Air EnvironmentClassification of Air Pollutants

Primary Pollutants- substances directly emitted in the atmosphere from various sources. (Carbon compounds, nitrogen compounds, sulfur compounds, lead)

Secondary Pollutants(Precursor)-substances formed in the atmosphere by primary pollutants. (Nitrogen dioxide, tropospheric ozone, nitric acid, sulfuric acid)

Carbon Compounds – Carbon Dioxide (CO2) Primary greenhouse gas emitted through human activities 84% of all greenhouse gas emissions

Sources of Carbon Dioxide Electricity

Largest single source of CO2 emissions Combustion in power plants

Transportation Second largest single source of CO2 emissions Air, land, and naval vehicles

Industry Produces CO2 without combustion Production of cement, iron, and steel

Carbon Compounds: Methane (CH4) Second most prevalent greenhouse gas

Sources of Methane Industry

Production of natural gas and crude oil Agriculture

Primary source of CH4 Normal digestive processes of animals

Nitrogen Compounds: Nitric Oxide (NO) Colorless gas naturally present in Nitrogen cycle NOx – total concentration of NO and NO2

90% of NOx combustions from NO.Sources of NO

Vehicular traffic Combustion of fossil fuels Agriculture Waste management Industrial processes

Effects of NO Acid Rain Formation of Tropospheric

ozone (O3) Reduced visibility Increases risks of acute and

chronic diseases

Sulfur Compounds: Sulfur Dioxide (SO2) Colorless, with suffocating, pungent odor.

Sources of Sulfur Dioxide Combustion of coal and oil Energy production

Transportation US, China, Russia among top 3

contributorsEffects of Sulfur Dioxide

• Contributes to Acid Rain• Corrosive to organic materials

Sulfur Compounds: Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S) Colorless Toxic and flammable Strong odor of rotten eggs

Sources of Hydrogen Sulfide Anaerobic bacterial breakdown of organic matter (in swamps, sewers, etc.) Volcanic gasses

Effects of Hydrogen Sulfide• Inhalation at a high concentration can be fatal• Olfactory dysfunction• Shortness of breath

Lead (Pb) Harmful environmental pollutant Can be inhaled or swallowed (in air, water, food, dust) Previously present in gasoline, paint, water pipes, etc.

Sources of Pb Leaded gasoline combustion Combustion of solid wastes Coal, oil, emissions from iron and steel production

Effects of Pb Affects blood and kidneys Affects nervous, immune, cardiovascular, and reproductive systems Effects on fetuses

Effects of Air Pollution: on Climate Change An increase of 2⁰F to 11⁰F by 2100. By 2100, average global temperatures expected to warm at least twice as

much as it has during the last 100 years. Air Pollution Regulations

DENR ADMINISTRATIVE ORDER,No. 14-A, Series of 1993(DAO 14)o Also known as the "Air Quality Standards and Rules and Regulations

Relating to Air Pollution Control of 1993.”

DAO 14 SERIES OF 1993 Objectives: to control the air standard in the Philippines by controlling and monitoring the sources of the emissions of air pollutants

I. AIR QUALITY STANDARDSA. Visible Opacity Standard for Smoke Smoke shall not be darker than

Shade 1 (of the Ringelmann chart)

Exception:a.) Emission of dark smoke for less than 5 mins in a period of 1 hour provided that:

Total period of emission shall not exceed 15 mins in any 24 mins

Smoke opacity shall not exceed shade 3

Shall not apply to cases of cold-start and upset conditions

b.) Not reasonably practical in the opinion of the Department

B. Maximum Permissible Emission Limits for Particulate Matter

C. Absence of Emission Standard for Other Air Pollutants When there is no emission or

ambient standard prescribed for a

pollutant that is potentially harmful, the owner shall conduct its operation or process BY THE BEST PRACTICABLE MEANS as may be necessary to PREVENT OR MINIMIZE AIR POLLUTION.

D. Penalty a.) For Non-Compliance May be allowed to operate and be

issued a temporary permit for 1 YEAR on the condition: It pays first the penalty for

polluting = Php20.00 per KG of SO2 discharged per day (provided further, the calculated amt of the fine does not exceed Php5,000.00 a day)

Failure to pay, operation will be stopped.

b.) Without permit Not exceeding Php1,000 for each

day Imprisonment of 2 years to 6 years Both fine and imprisonment

E. Actions to be taken during unhealthy air conditionsa.) Very unhealthful air quality (Alert level) elderly and those with existing

heart or lung disease should stay

indoors and reduce physical activity

b.) Hazardous air quality (Warning level) elderly and those with existing

disease should stay indoors and reduce physical activity

general population should avoid outdoor activity

c.) Extremely Hazardous air quality (Emergency level) ALL persons should stay indoors

II. PROHIBITED ACTSA. Fugitive Particulates1.) No person shall cause, permit, or allow the emissions of fugitive particulates from any source (vehicles, transport of materials, etc.), w/o taking reasonable precautions to prevent such emission.

2.) No person shall cause or permit the discharge of visible fugitive dusts beyond the boundary line of the property from which the emissions originate

3.) When dusts, fumes gases, or any combination thereof escape from a building or equipment that may affect

the health of the people around it, the government may instruct the building or equipment to be tightly closed and ventilates in a way that the emissions have to be treated first before it can escape.

