Morpho-functional classification of humus systems and soil … · 2016. 11. 30. · Augusto...
Transcript of Morpho-functional classification of humus systems and soil … · 2016. 11. 30. · Augusto...
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Morpho-functional classification of humus systems and soil biological functioning
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Augusto Zanella, Stefano Guercini, Jean-François Ponge
1 cm
Millipeds Epigeic earthworm Enchytraeids Insect larvae Snails Centipeds Woodlice Spiders Acarian
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1 - What’s soil ? 2- An attempt of biological soil classification
3 - The FUTURE of the soil classification
HUMUS GROUP
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400 millions
10 millions
today
3 billions years ago 500 millions 300 millions
200 millions
LIVING ORGANISMS and SOIL CO-EVOLUTION IN A CHANGING HABITAT
100 millions
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organic matter é, energy é, water é, biodiversity é regression evolution
50 70 500 100 1000 2000 3000
years
RECENT acid series in Paimpont (France), last 3000 years
Succession of plant communities
Corresponding SOIL evolution
é
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BRUNISOL)rédoxique)à)MESOMULL)
S)
Sg)
A)
OL)
Anthropic interference
7
2
3
4 5
6
1
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PLANETEARTH
SOIL SOiL
SOiL
SOiL
SOiLEnergyWaterandNutrients
Air
Plantscover
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C
R
HUMIPEDON(new)
LITHOPEDON(new)
PEDO
N
SOILPRO
FILE HU
MUS
PROFILE
COPEDON(new)
OL
OF,OH,A
B,E,otheraeratedmineralhorizons
ISITUSEFULTOPARTTHESOILINTHREE?
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OH
maA
OL
miA meA
OF
Deciduousforest Coniferousforest Mediterraneanforest
Organic-mineral
Organic
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LITTERdisappearsinlessthan1year
Fewtomanyyears Fewtomanyyears
MORTANGEL
MULLMODER
AMPHI
Europeanforesthumussystems
MESOA
meA
OH
nozOF
E nozA
E
miA
OH
maA zoOH
zoOF
BioMACRO BioMICROBioMESOCaCO3 SiO2
OrganicRESTS
MineralORGANO-MINERAL
AGGREGATES
OrganicRESTS
COLDclimateandbase-poorprentmaterial
PeriodicallyDRYclimateandbase-richparentmaterial
TEMPERATEandNEUTRAL
nOL OrganicRESTS
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i APP
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InMediterraneanforests,MullhadthehigheststockofOC,neartoAmphianddecidedlymore(2.5x)thanModer(AndreeSaetal.,2011,DeNicolaetal.2014)
intheWestwingoftheAlpinechainAmphiwasfoundastherichestinOC(Bonifacioetal.2011)
ModerwasatthefirstplaceintheCentre(Sartorietal.,2007,Garlatoetal.,2009,Ascheretal.,2012)andEast(Garlatoetal.,2009)ofAlpinechain
!
MODER
MULL
AMPHI
ThehighestSOCvaluesweresimilar=80-100tha-1
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Bacteriainmucilage
freeorganicrests verysmallfree
organicrests
hyphae
clay
O=1mm O=0,1mm O=0,001mm
....….
….
FREEOrganicMaCerRecognizablerestsinORGANIChorizons
fixedinvisibleorganicmaSer
Itneedsplant-bacteria-fungalcooperaGon
AhorizonmadebyEARTHWORMSroot
MODERMULL MORTANGEL AMPHI
SOILAGGREGATES
HARDtobiodegradeOMRela^velyeasyto“eat”bysoilorganisms
COLDCLIMATEPOORinBASESSUBSTRATES
CALCAREOUSRICHinBASESWARM
TEMPERATENEUTRAL
bacteria
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Mull
Amphi Moder
MorTangel
Rhizo Ligno
Crusto
TERRESTRIAL
HISTICBryo
Anmoor
Anaero
Archaeo
Saprimoor
Amphimoor
Mesimoor
Fibrimoor
HUMUSSYSTEMS
Agro Techno
(peat)
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1 mm2
1 mm2 1 mm2
1 cm2 1 mm2
1 cm2
MACROMESO MICRO
MASSIVE SINGLEGRAINED
ZOOGENICNATURALSTRUCTURES
NONZOOGENIC
AGRO
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GRANULAR,FINEGRANULAR=BIOMACROSTRUCTUREDMATERIALS
NATURALfresh
droppings
Old/transformedearthwormdroppinginaPOORLYZOOGENICAGROsoil
anecic
endogeic
earthworms
earthworms
NATURAL
Aeertradi^onalagriculture
Photographs:TopoliantzS.&PongeJ.F.
