MORE COLD WAR

MORE COLD WAR

MORE COLD WAR

Samantha Stevens

Serena -->

Jeanie Sister Jeanie

The Two Khrushchevs

Reformer? Hard Liner?

The Friendly Khrushchev

DOMESTIC POLICY

A. De-Stalinization* 20th Party Congress

* “the Secret Speech”

* Denounced Stalin!

* Stalin’s body removed from red square

The Friendly Khrushchev

DOMESTIC POLICY

B. REFORMS* Dismantled Gulags

* Rehabilitation

* Liberalized government.

The Friendly Khrushchev

FOREIGN POLICYA. “Peaceful Coexistence”

* Competition between Systems.

* Visited U.S. * “the Kitchen Debate”

Ok, there IS no B : (

The Friendly Khrushchev

FOREIGN POLICYA. “Peaceful Coexistence”

* Competition between Systems.

* Visited U.S. * “the Kitchen Debate”

Ok, there IS no B : (

The OTHER Khrushchev

“We will crush you!”

Third World Revolution

The OTHER Khrushchev

“We will crush you!”

Third World Revolution

Technology:

Sputnik - Space Race

Sputnik! The Space Race

The OTHER Khrushchev

“We will crush you!”

Third World Revolution

Technology: ICBMs - Missile GapSputnik - Space Race

I.C.B.M.sThe Missile Gap!!!

I.C.B.M.sThe Missile Gap!!!

THE REALITY: US – 300 ICBMs ,

- Polaris Fleet

USSR – 10 ICBMs, - 100s short range

The OTHER Khrushchev

“We will crush you!”

Third World Revolution

Technology: ICBMs - Missile GapSputnik - Space Race

Don’t Forget This . . .

Old Guard - Hard Liners “Too Much Too Fast!”

Precarious Position.He’s got to watch his back.

Sometimes . . . It’s not about us.

Berlin Wall

AUGUST 13, 1961

Cuban Missile CrisisOctober 14, 1962 Recon Planes Report

October 22, 1962. Blockade, DEFCON 3

OCTOBER 28, the Soviets “blink”

EASTERN EUROPE

Poland / Hungary / Czechoslovakia

Poland 1956

I. Popular Uprising Poznan

Hardliner Polish Government Represses

II. Gomulka becomes Party Secretary

Promises Reforms“Polish Way toward

Socialism” GomulkaCommunist leader

1956 - 1970

III. Soviet Response?A. Troop Maneuvers on the borderB. A “visit”

III. Soviet Response?

Khrushchev Gomulka

Gomulka Backs down, Khrushchev backs off

Hungary 1956

I. New Reform Government (late October)

II. Popular Movement (inspired by Poland)

HUNGARY 1956Imry Nagy

/NAHJD/

New Hungarian Communist leader 1953-55, 1956

(Prime Minister)

Reform Minded:

- appointed non-communist ministers

- abolished one-party rule

- political prisoners released

HUNGARY 1956Imry Nagy

/NAHJD/

New Hungarian Communist leader 1953-55, 1956

(Prime Minister)

The Last Straw 11/01/56

- U.N. suggested neutrality

- out of the Warsaw Pact

Soviet Response?

Soviet Tanks Roll in 11/04/56

11/04 to 11/10 2,500 killed

Nagy’s Fate?Arrested, Tried, Hanged

1958

“Rehabilitated” in ‘89

WHY Didn’t We do something?

Gammel NasserEGYPT

1. Aswan High Dam2. Suez Canal Crisis

Egypt vs England / France

Czechoslovakia1968

Leonid Breznev

Old Guard

Stagnation.

Military

Spend ing

1964: Khrushchev is ousted

Alexander Dubcek

1st Secretary of the Communist Party

Action Programme

“Socialism with a human face”

Free Press,

Consumer Goods

Alexander Dubcek

1st Secretary of the Communist Party

Action Programme

“PRAGUE SPRING”

Democratization

De-Centralization

Soviet Response?200,000 - 600,000

Warsaw Pact troops

Brezhnev

The Brezhnev Doctrine?

1968 to

1989

Stasis

. . . And then all heck breaks loose

TWO factors contributed to

the “Velvet Revolutions” of ‘89

I. Gorbachev

II. Tiananmen Square Massacre100,000 March

5,000–ish killed

1989: First Wave

• Poland:– April: Solidarity Legalized / participate in elections

Lech Walesa Solidarity

1989: First Wave

Lech Walesa SolidarityPope John Paul II

1989: First Wave

• Poland:– April: Solidarity Legalized / participate in elections

– June: 99/100 seats and the Presidency

– New Non-Communist Government???

1989: First Wave • Poland:

– April: Solidarity Legalized / participate in elections– June: 99/100 seats and the Presidency– New Non-Communist Government???

• Hungary– Parliament adopts reforms ??– Communist Party renames to Socialist Party– Opens border with Austria

GERMANYReUnification

East Germany

Erich Honecker– General Secretary

– Chairman of the National Defense Council

– 1971 to 1989

East Germany

• 50,000 East Germans flee by Sept. ‘89

• Mass Exodus by November

• September: GDR cuts travel to Hungary!!

East GERMANYOctober

• GDR cuts travel to Hungary (late September)

• GDR cuts travel to Czech – Last way out????

• Gorby Visits:

– “He who is too late, is punished for life”

• Mass Demonstrations!!!

– “we want out!” became “We’re staying here!”

– 1,000,000 gather in East Berlin

• Ruling Party ejects Honecker

East GERMANY

November - New government

plans to ease travel restrictions

- TV Press conference 11/09/89 at 6:53 pm

- When will it be enforced??

- "Well, as far as I can see, ... straightaway, immediately."

East GERMANY

November • Bum Rush the Checkpoints

– 10,000s

• No instructions to Border Guards?? – Frantic phone calls

– No orders?

East GERMANY

November • Bum Rush the Checkpoints

– 10,000s

• No instructions to Border Guards?? – Frantic phone calls

– No orders?

Nov 9, 1989 10:30 p.m.Guards Open Border! Mass movement - greeted by Westerners

GERMANY• Officially Unified

10 / 3 / 1990

GERMANY• Officially Unified

• 10 / 3 / 90

Helmut KohlGerman Chancellor

1982-1998

1989: They Just Keep Coming• Czechoslovakia: Velvet Revolution

– Nov: 200,000+ protestors

– 11/28: Communist Party Steps down• Elections

– Vaclav Haval elected President– Alexander Dubceck elected to Parliament

• Bulgaria– Nov: Politburo ousts commie leader

– Feb: Party voluntarily gives up power

– Moderate wing renames itself Socialist Party

– Wins election

Romania

• Nicolae Ceausescu• General Secretary

• 1965 – 1989

• Revolts break out

• Spreads to Bucharest (100,000+)

Dec 21 Army Fires on Crowd

Dec 21 Army Fires on Crowd

. . . But not all of them : )

Dec 21 - Dec 25Civil War in the Streets

1000+ died

Ceausescu “arrested” December 23

So what happened to the Dictator?

Shot on Christmas Day