B. Volatile Organic Compounds or Organic Compound Emission1.) Storage and Handling Volatile Organic Compound: Storage of more than 150,000L is not allowed unless such tank, reservoir, or container is pressure sufficient under normal conditions

2.) Waste Gas Disposal: No person shall cause or permit the emission of more than 7.0 kg per day of waste gas from any ethylene emission source

3.) Organic Solvents: a.) No emission of more than 1.5 kg. of organic solvents in any one hourb.) No more than 7.0 kg. in any one day, from any article, machine, equipment, or other contrivance

4.) Nuisance:No one should release air contaminants or materials that are considered a nuisance in the civil code of the PH

5.) Open BurningAllowed reasons for open fire:a.) For cooking foodb.) Recreation/Ceremoniesc.) Fires to abate a fire hazard, provided the hazard is so declared by the fire department.d.) Prevention and control of diseases or pests.e.) Disposal of dangerous materials, when there is no practical alternative method of disposal and burning, if approved by the Department.f.) Fires for training personnel in the methods of fighting fires.g.) Recognized agricultural, forest and wildlife management practices.h.) Approved by the Department.

6.) General Restrictionsa.) No plant or source shall operate at capacities which exceed the limits of operation or capability of a control device to maintain the air emission within the standard limitations.

b.) No person shall implant any new source, or operate, modify, or rebuild an existing source, or by any other means release or take action which would result in the release of air pollutants into the atmosphere and result in, together with the concentrations of existing air

pollutants, ambient air concentration greater than the ambient air quality standards

c.) All pollution control devices and systems shall be properly and consistently maintained and correctly operated in order to maintain emissions.

d.) In the event that any emission source, air pollution control equipment or related facility fails or breaks down in such a manner as to cause the emission of air pollutants in violation of these Rules and Regulations, the person responsible for such source equipment or facility shall notify the Department within 24 hours of such failure or breakdown.

e.) Any person intending to erect, install or alter any chimney, from or through which air impurities may be emitted, shall obtain prior written approval from the Department.

Republic Act No. 8749 

Who- Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representatives of the Philippines in Congress assembledWhen-  This Act shall be known as the "Philippine Clean Air Act of 1999." (June 23, 1999)

What- The State shall pursue a policy of balancing development and environmental protection. To achieve this end, the frame work for sustainable development shall be pursued. It shall be the policy of the State to:

(a) Formulate a holistic national program of air pollution management that shall be implemented by the government through proper delegation and effective coordination of functions and activities;

(b) Encourage cooperation and self-regulation among citizens and industries through the application of market-based instruments;

(c) Focus primarily on pollution prevention rather than on control and provide for a comprehensive management program for air pollution;

(d) Promote public information and education and to encourage the participation of an informed and active public in air quality planning and monitoring; and

(e) Formulate and enforce a system of accountability for short and long-term adverse environmental impact of a

project, program or activity. This shall include the setting up of a funding or guarantee mechanism for clean-up and environmental rehabilitation and compensation for personal damages.

Why- The State shall protect and advance the right of the people to a balanced and healthful ecology in accord with the rhythm and harmony of nature.

The State shall promote and protect the global environment to attain sustainable development while recognizing the primary responsibility of local government units to deal with environmental problems.

The State recognizes that the responsibility of cleaning the habitat and environment is primarily area-based.

The State also recognizes the principle that "polluters must pay".

Finally, the State recognizes that a clean and healthy environment is for the good of all and should, therefore, be the concern of all.

IMEENVI REVIEWER

KYOTO PROTOCOL Negotiated on: 11 December

1997 Enforced on: 16 February 2005 192 parties have ratified the

treaty Goal: stabilization of greenhouse

gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a level that would prevent interference with the climate system.

Reduce the 4 harmful Greenhouse Gases (GHG):- CO2 - Methane- Nitrous Oxide- Sulfur Hexafluoride

Reduce emissions by 5.2% against 1990 levels over the period 2008 – 2012

KYOTO MECHANISMS Emissions Trading

- Allows countries that have emission units to spare to sell this excess capacity to countries that are over their targets.

- Since Carbon is the principle GHG, it’s often called CARBON MARKET and CARBON PERMITS

Clean Development Mechanism- Involves investment in

sustainable development projects that reduce emissions in developing countries

Joint Implementation- Allows industrialized

countries to meet part of their required cuts in greenhouse-gas emissions by paying for projects that reduce emissions in other industrialized countries.

MONTREAL PROTOCOL Since: 1987 Every country in the world has

ratified this treaty Goal: to preserve the ozone layer

and the global environment by replacing ozone – depleting chemicals with safer alternatives

The ozone layer is expected to recover by 2050

Examples of Ozone – depleting chemicals that have been phased out: - Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs) - Methyl Bromide – found in

pesticide- Halon – used in fire-fighting

Global environmental challenges

Ozone depletion- explains much of the observed reduction in stratospheric and upper tropospheric temperatures-The source of the warmth of the stratosphere is the absorption of UV radiation by ozone, hence reduced ozone leads to cooling- Even minor problems of ozone depletion can have major effects- Every time even a small amount of the ozone layer is lost, more ultraviolet light from the sun can reach the Earth

Acid deposition- occurs when acid-forming pollutants in the air are deposited on the earth’s surface- main acid-forming pollutants are sulphur dioxide (SO2) and oxides of nitrogen (NOx)These substances interact with water in the atmosphere to form mild acids that return to the earth in four ways:

- mixed with rain to form acid rain; - mixed with snow or hail, which form acids as they melt;

- as particles of solid matter, which form an acid when they mix with water in lakes and rivers-as dry deposition of gases and particles.