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ANTHROPOGENIC TECHNO HUMUS SYSTEM
OL OL
OF OF OH
OL
A OH OH
A
OF OF
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..........…………………............
Ø>4mm
1mm<Ø≤4mm
Ø≤1mm
4mm
1mm
Macropedsdonotpassthroughanetof4mm
Mesopedspassanetof4butnotoneof1mm
Micropedspassthroughanetof1mm..........…………………............
net
net
> 4mm ≤ 1mm 1mm< ≤ 4mm
Mean-size fauna (5 mm <L<= 50 mm)
Endogeic and Epigeic earthworms
Enchytreids Arthropods
Large-size fauna (L> 50 mm)
Anecic earthworms Endogeic earthworms
Aggregates size (droppings)
2/3
50
1/3
20
10
60
Vol
ume
% o
f ag
greg
ates
40
maA
Vol>2/3
meA miA
Vol>1/3
Small-size fauna (L <= 5 mm)
Mites Sprigtails
Enchytreids
Animals size Dominant animals
Horizon
micro
macro
meso
The « A » HORIZON can be decomposed in
TANGEL AMPHI MODER MULL
MOR
ORGANIC structures
ORGANIC- MINERAL structures
Harsh conditions
AGGREGATES
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Guercini et al. experiments on different types of leavings as agricultural and urban residues, cows and chicken manures…Outdoor, indoor, shape of the pile.....
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T°
Time
Moisture
Materials
Beginning… …end
Guercini et al. experiments on temperature, moisture, periods, turning operations, conformity with current legislation…
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On the road 3 Special issues
in Applied Soil Ecology
VOLUME 1.
TERRESTIRIAL NATURAL HUMUS SYSTEMS and FORMS
VOLME 2.
HISTIC, PARA , AGRO, TECHNO HUMUS SYSTEMS and FORMS
VOLME 3.
SPECIFIC APPLICATIONS
and SHORT REVIEWS
FUTURE 1
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Important event: 01., 02., 03., 04., 05., 06., 07. December 2016 IUSS Commission 1.4: Soil Classification Meeting Bloemfontein, South Africa Four day pre-congress tour and a three day congress Website http://scc16.co.za
Is it possible to make more practical the present SOIL classification WRB or USDA ?
FUTURE 2
SUGGESTIONS are welcome, I can communicate all your ideas to the Commission: [email protected] What’s your meaning about parting the soil in THREE sub-units ? Humipedon – Copedon - Lithopedon: is it a good idea ?
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ITALY
FUTURE 3
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AUSTRALIA !
ITALY
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How can Australians be living there without falling down ?
?
Ahhahhhh !
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GRAVITY FORCE
Gravitational constant
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Because of Global warming, gravitational constant (G) will begin to swing…
WE HAVE TO FACE A BIG PROBLEM…
G
9,822 ms-2
2020 2100 2200
2020 2040
2060 2030
NASA et al. 2016
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NOW
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2020
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2030
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2040… is there a solution?
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I was wandering about a first… historical act of collaboration between Padua and Sydney Universities
…tying each other with a mountain rope..
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And be kept safe like this….
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2020
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2030
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….2040…
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CAMBISOL
FERRALSOL
PODZOL
ARENOSOL LUVISOL
ACRISOL
GLEYSOL
VERTISOL