Morfa 1. kolokvij
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Transcript of Morfa 1. kolokvij
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Conversion – 'zero derivation' – the base is converted
into a different word class. Conversion can be from
adjectives and verbs. E.g. adjectives hopeful (base) –
presidential hopefuls.
Compounding – a compound lexeme is derived from
two or more simpler lexemes. (chairman)
Characteristics of adjectives – a) attributive function –
an ugly paintingb) predicative function – The painting
is ugly.c) intensifier very – They are very happy. d)
comparative and superlative forms
2. Central determiners – the articles the/a/an
demonstrative det – this, that, these, those
possesive det – my, his
wh-det – which, whose
negative det – no
universal det – every, each
dual det – either, neither
general det – some, any
quantitative det – enough
3. Postdeterminers – a) ordinals – first, fourth, last,
other.. b) quantifiers – seven many, much, a few, a
little, a lot of..
PRONOUNS are used when there is no noun, they will
the position of a noun.
a) Personal pronoun – I won't tell you how it ended.
b) Reflexive pronoun – I taught myself .
c) Possesive pronoun – mine, yours, his..
d) Demonstrative pronoun – this, that, these, those..
e) Reciprocal pronoun – They know each other pretty
well.
f) Indefinite promoun – everybody, somebody,
anyone, nothing, all, some, many, either, neither, one
g) Relative pronouns – who, whom, which, whose,
that – I had more friends that were boys.h) Interrogative pronouns – who, whom, which,
whose, what – What did he say?
SUBJECT – typically a noun phrase. It occurs with all
types of verbs. Subject pronouns are in the
nominative case. The subject preceeds the ver band it
determines the nimber of the verb.
Passive – the subject of a transitive. Verb is moved
after the ver band preceeded by by.
OBJECT – typically a noun phrase. It usually follows
the verb and it only occurs with transitive verbs. An
object pronoun is in the accusative case. The object of
a transitive verb can become the subject of a passive
clause. E.g. Everyone deserted me. – I was deserted
by everyone.Object can be direct and indirect. E.g. John poured
David (Oi) some whiskey. (Od)
Three patterns contain direct objects – the
monotransitive, ditransitive and complex transitive.
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ADVERBIALS – can have different positions, initial,
medial or final. They are relatively peripheral element
(can be ommitted). They have a wide variety of
meanings – place, time, manner, cause, reason,
emphasis etc. a) Optional adverbials – can be added
to clauses with any type of a verb. They are usually
adverb phrases, prepositional phrases or noun
phrases.1. Adverb phrase – He spoke to me about it
briefly 2. Prepositional phrase – In a few minutes,
we'll know the result.3. Noun phrase – They have
travelled a very long way.b) Obligatory adverbials –
complete the meaning of a verb. There are two
patterns: copular and complex transitive.1. Copular
pattern – SVA – Your toast is on the table.2. Complex
transitive pattern – SVOA – Take your hand out of
your pockets.
VERBS – intransitive, monotransitive, ditransitive,
complex transitive, copular (linking).
1. Intransitive verbs – S + V – More people came.
2. Monotransitive verbs – S + V + IO + DO – hat
lecture bored me.
3. Ditransitive verbs – S + V + IO + DO – Fred gave the
girl (IO) a present (DO). Also, the indirect object can
often be omitted – Fred gave (the girl) a present.
Either object can be omitted (ask, pay, teach, tell,
show) – He taught us physics. / He taught us. / He
taught physics. 4. Complex transitive verbs – a) S + V
+ DO + OC – People called him Johnny.
b) S + V + DO + A – He put his hand on her shoulder.
5. Copular (linking) verbs – a) S + V + SC – Carrie felt a
little less bold.
b) S + V + A – My office is in the next building.
Current copular verb – Sc is current attribute. (The girl
seemed very restless). E.g. be, appear, feel, look,
seem.
Finite show distinctions of tense and can include
modal auxiliaries. It is a phrase in which the first and
only word is a finite-verb,and it can be simple and
complex.The finite verb phrase is simple when ti
constists of only 1 word,and complex when it consists
of 2 and more.The auxiliaries follow a strict order in
the complex VP:modal+infinitive (must go),perfect+-
ed participle (has examined),progressive+ing
participle (was talking),passive+ed participle (was
visited)( (a) + (c): must be going(b) + (d): has been
examined(a) + (d): may be visited Non-finite don't show tense and cannot occur with a
modal aux. And thus have fewer forms. The infinitive,-
ing participle and –ed participle are non-finite forms
of verb phrases. Any phrase in which one of theseverb forms is the first and only word is a non-finite
verb phrase.FVP-He smokes. NFVP-To smoke like that
must be dangerous
The most important type of concord is concord of 3rd
person number between subject and verb.( The
change in male attitudes is most obvious in.. / The
changes in male attitudes are most obvious in..
) The number of a NP depends on the number of its
head. The rule of the S-V concord is that in finite
clauses,the verb phrase in a clause agrees with the
subject in terms of number and person.There is also a
tendency to follow notional concord-to let the notion
of sg/pl in the subject determine the form of the
verb,rather than the grammatical form of thesubject.There is the principle of proximity-agreement
of the verb with noun or pronoun which follows it.