-Common air pollutants like Sulphur dioxide and oxides of nitrogen form acids in water.Sulphur dioxide comes from smelters (such as the nickel smelters in -Sudbury, Ontario), gas processing plants, oil sands plants, coal-fired power plants, and transportation (trains and vehicles). -Oxides of nitrogen come from the same sources with nearly half of it coming from transportation source

IMEENVI report: Solid Waste treatment, minimization, ra 9003

INTRODUCTIONSignificanceStatistics

2011, approximately 25% of the total daily output of solid waste in the Philippines comes from Metro Manila. 230% of the global average (which is 0.3 kg)

National solid waste output is 35,000 tons.MM produces about 8,500 tons of trash per day

50% biodegradable waste like food leftovers.17% paper16% plastics17% or so are metals, ceramics, rubber, and leather.

Of the total amount of biodegradable waste, only less than 30% is recycled into compost.

What is solid waste?

Solid waste refers to all non-toxic solid waste. OBV.

What are the different kinds of solid waste? (according to ra 9003)

Compostable: (1) biodegradable wastes such as food waste, garden waste, animal waste

and human waste

(2) undergo biological degradation under controlled conditions

(3) can be turned into compost (soil conditioner or organic fertilizer) by mixing them with soil, water, air and (optional) biological additives/activators.

Recyclable: (1) any waste material retrieved from the waste stream and free from

contamination that can still be converted into suitable beneficial use

(2) may be transformed into new products in such a manner that the original products may lose their identity.

Residual: (1) non-compostable and non-recyclable

(2) should be disposed ecologically through a long-term disposal facility or sanitary landfill.

Special wastes: household hazardous wastes.

ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT AND MINIMIZATIONWhat is solid waste management? (according to ra 9003)

Solid waste management shall refer to the discipline associated with the control of generation, storage, collection, transfer and transport, processing, and disposal of solid wastes in a manner that is in accord with the best principles of public health, economics, engineering, conservation, aesthetics, and other environmental considerations, and that is also responsive to public attitudes

Phases of SWM1. Generation: Houses, commercial establishments, and factories generate solid

wastes.2. Storage: Where garbage is stored. Example: houses - garbage cans,

restaurants - garbage cans or small dumps nearby3. Collection, Transfer and Transport: The government is usually in charge of

this. Generally, garbage is collected and transported to the processing site or directly to dumpsites. In urban areas, garbage is usually collected regularly (can be everyday or a few times a week).

4. Processing (if any)5. Disposal: The final phase of solid waste management, where wastes are

stored in dumpsites.

Approaches to ESWM Ecological Solid Waste Management refers to the systematic administration

of activities which provide for segregation at source, segregated transportation, storage, transfer, processing, treatment, and disposal of solid waste and all other waste management activities which do not harm the environment.

1. Segregation of wastes at source.2. Separate container for each type of waste3. The use of special collection schedules and/or separate trucks or haulers

must be required for specific types of wastes. 4. Recyclable wastes should be taken to the Materials Recovery Facility in every

(cluster of) barangays5. Compostable wastes should be composted either in the backyard or the

community composting site6. Hazardous wastes are further screened and sent to appropriate hazardous

waste treatment and disposal plants.7. Residual wastes shall be transferred to a long-term storage or disposal facility

or sanitary landfill.

Actors that need to be involved in solid waste minimization

• Government: right policy framework and legislation, incentives to reduce waste generation at the source, ensure adequate infrastructure, strengthen waste markets, sustainable procurement…

• Industries: integrate RE and decoupling in production strategies and invest in adequate production processes, technologies and research/innovation; Waste Minimization Work Plan 2012-2013

• Designers and producers: new products, dematerialization, life cycle management, eco-design• Retailers and entrepreneurs: access to “sustainable” products, product service systems, and access to distribution of products (collaborative consumption, ebay, car share etc)

• Consumers: making better choices, recycling schemes, shifting to services instead of products (eg velib.fr), making use of repair services and purchasing from redistribution points ( boncoin.fr, ebay.com).  Scavengers and waste pickers: important to increase work conditions and better salaries, new opportunities for decent job

RA 9003: ECOLOGICAL SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT OF 2000 An Act providing for an ecological solid waste management program, creating

the necessary institutional mechanisms and incentives, declaring certain acts prohibited and providing penalties, appropriating funds therefor, and for other purposes

passed by the congress on December 20, 2000, signed by the president on January 26, 2001

Violations1. Littering = 300 - 100 pesos / community service 1-15 days2. violation of sanitation, open burning of solid waste = 300 - 100 pesos /

community service 1-15 days3. Squatting in open dumps = 1000-3000 pesos/prison 15-6 months 4. The mixing of source-separated recyclable material with other solid waste =

1000-3000 pesos/prison 15-6 months 5. The manufacture, distribution or use of non-environmentally acceptable

packaging materials = 500,000 + 5 percent to 10 percent of his annual income during the previous year+prison 1 - 3 years

6. Importation of toxic wastes misrepresented as "recyclable" or "with recyclable content"  = 500,000 + 5 percent to 10 percent of his annual income during the previous year+prison 1 - 3 years

7. Transport and dumping in bulk of collected domestic, industrial, commercial and institutional wastes in areas other than centers of facilities prescribed under the Act. = 10,000 - 200,000 / prison less 3o days to three years (or both)

8. Site preparation, construction, expansion or operation of waste management facilities without an Environmental Compliance Certificate required pursuant to Presidential Decree No. 1586 and the Act and not conforming with the land

use plan of the LGU Para 15. The construction of any establishment within two hundred (200) meters from open dump or controlled dumps or sanitary landfills 100,000 - 1,000,000 / prison 1-6 years   or both

9. The construction or operation of landfills or any waste disposal facility on any aquifer, groundwater reservoir or watershed area and/or any portion thereof.

