History report Spain's Moro Policy Spanish-Moro Wars Phase 1 and Phase 2
Moro Problem
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Transcript of Moro Problem
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What is theMoro Problem?
How did it evolve?
Rudy B. Rodil
Mindanao Historian
MSU Iligan Institute of Technology
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They are not happy
with being
Filipino
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Following are their feelings
at different times
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1924: Letter of some Moro leaders
to the US Congress
Signed by Sultan Mangigin of Maguindanao, HadjiPanglima Nuo, Datu Sacaluran, Maharajah Habing,
Abdula Piang, Datu Benito representing and estimatedhalf a million Moros of Mindanao, Sulu and Palawan.
proposed that the Islands of Mindanao and Sulu, andPalawan be made an unorganized territory of the UnitedStates of America.
Proposed, 50 years after independence was given to therest of the Philippine Isands, to hold a plebiscite for saidterritory of the Moros to decide whether or not toincorporate the same to the islands of Luzon and theVisayas or to be independent.
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1935: Letter of Hadji Bogabong, Kali sa
Onayan & 119 Datu, Hadji, Imam & Kali ng
Lanao to the President the United States Wish to remain under the guidance and protection of the
American government:
First because we are yet weak and powerless to dependour rights as an independent nation.
Second, because we are a small nation, unlike other bigindependent nation. It is not the proper and fitting that asmall, weak and poor nation should an independent froma benevolent powerful nation.
Third, we do not want to be included in the Philippine
independence; once an independent Philippine islaunched troubles (will erupt) between us and theChristian Filipinos because from time immemorial thesetwo people have not live harmoniously.
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1961: Congressman Ombra Amilbangsa
filed a bill at the House of Representatives to give and
recognize the independence of the province of Sulu
1968: Muslim Independence Movement (MIM)
desire to establish an Islamic state in Cotabato, Davao,Zamboanga & Zamboanga City, Basilan City,Lanao,Sulu
and Palawan, and the adjoining areas which areinhabited by Muslims or being under their sphere ofinfluence, including the maritime areas therein
1971:Mindanao Crisis
:violent conflicts among Moroand Christian civilians, and among politicians.
Highlighted by several massacres like those in Manili inCarmen, Cotabato and Kauswagan in Lanao del Norte.
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1972: Moro National Liberation Front (MNLF) -
launched armed rebellion, to establish theBangsa Moro Republic in Bangsamoro Homeland
of Mindanao, Sulu, and Palawan. Bannered the
name Bangsamoro.
1984: Formal establishment of the Moro
Islamic Liberation Front (MILF). Planned to put
up an independent Islamic state.
1997 - 2003 MILF versus AFP
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Peace Process; divided views
GRP-MNLF Tripoli Agreement(TA), 1976 1996: autonomy in 13 provinces; now 5provinces of ARMM
GRP-MNLFFinal Peace Agreement onthe implementation of the Tripoli accord,
1996, not acceptable to the MILF
GRP-MILF peace talks, 1996 present,still ongoing
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Destruction and Cost of War
1971 More than 1,000 persons killed 1970-1996 MNLF vs AFP:
100,000 -120,000 perished, 50% MNLF, 30% AFP,20% civilian
73 billion pesos spent
MILF vs AFP in Central Mindanao:1997 - 30,000 evacuees
2000 - 1,014,654 evacuees2001 - 24,000 evacuees
2003 - 75,419 evacuees
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Moros: Who are they, where is their
traditional territory?MaguindanaoMaranao
Tausug
Sama
IranunYakan
Kalibugan/ Kolibugan
Kalagan
Sangil
Jama MapunMolbog
Sama Dilaut (Badjao)
Panimusan/ Palimusan
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MINDANAO
BASILAN
ZAMBO SUR
ZAMBO NORTE
LANAO SUR
Cotabato City
MAGUINDANAO
BUKIDNON
N. COTABATO
DAVAO SUR
DAVAO OR.
LANAO NORTE
S. COTABATO
S. KUDARAT
SARANGANI
CARAGA REGION
MISAMIS ORIENTAL
MISAMIS
OCCIDENTAL
Zamboanga City
ZAMBO SIBUGAY
Davao City
DAVAO
NORTE
COMPOSTELA
VALLEY
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MINDANAO
BASILAN
ZAMBO SUR
ZAMBO NORTE
LANAO SUR
Cotabato City
MAGUINDANAO
BUKIDNON
N. COTABATO
DAVAO SUR
DAVAO OR.
LANAO NORTE
S. COTABATO
S. KUDARAT
SARANGANI
CARAGA REGION
MISAMIS ORIENTAL
MISAMIS
OCCIDENTAL
ZAMBOANGA CITY
ZAMBO SIBUGAY
DAVAO CITY
DAVAO
COMPOSTELA
VALLEY
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Legend:
J Maguindanao (993,898based on 2000 census)
BASILAN
ZAMBO SUR
ZAMBO NORTE
LANAO SUR
Cotabato City
MAGUINDANAO
BUKIDNON
N. COTABATO
DAVAO SUR
DAVAO OR.
