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Morphological Characteristics of the Sensilla Ovipositor ...2)15/1.pdfSensilla on antennae,...
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The University of Queensland Law Journal Vol. 15 No.2 A Denning Come to Judgment: Recent Judicial Adventures in the Law of Contract Kenneth 8utton* Introduction 131 The title of this paper will no doubt easily be recognised as a cor- ruption of a well-known quotation from Shakespeare's "The Mer- chant of Venice" ,1 a play which endorses the maxim that a contract is a contract, but which also recognises that a contract is one which must be strictly construed. The theme of my paper is that in Australia in the last twenty years of the 20th century the traditional law of contract has been reduced to a state of flux, that the hallow- ed doctrines of consideration and privity of contract are under siege if not in danger of complete abandonment, that Lord Denning with his advocacy of promissory estoppel and the jus quaesitum tertio has come into his own, and that unconscionability is now the hallmark for the enforceability of contracts. It is no doubt going too far to say that the law of contract should in future be taught as a branch of the law of equity, but the influence which equitable principles are exerting on traditional contract dogma is clear from that remark. [1] Promissory Estoppel The first development to which reference should be made is the complete acceptance in Australia of the doctrine of promissory (or equitable) estoppel. It was in 1946 that Denning J. (as he then was) enunciated his famous dictum in the High Trees House case that "a promise intended to be binding, intended to be acted on and in fact acted on, is binding so far as its terms properly apply".2 This dic- tum was based on a slender line of authority grounded in equity which sought to avoid the injustice which would otherwise result if a person, who had contractual rights against another person, was allowed to go back on his word when, by his conduct, he had induc- ed that other to believe those rights would not be enforced or would be suspended, and as a result that other had materially altered his *B.A., L.L.M.(N.Z.), Ph.D.(Melb.), LL.D.(Qd), Professor of Law, University of Queensland. This is a revised version of a paper delivered at the University of Queensland Law School Symposium on 14th October, 1988. 1. Act Iv Sc. I: "A Daniel come to judgement!" I wish to acknowledge the help received from my research assistant Ms. Sue Brown B.A. In the preparation of this paper. 2. Central London Property Trust Ltd v. High Trees House Ltd [1947] K.B. 130 at 136.
Transcript of Morphological Characteristics of the Sensilla Ovipositor ...2)15/1.pdfSensilla on antennae,...
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Academic Journal of Entomology 8 (2): 34-37, 2015ISSN 1995-8994© IDOSI Publications, 2015DOI: 10.5829/idosi.aje.2015.8.2.9310
Corresponding Author: Arif Yaakoub, National Institute of Agronomic Research, Station of Sidi Mehdi, Touggourt, Algeria.
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Morphological Characteristics of the Sensilla Ovipositor, Tarsus and Antenna in Dates Moth Female, Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Lepidoptera : Pyralidae)
Y. Arif and N. Lombarkia
Department of Agronomy, Latppam Laboratory,Institute of Agronomic and Veterinary Sciences, University of Batna, Algeria
Abstract: Dates moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae Zeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), is one of the most redoutablepest of a wide range of crops worldwide. In Algeria, Ectomyelois ceratoniae is considered the main dates(Phoenix dactylifera) pest and as the principal constraint on dates exports. As in most of the Lepidoptera,success to recognize and colonize a wide range of host plants is based on the interaction of their sensorysystem and the physicochemical characteristics of the environment (Semiochemical communication).The ultra-structural study by means of a scanning electron microscope (SEM) of the external morphology ofthe head, ovipositor, antennae and the legs of the female Ectomyelois ceratoniae, reveals structural featuresmorphological of different types of sensilla existing on the organs studied. Taste receptors are present at theend of the ovipositor, on the basal part of the antennas on the tarsus and around the proboscis. Olfactoryreceptors are also ubiquitous in all organs examined, with a high concentration on the antennae and ovipositor(Trichoid Sensilla).