Solid Environment- Any material that is discarded from a plant, a company or a factory is considered to be a solid waste- It can be garbage, a refuse, a sludge from a wastewater treatment plant or air pollution control facility

- These materials are usually common in industrial, commercial, mining and agricultural operations

Sources, Classification, and Composition

Sources:● Residential ● Industrial● Commercial● Institutional● Construction and Demolition● Municipal Services● Process (Manufacturing, etc.)● Agriculture

Classification:Residential Solid WastesGenerators:● Single and Family dwellings.● Usually found in houses,

apartments or condominiums.

Types of Solid Wastes:● Food wastes, paper, cardboard,plastics, textiles, leather, yardwastes, wood, glass, metals, ashesand special wastes.

Industrial Solid WastesGenerator:● Light and heavy manufacturing,fabrication, construction sites,power and chemical plants.Types of Solid Wastes● Housekeeping wastes, packaging,food wastes, construction anddemolition materials, hazardouswastes, ashes and special wastes.

Commercial Solid WastesGenerator:● Stores, hotels, restaurants,markets, office buildings, etc.Types of Solid Wastes:● Paper, cardboard, plastics, wood,food wastes, glass, metals, specialwastes and hazardous wastes.

Institutional Solid WastesGenerator:● Schools, hospitals, prisons andgovernment centers.Types of Solid Wastes:● Same as commercial wastes

Construction and Demolition Solid Wastes Generator:● New Construction sites, roadrepair, renovation sites, demolitionof buildings.Types of Solid Wastes:● Wood, steel, concrete, dirt, etc.

Municipal Solid WastesGenerator:● Street cleaning, landscaping, parks,beaches, other recreational areas,water and wastewater treatmentplantsTypes of Solid Wastes:● Street sweepings; landscape andtree trimmings general wastesfrom parks and beaches.

Process (Manufacturing, etc.) Solid WastesGenerator:● Heavy and light manufacturing,refineries, chemical plants, powerplants, mineral extraction andprocessing.Types of Solid Waste● Industrial process wastes and scrapMaterials

Agricultural Solid WastesGenerator:● Crops, orchards, vineyards, dairies,feedlots and farms.Types of Solid Waste:● Spoiled food wastes, agriculturalwastes and hazardous wastes.

Composition:Composition of Solid Wastes● Composition is described as the individual components that make up asolid waste and their relative distribution.● This is important in evaluating equipment needs, systems, equipment andmanagement programme and planning.● The residential and commercial makes up about 50-75 of total MSW(Municipal Solid Waste) generated in a community.● Actual percentage distribution usually depends on:○ The extent of construction and demolition activities.○ The extent of municipal services provided.○ The types of water and wastewater treatment process that are used.● Because the heterogeneous nature of solid wastes, determination of thecomposition is not an easy task for factory and plant managers and

engineers.● Common sense and random sampling techniques are evolved fordetermining composition.● The field procedure for component identification for commercial andindustrial waste involves the analysis of representative waste samplestaken directly from the source.

Waste Generation, Transport and HandlingFUNCTIONAL ELEMENTS OF SOLID WASTE MANAGEMENT:1. Waste Generation2. On-site Handling, Storage and Processing3. Collection4. Transfer and Transport5. Processing and Recovery6. Disposal

1. Waste Generation○ activities in which materials are no longer identified as being of value and are either beingthrown away or gathered for disposalGeneration Rate of Municipal Solid Waste● used to obtain data to determine waste volume and for subsequent solidwaste management

Generation Rate of Municipal Solid WasteUnits of expression for types of waste:● Household: kg per capita/day● Commercial: kg per x/day (x = m² of floor area of commercial

establishment, unit vol. or $ in sales, no. of employees, etc.)● Institutional: kg per x/day (x = no. of students, no. of visitors, m² of parkarea or public place, etc.)● Industrial: kg per x/day (x = unit vol. or $ of production input, m² of floorarea, no. of employees, etc.)2. On-Site Handling, Storage and Processing

a. On-Site Handling - associated with the handling of solid waste until theyare placed in containers used for storage before collection, which can takeplace before during or after storageImportance:● reduce volume of waste generated● alter physical form● recover usable materialsOn-Site Handling Methods:1. Segregation2. Shredding3. Grinding4. Composting

b. On-Site Storage - requires facilities to temporarily store refuse on thepremises; individual owners have responsibility for onsite storage of solidwaste

Factors:1. Type of container2. Location of container3. Public Health4. Collection Method and Time

c. On-site Processing - improves disposal options, recover valuableresources, and prepare materials for recovery as new products or energyFactors to consider in evaluating:1. Capabilities2. Reliability3. Environmental Effects4. Ease of Operation5. Safety to Workers and Local Community6. Efficiency7. Economics8. Aesthetics (noise, odor, litter, increased traffic)

