Moral Issues - Shedding Light on the Critical Moral Problems of Our Time by Jeffrey a Mirus Ph.D

8/12/2019 Moral Issues - Shedding Light on the Critical Moral Problems of Our Time by Jeffrey a Mirus Ph.D

http://slidepdf.com/reader/full/moral-issues-shedding-light-on-the-critical-moral-problems-of-our-time-by 1/130



Marlh Cssugs

_bg``cen hcnbt ae tbg orctcolh marlh pradhgms aj

aur tcmg

dy Kgjjrgy L. Mcrus Vb.@.

Ldartcae, lecmlh rcnbts, olpctlh puecsbmget, oaetrlogptcae, gevcraemgetlhcsm, bglhtb

olrg, bamasgxulhcty, hycen, sucoc`g, wlr le` marg.

Prcecty Oammuecoltcaes

OltbahcoOuhturg.arn

V.A. Dax 724

Mlelssls, ZL 46<62



© Oapyrcnbt 46<< Prcecty Oammuecoltcaes

Daai C@; MC

Pbg oblptgrs aj tbcs daai lppglrg` jcrst ae tbg Prcecty Oammuecoltcaes wgdsctg,

OltbahcoOuhturg.arn.

Aur wgdsctg ceohu`gs mley marg Oltbahco mltgrclhs, ceohu`cen `lchy egws, oammgetlry,

hcturncolh yglr rgsaurogs, Oburob `aoumgets, rgvcgws, le` oahhgotcaes aj bcstarco Oltbahco

wrctcens le` rgjgrgeogs. Sau ole lhsa scne up jar `lchy le` wggihy gmlch egwshgttgrs.

Prcecty Oammuecoltcaes cs l eae-prajct oarparltcae. Cj yau wauh` hcig ta suppart aur

wari, phglsg rgncstgr le` oaetrcdutg ae tbg wgdsctg9 ar mlch l obgoi ar maegy ar`gr

lhaen wctb yaur gmlch l``rgss ta Prcecty Oammuecoltcaes, V.A. Dax 724, Mlelssls, ZL46<62, W_L.

^g haai jarwlr` ta sggcen yau lt www.oltbahcoouhturg.arn.

http://www.catholicculture.org/






ta adsourg l marg oaestruotcvg marlh `csoaursg. Ct cs dgttgr ce tbcs vahumg, C tbcei, ta slvg

tbg cssug aj prcgsthy sgxulh ldusg‐wbcob, lnlce, gvgryda`y lnrggs cs sgrcaushy

wraen‐jar l hltgr stu`y aj Oburob rgjarm. Ea `audt mast aj tbg atbgr tapcos trgltg` ce

tbcs vahumg ole aoolscae tbgcr awe plsscaes, dut tbgy lrg lhsa tbg aoolscae aj `cstceot

marlh `cslnrggmgets. Pblt cs wby tbgsg tapcos blvg dgge obasge bgrg.

www.oltbahcoouhturg.arn





Tghltcvcsm le` tbg Tc bts aj Mle

Aotadgr <<, 466>

Lt tbg slmg tcmg tbg Oaueoch aj Gurapg wls oae`gmecen orgltcaecsm ls l tbrglt ta

bumle rcnbts, Vapg Dgeg`cot wls wlrecen lnlcest marlh rghltcvcsm jar tbg vgry slmg

rglsae. Le ceeaoget dystle`gr mcnbt dg tgmptg` ta dghcgvg tblt Oltbahcos lrg ea dgttgr

tble sgouhlrcsts wbge ct oamgs ta lttgmptcen ta stlmp aut lhcge c`gls.

Ls lhwlys, bawgvgr, aeg must oaesc`gr tbg lrnumgets (lssumcen tbgrg lrg ley). Pbg

Vapg–s lrnumget cs tblt wblt–s hgjt aj ^gstgre ocvchczltcae cs sbaatcen ctsghj ce tbg

pravgrdclh jaat dy ldle`aecen elturlh hlw ce jlvar aj rahh-yaur-awe c`gls ldaut rcnbt le`

wraen. Pbcs cs dgolusg elturlh hlw cs eat l mlttgr aj jlctb, dut l jarm aj marlh rglsaecen

‘loogsscdhg ta lhh rltcaelh orglturgs.” Ls suob, ct pravc`gs tbg oammae nraue` egogsslry

ta l wghh-ar`grg`, kust saocgty.

^ctbaut tbg elturlh hlw, tbgrg cs ea adkgotcvg mgles aj rgsahvcen pudhco `gdltgs.

Hgncshltcae dgoamgs ‘eat tbg sglrob jar naa` dut tbg sglrob jar pawgr.” Ce hlst wggi–s

prcvltg l``rgss ta tbg Cetgreltcaelh Pbgahancolh Oammcsscae, Dgeg`cot eatg` tblt gtbcolh

rghltcvcsm cs ajtge pramatg` ae tbg lssumptcae tblt ct nulrletggs tahgrleog le` mutulh

rgspgot. Pa tbg oaetrlry, bg lrnug`, rghltcvcsm bls phlog` tbg dae`s aj saocgty lt nrlvg

rcsi; ‘tbg jue`lmgetlh gssgetclhs lrg lt stlig; bumle `cnecty, bumle hcjg, tbg cestctutcae

aj tbg jlmchy le` tbg gqucty aj tbg saoclh ar`gr‐ce atbgr war`s, tbg jue`lmgetlh rcnbts

aj mle.”

Pbcs cs l jlr ory jram tbg hanco aj tbg Oaueoch aj Gurapg le` atbgr sgouhlrcst

arnleczltcaes le` c`gahanugs wba lttgmpt ta `csmcss oaetrlry c`gls scmphy dy

elmg-olhhcen. _uob c`gls lrg lhwlys aut`ltg`, uesocgetcjco, mg`cgvlh, lutbarctlrcle,

cetahgrlet, bamapbadco, purctlecolh, pravceoclh, ar cesgesctcvg. Le` tbg olsg cs lhwlys

sghj-gvc`get9 l scmphg lssgrtcae cs geaunb ta swggp lsc`g lhh `csousscae9 `clhanug cs ce

sbart supphy. ^bge Kabe Vluh CC wls papg, bcs c`gls wgrg `csmcssg` dgolusg aeg

oauh`e–t rglhhy gxpgot samgaeg jram tbg dloiwltgrs aj Vahle` ta ue`grstle` tbg

sudthgtcgs aj ma`gre tbaunbt. Eaw tblt Dgeg`cot cs papg, wghh, ct cs blr` ta tlig l

ega-jlsocst sgrcaushy.

Aj oaursg, ce ar`gr jar l trug `csousscae ta tlig phlog, lhh plrtcgs egg` ta dg wchhcen ta

dg navgreg` dy samgtbcen atbgr tble tbgcr plsscaes. Dut cj gvgrytbcen cs rghltcvg, wblt

ghsg cs hgjt1






Pbg Oaesgqugeogs aj …Oaesgqugetclhcsm

Lunust 60, 46<6

Ct–s rglhhy ldaut wbgtbgr tbg ge` kustcjcgs tbg mgles. Ce rgspaesg ta Vapuhltcae

Oaesgqugetclhcsm, aeg aj aur usgrs lsig` cj C oauh` pravc`g l drcgj authceg aj wblt wls

wraen wctb oaesgqugetclhcsm ls l marlh tbgary. Bg eatg` tblt, ae tbg prlotcolh hgvgh, tbg

eatcae tblt ‘yau rglp wblt yau saw” ole dg l slhutlry sobaah aj dgblvcar. Le` ogrtlcehy

tbgrg cs samg prlotcolh wcsàm bgrg, dut aehy cj wg lhrgl`y ieaw tbg `cjjgrgeog dgtwgge

rcnbt le` wraen. Lt tbg hgvgh aj l marlh tbgary‐tblt cs, ls l wly aj `gtgrmcecen rcnbt

le` wraen‐oaesgqugetclhcsm àgse–t wari lt lhh. Ct cs cmpasscdhg ta `gtgrmceg tbg

marlhcty aj le lotcae purghy dy lssgsscen cts oaesgqugeogs.

Pbg jcrst pradhgm cs tblt aehy Na` ole sgg lhh tbg oaesgqugeogs aj ley marlh lotcae.

^g ole–t sgg tbgm, le` sa wg ole–t dg gxpgotg` ta mlig l saue` marlh ku`nmget dlsg`

ae aur lssgssmget aj tbgm. Mlicen l marlh `gocscae dlsg` aehy ae tbg oaesgqugeogs wg

tbcei wchh jahhaw jram ley plrtcouhlr lotcae phlogs us ae vgry sbliy nraue`. ^g mly

rcnbthy nugss samg oaesgqugeogs le` oamphgtghy mcss atbgrs, ar wg mly haai purghy

tawlr` mltgrclh ar mglsurldhg oaesgqugeogs wbchg cnearcen spcrctulh aegs, wbcob dy

tbgcr elturg oleeat dg mglsurg`. Ar wg mly tbcei tblt samg lotcae wchh mlig us blppy

aehy ta jce`, ce tbg ge`, tblt ct mligs us mcsgrldhg‐le` vcog vgrsl.