LANAO NORTE
S. COTABATO
S. KUDARAT
SARANGANI
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Legend:
J Maranao (986,493 2000 census)
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Legend:
J Tausug (903,073 2000 census)
BASILAN
SULU
TAWI-TAWI
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Legend:
J Sama (329,985 2000 census)
TAWI-TAWI
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Legend:
J Iranun (153,644 2000 census)
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Legend:
J Yakan (154,581 2000 census)
BASILAN
SULU
TAWI-TAWI
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Legend:
J Kalibugan/Kolibugan (31,109 2000 census)
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Legend:
J Kalagan (42,226 2000 census)
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Legend:J Sangil (11,2622000 census)
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Legend:
J Jama Mapun (31,278 2000 census )
TAWI-TAWI
MAPUN ISLAND
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Legend:
J Molbog (8,498 2000 census)
PALAWAN
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Legend:
J Sama Dilaut /Badjao
(37,123 2000 census)
TAWI-TAWI
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Islam
Experience as independent
sultanates and Pat a
Pongampong ko Ranao
Struggled against colonialism:
Fought Spaniards for333 years,
uncolonized
Resisted American imperialists,colonized
Emergence of
Bangsamoro identity
What makes them
different?
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What is this Moro problem?
They were formerly independent states orsultanates o Pat a Pongampong ko Ranao
Became integrated to the Philippines withouttheir consent
Acquired new stigma and labels and became
minorities in their own ancestral lands
Victims of government discrimination
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They were independent states
Sultanate of Sulu, 1450 A.D.
Sultanate of Maguindanao,
1619 A.D.
Pongampong ko Ranao?
Four elements of an
independent state
people
territory
government
sovereignty
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Sultanate of Maguindanao-Sultan Kudarat (1645)
Sultanate of Maguindanao (1700)
S. of Maguindanao (Saleeby)
(1900)
Sultanate of Maguindanao (1618-1671) Majul
Sultanato ng Maguindanao at Pat a Pongampong ng Ranao
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Incorporated into the Philippines
without their consent
Treaty of Paris 1898
Bates Treaty 1899 Carpenter Agreement 1915
Commonwealth 1935
Republic of the Philippines 1946
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Acquired new stigma and
labels and becameminorities within their
ancestral lands
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Stigma hurts
Moro pirates during the Spanishcolonial period
Non-Christians and uncivilized duringthe time of American colonialism
National Cultural Minority within theRepublic of the Philippines
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Their lands were opened to settlers
Philippine Commission law 1903: Declared as null andvoid all land grants made by traditional leaders likesultans, datus, tribal leaders if done without government
consent
Government implemented Public Land Lawdiscriminatory to non-Christians (Moros and wild tribes)and favorable to homesteaders and corporations
Whole of Mindanao opened to resettlement andcorporate investments
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Resettlement American Period
1913: Act 2254 Agricultural Colonies Act creating agriccolonies in Cotabato Valley (Pikit, Pagalungan, Glan)
1914: PC Act 2280 creating agricultural colony in Momungan(Balo-i), Lanao
1919: PC Act 2206 authorizing provincial boards to managecolonies. Zamboanga opened Lamitan; Sulu openedTawi-Tawi; Bukidnon opened Marilog; Cotabato opened Salunayan &Maganoy
1919-1930: Resettlement done by Interisland Migration Divisionof the Bureau of Labor. Opened Kapalong, Guiangga,Tagum,Lupon and Baganga in Davao; Labangan in Zamboanga andLamitan in Basilan; Cabadbaran, Butuan and Buenavista inAgusan; Momungan and Kapatagan valley in Lanao. Brought inmore settlers to Pikit and Pagalungan.
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Resettlement Commonwealth Period
1935: Act 4197 Quirino-Recto Colonization
Act or Organic Charter of Organized Land
Settlement
1939: Act 441 Creating National Land
Settlement Administration (NLSA). Opened
Koronadal Valley (Lagao,Tupi, Marbel and
Polomolok), Allah Valley (Banga, Norallahand Surallah) and Mallig plains in Isabela.
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Resettlement Republic of Philippines
1949: Rice and Corn Production Administration (RCPA) created topromote rice and corn production. Opened Buluan in Cotabato andMaramag-Wao in Bukidnon-Lanao border.
1950: Land Settlement Development Corporation (LASEDECO)Opened Tacurong, Isulan, Bagumbayan, Part of Buluan, Sultan saBarongis, Ampatuan
1951: Economic Development Corps (EDCOR) for captured andsurrendered Huks, opened Arevalo in Sapad, Lanao del Norte;Genio in Alamada, Gallego and Barira in Buldon, all in Cotabato,and two others in Isabela and Quezon.
1954: RA 1160 created National Resettlement and RehabilitationAdministration (NARRA)
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Resettlement Part of RP Land Reform
1963: Land Authority inaugurated land reform, also managedresettlement
1971: RA 6389 created Department of Agrarian Reform (DAR), didresettlement thru the Bureau of Resettlement.