Objectives:● Component Separation (i.e. hand sorting, screening, magnetic separation,air classification for lighter materials)● Volume Reduction (i.e. bailing, shredding, incineration)● Size Reduction (shredding, grinding)● Resource Recovery (compacting, energy recovery, material recovery)

Waste Minimization ● a process of elimination that involves reducing the amount of wasteproduced in society● helps eliminate the generation of harmful and persistent wastes● supports the efforts to promote a more sustainable society● primary focus for most waste management strategies● includes source reduction and recycling

Benefits:It can improve:● Efficient production practices● Economic returns● Public image● Quality of products produced● Environmental responsibility

Recycling

What is recycling?❖ means separating, collecting, processing, marketing, and ultimately using amaterial that would otherwise have been thrown awaySome benefits are:➢ reduces air and water pollution/emissions associated with landfilling andincineration➢ conserves our natural resources such as timber, water, and minerals becauseit reduces the need for raw materials.➢ saves energy➢ decrease emissions of greenhouse gases that contribute to global climatechange➢ helps sustain the environment for future generations.

What can be recycled?Each local recycling program is designed to handle specific materials. Commonly

recycled materials include:➢ Paper - Newspaper, office paper, cardboard, and other paper types➢ Yard trimmings - Grass, leaves, and shrub and tree clippings are recycled bycomposting➢ Glass - Bottles and jars (clear, green, and amber)➢ Aluminum - Beverage containers➢ Other metals - Steel cans, auto bodies, refrigerators, stoves, and batteries➢ Used motor oil - Vehicle crankcase oil➢ Plastics - Soda bottles, milk jugs, bags, and detergent containers.

Solid Waste Treatment and Management

Incineration (Thermal Treatment)-Process of disposing solid waste through combustion-Oldest and most effective way of waste management-Used mostly on solid residue from solid and waste water management, clinical waste (blood, needles, scalpels, body parts), and hazardous waste (paint, solvents, aerosols)-Converts waste into ash, flue gas (gas that exits flue/pipes. Mainly comprised of nitrogen carbon dioxide, water vapour, and excess oxygen) and heat-Can generate electricity-Commonly used in Japan, Netherlands, Luxembourg, France, and Sweden or countries where land is scarce-Controversial waste management method

Process of Incineration

Drying and degassing  volatile content are

degassed from solid waste at 100-300 °C

does not require any oxidizing agent. Depends only on heat

Pyrolysis and gasification  pyrolysis is the further

decomposition of organic substances at approx. 250 – 700 °C.

Gasification is the reaction of the residues with water vapour and CO2 at temperatures, typically between 500 and 1000 °C, but can occur at temperatures up to 1600 °C.

Solid organic matter is transferred to the gaseous phase. In addition to the temperature, water, steam and oxygen support this reaction

oxidation  The combustible gases

created in the previous stages are oxidised at flue-gas temperatures generally between 800 and 1450 °C.

Composting

Compost – Decomposed organic material often used as an alternative for artificial fertilizer

Process of composting – Happens naturally

Disposal of Solid Wastes - Sanitary Landfill

What is a Sanitary Landfill?● major method of disposing waste materials in North America and otherdeveloped countries● sites where waste is isolated from the environment until it is safe● It is considered safe when it has completely degraded biologically,chemically and physically.● popular alternative○ it is simple and versatile○ not sensitive to the shape, size, or weight of a particular waste material

● Four basic conditions should be met before a site can be regarded as asanitary landfill.○ Full or partial hydrogeological isolation○ Formal engineering preparations○ Permanent control○ Planned waste emplacement and coveringleachate- water that has percolated(filtered gradually) through a solid andleached out some of the constituents

● engineered pit○ in which layers of solid waste are filled, compacted and covered for final disposal○ consists of:

■ a lined bottom■ leachate collection and treatment system■ groundwater monitoring■ gas extraction■ cap system

Stages of decomposition

● 1st stage: Aerobic Phase○ solid wastes that are biodegradable react with the oxygen in the landfill and begin to formcarbon dioxide and water○ weak acids are formed and dissolves some of the minerals

● 2nd stage: Anaerobic Phase○ microorganisms that do not need oxygen break down the wastes into hydrogen,ammonia, carbon dioxide and inorganic acids.

● 3rd stage○ gas is produced■ about half of the gas produced will be carbon dioxide■ the other half will be methane

Advantages● Effective disposal method if managed well● Sanitary disposal method if managed effectively● Energy production and fast degradation if designed as a bioreactor landfill

Disadvantages● Fills up quickly if waste is not reduced and reusable waste is not collectedseparately and recycled● A reasonably large area is required● Risk of groundwater contamination if not sealed correctly or the linersystem is damaged● High costs for high-tech landfills● If not managed well, there is a risk of the landfill degenerating into anopen dump● Once the landfill site is shut down O&M and monitoring must continue for

the following 50 to 100 years

Republic Act 9003 , Ecological Management Act of 2000

When: January 26, 2001 Who: Be it enacted by the Senate and House of Representative of the Philippines in Congress assembled:

What/Why: It is hereby declared the policy of the State to adopt a systematic, comprehensive and ecological solid waste management program which shall:

(a) Ensure the protection of the public health and environment;

