Morph.Age (yrs) Height (cm)Weight (kg) Fat % PLX (cm)MIX MeanSDMeanSDMeanSDMeanSDMeanSDMeanSD...
1
Morph.Age (yrs) Height (cm) Weight (kg) Fat % PLX (cm) MIX Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Athlet es 9.55 1.32 140.6 6 8.1 7 33.20 6.3 9 13.9 2 5.4 9 64.9 0 3.86 - 1.53 0.2 4 Non- athlet es 11.1 7 1.51 148.5 2 9.6 2 43.93 11. 91 20.4 7 7.7 3 69.9 6 4.84 - 1.55 0.3 7 Younge r 9.19 1.26 138.3 7.5 6 32.90 8.3 0 14.8 2 6.4 9 64.6 5 4.50 - 1.48 0.2 8 Older 11.1 8 1.20 149.3 3 7.6 1 41.35 9.7 8 17.5 3 7.3 3 68.8 9 4.11 - 1.62 0.2 9 INTRODUCTION MATERIAL AND METHODS RESULTS AND DISCUSSION SUMMARY Table 1 Table 1 . . summarize summarize s t s t he he basic stats basic stats of of the anthropometric the anthropometric variables variables . . There were moderate significant relationships between age, There were moderate significant relationships between age, stature, plastic index and SOS, BUA, BQI for the total sample. stature, plastic index and SOS, BUA, BQI for the total sample. In non-athletes every bone parameter correlated with age In non-athletes every bone parameter correlated with age significantly and no significant correlation was found in significantly and no significant correlation was found in athletes but for SOS (Table 2, Figure 1). athletes but for SOS (Table 2, Figure 1). The subjects were non-athletic (n=34) and soccer player The subjects were non-athletic (n=34) and soccer player prepubertal boys (n=76), grouped also as younger (9-10yrs, prepubertal boys (n=76), grouped also as younger (9-10yrs, n=64) and older (11-12yrs, n=46) ones. They had a 1.5 to 4 n=64) and older (11-12yrs, n=46) ones. They had a 1.5 to 4 years sport related experience. years sport related experience. Anthropometric measurements were taken by the suggestion Anthropometric measurements were taken by the suggestion of the IBP (Weiner and Lourie 1969), including estimated of the IBP (Weiner and Lourie 1969), including estimated body fat percentage ( body fat percentage ( Pařižková 1961) Pařižková 1961) and physique was and physique was characterised by Conrad's growth type (1963) characterised by Conrad's growth type (1963) . . Biological Biological age was assessed by anthropometric measurements using the age was assessed by anthropometric measurements using the method of Mészáros and Mohácsi (1983). method of Mészáros and Mohácsi (1983). Calcaneal quantitative ultrasound parameters were Calcaneal quantitative ultrasound parameters were registered by a Sonost 3000 bone densitometer. The registered by a Sonost 3000 bone densitometer. The analysis included speed of sound (SOS, m/s), broadband analysis included speed of sound (SOS, m/s), broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA, dB/MHz) and the calculated ultrasound attenuation (BUA, dB/MHz) and the calculated bone quantity index (BQI=αSOS+βBUA, αβ: temperature bone quantity index (BQI=αSOS+βBUA, αβ: temperature corrections). corrections). Correlation patterns of anthropometric variables and Correlation patterns of anthropometric variables and bone characteristics for total sample and for subgroups bone characteristics for total sample and for subgroups were analyzed. Differences between athletic and non- were analyzed. Differences between athletic and non- athletic boys were tested by Student athletic boys were tested by Student t t -test; and -test; and if the F- if the F- test of ANOVA was significant for the respective means test of ANOVA was significant for the respective means (age and physical activity), Tukey's post-hoc test was (age and physical activity), Tukey's post-hoc test was used at the 5% level of effective random error. used at the 5% level of effective random error. The bone variables did not significantly differ in athletes The bone variables did not significantly differ in athletes and in non-athletic prepubertal boys, similar to Cvijetić and in non-athletic prepubertal boys, similar to Cvijetić et al et al . . (2003), in contrast to Falk (2003), in contrast to Falk et al et al . (2003) and Mentzel . (2003) and Mentzel et al. et al. (2005). (2005). It seems that quantity bone parameters depend on the It seems that quantity bone parameters depend on the chronological as well as biological age. Although the bone chronological as well as biological age. Although the bone parameters were related with antropometric variables no parameters were related with antropometric variables no difference was found at the same age even with various body difference was found at the same age even with various body size. size. That means that age had the strongest effect on bone That means that age had the strongest effect on bone parameters in prepubertal boys. parameters in prepubertal boys. The older boys had larger values, so that favourable The older boys had larger values, so that favourable characteristics of bone in this sample, irrespective to body characteristics of bone in this sample, irrespective to body size. size. Osteopenia and osteoporosis are common diseases in the world. It is well known, that bone degeneration can Osteopenia and osteoporosis are common diseases in the world. It is well known, that bone degeneration can be prevented or decreased by regular physical activity. High-impact exercise, like football has been shown to be be prevented or decreased by regular physical activity. High-impact exercise, like football has been shown to be associated with higher bone mass. Football involves running, kicking, jumping, tackling, turning, sprinting. associated with higher bone mass. Football involves running, kicking, jumping, tackling, turning, sprinting. During these movements the lower extremities are loaded with high-impact forces (Tarakçi and Oral 2009). During these movements the lower extremities are loaded with high-impact forces (Tarakçi and Oral 2009). A quantitative ultrasound measurements is relatively inexpensive, portable, non-invasive and radiation-free A quantitative ultrasound measurements is relatively inexpensive, portable, non-invasive and radiation-free method of evaluating bone status. The main aim of this pilot study was to analyze the relationships between method of evaluating bone status. The main aim of this pilot study was to analyze the relationships between different physical activity levels, anthropometric and bone parameters in prepubertal boys. different physical activity levels, anthropometric and bone parameters in prepubertal boys. Figure 4: Figure 4: The calculated bone quantity index, means The calculated bone quantity index, means and SD and SD Table 1: Basic statistics of the anthropometric variables Table 1: Basic statistics of the anthropometric variables Figure 3: Figure 3: Speed of sound (SOS, m/s), means and SD Speed of sound (SOS, m/s), means and SD Figure 2: Figure 2: Broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA, dB/MHz), means and SD Broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA, dB/MHz), means and SD Figure 1: Significant correlations between Figure 1: Significant correlations between age, stature, age, stature, plastic index and BQI plastic index and BQI in total sample in total sample Age (yrs) Height (cm) Weigh t (kg) PLX (cm) Total Sample BUA 0.26 0.19 0.19 0.20 SOS 0.35 0.29 0.16 0.20 BQI 0.37 0.26 0.18 0.22 Athletes BUA 0.06 0.02 0.06 0.07 SOS 0.24 0.18 0.16 0.16 BQI 0.20 0.16 0.17 0.19 Non- athletes BUA 0.75 0.60 0.30 0.37 SOS 0.50 0.30 0.01 0.08 BQI 0.72 0.51 0.13 0.20 Table 2: Correlation pattern of anthropometric and Table 2: Correlation pattern of anthropometric and bone parameters bone parameters (in blue italics: significant correlation coefficient) (in blue italics: significant correlation coefficient) 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 A NA dB/M Hz 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 85 90 Y O dB/M Hz * 1482 1486 1490 1494 1498 1502 1506 1510 1514 A NA m/s 1482 1486 1490 1494 1498 1502 