Pbg sgoae` pradhgm cs gvge `ggpgr. Ct cs scmphy cmpasscdhg ta lssgss tbg marlh

rghgvleog aj oaesgqugeogs wctbaut l prcar stle`lr` aj ku`nmget lhrgl`y ce phlog. Gvge

Na`, wba ole sgg lhh oaesgqugeogs, oleeat usg oaesgqugetclhcsm ls Bcs uhtcmltg nuc`g,

jar Bg wauh` jcrst blvg ta ku`ng tbg marlh rghgvleog aj glob oaesgqugeog dlsg` ae Bcs

`ggp ue`grstle`cen aj tbg elturg aj tbcens. Ljtgr lhh, wbgtbgr oaesgqugeogs lrg naa` ar

dl` `gpge`s hlrnghy ae baw tbcens lrg `gscneg`. Margavgr, Na` must lhsa l`vgrt ta Bcs

ieawhg`ng aj tbg Naa` ce prceocphg (rglhhy, Bcs ieawhg`ng aj Bcmsghj) ce ar`gr ta ku`ngwblt oaestctutgs tbg naa` ar tbg dl` (ar tbg `gprcvltcae aj l ùg naa`) ce ley ncvge

oaesgqugeog.

Ce prlotcolh tgrms, aj oaursg, tbg tbgary aj oaesgqugetclhcsm cs ngegrlhhy usg` ta

geldhg pgaphg ta blvg l ohglr oaesocgeog wbge tbgy jggh l oaejhcot dgtwgge tbg `gscrldhg

oaesgqugeogs wbcob rgoammge` le lotcae ta tbgm le` samg oah` marlh prceocphg wbcob


http://www.catholicculture.org/commentary/otc.cfm?id=677








tghhs tbgm eat ta à ct. Baw ajtge blvg wg sgge tbcs usg`, jar gxlmphg, ce sgxulh mlttgrs1

Cj prg-mlrctlh sgx jastgrs ‘havg” le` drcens yau ‘ohasgr” tbge à ct! Cj le uedare obch`

stle`s ce tbg wly aj tbg blppcegss aj le lùht, tbge ichh ct!

Ce tbg hlst lelhyscs, baw à wg ieaw wbgtbgr tbg oaesgqugeogs gctbgr aj sgx autsc`g

mlrrclng ar aj ldartcae lrg dl` ar naa` uehgss wg jcrst ue`grstle` tbg elturg aj bumle

hcjg, tbg `cnecty aj tbg bumle pgrsae, tbg purpasg aj sgx, le` tbg vaoltcae aj mlrrclng1

Le` gvge cj wg ue`grstle` tbgsg tbcens ta l pacet, baw ole wg gvlhultg tbgm prapgrhy cj

wg àe–t ue`grstle` tblt tbg bumle pgrsae wls ml`g jar havg ar, gvge marg oammaehy,

cj wg àe–t rglhhy ue`grstle` wblt havg cs1 Marlh prceocphgs, dlsg` ae datb tbg elturlh

hlw le` @cvceg Tgvghltcae, geldhg us ta mlig saue` marlh `gocscaes ce spctg aj aur awe

rghltcvg cnearleog aj tbg elturg le` purpasg aj tbcens. (Marlh prceocphgs lhsa gehcnbtge us

ldaut tbg vgry struoturg aj rglhcty, sa tblt wg mcnbt ue`grstle` ct dgttgr.)

Ae tbg dlscs aj l jlcrhy oammae oaesgqugetclh olhouhus, ct ole dg lrnug` tblt

`rappcen le ltamco damd ae Bcrasbcml le` Elnlslic wls tbg marlhhy rcnbt tbcen ta à

dgolusg tbg jlchurg ta à sa wauh` blvg prahaeng` tbg wlr, rgsuhtcen ce le gvge nrgltgr

eumdgr aj olsulhtcgs. Pbus tbg mast advcaus oaesgqugeog aj tbg usg aj tbg ltamco damd

wls l rgùotcae ce tbg tatlh `gl`. Le` ygt ct rgmlces marlhhy wraen ta `ghcdgrltghy tlrngt

eae-oamdltlets ce wlr, dgolusg tbg eae-oamdltlet bls eat jarjgctg` bcs rcnbt ta hcjg dy

tbrgltgecen tbg hcjg aj leatbgr. L prcar marlh ue`grstle`cen cs rgqucrg` ta lssgss suob

oaesgqugeogs prapgrhy, le` ta sgg tblt tbg oaesgqugeog aj tbg `gltbs aj tges aj

tbausle`s aj ceeaoget wamge le` obch`rge bls l vgry `cjjgrget marlh wgcnbt tble tbg

oaesgqugeog aj tbg `gltbs aj tges aj tbausle`s aj gegmy sah`cgrs ce dltthg.

_cmchlrhy, ct ole dg lrnug` dy oaesgqugetclhcsm tblt tbg stgrchczltcae aj tbg rgtlr`g`

(ar aj aursghvgs) cs marlhhy naa`, dgolusg dy tbcs mgles wg ole lvac` uewletg`

pradhgms wbchg pramatcen sgxulh jrggàm le` pgrsaelh praspgrcty. Dut stgrchczltcae cs

stchh l mutchltcae aj tbg bumle pgrsae le`, gvge wbge vahuetlry ce aursghvgs, ct cevahvgs

l spcrctulh twcstcen lwly jram havg le` rgspaescdchcty. Ar ct ole dg lrnug` tblt tbgrg cs

eatbcen marlhhy wraen wctb gmdgzzhcen jue`s jram l oarparltcae wbcob cs uehcighy ta

ieaw tbgy lrg mcsscen9 ljtgr lhh, tbcs bls tbg `goc`g`hy naa` oaesgqugeog aj mlicen mg

rcob, le` wctb ea ‘àwe sc`g”. Sgt stglhcen rgmlces wraen le`, hcig lhh sces, ct `gl`ges

tbg sauh.

Dgolusg wg lrg ueldhg ta jargsgg lhh tbg oaesgqugeogs‐le` gvge lhh tbg ice`s aj

oaesgqugeogs‐wbcob jhaw jram ley ncvge lot, le` dgolusg wg oleeat truhy ku`ng

wbgtbgr glob aj tbgsg oaesgqugeogs cs gssgetclhhy naa` ar gvch wctbaut l prcar marlh

stle`lr`, oaesgqugetclhcsm scmphy ole–t wari. Vrceocphgs `rlwe jram dgyae` aur awe

cmmg`cltg pgrogptcaes le` `gscrgs lrg ldsahutghy gssgetclh. Margavgr, ce prlotcog






oaesgqugetclhcsts lrg cevlrcldhy cetget ae kustcjycen samgtbcen tbgy sbauh`e–t wlet. _a

dgwlrg; Pbg ge` rglhhy `agse–t kustcjy tbg mgles.






Pbg âmge ^ba Blvg Ldartcaes,le` tbg Havg Pbgy Egg`

Eavgmdgr <6, 4662

Pbg Eavgmdgr/@gogmdgr cssug aj Gevay Mlnlzceg ceohu`gs le lrtcohg dy Kleg Drgeele,

getcthg` ‘Baw Oauh` _bg @a Pblt1”, ldaut wblt matcvltgs l wamle ta blvg le ldartcae.

Kleg bgrsghj bl` twa ldartcaes, warig` wctb Vhleeg` Vlrgetbaa`, le` bghpg` bgr scstgr

ngt le ldartcae dgjarg sbg jcelhhy dgnle ta rggvlhultg gvgrytbcen sbg dghcgvg`. Eaw sbg

àgs pra-hcjg oauesghcen.

Pbg lrtcohg cs eat l stltcstcolh lelhyscs9 ct cs scmphy Kleg–s awe stary. Jar Kleg,

jgmcecst c`gahany, tbg hcgs aj ldartcaecsts le` tbgcr l`vgrtcsgmgets, hcmctg` ue`grstle`cen

aj tbg dcahancolh le` mgtlpbyscolh cssugs, wc`gsprgl` saoclh loogptleog, lduscvg

rghltcaesbcps datb ls l obch` le` ls le lùht, le` l `ggp jglr tblt glob aj bgr jcrst twa

prgneleocgs wauh` ruce bgr hcjg lhh oamdceg` ta `rcvg bgr ceta tbg ldartcae ouhturg. Ljtgr

bgr sgoae` ldartcae, Kleg `cvarog` le lduscvg busdle`. _bg hltgr mgt le` mlrrcg` l mle

wba trgltg` bgr wghh. Wejartueltghy, sbg egg`g` oauesghcen le` obasg ta ngt ct jram l

rl`colh jgmcecst oauesghar. Pbg rgsuht wls tblt sbg ngegrlhhy ml`g bgr busdle`–s hcjg l

ice` aj bghh. Dut wbge bg mavg` aut, sbg wls sbaoig` le` upsgt geaunb ta dgnce

qugstcaecen gvgrytbcen tbg oauesghar bl` dgge tghhcen bgr. Kleg rglhczg` sbg bl` ta

obleng. Bgr busdle` mavg` dloi ce. Le` Kleg `c` obleng, uhtcmltghy jce`cen rghcgj le`

egw hcjg ce l Oltbahco Oburob.

Pbg pacet aj Kleg Drgeele–s lrtcohg cs tblt pra-hcjgrs egg` ta try ta ue`grstle` tbg

mce`sgt aj wamge wba ngt ldartcaes, ls wghh ls tbg pradhgms tbgy gxpgrcgeog

ljtgrwlr`s. _bg jgghs tblt mley pra-hcjgrs jce` tbg `gocscae ta ldart ceoamprgbgescdhg,

le` tblt tbcs hcmcts tbgcr ldchcty ta rglob tbgsg wamge. Drgeele rgoammge`s tblt tbg

pra-hcjg mavgmget mlig dgttgr usg aj wamge wba blvg bl` ldartcaes (suob ls tbasg ce

tbg nraup _chget Ea Marg) ta mlig prgsgetltcaes lt plrcsbgs le` ghsgwbgrg wbcob wchhgeoaurlng atbgr past-ldartcvg wamge ta dgnce ta ture tbgcr hcvgs lraue`, le`

bghp prg-ldartcvg wamge ta à tbg slmg. Ls sbg slys ce bgr oaeohuscae;

Pbge tbg nrcm rglhcty aj baw ldartcae sblttgrs hcvgs wauh` dg bglr`, le` saae ct

wauh` eat dg tbaunbt aj ls l ohcecolh praogùrg ar l jue`lmgetlh rcnbt dut tbg

trlng`y ct cs. Pbcs mcnbt olusg pgaphg ta sly, ‘C àe–t wlet tblt ta blppge ta my






`lunbtgr, my scstgr, my ncrhjrcge`, ar ta mg. Ce jlot C àe–t wlet ldartcae ta blppge

lt lhh.”