(b) Utilize environmentally-sound methods that maximize the utilization of valuable resources and encourage resource conservation and recovery;

(c) Set guidelines and targets for solid waste avoidance and volume reduction through source reduction and waste minimization measures, including composting, recycling, re-use, recovery, green charcoal process, and others, before collection, treatment and disposal in appropriate and environmentally sound solid waste management facilities in accordance with ecologically sustainable development principles;

(d) Ensure the proper segregation, collection, transport, storage, treatment and disposal of solid waste through the formulation and adoption of the best environmental practice in

ecological waste management excluding incineration;

(e) Promote national research and development programs for improved solid waste management and resource conservation techniques, more effective institutional arrangement and indigenous and improved methods of waste reduction, collection, separation and recovery;

(f) Encourage greater private sector participation in solid waste management;

(g) Retain primary enforcement and responsibility of solid waste management with local government units while establishing a cooperative effort among the national government, other local government units, non- government organizations, and the private sector;

(h) Encourage cooperation and self-regulation among waste generators through the application of market-based instruments;

(i) Institutionalize public participation in the development and implementation of national and local integrated, comprehensive, and ecological waste management programs; and

(j) Strength the integration of ecological solid waste management and resource conservation and recovery topics into the academic curricula of formal and non-formal education in order to promote environmental awareness and action among the citizenry.

Hazardous Wastes - solid waste or a combination of solid waste that because of its chemical, quantity or physical properties may be considered harmfulCharacteristics -

Ignitability – o Wastes that can

spontaneously ignite or create fires

o Have a flash point of less than 60 °C

1. Liquid – Water-based solution containing more than 24% alcohol (ex: oil-based paints, solvents)

2. Solids – Spontaneously combust due to friction or moisture; Persistent burning once ignited (ex. Rags in linseed oil)

3. Gas – Burns when mixed with less than 13% air (ex. Aerosol)

Corrositivity –o Acids or bases that are

capable of corroding metal containers

o Any other liquid that will corrode steel faster than ¼ inch per year

o Aqueous; Strong acids or strong bases (have a pH less than or equal to 2, or

greater than or equal to 12.5)

o Can destroy skin by catalyzing the hydrolysis of fats

o Denature or dehydrate proteins

o Most hazardous to eyesight causes blindness within 2-10 seconds –destruction of the cornea

o Ex. Battery acid, ferric chloride

Reactivity – o unstableo reacts with watero potentially explosives

with watero cannot be exposed to

materials with a PH level of 2.0 and 12.5

o detonation under heato Examples: crystallized

picric acid, cyanide solutions, lithium sulfur batteries and explosives

Toxicity – o harmful or fatal when

ingestedo contaminated water may

leach from the waste and pollute ground water

TOXICITY CHARACTERISTIC LEACHING PRODECUDRE

helps identify wastes that would likely leach chemicals into the environmentSolid wastes

leaching test using an acidic solutioncomparison of threshold concentration

Liquid wastescontains less than 0.5% filterable solidscomparison of threshold concentration

Multi-phase wasteboth solid and liquid components are separatedcomparison of threshold concentration

MATERIAL SAFETY DATA SHEETOnly hazardous component more than 1% are listed toxic contaminant may not be listed products that will not be used and disposed ofproducts that will be used and be disposed of

RULE OF 20 TLCP can be expensive TLCP involves a 20 fold dilution

of the leachate If the total concentration is less

than 20 times the hazardous waste threshold, it is not hazardous,

If the total concentration is more than 20 times the hazardous waste threshold, is it hazardous.

Liquid wastes cannot be tested by this method.

Hazardous Wastes Legislations The Philippine Chemical and

Hazardous Wastes Emergency Management Program

The objectives the Philippine Chemical and Hazardous Wastes Emergency Management is to establish a national framework for concerted action by the industry, government and community to address incidents involving chemicals or hazardous wastes. (For the purpose of this program radioactive materials are excluded.)

Major Elements of a Chemicals and Hazardous Wastes Emergency Action Plan

Organization and Personnel responsibilities

Planning, hazard analysis, and plan updating

Training Drills and Exercise Facilities, supplies, and

equipment Detection, alarm, and

notification procedures Response Functions Containment and clean-up Documentation and

investigation follow-up The program is a guide for the

formulation of local emergency management plans.

The local plan will depend on the hazards existing in the area, i.e., types of chemicals and hazardous wastes, local geography and climate, time variables, particular characteristics of chemical and wastes facilities and transportation routes, and the capability of local industry, government and community.

Other LegislationsRA 6969*PD 1586^ -

o Established the country’s Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) system

o EIS system- classifies certain projects or

areas including those which involve the use of chemicals and the generation or management of hazardous wastes as environmentally critical.

o ECC- (Environmental Compliance Certificate) issued by the President or his representative, either the DENR Secretary or Director or Regional Director of the Environmental Management Bureau (EMB). -contains the key conditions which must be satisfied by the project proponent in order to protect or enhance the environment.

o ERA- (Environmental Risk Assessment)

- discusses the hazardous substances and situations of the project;

PD 1566 - the overarching law of the country on disaster managementRA 7160 - The act reinforced the responsibilities of local chief executives on disaster management.PD 1185 - Fire Code of the Philippines

*See Angeleen’s Reviewer^PD- Presidential Decree

R.A. 6969(Toxic Substances and Hazardous and Nuclear Wastes Control Act of 1990) An act to control toxic substances and hazardous and nuclear wastes, providing penalties for violations thereof, and for other purposes.Passed: September 6, 1990.Approved: October 26, 1990

OBJECTIVES1. To keep an inventory of chemicals that are being imported and manufactured in

the country.2. To monitor and regulate the chemical substances in the country.3. To inform and educate the people regarding the risks and hazards of chemical

substances.4. To prevent the entry of hazardous and nuclear wastes in the country.

