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More pork and less parasites: a farm to fork approach for assessment and management of
pork meat associated diseases in Uganda
Kristina Roesel, Peter-Henning Clausen, Reinhard Fries, Maximilian Baumann, Karsten Noeckler and Delia Grace
Parasitologisches Kolloquium, Freie Universität Berlin
18th October 2013 in Berlin, Germany
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• Context of PhD thesis
• PhD thesis: objectives activities preliminary results outlook
• Acknowledgements
Outline:
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Context
Joint appointment
coordinator ILRI-led project “Safe Food, Fair Food”
• 2012-2015
• BMZ/GIZ funded 1.2m € • 4.5 countries
• 9 partner institutions • Approx. 20 partners
• 11 postgraduate students
PhD student FUB (DRS)
• 2012-2015
• Peter-Henning Clausen (FUB) • Reinhard Fries (FUB) • Delia Grace (ILRI)
• Karsten Noeckler (BfR) • Max Baumann (FUB)
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Context
CGIAR global partnership for a food secure future
• Poverty alleviation through agricultural research
• 15 research centers
• Since 2012 16 multi-center
research programs: Solution-
driven R4D to achieve impact
• ILRI is leading 2 major programs
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Inputs & Services Production Processing Marketing Consumers
R4D integrated to transform selected value chains
In targeted commodities and countries.
Value chain development team + research partners
To sustainably increase the productivity of
small-scale livestock and fish systems to increase
the availability and affordability of animal-source
foods for poor consumers.
Research program on livestock & fish: more meat, milk and fish for and by the poor
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8 Target Value Chains
PIGS
AQUACULTURE
SHEEP & GOATS
DAIRY
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Research program on nutrition & health
• Program led by IFPRI
• 4 components; ILRI is leading “prevention and control of agriculture-associated diseases” – Food borne diseases
– Emerging infectious diseases
– Neglected zoonoses
– Ecohealth/ OneHealth
http://aghealth.wordpress.com/
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Safe Food, Fair Food risk-based approaches to improving food safety and market access in informal markets in sub Saharan Africa
Funded by BMZ/GIZ
(German Federal Minstry for Economic Cooperation and Development/
International Agency for International Cooperation)
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Food safety in sub-Saharan Africa
World wide per year >2 billion cases of diarrhea and 1.5 million deaths of children under 5
80% of child deaths due to diarrhea in South Asia and Africa
Animal source foods are single most important source of food borne disease (FBD)
In sub-Saharan Africa >80% of animal source foods sold through informal markets
0
200,000
400,000
600,000
800,000
1,000,000
1,200,000
1,400,000
1,600,000
1,800,000
FBD
Malar
ia
Mea
sles
Can
cer (
all)
Tuber
culosis
HIV
Ca
se
s p
er
ye
ar
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informal markets: “absence of structured safety inspection”
10
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Problems at policy level
Current food safety management seems to be neither effective nor efficient
Tendency to adopt international food quality standards and hazard-based regulations without considering local contexts
Food safety communication trivializing
11
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• Trivializing
• Scaring
• Defaming
Kampala news June 2012
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But how to deal with informal markets?
Ban or promote?
Zero-risk/ hazard-based policy? „if in doubt, keep it out“
Is there an acceptable level of risk?
How can participation help improving food safety?
13
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Risk analysis or Risk-Based Decision Making in informal marketing systems
Based on evidence not perceptions
Clear distinction between risk and hazard!
Hazard = anything that causes harm
Risk = probability + consequences
Risk analysis = structured approach for evaluating and dealing with risks
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Codex Alimentarius Commission framework for food safety risk assessment
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Safe Food, Fair Food: 3 main components
Assessment of food safety in selected value chains: priority setting
Action research on priority food safety issues in these chains: pilot best-bet interventions
Enabling environments: engagement with Regional Economic Communities (REC) and Capacity building
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Partners
Centre Suisse des
Recherches
Scientifiques en Côte
d’Ivoire
Senegal
Addis Ababa University
Ethiopia
Nairobi University
Kenya
Sokoine University of
Agriculture
Tanzania
Makerere University
Uganda International partners: Freie Universität Berlin & BfR
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Assessment of the parasitic burden in the smallholder pig value chain
and implications for public health in Uganda
PhD thesis
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Context: Pigs and pork in Uganda
• Highest per capita consumption in SSA (3.4 kg)
• Explosion in pig numbers over the past 30 years (0.19 to 2.3/3.2 million pigs)
• Mostly in hands of small holders
• “piggy bank”
• 70% consumed in urban areas
• “pork joint” phenomenon
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Input suppliers
Pig farm
Live pig traders
Slaughter
Transport
Retail
Consumer
• Systematic literature review
• Situational analyses
• Qualitative assessment 1,400 pig farmers
• Questionnaire surveys with value chain actors
• Farm prevalence survey 1,200 pigs
ASF, Taenia solium, Brucella suis, Toxoplasma gondii, Trichinella spp., Sarcoptes spp., GIT helminths, Trypanosoma spp., Ebola virus
• Mapping of pork outlets in Kampala
• Qualitative assessment with 100 pork consumers and 200 mothers of children <5yrs
• Descriptive survey abattoir and biological sampling
Salmonella spp., Brucella suis
Integration: pig value chain assessment
Enab
ling
envi
ron
me
nt
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Hypothesis
In Uganda, the intensification level affects the parasitic burden of pigs and hence the output and profitability of pig farming as well as risk to human health associated with pork borne parasites.