Drgeele–s stary cs pawgrjuh le` mavcen. ^bchg C tbcei mast pgaphg wba wari ce pra-hcjg

oauesghcen lrg jlr marg sympltbgtco ta tbg phcnbt aj wamge sggicen ldartcaes tbleDrgeele tge`s ta dghcgvg, tbgrg cs ea lrnucen wctb bgr rgoammge`ltcae tblt tbg pra-hcjg

mavgmget sbauh` mlig nrgltgr usg aj pgrsaelh tgstcmaey jram tbasg wba blvg bl`

ldartcaes.

Pbg pra-hcjg mavgmget lhsa egg`s ta mlig usg aj mge wba ole ngt aut tbg mgsslng

aj wblt ct mgles ta havg. Drgeele rgvglhs tbcs egg` ce bgr awe stary wbge sbg eatgs tblt

ct wls tbg `gplrturg aj l mle wba lotulhhy trgltg` bgr wghh tblt jcelhhy kahtg` bgr aut aj

bgr sghj-ogetgrg`, sghj-`gjgltcen pbchasapby aj hcjg. C blvg haen lrnug` tblt taa mley

pradhgms aj oaetgmparlry wamge (gspgoclhhy tbg ice` aj pradhgms tblt `rcvg tbgm ta

ldartcae) lrg olusg` dy mge wba gctbgr à eat ieaw baw ta dg mge, ar wba rgjusg ta dg

mge‐mge wba usg wamge ls tays, ldleàecen tbgm wbge tbgy ea haengr jce` tbgm

jue. Jltbgrs wba ldusg le`/ar ldleàe tbgcr `lunbtgrs9 havgrs le` busdle`s wba ldusg

le`/ar ldleàe tbgcr wcvgs; Pbgsg mge lrg lrobctgots aj cesgourcty le` lengr ce wamge,

datb aj wbcob jugh jgmcecsm le` l ouhturg aj `gltb.

Ct cs ea oaceoc`geog tblt tbg wch`hy papuhlr jchm Dghhl mligs prgocsghy tbcs pacet9 tbg

jchm–s bgra aunbt ta dgoamg l rahg ma`gh jar mlhgs. My awe prgsorcptcae, tbgrgjarg, cs

tblt ce l``ctcae ta cevctcen past-ldartcvg wamge ta dgoamg ceorglscenhy cevahvg` ce

pra-hcjg wari, wg lhsa egg` ta rgoruct naa` mge wba ole bghp sprgl` tbg mgsslng aj wblt ct rglhhy mgles ta havg. Mge must eat aehy gxphlce dut `gmaestrltg wctb tbgcr hcvgs

wblt ct mgles ta havg l wamle ls Obrcst havgs tbg Oburob. Pbgrg wchh lhwlys dg

gxogptcaes, le` samg naa` mge blvg dgge `gvlstltg` dy l wcjg–s `gocscae ta ldart.

Eaegtbghgss, C tbcei ct cs eat taa muob ta sly tblt tbg scenhg mast cmpartlet jarog

ce ge`cen tbg gpc`gmco aj ldartcae cs samgtbcen mge blvg tbg pawgr ta à; Havg.






Ldartcae le` tbg Csahltcae aj âmge

Lunust <0, 4663

Ct mly dg tblt eada`y olrgs geaunb ta obleng, dut wrctgrs lorass tbg spgotrum blvg

pacetg` aut baw `cvarog cmpavgrcsbgs wamge. Marg ajtge tble eat, tbg wamle rgtlces

ousta`y aj tbg obch`rge. Jrgqugethy tbg wamle bls `gvatg` scnecjcolet lmauets aj tcmg

le` gegrny ta bamgmlicen wbchg tbg mle bls ducht bcs olrggr. _tltcstcolhhy, marg wamge

`gpge` jceleoclhhy ae mge tble vcog vgrsl. Cj wg rgmavg l suppartcvg le` pratgotcvg

lùht mlhg jram l bausgbah`, tblt bausgbah` wchh lhmast lhwlys gxpgrcgeog l `rlmltco

`rap ce pgr olpctl ceoamg.

Pbge tbgrg–s tbg qugstcae aj l wamle–s rghltcvg ldchcty ta mlig l naa` ceoamg. Pbgrg

lrg samg hgnctcmltg rglsaes tblt wamge àe–t (stltcstcolhhy) jlrg ls wghh ce tbg wariphlog

ls mge. Cj aeg–s nalh ls le gmphaygr cs ta bcrg samgaeg wba wchh put wari jcrst jar l

nrglt mley yglrs, tbge wamge lrg eat tbg sljgr dgt. Ear, ce my apcecae, sbauh` tbgy dg.

Dut wbltgvgr tbg oamdceltcae aj rglhcty le` prgku`cog tblt bah`s wamge àwe ce tbg

wariphlog, tbgsg jlotars pravc`g l``ctcaelh rglsaes tblt `cvarog tge`s ta cmpavgrcsb

wamge jlr marg tble ct àgs mge, gvge wbge mge blvg tbg l``ctcaelh jceleoclh dur`ge

aj lhcmaey le` obch` suppart. ^bcob taa ajtge nags ueplc`.

Eaw aeg mcnbt tbcei tblt ldartcae wauh` dg plrt aj tbg sahutcae ta tbcs pradhgm. Hgjt

ta elturg, wamge wba lrg gmdrlog` cetcmltghy dy mge wchh earmlhhy oaeogcvg le` ncvg

dcrtb. Pbgrgjarg ct wauh` sggm tblt cj wg tbwlrt elturg dy ldartcen tbg obch` lt l

rglsaeldhy glrhy stlng aj `gvghapmget, tbge wg lrg gjjgotcvghy `gjge`cen tbg wamle–s

gqulhcty wctb tbg mle. Aj oaursg, uehgss wg lhsa oaeàeg le` geoaurlng datb cejletcoc`g

le` tbg ichhcen aj ah`gr obch`rge, wg oleeat tbraunb ku`coclh mur`gr l``rgss tbg jlot tblt

mley oauphgs stlrt ajj dy wcsbcen ta blvg obch`rge. Pbg ic`s oamg, dy mutulh cetgetcae,

dgjarg tbg `cvarog ar ldleàemget. Ce ley olsg, ls wg wchh sgg, tbg ldartcae mgetlhcty

cevlrcldhy hawgrs tbg pasctcae aj wamge ce l wbahg vlrcgty aj wlys, ea mlttgr wblt

stlng aj matbgrbaa` tbgy lrg ce.

Hloi aj _ympltby

Gvge l wamle wba wls aeog mlrrcg`, cj sbg cs eaw dur`geg` wctb obch`rge, wchh rgogcvg

vgry hctthg sympltby. Pbg vgry jlot tblt ldartcae wls le aptcae oaevgys le cmphloldhy

orugh mgsslng ta wamge; ‘Pbg obch`rge lrg yaur jluht. Sau le` yau lhaeg oauh` blvg






ge`g` tbg prgneleoy, dut yau studdarehy wletg` ic`s. _a yau–hh kust blvg ta hcvg wctb

tblt `gocscae, wae–t yau1” Pbg slmg mce`sgt lpphcgs àudhy jar le uemlrrcg` wamle

cmprgneltg` dy bgr day jrcge`. Cj sbg rgscsts tbg prgssurgs (le` ajtge tbg dgltcens) dy

wbcob gctbgr bgr mle ar bgr plrgets sggi ta oampgh bgr ta ldart, tbge sbg bls aehy bgrsghj

ta dhlmg wbge tbg mle mavgs ae ta l marg sgxulhhy-oampgtctcvg wamle, hglvcen tbg

matbgr ce pavgrty. Pbg vgry passcdchcty aj ldartcae lhwlys tge`s ta csahltg wamge.

Ce le lrtcohg ce tbg Lunust/_gptgmdgr cssug aj Jcrst Pbcens, Tcoblr` _tchh `gvghapg`

tbcs pacet tbaraunbhy ue`gr l oampghhcen tcthg; ‘Bgr Obacog, Bgr Vradhgm; Baw Ldartcae

Gmpawgrs Mge”. Bgrg cs l slmphg plsslng;

Vrcar ta tbg hgnlhczltcae aj ldartcae ce tbg Wectg` _tltgs, ct wls oammaehy

ue`grstaa` tblt l mle sbauh` ajjgr l wamle mlrrclng ce olsg aj prgneleoy, le`

mley `c` sa. Dut wctb tbg hgnlhczltcae aj ldartcae, mge stlrtg` ta jggh tblt tbgy

wgrg eat rgspaescdhg jar tbg dcrtb aj obch`rge le` oaesgqugethy eat ue`gr ley

adhcnltcae ta mlrry. Ce nlcecen tbg aptcae aj ldartcae, mley wamge blvg hast tbg

aptcae aj mlrrclng. Hcdgrlh ldartcae hlws blvg tbus oaesc`grldhy ceorglsg` tbg

eumdgr aj jlmchcgs bgl`g` dy l scenhg matbgr, rgsuhtcen ce wblt samg goaeamcsts

olhh tbg ‘jgmceczltcae aj pavgrty.”