POLICY1. To regulate, restrict or prohibit the importation, manufacture, processing, sale,

distribution, use and disposal of chemical substances and mixtures that present unreasonable risk and/or injury to health or the environment

2. To prohibit the entry of hazardous and nuclear wastes and their disposal into the Philippine territorial limits for whatever purpose

3. To provide advancement and facilitate research and studies on toxic chemicals.

DENR: FUNCTIONS, POWERS & RESPONSIBILITIES1. To keep an updated inventory of the presently used chemicals.2. To require chemical substances/mixtures be tested BEFORE they are

manufactured and those PRESENTLY being manufactured.3. To evaluate the characteristics and determine the toxicity and effects of the

chemicals.4. To enter into contracts and make grants for research, development, and

monitoring of chemical substances and mixtures.5. To conduct inspection of any establishment6. To confiscate or impound chemicals violating the act7. To monitor and prevent the entry or disposal of waste into the country8. To subpoena (require) witnesses and documents and to require other

information9. To call for assistance in any gov’t office as the need arises.10.To disseminate information and conduct educational awareness campaigns11.To exercise powers and perform other functions as may be necessary

INTER-AGENCY TECHNICAL ADVISORY COUNCILChairman: Secretary of DENRMembers:

Secretary of DOST Secretary of DND (National Defense)

Secretary of DOLE (Labor and Employment) Secretary of DOH Secretary of DFA (Foreign Affairs) Secretary of DTI (Trade & Industry) Secretary of DOF (Finance) Secretary of DA Director of Phil. Nuclear Research Institute Representative from an NGO (non-gov’t organization) appointed by the

President 3 yr. term

FUNCTIONS OF THE COUNCIL1. To assist the DENR in:

a. formulation of rulesb. inventory updates

2. To conduct preliminary evaluation of substances and make the necessary recommendations3. To perform other functions required by DENR

PRE-MANUFACTURE & PRE-IMPORTATION REQUIREMENTS Manufacturer/importers shall submit the ff. info:

1. Name of chemical substance2. Chemical identity and molecular structure3. Proposed categories of use4. Estimation of amount to be processed5. Processing and disposal 6. Health and environmental effects

CHEMICALS SUBJECT TO TESTINGTesting shall be required in all cases where:

1. There is a reason to believe that the chemical substances present an unreasonable risk to health or the environment

2. insufficient data and experience for determining the health and environmental effects of the chemicals

3. necessary to develop data

ACTIONS BY THE SECRETARYSecretary shall (within 90 days from date of filing of notice of manufacture/importation of a chemical substance) decide whether or not to regulate or prohibit its importations, sale, manufacture, processing, distribution, use, or disposal.

CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EXEMPTED FROM PRE-MANUFACTURE NOTIFICATIONThe manufacture of the ff. chemical substances shall be exempted from pre-manufacture notification:

1. Existing substances already in the list2. Small quantities produced for research/experiment purposes

3. Substances that will not present an unreasonable risk4. Substances that exists temporarily

PUBLIC ACCESS TO RECORDS, REPORTS, AND NOTIFICATIONSPublic can access documents concerning:

1. Chemical substances and mixtures2. Safety data submitted and NOT confidential files that would divulge trade

secrets, productions or sales figure/methods, unique production processes of certain manufacturers.

3. Data of emission and discharge in the environment

PROHIBITED ACTS, OFFENSES AND PENALTIESProhibited Acts:

1. Using a chemical substance which violates this act.2. Failure/refusal to submit reports or access to records and inspection to

establishment where chemicals are stored/processed.3. Failure/refusal to comply with the pre-manufacture and pre-importation

requirements.Penalties (#1-3):Individuals:

Imprisonment of 1 day with a fine: Php600-4,000 Imprisonment of 6 months & 1 day – 6 yrs & 1 day Foreigners: deported and banned to enter Philippines

Gov’t officials & employees: Automatically dismissed from office Permanently disqualified from holding any elective positions.

Corporations: The partner, president, director or manager shall be directly liable for the act

of the employees and shall be criminally liable as a co-principal.

Prohibited Act:4. Cause, aid or facilitate, directly or indirectly, in the storage, importation, or

bringing into Philippines territory, including its maritime economic zones, even in transit, either by means of land, air or sea transportation or otherwise keeping in storage any amount of hazardous and nuclear wastes in any part of the Philippines.

Penalties (#4):Individuals:

Imprisonment: 12 yrs & 1 day – 20 yrs Foreigners: deported and banned

Corporations: Penalty imposed to CEO/President Fine: at least Php500,000 Foreign firms: banned from PH and cancellation of business license in PH

Gov’t officials & employees: Dismissed from office Permanently disqualified from holding any position

Every penalty imposed on unlawful importation of chemical substances will carry with it the confiscation and forfeiture of the proceeds of the unlawful act and or other improvements used in or with which the offense was committed.