Key words: Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) Sensilla Olfactory Receptors Taste Receptors Phoenix Dactylifera
INTRODUCTION MATERIALS AND METHODS
Date palm (Phoenix dactylifera) currently has an Insects: The biological material that is the subject ofeconomic importance for Algeria to the extent that it is this study is the Ectomyelois ceratoniae Zellerconsidered the second source of foreign exchange after (Lepidoptera, Pyralidae) (Fig.1). The Adult femalesoil. The Algerian phoenicicole Heritage is estimated more samples, were obtained from the rearing done at INRAAthan 16 million date palm with a production of 492,188 (National Institute of Agronomic Research of Algeria)tonnes [1]. entomology Laboratory station, located at Touggourt,
However, this culture faces several constraints, 600km south of the capital of Algeria.among others, the date moth Ectomyelois ceratoniaeZeller (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) wich is considered themost redoubtable dates pest and as the main constraintto the Algerian dates export [2]. It may cause damage thatcan sometimes reach 80 % of the harvest [3].
In fact, as in most of the Lepidoptera, success torecognize and colonize a wide range of host plants isbased on the interaction of their sensory system and thephysicochemical characteristics of the environment [4].We find it useful to conduct this study, to display thedifferent sensory structures morphology, responsible ofsemiochemical communication in E. ceratoniae female,using the scanning electron microscopy (SEM) technique. Fig 1: Dates moth Ectomyelois ceratoniae Zeller
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Fig 2: Various stages of samples preparation for viewing with the scanning electron microscope (SEM). A : Metalcylinder (Sample holder) ; B : Horizontally fixation of the organs on a carbon tape ; C : Coating samples by a carbonlayer ; D : Mounting location on SEM specimen stubs ; E : image acquisition
Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM): Samples RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONpreparation was done according to the methodsdescribed by Obonyo et al. [5], Juma et al. [6] and Sawsan The scanning electron microscopy (SEM)and Amal [7]. Adult female of dates moth (E. ceratoniae observation, of the female ovipositor, tarsi and antennaeZeller), newly emerged were soaked in a solution of of the dates moth, Ectomyelois ceratoniae allowed us to70% ethanol for 10 minutes. Then, we proceeded to the distinguish several types of sensilla on all organs studied:dissection of five spécimens to extract and separatetheir external genitalia (Ovipositors), tarsi and Sensilla Trichoid (ST/TS) (Sensory Hairs): We foundantennae for scanning electron microscope (SEM)observations.
Indeed, isolated organs have undergone severaltreatments; first, they were placed in 70% ethanol solutionfor 72 hours, then transferred to 90% alcohol for 15 min.Then all the organs were removed from the solutionsmoothly. They were air dried for at least 20 minutes.
The organs were then fixed horizontally on a carbontape, double sided adhesive, mounted on specimen stubs(Fig. 2B) (sample holder : 30 mm diameter x 10 mm height(Fig. 2A), then they were coated with 20nm. of carbon(Fig. 2C).
The receptors sensory ultra- structural observationswere examined in JEOL. JSM-6360 scanning electronmicroscope at a beam voltage of 15-20 kv. (Fig. 2 (D & E)in Sciences and Materials Engineering Laboratory at theFaculty of Mechanical Engineering and EngineeringProcess, at Houari Boumediene Univesity, Algiers,Algeria.
different types of trichoid sensilla various in length andshapes as follows:
Trichoid Sensilla type I (TSI): Prominent structures,slender, cylindrical, has a length of length of 40µm. and anaverage diameter of 2.28µm. with a pointed distal portionand slightly curved. This kind of sensilla are distributedin a dense manner on the antenna (Fig. 3A), the ovipositor(Fig. 3B) and a degree less on tarsi (Fig. 3C) of the datesmoth female, E. ceratoniae [7], even noticed theirpresence on the male genitalia of the same species.
Trichoid Sensilla Type II and III (St Ii & St III): They arescattered along the ovipositor and tarsi of the E.ceratoniae female. They are found in few number betweenthe trichoid sensilla type I (TS I) ; the ST II & ST III areless abundant compared to TS I. Compared with the ST III(Fig. 4A), the ST II (Fig. 4B) is characterized by their smallsize and their edges pronounced (Angular). The curved
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Fig 3: SEM. Micrographs show E. ceratoniae trichoid sensilla type I (arrows) ; A : Antenna ; B : Ovipositor ; C : Tarsus.
Fig 4: SEM. Micrographs show trichoid sensilla type III (A) and II (B), at the E. ceratoniae female ovipositor.