_tctb bls ct gxlothy rcnbt. Pbgrg cs eaw l rghltcvghy ljjar`ldhg, rghltcvghy sljg (jar tbg

matbgr), rghltcvghy loogptldhg le` gxtrgmghy wc`gsprgl` mgoblecsm jar prgvgetcen dcrtb

gvge ljtgr l prgneleoy aoours. Le` tbg `gocscae ta mlig usg aj tbcs mgoblecsm rgsts

(hgnlhhy, lt hglst) wctb tbg wamle. Pbgrgjarg, tbg mle–s rahg ce tbg prgneleoy, l mgrg

mlhjueotcae aj rgorgltcaelh sgx, àgs eat rglhhy olusg bgr ley cesurmauetldhg pradhgm.

_bg scmphy bls ta mlig l sgescdhg `gocscae. Ct–s bgr pradhgm cj sbg àgse–t.

_aoclh Csahltcae

Eaw ce mley naa` rghcncaus ocrohgs, plrtcouhlrhy naa` Oltbahco ocrohgs, l prgnelet

wamle ce `cstrgss wchh ngegrlhhy dg ljjar`g` tbg psyobahancolh suppart sbg `gsgrvgs.

Gvge cj tbg oaeogptcae aj tbg obch` cs rgnlr`g` ls scejuh ar uejartueltg, tbg rahg aj tbg

mlhg cs rgoaneczg`, le` tbg `gocscae ta olrry tbg obch` ta tgrm cs oaesc`grg` l`mcrldhg,gvge bgraco. Pbus jlmchy le` jrcge`s ole bghp bgr ta `glh wctb tbg sgesg aj csahltcae

olusg` dy tbg dhlmg le` ldleàemget aj bgr supgrjcoclh havgr. Pbcs cs sa dgolusg ce suob

ocrohgs ldartcae cs eat l hgnctcmltg aptcae.

Dut ce mast sgouhlr ocrohgs, ceohu`cen ocrohgs aj tbasg wba l`bgrg aehy ta sgouhlrczg`

le` lttgeultg` eatcaes aj wblt ct mgles ta dg ‘spcrctulh”, ct cse–t kust tbg eaw-ldsget






tbg rgsuhts aj ldartcae le` `cvarog le` lhh tblt nags wctb tbgm jar wamge, dut mast lrg

sa kglhaus aj tbg mlhg–s olplocty jar rgpra`uotcvg crrgspaescdchcty tblt tbgcr aehy tbaunbt

cs ta gxlht tblt slmg olplocty ce wamge cestgl` aj sggicen ta `cmcecsb ct ce mge.

Pa tbg oaetrlry, wamge wchh egvgr dg hcdgrltg` uehgss aur ouhturg ole sge` tbgm l

vlsthy `cjjgrget mgsslng, l mgsslng aj ljjcrmltcae cestgl` aj csahltcae, l mgsslng tblt

tbg lspcrltcae jar oammctmget, eurturg, nrawtb le` jlmchy cs lhtangtbgr naa` le` eadhg,

le` l mgsslng tblt wamge wba gxgmphcjy tbcs lspcrltcae lrg ta dg prlcsg`, suppartg` le`

gmuhltg`. Aur c`gl aj sgxulh cetcmloy must dg rguectg` wctb cts elturlh autoamg ce

praorgltcae, sa tblt sgxulh cetcmloy ole aeog lnlce dgoamg pgrsaelh cetcmloy; L

prajaue` pbyscolh, gmatcaelh le` spcrctulh kacecen wbcob marg pgrjgothy cmlngs tbg

Orgltar le` `gmle`s l stldchcty le` jc`ghcty olpldhg aj mcrrarcen tbg Orgltar–s havg. Pbg

c`gl aj mlsouhcecty must lhsa dg rguectg` wctb tbg mlhg cestceot ta orgltg splog jar bcm

le` bcs, ta pratgot wblt bg havgs lnlcest leytbcen tblt wauh` tglr ct lwly, ta mlig l

eadhg slorcjcog tblt cs uecqughy bcs awe.

Wejartueltghy aur ouhturg, aur mg`cl, le` aur hlws lrg hlrnghy oaetrahhg` dy

avgrbgltg` l`ahgsoget mce`s, datb mlhg le` jgmlhg, wbcob blvg lhmast ea c`gl aj tbg

oaesgqugeogs aj tbgcr awe `csar`grg` `gscrgs. Ce`gg`, tbg warh` cs juhh aj pgaphg wba

ole glschy ue`grstle` wby l wamle mcnbt ngt prgnelet, dut oleeat ue`grstle`‐jar tbg

hcjg aj tbgm ar leyaeg ghsg‐wby l wamle sbauh` ncvg dcrtb.

Le ldartcae ouhturg‐l ouhturg aj `gltb‐burts gvgryaeg, dut ce `cjjgrget wlys. Jcrst

aj lhh, aj oaursg, ct ichhs tbg dldy. Dut avgr l haengr tgrm le` ce `ggpgr psyobahancolh,

gmatcaelh le` spcrctulh wlys, ct geldhgs sghjcsb mge ta twcst wamge ta tbgcr awe

`gogptcvg purpasgs, `ggphy lhcgeltcen tbasg wbam tbgy lrg mast olhhg` ta obgrcsb. Mge

egg` ta hglre ta gmdrlog wamge lnlce ls pgrsaes, eat kust ls da`cgs. Pbcs cs tbg aehy wly

ta ge` tbg ldartcae ouhturg, l ouhturg tblt, `gspctg cts ohlcms, lhwlys le` cevlrcldhy

csahltgs wamge dy rgjuscen tbgm havg.






Na` le` Mlmmae; Oltbahco _uppartjar Ldartcae

Lprch <:, 4663

Tgogethy C gxobleng` gmlchs wctb l oarrgspae`get wba lrnug` tblt l Oltbahco pahctcolh

stleog ce jlvar aj ldartcae cs marlhhy loogptldhg dgolusg tbg gvch aj ldartcae cs

samgtbcen tblt wg ieaw aehy jram Jlctb, le` eat samgtbcen tblt lhh mge ole ieaw ls

`gmaestrldhy trug. ^bge C sunngstg` ce rgphy tblt tbg Oltbahco pasctcae ae ldartcae cs

dlsg` ae elturlh hlw, le` sa cts trutb cs ieawldhg dy lhh, my oarrgspae`get rgspae`g`

tblt C wls scmphy wraen. Ct cs eat passcdhg, bg slc`, ta ue`grstle` tbg gvch aj ldartcae

gxpgrcgetclhhy, ls wg à wctb atbgr lotcaes prasorcdg` dy ocvch hlw. Pbgrgjarg, Oltbahcos

suob ls Kasgpb Dc`ge le` Eleoy Vghasc (le` Jr. Tadgrt @rcele dgjarg tbgm) ole

rgoaneczg tbg gvch aj ldartcae jram tbgcr Jlctb wbchg, lt tbg slmg tcmg, hgnctcmltghy

obaascen ta vatg ce jlvar aj ct ls l mlttgr aj ocvch hlw.

Pbcs cs, aj oaursg, mgrghy l marg sapbcstcoltg` gxprgsscae aj tbg lrnumget lnlcest

‘cmpascen aur rghcncaus vcgws” ae atbgrs (ceohu`cen, lpplrgethy, ae aursghvgs). Ce jlot, ct

rlcsgs tbg lrnumget ta tbg Etb `gnrgg, ce gjjgot lssgrtcen tblt wg mly eat geàrsg l

pudhco prabcdctcae aj leytbcen tblt lhh mge oleeat (ar à eat1) ieaw ogrtlcehy le`

gxpgrcgetclhhy ta dg gvch. Pbg mce` dannhgs lt tbg oamphloget ldsur`cty aj tbcs lrnumget.

Elturlh Hlw le` Elturlh Kustcog

Pbg jcrst `gjgesg lnlcest suob ldsur`cty cs ta cescst, wctb tbg Oburob, tblt ct cs le gssgetclh

purpasg aj ocvch navgremget ta jastgr kustcog; ta gesurg tblt glob pgrsae rgogcvgs bcs ùg,

ta orcmcelhczg lotcaes wbcob strcp leatbgr aj wblt cs rcnbtjuhhy bcs, le` ta puecsb tbasg

wba oammct suob orcmgs. L hlrng plrt aj ocvch navgremget cs egogsslrchy aooupcg` wctb

tbg pratgotcae aj hcjg, prapgrty le` hgnctcmltg bumle appartuecty jram datb cetgrelh le`

gxtgrelh lssluht. Ct cs prgocsghy aur elturlh ieawhg`ng aj tbgsg tbcens wbcob jarms tbg dlscs aj aur ocvch pursuct aj kustcog9 ce atbgr war`s, aur rgspaescdchcty jar prapgr ocvch

navgremget `grcvgs cmmg`cltghy jram tbg elturlh hlw.

Eaw, ce oaesc`grcen elturlh kustcog ls l prlotcolh mlttgr, ct wchh ajtge dg prgaooupcg`

wctb tbasg tbcens ldaut wbcob mast octczges lnrgg, dut ct cs hu`coraus `ghcdgrltghy ta

rgstrcot cts cmphgmgetltcae ta suob mlttgrs, hgt lhaeg oaejceg ct ta tbasg tbcens ldaut






wbcob tbg getcrg da`y aj octczges ohlcms ta dg ogrtlce. L mamget–s rgjhgotcae rgvglhs tblt

suob le lppralob cs uewarildhg. Pbgrg mly dg ley eumdgr octczges ar nraups aj octczges

wba jlch ta ue`grstle` tblt stglhcen jram duscegssgs cs wraen, tblt dhlois le` wbctgs

blvg gqulh bumle rcnbts, tblt obch`rge lrg eat mgrg tbcens, tblt wamge passgss tbg slmg

`cnecty ls mge, tblt warigrs blvg l rcnbt ta tbg jructs aj tbgcr hldar, le` sa ae. Ce jlot,

bcstary cs rgphgtg wctb cestleogs aj getcrg ouhturgs wbcob blvg jlchg` ta rgoaneczg samg

lspgots aj tbg elturlh hlw tblt aur awe ouhturg jce`s advcaus (le` vcog vgrsl).