1506 1510 1514 Y O m/s * 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 A NA 50 55 60 65 70 75 80 Y O * r = 0.37 Age (yrs) r = 0.29 r = 0.22 Stature (cm) Plastic index (cm) In comparison of the activity-related subgroups the bone In comparison of the activity-related subgroups the bone parameters i.e. BUA in dB/MHz (71.92±11.29 vs. 74.38±11.12), parameters i.e. BUA in dB/MHz (71.92±11.29 vs. 74.38±11.12), SOS in m/s (1493.4 ±10.78 vs. 1497.6±9.57) and BQI SOS in m/s (1493.4 ±10.78 vs. 1497.6±9.57) and BQI (60.16±11.17 vs. 63.00±10.87) did not differ. (60.16±11.17 vs. 63.00±10.87) did not differ. Bone variables differed significantly by age: SOS Bone variables differed significantly by age: SOS (1491.59±9.69 vs. 1499.09±10.24), BUA (70.11±10.69 vs. (1491.59±9.69 vs. 1499.09±10.24), BUA (70.11±10.69 vs. 76.26±11.13) and BQI (57.27±10.05 vs.66.27±10.45) (Figures 2- 76.26±11.13) and BQI (57.27±10.05 vs.66.27±10.45) (Figures 2- 4). 4). REFERENCES REFERENCES Conrad, K. (1963) Der Konstitutionstypus (2. Aufl.) Conrad, K. (1963) Der Konstitutionstypus (2. Aufl.) Springer, Berlin Springer, Berlin. Cvijetić, S., Barić, I.C., Bolanca, S., Juresa, V., Ozegović, D.D. (2003) Ultrasound bone measurement in children and adolescents. Correlation with nutrition, puberty, anthropometry, and physical activity. Cvijetić, S., Barić, I.C., Bolanca, S., Juresa, V., Ozegović, D.D. (2003) Ultrasound bone measurement in children and adolescents. Correlation with nutrition, puberty, anthropometry, and physical activity. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 56(6):591-7. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 56(6):591-7. Falk, B., Bronsthein, Z., Constantini, N.W., Eliakim, A. (2003) Quantitative Ultrasound of the Tibia and Radius in Prepubertal and Early-Pubertal Female Athletes. Falk, B., Bronsthein, Z., Constantini, N.W., Eliakim, A. (2003) Quantitative Ultrasound of the Tibia and Radius in Prepubertal and Early-Pubertal Female Athletes. Arch Arch Pediatr Adolesc Med Pediatr Adolesc Med . 157:139-143. . 157:139-143. Mentzel, H.-J., Wünsche, K., Malich, A., Böttcher, J., Vogt, S., Kaiser, W. A., 2005, Einfluss sportlicher Aktivität von Kindern und Jugendlichen auf den Kalkaneus – Eine Untersuchung mit quantitativem Mentzel, H.-J., Wünsche, K., Malich, A., Böttcher, J., Vogt, S., Kaiser, W. A., 2005, Einfluss sportlicher Aktivität von Kindern und Jugendlichen auf den Kalkaneus – Eine Untersuchung mit quantitativem Ultraschall, Pädiatrische Radiologie, 177(4): 524-52. Ultraschall, Pädiatrische Radiologie, 177(4): 524-52. Mészáros, J., Mohácsi, J. (1983) A biológiai fejlettség meghatározása és a felnőtt termet elõrejelzése a városi fiatalok fejlődésmenete alapján. Kandidátusi értekezés, Budapest. Mészáros, J., Mohácsi, J. (1983) A biológiai fejlettség meghatározása és a felnőtt termet elõrejelzése a városi fiatalok fejlődésmenete alapján. Kandidátusi értekezés, Budapest. Pařižková, J. (1961) Total body fat and skinfold thickness in children. Pařižková, J. (1961) Total body fat and skinfold thickness in children. Metabolism Metabolism ; 10. pp. 794-807. ; 10. pp. 794-807. Tarakçi, D. and Oral, A. (2009) How do contralateral calcaneal quantitative ultrasound measurements in male professional football (soccer) players reflect the effects of high-impact physical activity on Tarakçi, D. and Oral, A. (2009) How do contralateral calcaneal quantitative ultrasound measurements in male professional football (soccer) players reflect the effects of high-impact physical activity on bone? bone? J. of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness J. of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness , 49 (1):78-84. , 49 (1):78-84. Weiner J. E. S., Lourie. J. A. (1969) (Eds.) Weiner J. E. S., Lourie. J. A. (1969) (Eds.) Human Biology Human Biology . A Guide to Fields Methods. IBP Handbook, No. 9. Blackwell, Oxford. . A Guide to Fields Methods. IBP Handbook, No. 9. Blackwell, Oxford.
