. For example: Words (1) dialusin is smoothed from alus smoth (2) dibnrin is fixed from bnr right (3) dipnuin is filled from pnuh full (4) disakitin is hurt from sakit sick (5) disalin is blamed from sale fault Sentences tu kayu lagi dialusin am bab the wood is smoothed by father gnt lagi di bnrin am bab the roof is fixed by father tu kolm dipnuin am ikan the pool is full with fishes

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ati gu disakitin am kbo?oand di he hurts me with his lies gu jadi disalin gar-gar lu Im blamed because of you The circumfix di in passive is in opposition with the circumfix N in active, as in: 1. gnt lagi di bnrin am bab roof present in fixed with father The roof is fixed by father 2. bab lagi mbnrin gnt di atas father present fixing roof in up Father is fixing the roof 3. gu jadi disalin gar-gar lu I become blamed because you Im blamed because of you 4. krjaan lu kaga? bnr make gu alin lu work you not right so I blame you Im blaming you because your messy work

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CHAPTER V CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

5.1 Conclusion This research is conducted based on the problems that has formulated; (1) what are the morphological processes of Betawi language verb word class? (2) what are the markers of verb word class in Betawi language?. This research concludes that there are three morphological processes of Betawi language verb word class which are productive and improductive affixes as they combine with verbs, productive and improductive verbal affixes in transposing nouns into verbs, and productive and improductive verbal affixes in transposing adjectives into verbs. This research also concludes that there are seven affixes as the markers of the verb in Betawi language, which are prefixes N- active, b- transitive, di- passive, k- unintentional, suffix in causative, circumfixes N in repetitive and di in passive. All of the affixes are productive in marking the verbs as they combine with verbs except prefix b-. Prefixes N-, di-, suffix in, circumfixes N in and di in are the most productive affixes which may combine with all of the verbs. The prefix kis the second productive affix which may combine with 36 verbs. The prefix b- is improductive affix which may combine with four verbs. There are three verbal affixes which are productive and four verbal affixes which are improductive in transposing nouns and adjectives into verbs. The suffix -in,

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circumfixes N in and di in are productive verbal affixes in transposing nouns and adjectives into verbs. Prefixes N-, b-, di-, and k- are improductive affixes in transposing nouns into verbs and zero affixes in transposing adjectives into verbs.

5.2 Suggestion This research suggests the readers, especially for the students of Faculty of Letters concerning to the research that had already done, to analyze another subject. Since this research emphasizes the research on verb class only, it is better to suggest for the readers to analyze other classes or other points of view of the morphological process of Betawi language nouns.

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