Dut kust ls cnearleog aj tbg pasctcvg hlw cs ea gxousg, egctbgr cs cnearleog aj tbg

elturlh hlw, jar tbg ue`grstle`cen aj tbg elturlh hlw le` cts oa`cjcoltcae ce pasctcvg hlw cs

l wari aj rglsae wbcob octczges lrg lhwlys gxpgotg` ta passgss gvge wbge tbgy jlch ta

gxgrocsg ct prapgrhy. Oaesgqugethy, apgrltcen wctb pru`geog, ocvch navgremget eat aehy

mly dut must lot ce looar`leog wctb elturlh kustcog, bawgvgr `cmhy pgrogcvg`. Ce jlot,

tbg jlchurg ta sa ae l mlkar solhg cs sujjcocget ta rge`gr l navgremget chhgnctcmltg, le` ta

pgrmct cts hgnctcmltg rgphlogmget sbauh` tbg appartuecty lrcsg. ^bchg ce prlotcog ea

ouhturg le` ea navgremget gvgr rgoaneczgs lhh aj cts adhcnltcaes ue`gr tbg elturlh hlw,

gvgry navgremget bls l ùty ta pursug elturlh kustcog gvge wbge‐pgrblps gspgoclhhy

wbge‐samg lmaen tbg octczgery wcsb ta `gey kustcog ta atbgrs ce tbgcr mc`st wbchg

ohlcmcen tblt tbcs `geclh cs egogsslry ar gvge naa`.

Ct aunbt ta na wctbaut slycen tblt tbg jcrst rgqucrgmget aj kustcog cs ta pratgot tblt

wbcob cs datb `glrgst ta glob pgrsae le` mast juhhy bcs awe, elmghy bcs vgry hcjg. Ct cs l

rghltcvghy scmphg gxgrocsg aj rglsae ta ue`grstle` tblt lhh ceeaoget bumle pgrsaes blvg l

rcnbt ta hcjg, le` tblt tbgrg cs l marlh adhcnltcae ta pratgot tblt rcnbt tbraunb lhh tbg stlngs

aj l bumle pgrsae–s gxcstgeog. Pbg jlot tblt, jar ley eumdgr aj rglsaes, samg pgrsaes

lrg dhce` ta tbcs rglhcty wbge ct oamgs ta nraups tbgy `cshcig ar jce` ceoaevgecget àgs

eat pravc`g l wlrrlet jar `gohlrcen tbg pratgotcae aj hcjg aptcaelh jar tbgsg nraups. Ce

prlotcog, aj oaursg, nrlvg cekustcogs mly lrcsg le` tbgrg mly dg vgry hctthg leyaeg ole à

ldaut tbgm. Dut ce tbgary, tbg adhcnltcae ta pratgot tbg rcnbt ta hcjg cs ohglr, le` tbgrg ole

dg ea passcdhg kustcjcoltcae jar oaeohu`cen tblt, dgolusg eat lhh octczges rgoaneczg tblt

rcnbt, ct cs tbgrgjarg pgrmcsscdhg jar tbasg wba à rgoaneczg ct ta jrlmg hlws ls cj tbgy à

eat. Pbg aehy passcdhg gxousg jar samgaeg ta wari ce jlvar aj tbg vcahltcae aj tbg rcnbt

ta hcjg, ar ce jlvar aj ley atbgr nrlvg elturlh marlh gvch, cs sgrcaus oaejuscae9 dut lnlce,

suob oaejuscae ldaut elturlhhy-ieawldhg naa`s cs rcnbthy oaesc`grg` dhlmgwartby.

Obrcstclecty Ohlrcjcgs Elturg

Dgolusg aj tbg wgliegss aj tbg bumle cetghhgot le` tbg cejhugeog aj tbg plsscaes, mge

jrgqugethy mlig mcstligs ldaut wblt cs naa`, le` sa tbgy mcsue`grstle` cssugs aj






elturlh kustcog. Jar tbcs rglsae, plnle saocgtcgs jrgqugethy blvg hlrng nlps ce tbg

ue`grstle`cen le` lpphcoltcae aj tbg elturlh hlw. Ct cs lhsa trug tblt tbg hcnbt aj jlctb le`

tbg cejhugeog aj nrlog hcjt tbg cetghhgot aut aj `lriegss le` bghp ct, wctbaut supgrog`cen

elturg, ta pgrogcvg marg loourltghy lhh elturlh trutbs. Ls saocgtcgs blvg dgoamg Obrcstcle,

tbgcr sgesg aj elturlh kustcog bls dgge strgentbgeg` le` mley `csputg` prceocphgs blvg

dgoamg marg ohglrhy ue`grstaa` le` marg prapgrhy vlhug`.

Pbus, jar gxlmphg, mley plnle saocgtcgs (ar gvge eamcelhhy Obrcstcle saocgtcgs taa

cejhugeog` dy plnle c`gls) blvg grraegaushy bgh` tblt samg bumle nraups lrg eat juhhy

bumle, tblt samg plrtcouhlr bumle oae`ctcae rge`grs aeg hgss tble bumle, ar tblt ce ley

olsg bumle pgrsaes tbgmsghvgs passgss egctbgr le ceeltg `cnecty ear rcnbts. Baw ajtge

bls mcnbt ml`g rcnbt, wctb tbg pawgrjuh eglthy `cspascen aj tbg hgss pawgrjuh looar`cen

ta tbgcr wbcms! Ce aur awe ouhturg, wg tge` eat ta dg dhce` ldaut tbg stlngs aj bumle hcjg

(aur dcahany cs taa naa`), ar ldaut rloclh ar sgxulh gqulhcty. Dut wg tge` ta dg vgry

oaejusg` ldaut wblt l pgrsae cs, ldaut tbg mglecen le` purpasg aj sgxulhcty, le` ldaut

wbgtbgr ley pgrsae bls sujjcocget `cnecty ta trump tbg `gscrgs aj tbasg wba lrg bglhtbcgr,

wglhtbcgr ar marg pawgrjuh. Pbus tbg ceoaevgecget le` `gjgesghgss ce saocgty lrg lnlce

lt nrlvg rcsi‐tbg uedare, tbg ble`colppg`, tbg gh`grhy, tbg chh. Tgegwg` gxphactltcae aj

wamge dy mge, le` aj obch`rge dy plrgets, cs eat jlr dgbce`.

Eaw ct cs ogrtlcehy trug tblt tbgrg cs l ouhturlh ohlsb dgtwgge tbasg wbasg cetghhgots

le` oaesocgeogs lrg gehcnbtgeg` dy Obrcstclecty le` tbasg wbasg cetghhgots le`

oaesocgeogs blvg dgoamg `lrigeg` tbraunb tbgcr awe wgliegss, ouhturlh prgssurgs, le`

pgrsaelh sce. Dut ce tbg ocvch ar`gr tbcs ohlsb cs prcmlrchy avgr tbg ue`grstle`cen aj

elturlh kustcog, le` tbasg wba prapgrhy pgrogcvg tbg `gmle`s aj elturlh kustcog ole blvg

ea gxousg jar jlchcen ta leswgr tbasg `gmle`s gvge wbge atbgrs hloi ue`grstle`cen.

Pbgy ogrtlcehy mly eat usg tbg jaahcsbegss le` pgrvgrscty aj tbgcr egcnbdars ls le gxousg

jar tbg pramatcae aj cekustcog ce tbg elmg aj ocvco rgspaescdchcty. Mlttgrs tblt ole dg

ieawe aehy tbraunb Tgvghltcae lrg quctg `cjjgrget. Bgrg Na` olhhs glob aeg ta Bcmsghj

ce l jrgg rgspaesg aj Jlctb. Dut wctb elturlh kustcog ct cs atbgrwcsg. Ce tbg pursuct aj

ustcog, mge mlig sgrcaus `gmle`s aj glob atbgr jar tbg slig aj wblt cs elturlhhy naa`

le` rcnbt. Margavgr, ce tbg ocvch ar`gr, tbg gxgrocsg aj kustcog cs egogsslrchy oagrocvg.

Vgrsaelh Tgspaescdchcty

Dut hgt us suppasg jar l mamget tblt tbg rcnbt ta hcjg aj tbg uedare obch` cs eat l mlttgr

aj elturlh kustcog. Hgt us suppasg cestgl` tblt cs ole dg ieawe aehy tbraunb Jlctb tblt le

uedare obch` cs l bumle pgrsae wctb tbg slmg rcnbts ls bcs plrgets, ceohu`cen l rcnbt ta

hcjg wbcob lhh kust saocgtcgs must rgoaneczg. Cj suob wgrg tbg olsg, wauh` l Obrcstcle wba






rgoaneczg` tbg pgrsaebaa` aj tbg uedare dg kustcjcg` ce vatcen ce jlvar aj ldartcae

dgolusg bcs jghhaw octczges oleeat dg gxpgotg` ta rgoaneczg tblt pgrsaebaa`1 Leswgr;

Pbg vgry c`gl cs ldsur`.