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Transcript of Morph.Age (yrs) Height (cm)Weight (kg) Fat % PLX (cm)MIX MeanSDMeanSDMeanSDMeanSDMeanSDMeanSD...
Morph.Age (yrs)
Height (cm) Weight (kg)Fat %
PLX (cm) MIX
Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean SD Mean
SD
Athletes 9.55 1.32140.6
68.17 33.20 6.39 13.92 5.49 64.90 3.86
-1.53
0.24
Non-athletes
11.17
1.51148.5
29.62 43.93
11.91
20.47 7.73 69.96 4.84-
1.550.37
Younger 9.19 1.26 138.3 7.56 32.90 8.30 14.82 6.49 64.65 4.50-
1.480.28
Older11.1
81.20
149.33
7.61 41.35 9.78 17.53 7.33 68.89 4.11-
1.620.29
INTRODUCTION
MATERIAL AND METHODS
RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
SUMMARY
Table 1Table 1. . summarizesummarizes ts the he basic statsbasic stats of of the anthropometric variablesthe anthropometric variables..There were moderate significant relationships between age, stature, There were moderate significant relationships between age, stature, plastic index and SOS, BUA, BQI for the total sample. In non-athletes plastic index and SOS, BUA, BQI for the total sample. In non-athletes every bone parameter correlated with age significantly and no significant every bone parameter correlated with age significantly and no significant correlation was found in athletes but for SOS (Table 2, Figure 1).correlation was found in athletes but for SOS (Table 2, Figure 1).
The subjects were non-athletic (n=34) and soccer player The subjects were non-athletic (n=34) and soccer player prepubertal boys (n=76), grouped also as younger (9-10yrs, n=64) prepubertal boys (n=76), grouped also as younger (9-10yrs, n=64) and older (11-12yrs, n=46) ones. They had a 1.5 to 4 years sport and older (11-12yrs, n=46) ones. They had a 1.5 to 4 years sport related experience. related experience.
Anthropometric measurements were taken by the suggestion of Anthropometric measurements were taken by the suggestion of the IBP (Weiner and Lourie 1969), including estimated body fat the IBP (Weiner and Lourie 1969), including estimated body fat percentage (percentage (Pařižková 1961)Pařižková 1961) and physique was characterised by and physique was characterised by Conrad's growth type (1963)Conrad's growth type (1963).. Biological age was assessed by Biological age was assessed by anthropometric measurements using the method of Mészáros and anthropometric measurements using the method of Mészáros and Mohácsi (1983). Mohácsi (1983).
Calcaneal quantitative ultrasound parameters were registered by a Calcaneal quantitative ultrasound parameters were registered by a Sonost 3000 bone densitometer. The analysis included speed of Sonost 3000 bone densitometer. The analysis included speed of sound (SOS, m/s), broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA, dB/MHz) sound (SOS, m/s), broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA, dB/MHz) and the calculated bone quantity index (BQI=αSOS+βBUA, αβ: and the calculated bone quantity index (BQI=αSOS+βBUA, αβ: temperature corrections).temperature corrections).
Correlation patterns of anthropometric variables and bone Correlation patterns of anthropometric variables and bone characteristics for total sample and for subgroups were analyzed. characteristics for total sample and for subgroups were analyzed. Differences between athletic and non-athletic boys were tested by Differences between athletic and non-athletic boys were tested by Student Student tt-test; and -test; and if the F-test of ANOVA was significant for the if the F-test of ANOVA was significant for the respective means (age and physical activity), Tukey's post-hoc test respective means (age and physical activity), Tukey's post-hoc test was used at the 5% level of effective random error.was used at the 5% level of effective random error.