The person or firm responsible or connected with the bringing or importation into the country of hazardous or nuclear wastes shall be under obligation to transport or send back said prohibited wastes.

ADMINISTRATIVE FINESThere will be a fine not less than Php10,000.00, but not more than Php50,000.00 upon any person found guilty

Administrative fines imposed and collected by DENR will be a special fund for projects and research activities relative to toxic substances and mixtures.

VIOLATORS EXAMPLES:1. March 7, 2001: DENR officer-in-charge Joemari Gerochi said CHEVALIER

ENVIRO SERVICES, INC (CESI) has been the subject of numerous calls from residents from Bormaheco compound in Paranaque and from other businesses.a. CESI’S clientele include Jesus Delgado Hospital, de Los Santos Medical

Center, Capitol Medical, FEU Hospital, Las Pinas District Hospital, and Rizal Medical Center among others.

b. ISSUES : Allegedly illegally dispose hospital wastes such as syringes, diapers, syringe packing used for bloodletting, dextrose, used adult diaper, used sanitary napkins, bandages, PVC tubing mixed with other industrial and municipal wastes as well as electronic equipment

c. ACTION TAKEN: investigating team was sent to CESI and if found guilty, officials may be punished by imprisonment of 12 years and 1 day to 20 years and a fine of Php500,000. Punishment will be imposed on the managing partner, the president or chief executive. The investigating team will also inspect if the corporation has an environmental compliance certificate (ECC) and if they do, further investigation will be made whether they have violated the conditions of its ECC.

2. Dec. 7, 2011: DENR secretary Ramon J.P. Paje suspends transporter permits of Chevalier Enviro Services, INC (CESI) and the AEC Hauling Services (AEC).

a. ISSUES : For allegedly transporting and attempting to dump untreated medical waste at a Landfill I Capas, Tarlac

b. ISSUES : Hospital wastes loaded in the two trucks were “unsafe to transport due to unsanitary condition such as foul odor and drenching of blood residue”.

c. ACTIONS TAKEN : suspension orders were signed by Environmental Management Bureau (EMB) Director Juan Miguel Cuna

3. Four lead smelting plants in Nueva Ecijaa. Asia Pacific Resources Inc., Solid Lead Inc. a private unnamed

company were given a cease and desist order to stop all operations from these companies from continuing

b. The Oceanic Fishing Gear Inc. was issued a notice of violation of its environmental compliance certificate due to failing to meet standards that would ensure the safety of the public and the environment.

c. Reasons to stop : illegal business, aren’t taxed, operations aren’t monitoredPROMULGATION OF RULES & REGULATIONS DENR shall prepare and publish the rules and regulations implementing this Act

within six months from the date of its effectivity

EFFECTIVITY This Act shall take effect after 15 days following its publication in the Official

Gazette or in any newspaper of general circulation

BUDGET Given annually, and amount is based on the provisions that will implemented

which is included in the budget of the DENR

SEPARABILITY If a provision is declared void or is considered as unconstitutional, the remaining

provisions that are not affected will still remain applicable

REPEALING Laws, presidential decrees, executive orders, and rules that are in conflict with

this Act are repealed or changed to fit accordingly

STOCKHOLM CONVENTION on PERSISTENT ORGANIC POLLUTANTS

When/where - The Stockholm Convention on Persistent Organic Pollutants is an international environmental treaty, signed in 2001 and effective from May 2004, that aims to eliminate or restrict the production and use of persistent organic pollutants (POPs).Who- Presidential Decree 1144-Creates an agency called Fertilizer and Pesticide Authority (FPA)- the agency is tasked to regulate and monitor production, importation and use of pesticides and other agricultural chemicals in the country.- has power to issue rules about use of fertilizers and chemicals- no chemicals or fertilizers should be used unless they are registered by the FPA-Any person who violates any of the provisions of this Decree or any of the provisions of the rules and regulations issued or promulgated by FPA or pesticide, shall be liable to a penal servitude of not in excess of one year or a fine of P5,000.00 but not more than P10,000.00 provided that if the violation is committed by a corporation, firm, partnership, cooperative, association or any other entity, the penalty shall be imposed upon the guilty officials or officers of such entities.

What:

The Convention requires its Parties to take measures to reduce or eliminate releases from intentional and unintentional production and use of these chemicals. These measures include the development and implementation of action plans to be able to fulfill the Party’s obligations to the Convention. In summary, Parties to the Convention are obligated to:

- Immediately ban production and use of all POPs pesticides except DDT1- Restrict the use of DDT for vector control and aim to phase it out over time

- Ban production and use of PCBs and hexachlorobenzene- Phase out existing PCBs over the next 25 years- Dispose stockpiles of unwanted POPs- Reduce, with the ultimate aim of eliminating, unintentional POPs by-products

(dioxins, furans,PCBs, hexachlorobenzene)- Identify and manage contaminated sites

As documented in the report on Capacity and Needs Assessment for the Implementation of the Convention on POPs, the most important POPs issues are: - Completion of the inventory of POPS including stockpiles and wastes - Identification and management of POPs-contaminated sites - Monitoring and surveillance of health status relevant to potential impacts of POPs - Screening, enforcement, and monitoring of present and potential POPs chemicals - Management and disposal of POPs-contaminated equipment (PCBs) - Enforcement of existing laws relative to dioxin and furan emissions

- Lack of understanding and knowledge on POPs - Limited capacity to monitor dioxins and furans releases