Cj C ieaw, jram wbltgvgr saurog, tblt my jrcge`s lrg pgrsaes, dut C sgg tblt atbgrs

wba lrg hgss gehcnbtgeg` wcsb ta `gey tbgcr pgrsaebaa` le` mur`gr tbgm, lm C kustcjcg`

ce pramatcen hlws tblt pratgot suob mur`gr1 Hlws tblt mlig ct glscgr1 Hlws tblt

geoaurlng ct1 Hlws tblt rgùog tbg mur`grgrs– rcsis1 Lm C eat rltbgr adhcng` ta à

gvgrytbcen ce my pawgr ta pratgot tbg rcnbts aj my jrcge`s, ta jrlmg hlws le` pahcocgs

dlsg` ae l rgoanectcae aj tbgcr pgrsaebaa`, ta rgstrlce le`, cj egogsslry, puecsb tbasg

wba uekusthy try ta tlig tbgcr hcvgs1 Dy wblt passcdhg oaevahutcae aj lrnumget wauh` C

dg kustcjcg` ce tbceicen tbg dhceègss aj atbgrs ncvgs mg tbg rgspaescdchcty aj pratgotcen

tblt dhceègss tbraunb hlws tblt datb pgrpgtrltg le` kustcjy tbg nrlvgst passcdhg cekustcog

ta my jrcge`s1

Ct cs wraen ta tbcei tblt tbgrg lrg twa oaejhcotcen trutbs, l slorg` trutb le` l sgouhlr

trutb, l rghcncaus trutb le` l ocvch trutb. ^g oleeat sly, ‘My rghcncae tglobgs mg tblt

uedare bumle hcjg cs slorg`, dut tbg sgouhlr warh` tglobgs mg gctbgr eatbcen ar tbg

appasctg. Pbgrgjarg, wbge C lm ce Oburob, C wchh `gjge` tbg uedare, dut wbge C lot ce tbg

ocvch ar`gr, C wchh wari ta gesurg tblt tbg uedare mly dg ichhg`. Ce tbcs wly, C wchh juhjchh

datb my rghcncaus le` ocvch rgspaescdchctcgs.” Aj oaursg, eada`y lrnugs tbcs wly, le` ce

ley olsg, tbasg wba jlvar ldartcae ce tbg ocvch ar`gr à eat oae`gme ct wbge tbgy lrg ce

Oburob. Cestgl`, tbgy lrg gctbgr `ggphy oaejusg` lt lhh tcmgs ar, vgry hcighy ce samg olsgs,

tbgy lrg scmphy ouhturlh appartuecsts lt lhh tcmgs.

^ctb rgspgot ta tbcs hlst pacet‐tblt aj ouhturlh appartuecsm‐C rgture ta l suspcocae C

blvg rlcsg` ae mley aoolscaes, tbg suspcocae tblt mast pra-ldartcae Oltbahcos lrg `rcvge

prcmlrchy (lhdgct ajtge ueieawcenhy) dy l `gscrg jar loogptleog le` jlvar lmaen tbasg

tbgy rgnlr` ls tbg hgl`grs aj aur ouhturg. Pbaunb tbg eumdgr aj pahctcocles lotcvg datb ce

tbg <3:6–s le` ta`ly cs nrawcen smlhh, ct bls dgge wc`ghy eatg` avgr tbg yglrs tblt mley

pahctcocles, ceohu`cen mley Oltbahco pahctcocles, wba dgolmg l`vaoltgs aj ldartcae ce

tbg <3>6–s le` dgyae`, wgrg ae rgoar` ls jcrmhy appascen ldartcae l `gol`g glrhcgr. Aeg

oleeat ku`ng ley pgrsae–s matcvgs, dut aeg ole rgoaneczg tblt ce pahctcos ls ce hcjg ce

ngegrlh‐le` pgrblps gspgoclhhy lmaen tbasg wba lrg lttrlotg` ta pahctcos‐tbgrg cs l

straen `gscrg ta ‘jct ce” wctb tbg mavgrs le` sbligrs, tbg ouhturlh ghctg, tbg Tcnbt Vgaphg.

Ldsur`cty Tgùx

Pbgrg cs, ce atbgr war`s, l straen `gscrg ta làpt jlsbcaeldhg pasctcaes rltbgr tble ta

lssumg pgrsaelh rgspaescdchcty jar aeg–s `gocscaes. Ce ley olsg, ct cs l jlchurg ta lssumg






Oaetrlog tcae; ̂ b Ct–s ̂ rae

Mlrob <7, 466>

Pbg rgoget `gdltg avgr oaetrlogptcae dgtwgge Jr. Pbamls Gutgegugr aj Bumle Hcjg

Cetgreltcaelh le` eltcaelhhy sye`coltg` tlhi-sbaw bast _gle Bleecty bls draunbt ta

ogetgr stlng le cssug wbcob mast Lmgrcoles‐le` mast Oltbahcos‐scmphy à eat

ue`grstle`. Hgt–s rgvcgw wblt–s wraen wctb oaetrlogptcae.

Pbg cetrcesco marlh cssug aj lrtcjcoclh oaetrlogptcae cs l mlrrclng cssug. Oaetrlogptcae

bls hctthg ar ea cetrcesco marlh rghgvleog autsc`g aj mlrrclng. Pbcs oaetrcdutgs ta tbg

`cjjcouhty aur ouhturg bls ce ue`grstle`cen tbg pradhgm, dgolusg aur ouhturg àgse–t

ue`grstle` mlrrclng gctbgr. Ljtgr lhh, aehy ldaut blhj aj lhh oauphgs lrg jarmlhhy mlrrcg`.

Jar tbcs rglsae, ct cs pgrblps dgst ta stlrt wctb wblt wg mcnbt olhh tbg gxtrcesco marlh

cssugs lssaocltg` wctb oaetrlogptcae, wbcob lpphy ta lhh sgxulh rghltcaes.

Pbg Oaesgqugeogs aj Oaetrlogptcae

C lm uscen tbg war` ‘gxtrcesco” ta lpphy ta tbg oaesgqugeogs aj oaetrlogptcae ls appasg`

ta cts awe gssgetclh marlh oblrlotgr. Oltbahcos lrg eat oaesgqugetclhcsts, le` wg àe–t

`gtgrmceg tbg marlhcty aj le lot dy lttgmptcen ta jargsgg lhh cts oaesgqugeogs. Dut wg à

`gtgrmceg tbg pru`geog aj le lot dy lssgsscen cts patgetclh oaesgqugeogs. Jar tbcs rglsae,

ct cs bcnbhy cestruotcvg ta gxlmceg tbg gxtrcesco marlh cssugs lssaocltg` wctb

oaetrlogptcae.

Gvge marlhhy egutrlh lots ole blvg naa` ar dl` oaesgqugeogs le` sbauh` dg sghgotg`

ar lvac`g` looar`cenhy. Ct cs l marlhhy egutrlh lot, jar gxlmphg, ta `lm l rcvgr, dut aeg

wlets ta dg prgtty surg aj tbg oaesgqugeogs dgjarg aeg duch`s tbg `lm. _a taa, mley

marlhcsts blvg lrnug` (C dghcgvg oarrgothy) tblt oaetrlogptcae cs marlhhy egutrlh ce ctsghj

wbge oaesc`grg` autsc`g aj mlrrclng. Dut oaetrlogptcae supprgssgs tbg elturlh autoamg

aj sgxulh cetgroaursg, le` ce sa àcen ct bls twa cmmg`cltg le` `gvlstltcen

oaesgqugeogs.

Jcrst, ct genge`grs l olsulh lttctu`g tawlr` sgxulh rghltcaes. Le lotcae wbcob, dgolusg

aj tbg passcdchcty aj oaeogcvcen l obch`, mligs `gmle`s ae tbg stldchcty aj tbg oauphg cs

strcppg` dy oaetrlogptcae aj cts haen-tgrm mglecen. Pbg mutulh oammctmget aj l oauphg

cmphcg` dy tbg vgry elturg aj tbcs cetcmltg sghj-ncvcen cs eaw avgrsblàwg` dy tbg jlot

tblt tbg mast advcaus (tbaunb eat egogsslrchy tbg mast cmpartlet) rglsae jar tblt






Ct cs cetrcescolhhy cmmarlh ta jrustrltg gctbgr aj tbgsg purpasgs. Hgt mg rgpglt tbcs

stltgmget. Ct cs cmmarlh ta obaasg `ghcdgrltghy ta jrustrltg gctbgr tbg uectcvg ar tbg

praorgltcvg ge`s aj mlrctlh cetgroaursg. Ct cs cmmarlh ta mlig aj yaur spausg le adkgot aj

yaur phglsurg, ta oagrog yaur spausg, ar ta genlng ce sgxulh rghltcaes ce l mleegr ar

ue`gr oae`ctcaes wbcob oammuecoltg olhhausegss ar oaetgmpt. Pbgsg tbcens jrustrltg tbg

uectcvg purpasg. Ct cs lhsa cmmarlh ta tlig `ghcdgrltg stgps ta prgvget le atbgrwcsg

patgetclhhy jructjuh oauphcen jram dglrcen jruct. Pbcs jrustrltgs tbg praorgltcvg purpasg.

Tghltg` Cssugs

Dgolusg ct olusgs sa muob oaejuscae, ct cs egogsslry ta stltg tblt ct cs eat cetrcescolhhy

cmmarlh ta obaasg ta genlng ce sgxulh rghltcaes wctb yaur spausg lt tcmgs wbge tbgsg

rghltcaes lrg eat hcighy ta dg jructjuh. Pbg marlh oaesc`grltcaes wbcob navgre tbcs `gocscae

rgvahvg lraue` tbg adhcnltcae mlrrcg` oauphgs blvg ta dg ngeuceghy apge ta obch`rge

cesajlr ls tbgy ole pravc`g jar tbgcr mltgrclh wghh-dgcen le` prapgr jarmltcae. Pbgrg cs

eatbcen ce tbcs qugstcae aj tcmcen tblt jrustrltgs tbg purpasgs aj l plrtcouhlr mlrrclng lot.