The bone variables did not significantly differ in athletes and in non-The bone variables did not significantly differ in athletes and in non-athletic prepubertal boys, similar to Cvijetić athletic prepubertal boys, similar to Cvijetić et alet al. (2003), in contrast to . (2003), in contrast to Falk Falk et alet al. (2003) and Mentzel . (2003) and Mentzel et al.et al. (2005). (2005). It seems that quantity bone parameters depend on the chronological as It seems that quantity bone parameters depend on the chronological as well as biological age. Although the bone parameters were related with well as biological age. Although the bone parameters were related with antropometric variables no difference was found at the same age even antropometric variables no difference was found at the same age even with various body size.with various body size. That means that age had the strongest effect on bone parameters in That means that age had the strongest effect on bone parameters in prepubertal boys.prepubertal boys. The older boys had larger values, so that favourable characteristics of The older boys had larger values, so that favourable characteristics of bone in this sample, irrespective to body size.bone in this sample, irrespective to body size.
Osteopenia and osteoporosis are common diseases in the world. It is well known, that bone degeneration can be prevented or Osteopenia and osteoporosis are common diseases in the world. It is well known, that bone degeneration can be prevented or decreased by regular physical activity. High-impact exercise, like football has been shown to be associated with higher bone mass. decreased by regular physical activity. High-impact exercise, like football has been shown to be associated with higher bone mass. Football involves running, kicking, jumping, tackling, turning, sprinting. During these movements the lower extremities are loaded Football involves running, kicking, jumping, tackling, turning, sprinting. During these movements the lower extremities are loaded with high-impact forces (Tarakçi and Oral 2009). with high-impact forces (Tarakçi and Oral 2009). A quantitative ultrasound measurements is relatively inexpensive, portable, non-invasive and radiation-free method of evaluating A quantitative ultrasound measurements is relatively inexpensive, portable, non-invasive and radiation-free method of evaluating bone status. The main aim of this pilot study was to analyze the relationships between different physical activity levels, bone status. The main aim of this pilot study was to analyze the relationships between different physical activity levels, anthropometric and bone parameters in prepubertal boys.anthropometric and bone parameters in prepubertal boys.
Figure 4:Figure 4: The calculated bone quantity index, means and SDThe calculated bone quantity index, means and SD
Table 1: Basic statistics of the anthropometric variablesTable 1: Basic statistics of the anthropometric variables
Figure 3:Figure 3: Speed of sound (SOS, m/s), means and SDSpeed of sound (SOS, m/s), means and SD
Figure 2:Figure 2: Broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA, dB/MHz), means and SD Broadband ultrasound attenuation (BUA, dB/MHz), means and SD
Figure 1: Significant correlations between age, Figure 1: Significant correlations between age, stature, stature, plastic index and BQI in total sample plastic index and BQI in total sample
Age (yrs)Height (cm)
Weight (kg)
PLX (cm)
Total Sample
BUA 0.26 0.19 0.19 0.20
SOS 0.35 0.29 0.16 0.20
BQI 0.37 0.26 0.18 0.22
Athletes
BUA 0.06 0.02 0.06 0.07
SOS 0.24 0.18 0.16 0.16
BQI 0.20 0.16 0.17 0.19
Non-athletes
BUA 0.75 0.60 0.30 0.37
SOS 0.50 0.30 0.01 0.08
BQI 0.72 0.51 0.13 0.20
Table 2: Correlation pattern of anthropometric and bone Table 2: Correlation pattern of anthropometric and bone parameters parameters
(in blue italics: significant correlation coefficient)(in blue italics: significant correlation coefficient)
5055
6065
7075
8085
90
A NA
dB/MHz
505560657075808590
Y O
dB/MHz
*
148214861490149414981502150615101514
A NA
m/s
148214861490149414981502150615101514
Y O
m/s
*
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
A NA
50
55
60
65
70
75
80
Y O
*
r = 0.37
Age (yrs)
r = 0.29 r = 0.22
Stature (cm) Plastic index (cm)
In comparison of the activity-related subgroups the bone parameters In comparison of the activity-related subgroups the bone parameters i.e. BUA in dB/MHz (71.92±11.29 vs. 74.38±11.12), SOS in m/s (1493.4 i.e. BUA in dB/MHz (71.92±11.29 vs. 74.38±11.12), SOS in m/s (1493.4 ±10.78 vs. 1497.6±9.57) and BQI (60.16±11.17 vs. 63.00±10.87) did ±10.78 vs. 1497.6±9.57) and BQI (60.16±11.17 vs. 63.00±10.87) did not differ. not differ. Bone variables differed significantly by age: SOS (1491.59±9.69 vs. Bone variables differed significantly by age: SOS (1491.59±9.69 vs. 1499.09±10.24), BUA (70.11±10.69 vs. 76.26±11.13) and BQI 1499.09±10.24), BUA (70.11±10.69 vs. 76.26±11.13) and BQI (57.27±10.05 vs.66.27±10.45) (Figures 2-4).(57.27±10.05 vs.66.27±10.45) (Figures 2-4).