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Goal
Contribute to improving selected smallholder pig value chains in Uganda by increasing the knowledge on prevalent parasitic diseases with particular emphasis on the zoonotic ones.
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Objective 1:
To understand whether parasites are perceived as a production constraint by farmers Approach: Participatory appraisal on animal health constraints for pig farmers • November 2012-February 2013: 24 participatory appraisals
conducted with pig farmers (73 men + 135 women) • perceived as top 3 diseases in all villages by farmers: 1. swine fever 2. worms 3. mange
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Objective 2:
To estimate the parasitic burden in pigs and pork at farm, slaughter and retail outlet level in 3 value chain types in Uganda
Approach:
• estimate the parasitic burden in pigs at farm level using conventional parasitological and serological techniques (May-October 2013)
• estimate parasitic infections in pigs and pork at slaughter and retail outlet level using forward tracing and meat inspection (December 2013)
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May-July 2013:
2-stage random sampling at farm level
stool and serum collected from approximately 1,200 pigs in 30 villages
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“real time diagnostics” in the field lab:
combined sedimentation and flotation (gastrointestinal helminths)
thin blood smears from jugular EDTA blood (haemoparasites)
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Convenient sample ectoparasites
Haematopinus suis Amblyomma variegatum
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• September-October 2013: Serological analyses at FLI
– FLI Inhouse ELISA Toxoplasma gondii (toxo p30) – 2 versions
– Commercial ELISA Priocheck Toxo Ab porcine
– Commercial ELISA Priocheck Trichinella Ab
– FUB Inhouse ELISA Sarcoptes suis
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Objectives 3+4:
To identify risk factors contributing to parasitic infections in pigs and pork and 4. To identify current practices that increase or reduce risks to public health associated with pork consumption
Approach:
• participatory appraisal on husbandry and management practices at farm level; slaughter level; pork preparation and consumption patterns at ready-to-eat market outlets – 24 participatory appraisals conducted with pig farmers (including slaughter
practices)
– Descriptive study at Wambizzi slaughter house in Kampala
– 10 participatory appraisals conducted with pork consumers (pig farmers)
• Literature review
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• Oral presentation slaughterhouse study at AITVM 2013 in Johannesburg, RSA (August 2013)
• Poster presentation at Ecohealth conference in Abidjan, CI (October 2013) Award for best poster!
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5. To assess the risk to public health through the consumption of pork infested with parasites (on-going)
6. To develop and test one intervention to reduce the parasitic burden in pigs (February – August 2014)
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Acknowledgements:
• Peter-Henning Clausen, Reinhard Fries, Max Baumann, Karsten Noeckler, Delia Grace
• Danilo Pezo, Emily Ouma, Michel Dione, Natalie Carter, Paul Basaija, Rachel Miwanda, Tom Randolph
• Joseph Kungu, Joseph Erume, Angella Musewa, Joyce Akol, Katie Holmes, Dickson Ndoboli, Rodric Alinaitwe, Steven Kakooza, Maria Tumwebaze
• Peggy Hoffmann-Koehler, Katharina Seidl, Ard Nijhof, Antje Hoppenheit, Juergen Kruecken
• Gereon Schares, Andrea Baerwald
• Wambizzi Coorporative Society Ltd: Simon Lubega, Paul Sserubiri, Justine Nabukeera, Thomas Kasule, Fredrick Kibuuka, Richard Sekasanvu and Margaret, Jane Lwanira, David Walabyeki and the abattoir workers.
• the pig farmers in Uganda
• Hubertus Schnorr
This work is financed by the Federal Ministry for Economic Cooperation and Development, Germany through the Safe Food, Fair Food project.
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The presentation has a Creative Commons licence. You are free to re-use or distribute this work, provided credit is given to ILRI.
Kristina Roesel Project coordinator “Safe Food, Fair Food” ILRI-Kampala [email protected] https://safefoodfairfood.wordpress.com/ Better lives through livestock www.ilri.org
THANK YOU!