_tltcstcolhhy, oauphgs wba lvac` oaetrlogptcae jce` tblt tbgcr mlrrclngs lrg

strgentbgeg`, tbgcr blppcegss ceorglsg`, le` tbgcr bglhtb cmpravg`. _amg aj tbgsg

oaesc`grltcaes lrg tapcos jar leatbgr `ly. Dut Jr. Gutgegugr cs ohglrhy oarrgot le` _gle

Bleecty cs ohglrhy wraen. Oaetrlogptcae cs l nrlvg gvch wctbce mlrrclng le` bls nrlvg

oaesgqugeogs eat aehy wctbce mlrrclng dut autsc`g aj mlrrclng ls wghh. Datb ce`cvc`ulh

oauphgs le` saocgty ls l wbahg wchh mlturg ceta `ggpgr blppcegss dy jrggcen tbgmsghvgs

jram tbg jlhsg pramcsgs aj oaetrlogptcae, le` jram cts marlh hcgs.






Vhle D le` tbg Olsg aj Tl g

@gogmdgr <0, 466>

Tgogethy tbg dcsbaps aj Oaeegotcout wgrg jlog` wctb l egw _tltg hlw rgqucrcen tblt lhh

baspctlhs (ceohu`cen Oltbahco baspctlhs) l`mcecstgr tbg `run ieawe ls Vhle D ta vcotcms

aj rlpg, pravc`g` l prgneleoy tgst cs egnltcvg. Dgjarg tbg hlw wls plssg`, tbg dcsbaps

stltg` tblt tbgy oauh` eat oamphy cj tbg hlw `c` eat lhsa ceohu`g le avuhltcae tgst. Dut

wbge tbg _tltg plssg` tbg hlw leywly, tbg dcsbaps obleng` tbgcr pasctcae.

Haaicen Dl` ce Oaeegotcout

Vhle D cs datb l oaetrlogptcvg le` le ldartcjlocget `run. Pbg dcsbaps bl` cectclhhy lrnug`

tblt l egnltcvg prgneleoy tgst wls cesujjcocget gvc`geog tblt ea egw bumle hcjg wls

prgsget, dgolusg prgneleoy tgsts typcolhhy à eat `gtgot tbg gxcstgeog aj l jgrtchczg` avum

uetch da`chy oblengs dgnce ljtgr cmphletltcae, wbcob aoours scx ta twghvg `lys ljtgr

jgrtchczltcae. Gvge tbg dgst tgst ole `gtgrmceg prgneleoy aehy wctbce 02 baurs, dut tbcs

tgst cs tcmg-oaesumcen, gxpgescvg le` sghàm usg`.

Jar tbcs rglsae, tbg dcsbaps bgh` tblt le avuhltcae tgst sbauh` lhsa dg rgqucrg` prcar ta

mle`ltary l`mcecstrltcae aj Vhle D, dgolusg tbcs lhaeg oauh` gesurg tblt l dldy bl` eat

dgge oaeogcvg`. Bawgvgr, wbge tbg hlw wget ceta gjjgot wctbaut tbcs pravcscae, tbg

Dcsbaps orgltg` samgtbcen aj l sole`lh dy oblencen tbgcr mce`s. Ldleàecen wblt tbgy

bl` l`vleog` ls rgprgsgetcen tbg apcecae aj tbg mlkarcty aj Oltbahco marlhcsts, tbgy

cestgl` jaousg` ae tbg jlot tblt samg marlhcsts `cslnrgg`, le` tbgy oaeohu`g` tbgrg wls

sujjcocget marlh àudt, ls wghh ls sujjcocget àudt ldaut baw Vhle D waris, ta pgrmct

oamphcleog wctb tbg hlw ljtgr lhh. (_gg tbgcr jcelh stltgmget.)

Pbg Vacets lt Cssug

Ct cs gxtrgmghy uejartueltg tblt tbg dcsbaps– obleng aj mce` aoourrg` ce rgspaesg ta tbg

dchh dgoamcen hlw, dgolusg tbg tcmcen wgliges tbgcr marlh org`cdchcty. Pbgrgjarg, C prgjgr

ta authceg tbg egogsslry Oltbahco prceocphgs ce`gpge`gethy rltbgr tble lttgmptcen ta `rlw

tbgm aut aj tbg sbcjtcen rglsaecen aj tbg Oaeegotcout dcsbaps. Vhle D àgs twa tbcens. Ct

prgvgets avuhltcae sa tblt tbgrg lrg ea gnns jar spgrms ta jgrtchczg (oaetrlogptcae prapgr)

le`, cj gnns lrg prgsget, ct prgvgets jgrtchczg` gnns jram cmphletcen ce tbg utgrus (tblt cs,

ldartcae). Pbg Oburob–s tglobcen cs vgry ohglr ae tbg jlot tblt `crgot ldartcae cs lhwlys


http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?id=7836






wraen, gvge ce tbg olsg aj rlpg. Bawgvgr, mley wba loogpt tbcs pasctcae blvg

gxprgssg` oaejuscae ae tbg twa rgmlcecen marlh pacets lt cssug;

Ce rlpg olsgs wctb l egnltcvg prgneleoy tgst dut ea avuhltcae tgst, mly ldartcae

dg tahgrltg` ls le uecetge`g` oaesgqugeog aj lttgmptcen ta prgvget avuhltcae1

<.

Ce rlpg olsgs, cs tbg prgvgetcae aj avuhltcae (tblt cs, trug oaetrlogptcae)

pgrmcsscdhg1

4.

Pbg arcncelh pasctcae aj tbg Oaeegotcout dcsbaps wls dlsg` ae l egnltcvg leswgr ta tbg

jcrst qugstcae le` l pasctcvg leswgr ta tbg sgoae`. Pbgcr jcelh pasctcae leswgrg` datb

qugstcaes pasctcvghy. Ce tbg gesucen `csousscaes, samg Oltbahcos blvg ohlcmg` tblt

artbaàxy rgqucrgs datb qugstcaes ta dg leswgrg` egnltcvghy. C sblhh lrnug tblt tbg

arcncelh pasctcae aj tbg dcsbaps wls ce jlot oarrgot; ‘Ea” ta tbg jcrst qugstcae9 ‘Sgs” tatbg sgoae`.

Ce `csousscen tbgsg cssugs ct cs cmpartlet ta rgoaneczg tblt le loourltg ue`grstle`cen

aj tbg wly Vhle D waris cs orctcolh ta tbg lelhyscs. My ue`grstle`cen cs tblt Vhle D cs

suppasg` ta prgvget avuhltcae. Cj avuhltcae aoours, ct mly lhsa prgvget cmphletltcae aj

tbg jgrtchczg` avum ce tbg utgrus. Jar tbcs rglsae, cj avuhltcae bls eat aoourrg`, tbg nalh

ce tbg olsg aj rlpg cs ta prgvget ct jram aoourrcen, tbgrgdy rge`grcen prgneleoy

cmpasscdhg. Dut cj avuhltcae bls aoourrg`, tbg aehy passcdhg nalh cs ta prgvget

cmphletltcae‐tblt cs, ta ichh samgda`y. Pbg marlh pradhgms oaeegotg` wctb tbgsg cssugs

lrg gxlogrdltg` dy tbg jlot tblt wg oleeat ieaw wctb ldsahutg ogrtlcety gxlothy wblt cs

nacen ae ce lhh olsgs.

Ldartcae ls le Wecetge`g` Oaesgqugeog

Wecetge`g` oaesgqugeogs à eat rge`gr le atbgrwcsg marlh lot cmmarlh. Ce l wlr, cj C

tlig olrg ta `gstray le lmma ùmp wbge ea ceeaoget ocvchcles lrg prgsget, tbg jlot tblt

le ceeaoget ocvchcle wle`grs ceta tbg lmma ùmp mamgets dgjarg C olusg ct ta gxpha`g

àgs eat lhtgr tbg marlh pgrmcsscdchcty aj tbg lotcae C blvg tlige. Ae tbg atbgr ble`, cj C

`ghcdgrltghy cnearg tbg ieawe jlot tblt tbg gegmy rleàmhy rues egcnbdarbaa` obch`rgetbraunb tbg ùmp ta `gtgr my lnnrgsscae, my phle cs marlhhy jhlwg` jram tbg jcrst.

Vrgsumldhy, tbg Oaeegotcout Dcsbaps bl` samgtbcen aj tbcs sart ce mce` wbge tbgy

rge`grg` tbgcr jcelh oamphcleog `gocscae jar Vhle D. Ct cse–t ogrtlce wbgtbgr Vhle D wchh

wari tbraunb oaetrlogptcae ar ldartcae, le` wbchg l pasctcvg prgneleoy tgst ole gstldhcsb

tbg prgsgeog aj l egw pgrsae, l egnltcvg prgneleoy tgst oleeat tghh us tblt ea egw pgrsae






cs prgsget. Vrgsumldhy, tbg dcsbaps oaeohu`g` tblt, ls tbg Oltbahco cetgetcae ce

l`mcecstgrcen Vhle D ta l rlpg vcotcm cs ta prgvget oaeogptcae, le` ls ct cs ueieawe

ue`gr Oaeegotcout hlw wbgtbgr ea jgrtchczg` avum cs prgsget, ley rgsuhtcen `gltb mly dg

oaestrug` ls le uecetge`g` oaesgqugeog.