REFERENCESREFERENCESConrad, K. (1963) Der Konstitutionstypus (2. Aufl.) Conrad, K. (1963) Der Konstitutionstypus (2. Aufl.) Springer, BerlinSpringer, Berlin..Cvijetić, S., Barić, I.C., Bolanca, S., Juresa, V., Ozegović, D.D. (2003) Ultrasound bone measurement in children and adolescents. Correlation with nutrition, puberty, anthropometry, and physical activity. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 56(6):591-Cvijetić, S., Barić, I.C., Bolanca, S., Juresa, V., Ozegović, D.D. (2003) Ultrasound bone measurement in children and adolescents. Correlation with nutrition, puberty, anthropometry, and physical activity. Journal of Clinical Epidemiology, 56(6):591-7.7.Falk, B., Bronsthein, Z., Constantini, N.W., Eliakim, A. (2003) Quantitative Ultrasound of the Tibia and Radius in Prepubertal and Early-Pubertal Female Athletes. Falk, B., Bronsthein, Z., Constantini, N.W., Eliakim, A. (2003) Quantitative Ultrasound of the Tibia and Radius in Prepubertal and Early-Pubertal Female Athletes. ArchArch Pediatr Adolesc MedPediatr Adolesc Med. 157:139-143.. 157:139-143.Mentzel, H.-J., Wünsche, K., Malich, A., Böttcher, J., Vogt, S., Kaiser, W. A., 2005, Einfluss sportlicher Aktivität von Kindern und Jugendlichen auf den Kalkaneus – Eine Untersuchung mit quantitativem Ultraschall, Pädiatrische Radiologie, Mentzel, H.-J., Wünsche, K., Malich, A., Böttcher, J., Vogt, S., Kaiser, W. A., 2005, Einfluss sportlicher Aktivität von Kindern und Jugendlichen auf den Kalkaneus – Eine Untersuchung mit quantitativem Ultraschall, Pädiatrische Radiologie, 177(4): 524-52.177(4): 524-52.Mészáros, J., Mohácsi, J. (1983) A biológiai fejlettség meghatározása és a felnőtt termet elõrejelzése a városi fiatalok fejlődésmenete alapján. Kandidátusi értekezés, Budapest.Mészáros, J., Mohácsi, J. (1983) A biológiai fejlettség meghatározása és a felnőtt termet elõrejelzése a városi fiatalok fejlődésmenete alapján. Kandidátusi értekezés, Budapest.Pařižková, J. (1961) Total body fat and skinfold thickness in children. Pařižková, J. (1961) Total body fat and skinfold thickness in children. MetabolismMetabolism; 10. pp. 794-807.; 10. pp. 794-807.Tarakçi, D. and Oral, A. (2009) How do contralateral calcaneal quantitative ultrasound measurements in male professional football (soccer) players reflect the effects of high-impact physical activity on bone? Tarakçi, D. and Oral, A. (2009) How do contralateral calcaneal quantitative ultrasound measurements in male professional football (soccer) players reflect the effects of high-impact physical activity on bone? J. of Sports Medicine and Physical J. of Sports Medicine and Physical FitnessFitness, 49 (1):78-84., 49 (1):78-84.Weiner J. E. S., Lourie. J. A. (1969) (Eds.) Weiner J. E. S., Lourie. J. A. (1969) (Eds.) Human BiologyHuman Biology. A Guide to Fields Methods. IBP Handbook, No. 9. Blackwell, Oxford.. A Guide to Fields Methods. IBP Handbook, No. 9. Blackwell, Oxford.
