MORPHOLOGICAL AND FUNCTIONAL EXPRESSION INDUCED IN ... · MORPHOLOGICAL AND FUNCTIONAL EXPRESSION...
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MORPHOLOGICAL AND FUNCTIONAL EXPRESSION INDUCED IN MAMMALIAN
CELLS BY GRAVITATIONAL AND MECHANICAL STRESS
Monica Monici
ASAcampus, ASA Research Division, Dept. of Clinical Physiopathology,
University of Florence
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Physical Stresses and Cell Behaviour
Gravitational Stresses
Photomechanical Stress (Nd:YAG Laser)
Magnetic Fields
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Mechanical forces are essential for tissue homeostasis. In particular, for the homeostasis of bone, cartilage and connective tissue.
Such tissues are not passively bearing the stress resulting from gravity, compression, and muscle-generated forces, but rather interplay with these dinamically. As a result, tissues modify their composition and mechanical properties
Gravitational/mechanical stress is the physical condition that exists within any cell as a result of deformation by external forces changing the pre-existing balance.
Chiquet et al.
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Living cells are hard-wired by a continuous series of molecular struts (microtubules, cross-linked microfilament bundles), cables (contractile microfilaments), and ropes (intermediate filaments) in the form of a discrete CSK network.
by Ingber
Cytoskeleton organization
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Cells use a particular form of architecture, known astensegrity, to organize and mechanically stabilize this CSK network.
Tensegrity structures (see geodesic architecture) havethe ability to carry a given load with a minimal amount of building materials.
Tensegrity structures stabilize themselves by balancing tension and compression forces.
by Ingber
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CSK mechanically connects specific trans-membrane adhesion receptors on the cell surface to discrete contacts on the nucleus in the center of the cell.
by Ingber
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Cells may sense mechanical stresses, including those due to gravity, through changes in the balance of forces that are transmitted across transmembrane adhesion receptors that link the cytoskeleton to the extracellular matrix and to other cells.
The cellular response to stress differs depending on the level of pre-stress (pre-existing tension) in the cytoskeleton.
by Ingber
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IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE: Vimentin
Chondrocytes
Dendritic Cells
1xg 10xg
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Tensegrity provides a way to focus mechanical energy on specificmolecular components and to integrate part and whole, therebytuning the entire cellular (and tissue) response.
Gravity acting on the whole organism is a major contributor to pre-stress within individual tissues.
When organisms are placed in microgravity, they experience an acute decrease in pre-stress on the macroscale which, due to the hierarchical organization of living tissues, should trickle down to produce corresponding changes in structure and mechanics at the cellular and molecular level.
by Ingber
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A SUGGESTION:
To discard the concept of a single gravity-specific receptor molecule and to try of understanding gravity sensation in the context of the structural complexity of living cells and tissues. From this perspective, it is likely that in some cases the whole cell or even the whole tissue must be viewed as "the" gravity sensor.
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BONE CELLS
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Percentage of apoptotic cells
Comparison between controls at 1xg and samples exposed for 72 h to modelled hypogravity conditions
Cytofluorometric determination by AnnexinV assay
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Apoptosis
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Gen
e ex
pres
sion
(a.u
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FAS FAS-L BAX
Control RPM
Gene expression screened in FLG 29.1 cells cultured for 72 h in a RPM. Comparison with control (1xg).
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Osteoclastic precursors exposed to modelled weightlessness
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Markers of osteoclasticdifferentiation
Protein (A) and gene (B) expressions screened in FLG 29.1 cells after 72 h of culturing in modelled hypogravity. Comparison with 1xg control
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DENDRITIC CELLS
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DENDRITIC CELLS AND THE CONTROL OF IMMUNITY
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OpticalOptical MicroscopyMicroscopy (after 7 (after 7 daysdays))
ControlControl AstronautAstronaut (PM)(PM)
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RTRT--PCRPCR
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Ge
ne
exp
ress
ion
(a
.u.)
CD83 CD80 CD 86 CD40 NFkB
Astronaut DCs (PM) Control DCs
Expression of genes encoding for maturation markers
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0.00.1
0.20.3
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0.5
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0.70.8
0.91.0
350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750
wavelength (nm)
inte
nsity
(a.u
.)
Control DCs
MultispectralMultispectral ImagingImagingAutofluorescenceAutofluorescence MicroscopyMicroscopy
AutofluorescenceAutofluorescence imaging imaging of immature of immature DCsDCs
AutofluorescenceAutofluorescenceMicrospectroscopyMicrospectroscopy
AutofluorescenceAutofluorescence spectrumspectrumof immature of immature DCsDCs
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AutofluorescenceAutofluorescence microspectroscopymicrospectroscopy
0.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.0
350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750
wavelength (nm)
inte
nsity
(a.u
.)control DCs, day 6control DCs, day 7
AutofluorescenceAutofluorescence spectraspectra of of immature and mature control immature and mature control DCsDCs
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AutofluorescenceAutofluorescence microspectroscopymicrospectroscopy
0.00.10.20.30.40.50.60.70.80.91.0
350 400 450 500 550 600 650 700 750
wavelength (nm)
inte
nsity
(a.u
.)Astronaut DCs (PM), day 6
Astronaut DCs (PM), day 7
Autofluorescence spectra of immature and mature astronaut DCs (PM)
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CHONDROCYTES
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IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE: Tubulin
Control 10xg Laser
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IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE: Aggrecan
Control 10xg Laser
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IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE: Collagen II
Control 10xg Laser
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IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE: Sox 9
Control 10xg Laser
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FIBROBLASTS
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IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE: Cytoskeleton
Actin
Tubulin
Control Laser
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IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE: Collagen I
Control Laser
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IMMUNOFLUORESCENCE: Fibronectin
Control Laser Laser
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FINAL REMARKS
Gravitational forces may be experienced by individual cells as aresult of stress-dependent changes that, in turn, alter extracellular matrix mechanics, cell shape, cytoskeletalorganization, or internal pre-stress in the cell-tissue matrix.
The body of the literature suggests that the effects of gravitational/mechanical stimuli is cell- and even function-specific.
Further research is needed in this field because the understanding of mechanotransduction at tissue and cell level can lead to:
• Efficient counteraction of the negative effects of microgravity by using mechanical stress
• Application of mechanical stress in modulating cell behaviourand tissue homeostasis: as an example, hypergravitational and photomechanical stress can increase the production of extracellular matrix molecules
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Thanks to:
Marianne and Augusto Cogoli
Nicola Marziliano, Pietro Bernabei, Milena Paglierani
Roberto Vittori, Daniela Santucci
Lydia Bellik, Astrid Parenti, Fabrizio Ledda
Damiano Fortuna
Susanna Benvenuti, Mario Serio
Venere Basile, Giovanni Romano, Lucia Morbidelli,
Franco Fusi, Antonio Conti