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There are two major subcategories of phrasal verbs-
intransitive and transitive. Most common intrans.
Phrasal verbs are activity verbs that are used as
directive. They often occur as imperatives. In
declarative clauses common intransitive verbs have
human subjects.They constist of a verb+adverbial
particle. All prepositional verbs take a prepositional
object. There are 2 major structural patterns for
prep.verbs-with a single prep.object and direct
object+prep.object (verb+prep).the structure of a
prep. verb can be considered a single-word lexical
verb that is followed by a prep.phrase. Generally,the
particle of a prep.verb must precede the object but
the particle of a phrasal verb can precede or follow
the object.
Premodification is in general to be interpreted in
terms of postmod. And its greater
explicitness.Explicitness lies in the power of
specifying-postmod is more capable of showing
agreement with the head. Items put in
premodification position are given a linguistic status
of permanent and those in postmodification are given
a temporary status. Premodifier is limited in terms of
type and length. Postmodifier is not l imited in terms
of lenght and is more detailed. Premodification
position – permanent. (or characteristic features)
A timid man – a man who is timid.
Postmodification position – temporary reference.
(reference only to a specific time).
The man who is ready – the ready man. (a particular
situation).
Adjectives as heads of noun phrase – They do not
inflect for number or genitivr, they require the.
Plural and generic reference.Type: a) the innocent – group of people by specifying some quality.
The innocent are often deceived by the unscrupulous.
The young in spirit enjoy life.
Type: b) The Dutch – adjectives denoting nationalities.
The industrious Dutch are admired by their
neighbours.
Type: c) the mystical – singular concord.
The latest (thing/news) is that he is going to run for
re-election.
The best is yet to come.
The genitive and the of- construction (usually shows
ownership, measurement, association, somestructural relationship between a nound and noun
phrase).
- The island's inhabitants OR the inhabitants of the
island (of introduces a noun in a relationship of
„posession“ to the preceeding noun, usually the way
of indicating oisession for inanimates (refers to a
place, thing or an idea)).
of- genitive: These are father's trousers. * These are
the trousers of father.
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a) possesive genitive – who posseses an object? – Mrs
Johnson's coat.
b) genitive of attribute – The victim's outrageous
courage.
c) partitive genitive – larger whole of which something
is a part. – The heart's two ventricles.
d) subjective genitive – The parent's consent.
e) objective genitive – The prisoner's release.
f) genitive of origin – England's cheeses.
g) descriptive genitive (or possesive – article the) –
Children's shoes.
h) genitive of time – This week's issue od science
magazine.
Restrictive – the head can only be identified
(linguistically) through that modification.
That tall girl (in the corner) is Angela Hunt.The flowers
in your garden are nice.
Non-restrictive – the head is independently identified.
Not essential, additional.
Come and meet my famous mother.
Angela Hunt, who is over there in the corner, wants to
meet you.
SUBJECT:
a) agentive participant – Margaret is mowing the
grass.b) external causer – The avalanche destroyed
several houses.c) instrument – The computer has
solved this problem.d) affected role – with
intransitive verbs. Jack fell down. (accidentally)
e) recipient – with have, own, possess, benefit
(from). Mr. Smith has a radio.f) experiencer subject –
perceptual verbs, e.g. see, hear. taste, smell, feel canhave both agentive or experiencer subject. I'll taste
the soup. (agentive) / I can taste the pepper in my
soup. (experiencer)g)
positioner subject – with verbs such as sit, stand,
live, stay, remain, carry, hold.
I have lived in Zagreb most of my life. / The hijacker
was holding a revolver.h) locative role – LA is foggy.
i) temporal role – Yesterday was a holiday. j) eventive
subject – The Norman invasion took place in 1066. *
PROP it, subject – 'prop' word has little or no semantic
content.a) time – It's ten o'clock precisely.b)
atmospheric conditions – Is it raining?
c) distance – It's not far to York.
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OBJECT:
a) affected – James sold his digital watch yesterday.
b) locative – walk, swim, jump, cross – John swam
the river. c) resultant (effected) object – They
designed a new car.d) cognate object – semantically
and morphologically related to the verb – Chris will
sing a song for us. She lived a good life. e) eventive
object – semantic extension of the verb – They are
arguing. They are having an argument. f) indirect
object – two semantic roles connected to Oi.g)
recipient –
We piad them the money.h) affected object indirect –
I gave them a nudge. ('I nudged them'). We gave the
baby a bath. ('We bathed the baby'). COMPLEMENT –
it can be a noun phrase, an adjective phrase or
occassionally a prepositional phrase. Subject
complement – relates to the subject. He is becoming
quite mature. He's a conscious student.Object
complement – follows the direct object. It relates to
the direct object. (Doris considered Robert quite
mature.) It requires the subjective form of pronouns
in formal use. (The only one they didn't notice was
me/I).