Fig 5: SEM micrographs show Sensilla basiconic. A : E. ceratoniae female Ovipositor ; B : E. ceratoniae male tarsus.
part is approximately 4.44µm. in contrast, the ST III Sensilla Basiconic: They are conical shaped sensillameasures 2 µm. Regarding the straight side (From the with a rounded end and thick walled, short enough, theybase to the point of the sensillum arching), it are medium length (7,27µm) ; found on the ovipositormeasures 11.11µm. length in the ST II and 22.22µm. surface of the E. ceratoniae female (Fig. 5A); as we foundin the ST III. on the tarsi of the male of this species (Fig. 5B). This type
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of sensilla are similar to those recorded by Anac-Narcisa 6. Juma, G., M. Chimtawi, P.O. Ahuya, P.G.N.[8] and Sharaby and Dosary [9], on the antennal segments Njagi, B. Le Rü, G. Magoma, J.F. Silvain and P.A.of the Dinocras cephalotes larva and the Rhynchophorus Calatayud, 2008. Distribution of chemo andferrugineus tarsi respectively. These structures act as mechanoreceptors on the antennae and maxillaeolfactory sensilla [10]. However, they can play a role of of Busseola fusca larvae. Entomologiacontact chémiorécepteur ; in the case of basiconic sensilla Experimentalis et Applicata, 128: 93-98.found on the tarsi of plum curculio (Conotrachelus 7. Sawsan, S.M. and M.F.A. Amal, 2009. Malenenuphar), that have eggs laid reconnaissance function Genitalial Morphology of the Carob Moth,[11]. Ectomyelois ceratoniae (Zeller) (Lepidoptera:
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1. Anonyme, 2012. Arboriculture : superficie 8. Anac-Narcisa, N., 2008. Comparative anatomy ofoccupées par les plantations. Ministère de the antennal sensilla of Perla marginata, Dinocarasl'agriculture et du développement rural (MADR). cephalotes and Perlodes microcephalus
2. Doumandji, S., 1981. Biologie et écologie de la (Plecoptera) aquatic insect nymph. Analelepyrale des caroubes dans le nord de l’Algérie, tiintifice ale Universittii, Al, I, Cuza Iai, S. BiologieEctomyelois ceratoinae Zell. (Lepidoptera : animal, Tom LIV, pp: 129-134.Pyralidae). Thèse d’état, Paris VI, pp: 145. 9. Sharaby, A.M. and M.M. Dosary, 2007. Ultra
3. Munier, P., 1973. Le palmier dattier - techniques morphology structure of sensory sensillae on theagricoles et productions tropicales. Maison neuve legs and external genitalia of the red palm weevilet larose, paris, pp: 217. Rhynchophorus ferrugineus (Oliv.). Saudi Journal
4. Calatayud, P.A., M. Chimtawi, D. of Biological Sciences, 14(1): 29-35.Tauban, F. Marion-Poll and B.P. Le Rü., 2006. 10. Alm, S.R. and F. Hall, 1986. Antennal sensorySexual dimorphism of antennal, tarsal and structures of Conotrachelus nenuphar (Coleopteraovipositor chemosensilla in the African stemborer : Curculionidae). Ann. Ent., Soc. Amer., 79: 324-333.Busseola fusca (Fuller) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae). 11. Maher, N. and D. Thiery, 2004. Distribution ofAnnales de la Société Entomologique de France, chemo and mechanoreceptors on the tarsi and42: 403-412. ovipositor of the female european grapevine moth
5. Obonyo, M., F. Schulthess, M. Chimtawi, Lobesia botrana. Ent. Exper. Appl., 110(2): 135-143.G. Mascarel, P.O. Ahuya, B. Le Ru, J. Van denBerg, J.F. Silvain and P.A. Calatayud, 2011. Sensillaon antennae, ovipositor and tarsi of the larvalparasitoids, Cotesia sesamiae (Cameron 1906) andCotesia flavipes Cameron 1891 (Hymenoptera:Braconidae): a comparative scanning electronmicroscopy study. Ann. Soc. Entomol. Fr. (N.S.),47(1-2): 119-127.
Pyralidae) with Reference to Their Chemoreceptor.
3(1): 89-95.