Administered 37 settlements all over the country, 18 of them in
Mindanao in the ten provinces ofTawi-Tawi (Balimbing-Bongao),Zamboanga del Norte (Liloy, Salug, Sindangan),
Bukidnon (Maramag, Pangantukan, Kalilangan), Agusan del Sur(Prosperidad, Talacogon), Davao del Norte (Sto Tomas, Panabo,Asuncion), Lanao del Norte (Sapad, Nunungan, Karomatan), Lanaodel Sur (Wao, Lumba-a-Bayabao, Bubong, Butig, Lumbatan, Bayang,
Binidayan, Pagayawan, Tubaran),
North Cotabato (Carmen, Alamada), Maguindanao (Buldon, Upi-Dinaig)and Sultan Kudarat (Columbio, Tulunan, Isulan, Bagumbayan,Surallah).
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Public Land Law and Resettlement
Hectarage Allowed
Year Homesteader
Non-Christian
(Moros & WildTribes)
Corporation
1903 16 has. (no provision) 1,024 has.
1919 24 has. 10 has. 1,024 has.
1936 16 has. 4 has. 1,024 has.
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Resettlement: Case of Cotabato
1918 census
Population
Range
Towns w/
Moro
Towns w/
Lumad
Towns w/
Settler
50% up 20 5 0
25 - 49.9% 4 2 2
10 24.9% 4 7 2
9.9% & less 2 6 18
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1939 census
Population
Range
Towns w/
Moro
Towns w/
Lumad
Towns w/
Settler
50% up20 9 3
25 - 49.9% 5 2 2
10 24.9% 6 3 10
9.9% & less 2 8 13
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1970 census
Population
Range
Towns w/
Moro
Bayan ng
Lumad
Bayan ng
Settler
50% up 10 0 38
25 - 49.9% 8 1 4
10 24.9% 11 5 5
9.9% & less 21 31 2
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Population Change in Mindanao, 1918-1970
Census
year
Total
Popn
Islamized % Lumad %
1918 1,175,212 378,152 32.17 116,456 9.9
1939 2,338,094 751,172 32.12 341,888 14.62
1970 6,831,120 1,629,730 23.85 437,991 6.41
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COTABATO 1918 CENSUS
Bayanng
ad 5
Bayanng
20
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COTABATO 1939 CENSUS
Bayan ng
Moro - 20
Bayan ng
Lumad - 9
Bayan ng
Settler- 3
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COTABATO 1970 CENSUS
Bayan ng
Moro - 10
Bayan ng
Settler - 38
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POPULATION CHANGE IN
COTABATO 1918-1970
1918 1939
1970
BayanngM r
Bayanng Lumad
Bayanng Settler
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Sultanate of Maguindanao-Sultan Kudarat (1645)
Sultanate of Maguindanao (1700)
S. of Maguindanao (Saleeby)
(1900)
Sultanate of Maguindanao (1618-1671) Majul
Sultanato ng Maguindanao at Pat a Pongampong ng Ranao
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Moro Province 1903-1913
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BASILAN
ZAMBO SUR
ZAMBO NORTE
LANAO SUR
Cotabato City
MAGUINDANAO
BUKIDNON
N. COTABATO
DAVAO SUR
DAVAO OR.
ARMM
LANAO NORTE
S. COTABATO
S. KUDARAT
SARANGANI
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BASILAN
ZAMBO SUR
ZAMBO NORTE
LANAO SUR
Cotabato City
MAGUINDANAO
BUKIDNON
N. COTABATO
DAVAO SUR
DAVAO OR.
LANAO NORTE
S. COTABATO
S. KUDARAT
SARANGANI
ARMM + Barangay w/majority
Muslim Census 2000
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They are victims of discrimination
Stigma, labels and names that hurt
Land laws favored outsiders
Non- or insufficient recognition of theirhistory in Philippine history books
Non-recognition of their being different
Negative views on them as people, their
religion and culture Non-recognition of their right to self-
determination
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What do the the Moros want?
Now They desire a life of peace and tranquility.They are Bangsamoro, not Filipino. Theywant to be asked in a referendum whether or
not they wish:
To remain in an autonomous region; or
Establish a state within a federal system; or
Be an independent nation.
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The problem of the Lumad:
They, too, became minorities in their own
ancestral lands
They too were victims of discrimination
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What do the Lumad want?
1986: Lumad Mindanaw asserted
that the the Lumad communities
too have the right to self-determination and wanted self-
governance within their respective
ancestral domains in accordancewith customary laws.
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What do the Lumad want?
2001: Panagtagbo said the
Lumad are first nations and
want no less than their ownautonomous region within
the Republic of the
Philippines.
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Our Common Problem
The Lumad situation,
like the Moro problem,
is the problem of all Filipinos.
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Challenge to all Filipinos:
Are we willing to respond to the
aspirations of our Lumad & Moro
communities in the spirit of kapatiran?
We contributed to the creation of this
problem, we also have a role infinding a solution.