Morgan T. Jones Centre for Earth Evolution and …In: Volcanism and Global Environmental Change,...
Transcript of Morgan T. Jones Centre for Earth Evolution and …In: Volcanism and Global Environmental Change,...
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Morgan T. Jones Centre for Earth Evolution and Dynamics (CEED) University of Oslo
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Atmospheric & Oceanic Chemistry Land-Ocean Flux Riverine transport Subsurface flow Solid particles
Benthic Processes Dissolution/precipitation Pore waters Hydrothermal Interaction
Biological activity Nutrients (N, P, Fe, Ca) Carbonates
Atmospheric Evaporation/precipitation Aerosols, Dust, Gases
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Effects on radiation budget
(Jones et al., 2016)
Stratospheric vs tropospheric injection leads to varying effects
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Explosive Eruption Products
Solids consist of minerals, volcanic glass, and country rock Can be transported 1000’s km from source Some volatile phases cool to form salts, condensates & aerosols ‘Ash-leachates’ are very soluble, dissolving quickly in water
After Óskarsson, 1980
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Giant Ash Blankets
Largest explosive eruptions can eject >1016 kg material Ash blankets can cover over 106 km2 Ecological response varies with depositional environment
Jones (2015)
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Jones (2015)
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Terrestrial Ash Deposition Effects
Ash can bury, abrade, or overload vegetation Chemical changes from nutrient and acid release (Ayris & Delmelle, 2012)
Flora varies considerably in resistance to ash loading Lichen >1 cm (Antos & Zobel, 1985)
Mature Pine Trees > 75 cm (Eggler, 1948)
Changes to soils - respiration, decomposition
Post Pinatubo 1991 (volcanoes.usgs.gov)
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Jones (2015)
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Response depends on volume, chemistry, and buffering effects Systems with low turnover rates (e.g. soils, lakes) particularly vulnerable (Frogner-Kockum et al., 2006)
Acids and metals mostly accumulate in top soils Less groundwater contamination but More incorporation into flora and food chain Can lead to skeletal fluorosis (e.g. Laki 1783)
Ash Leachates
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Terrestrial surface changes
Ash can be very reflective (high Si and vesicularity) Reduced evapotranspiration & soil respiration, more runoff
Jones et al. (2007)
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Model simulation of an ash blanket from Yellowstone affecting North America High albedo, reduced flora, 50 year duration
Jones et al. (2007)
Terrestrial surface changes
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Temperature changes
High albedo + vegetation loss = surface cooling Surface changes affect jet streams, Global response
Jones et al. (2007)
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Lower latent heat flux = More stable atmosphere Combined with lower moisture supply = Less precipitation Changes to cloud coverage, surface pressures, global weather patterns
Precipitation changes
Jones et al. (2007)
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Ocean circulation changes
North Atlantic overturning from three similar models
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Residence Times
Governed by rates of remobilisation and erosion Therefore, geomorphology and climate Fine ash is cohesive, inhibits erosion Slope erosion clogs lakes and river valleys (Adamson et al., 1982)
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Ecosystem Recovery
Slower at higher latitudes / larger ash blankets Requires seeding by wind/animals Can be inhibited by insects (Knight & Chase, 2005)
Ecological recovery at Krakatau (after Bush, 2006)
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Oceanic Effects
Light shading from ash deposition, resuspension, primary productivity Affects benthic photosynthesis Particles can kill filter-feeding organisms (Wall-Palmer et al., 2011)
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Fertilization
Ash & ash-leachates rich in key nutrients (N, P, Si, Fe, Mn, Zn…) Many studies show volcanic ash as a fertilizer May increase ‘carbon pump’ to depth
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Reviewed in Duggen et al. (2010); Langmann et al. (2010); Hoffmann et al. (2012)
Fertilization
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Olgun et al (2013)
In 2010, a century record of Sock-eye Salmon in Fraser River catchment 35 million salmon Average = 2.1 million
Fertilization
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Fertilization Potential of Ocean Waters
Traingles = volcanoes active in Holocene
Nutrients N, P, Fe and others essential for phytoplankton growth Fe is main limiting nutrient in High-Nutrient Low-Chlorophyll (HNLC) water
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Poisoning
Toxic metals and acids released (Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, SO4, HF) Lower pH affects CaCO3 saturation and free metal activities (Cu2+, Al3+) Diatoms > Coccolithophores > Cyanobacteria (Hamme et al., 2010; Hoffmann et al., 2012)
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pH change in seawater
Jones & Gislason (2008)
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Volcanic activity from 1995 to present
Dome growth and dome collapse events
Major collapses in 2003 and 2006
Case Study: Soufrière Hills, Montserrat
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Wall-Palmer et al. (2011)
Toxicity Effects: Caribbean Case Study
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Toxicity Effects
Wall-Palmer et al. (2011)
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From surface of Core 21M (1270m) unaffected by ash fall
From Core 25M (878m) under May 2006 ash layer (3-4cm)
Test surface
Test surface Wall structure
Wall structure Wall structure
Wall structure
SEM images of pteropod tests
Wall-Palmer et al. (2011)
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Long-term Climate Change
Remains contentious… Several possible avenues
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CO2 fixation mainly occurs in oceans
Animals live, die, and sink Carbon export (organic & inorganic) Affects atmospheric CO2 concentrations
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A) Primary Productivity
Hypothesis: Large scale volcanism fertilises HNLC waters (Bay et al., 2004, Cather et al., 2009)
Unknowns: Organic Recycling Volume, duration, and depositional area of eruption Contemporaneous volcanic effects
106 CO2 + 16 NO3- + HPO4
2- + 122 H2O +
18 H +
Photosynthesis Respiration
C106H263O110N16P + 138 O2
~ CO2 + H2O —> CH2O + O2
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B) Silicate Weathering
Hypothesis: Chemical weathering of volcanic ash consumes atmospheric CO2 (Gislason et al., 2009)
1 mole Ca2+/Mg2+ =1 mole CO2 consumed
CaAl2Si2O8 + 2 CO2 + 3H2O —>
Al2Si2O5(OH)4 + Ca++ + 2HCO3– ...>
... CaCO3 + CO2 + H2O
Timeframe: 104 - 107 years Sequestration: 0.15Gt(C)/yr Limitation: Speed Effects: The regulation of pCO2
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Most important areas are wet, young, and mountainous
Global fluxes of suspended sediment
Milliman & Farnsworth (2011)
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Enhanced weathering of igneous material
Basalt: 6.85 x 106 km2 4.6% cont. surface area 30-35% of the terrestrial silicate weathering flux (Dessert et al., 2003)
Weathering vs substrate age (Porder et al., 2007; Vance et al., 2009)
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C) Carbon Burial
Hypothesis: Enhanced C burial in sediments
Vertical density currents (Manville & Wilson, 2004)
Transport adhered to ash
Poor recycling efficiency Rapid oxygen depletion from Fe2+ oxidation (Hembury et al., 2012)
Strong preservation of organic C
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C) Carbon Burial
On land, burial of soil and flora Taupo ignimbrite covered 20,000 km2 and buried 1km3 of podocarp forest (Hudspith et al., 2010)
Slower decomposition in buried soils (Ayris & Delmelle 2012)
Mt Hood, Oregon - USGS
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Summary
• Ash deposition effects subject to many variables
• e.g. Location, volume, chemistry, climate, season, depositional environment
• On land: Vegetation loss and albedo change
• At sea: Fertilization and toxic possibilities
• Long-term climate change - Several potential avenues to lower atmospheric CO2
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Jones, MT (2015), Volcanism and Global Environmental Change, p.260-274