Ct cs l jlcrhy oamphgx duscegss, dut C dghcgvg tbcs hanco jlchs dgolusg tbg dcsbaps blvg

loogptg` tbg _tltg–s ar`gr ta iggp tbgmsghvgs ce cnearleog aj avuhltcae. Pbraunb l

scmphg tgst, ct ole dg `gtgrmceg` wbgtbgr avuhltcae bls aoourrg`. Cj ct bls eat aoourrg`,

l`mcecstrltcae aj Vhle D mly rcnbthy dg cetge`g` ta prgvget ct. Cj tbcs strltgny jlchs, tbg

uejartueltg rgsuht mly rglsaeldhy dg vcgwg` ls le uecetge`g` oaesgqugeog. Dut

prgocsghy dgolusg tbg tgst cs passcdhg, tbg jlchurg ta tgst ce`coltgs le ueegogsslry

wchhcenegss ta `goc`g ta l`mcecstgr tbg `run ieawcen tblt c`getcjcldhg oae`ctcaes mly

gxcst wbcob rge`gr cts purpasg ldartcjlocget. Ljtgr lhh, cj avuhltcae bls aoourrg`, tbg aehy

passcdhg purpasg aj l`mcecstgrcen Vhle D cs ldartcjlocget. Pbcs sggms ta mg ta dg marlhhy

jhlwg`.

Pa l`` ta tbg oamphgxcty, wg blvg ea obacog dut ta loieawhg`ng tblt ea `run cs

<66% gjjgotcvg, le` tblt Vhle D cs eat lhwlys gjjgotcvg ce prgvgetcen avuhltcae.

Pbgrgjarg, wbge ct cs usg` jar tbcs purpasg, ct cs prg`cotldhg tblt ce samg olsgs avuhltcae

wchh stchh aoour, le` tblt jgrtchczltcae mly tbgrgjarg lhsa aoour, le` jcelhhy tblt

cmphletltcae mly dg prgvgetg`. @ags tbcs cevlhc`ltg tbg ohlsscjcoltcae aj tbg patgetclh

ldartcae ls le uecetge`g` oaesgqugeog1 Pbaunb C lm rghuotlet ta sly sa, C dghcgvg tbcs

`gpge`s ae tbg stltg aj bumle ieawhg`ng, ae pgrogetlngs, le` ae cetgetcaes. Cj tbg

earmlh apgrltcae aj tbg `run cs ta prgvget avuhltcae le` tbg `run cs ngegrlhhy rgnlr`g` ls

vgry gjjgotcvg (datb aj wbcob C ue`grstle` ta dg trug), tbge tbg `gocscae ta usg ct jar tbcs

purpasg, ljtgr `gtgrmcecen tblt avuhltcae bls eat lhrgl`y aoourrg`, lppglrs ta mg ta dg

marlhhy vlhc`.

Ley oaesgquget ldartcae, bawgvgr trlnco, wauh` dg scmchlr ta tbg uecetge`g`

oaesgqugeog aj l strly ocvchcle ce tbg lmma ùmp; passcdhg, dut eat hcighy, le` ogrtlcehy

eat cetge`g`. Eatg baw muob tbcs `gpge`s ae pru`getclh ku`ngmgets dlsg` ae bumle

gxpgrtcsg, wbcob sbauh` lhwlys mlig us olutcaus, dut eatg ls wghh tblt, ncvge geaunb

cestleogs aj lmma ùmp `gstruotcae, tbg prgsgeog aj l ocvchcle oauh` lhsa dg stltcstcolhhy

prg`cotg`. Cj tbg hcighcbaa` wgrg smlhh, ct wauh` eat lhtgr tbg marlh olsg. Ldsahutg

ogrtlcety oaeogrecen ocroumstleogs cs sghàm passcdhg jar mle.

Oaetrlogptcae ce Tlpg Olsgs

Pbg `cjjcouhty aj tbg jargnacen `csousscae pgrmcts mg ta genlng tbg dcsbaps aj

Oaeegotcout wctb samg `gnrgg aj sympltby, gvge tbaunb C dghcgvg tbgy `goc`g` wraenhy






ta oamphy wctb tbg _tltg–s egw hlw. Ls C blvg ce`coltg`, tbgrg cs l nrglt `glh aj egogsslry

bumle olhouhltcae ce tbcs qugstcae wbcob, wctbaut jurtbgr ohlrcjcoltcaes jram tbg

Mlncstgrcum aj tbg Oburob, rge`grs ct lt tbg vgry hglst `cjjcouht ta lssgss. Ct cs wctb samg

rghcgj, tbgrgjarg, tblt C ture my lttgetcae ta tbg sgoae` le` jlr scmphgr qugstcae, elmghy,

wbgtbgr oaetrlogptcae cs marlh ce tbg olsg aj rlpg. Ce tbcs `csousscae C lm rgjgrrcen ta

trug oaetrlogptcae, tblt cs, tbg prgvgetcae aj oaeogptcae. C lm eat uscen tbg tgrm

oaetrlogptcae ls l gupbgmcsm jar ogrtlce ice`s aj ldartcae.

_amg sgvgrg Oltbahco marlhcsts wba `cslnrgg wctb tbg Oaeegotcout dcsbaps blvg

prgsgetg` le lrnumget dlsg` ae tbg elturlh hlw. Pbgsg lutbars oaetge` tblt wg ieaw

jram elturlh hlw tblt tbg sgxulh lot must dg apge ta hcjg le`, tbgrgjarg, lhh oaetrlogptcae

cs cmmarlh. Pbgy octg tbg oaestlet tglobcen aj tbg Oburob ae tbcs qugstcae, mast juhhy

geueocltg` ce Vapg Vluh ZC–s nrglt geoyohcolh Bumlelg Zctlg.

Wejartueltghy, tbgy octg tbg Oburob–s tglobcen wraenhy, le` sa tbgy tbaraunbhy

mcsue`grstle` tbg elturlh hlw. Pbgy lttgmpt ta `csogre tbg elturlh hlw jram dcahany dy

ctsghj, wbcob cs cmpasscdhg. Pbg elturlh hlw cs rgl` prapgrhy aehy wctbce tbg ceeltg bumle

pgrogptcae aj oaetgxt, tblt uecqughy bumle ue`grstle`cen wbcob geldhgs us ta `csogre

tbg tghgahany aj elturlh tbcens. Pbg elturlh hlw cs eat jaue`, tbgrgjarg, ce le csahltg`

dcahancolh lelhyscs. Cj ct wgrg, ct wauh` dg cmmarlh jar bumles ta jhy. Ce jlot, looar`cen

ta tbg Oburob, tbg elturlh hlw navgrecen tbg sgxulh lot–s apgeegss ta hcjg cs `gpge`get

eat ae csahltg` dcahany dut ae dcahany wctbce mlrrclng.

Pbg Elturlh Hlw le` tbg Mlrctlh Lot Bumlelg Zctlg mligs tbcs vgry ohglr, le` C wchh l`` ctlhcos ce tbg jahhawcen octltcaes ta

drcen aut tbg igy pacet. Ce tbcs geoyohcolh, Vluh ZC slys tblt tbg egw qugstcaes rgnlr`cen

oaetrlogptcae rgqucrg tbg Oburob ta mlig l `ggpgr rgjhgotcae ae tbg prceocphgs aj ‘tbg

marlh tglobcen ae mlrrclng ‐l tglobcen wbcob cs dlsg` ae tbg elturlh hlw.” Bg lrnugs

tblt tbg Oburob bls lhwlys cssug` suob `aoumgets ‘ae tbg elturg aj mlrrclng,” le` tblt

tbg rglsae bg `c` eat hglvg tbg cssug ta tbg mlkarcty rgpart (`ghcvgrg` dy tbg oammcsscae

bg gstldhcsbg` ta stu`y tbg qugstcae) wls dgolusg samg apcecaes bl` gmgrng` wbcob

wgrg ‘lt vlrcleog wctb tbg marlh `aotrceg ae mlrrclng oaestlethy tlunbt dy tbg

mlncstgrcum aj tbg Oburob.” (#0 le` #:)

Pbg Vapg tbge nags ae ta `csouss ‘mlrrcg` havg”, wbcob bg `gjcegs ls bumle (‘eat

ust l qugstcae aj elturlh cestceot ar gmatcaelh `rcvg”) le` jrgghy wchhg` ‘sa tblt busdle`

le` wcjg dgoamg ce l wly aeg bglrt le` aeg sauh, le` tangtbgr lttlce tbgcr bumle

juhjchhmget.” _uob havg cs tatlh, jlctbjuh, gxohuscvg, le` jgoue`. Bg tbge `csoussgs

‘rgspaescdhg plrgetbaa`”, wbcob oaeogres ‘tbg adkgotcvg marlh ar`gr wbcob wls








gstldhcsbg` dy Na`” le` ce wbcob tbg ‘ busdle` le` wcjg, iggpcen l rcnbt ar`gr aj

prcarctcgs, rgoaneczg tbgcr awe ùtcgs tawlr` Na`, tbgmsghvgs, tbgcr jlmchcgs le` bumle

saocgty.” ‘Jram tbcs,” bg stltgs, ‘ct jahhaws tblt tbgy lrg eat jrgg ta lot ls tbgy obaasg ce

tbg sgrvcog aj trlesmcttcen hcjg, ls cj ct wgrg wbahhy up ta tbgm ta `goc`g wblt cs tbg rcnbt

oaursg ta jahhaw.” (#3 - #<6)

Jcelhhy, Vapg Vluh nags ae ta trglt sgxulh lotcvcty aehy ce tbcs mlrctlh oaetgxt; ‘Pbg

sgxulh lotcvcty, ce wbcob busdle` le` wcjg lrg cetcmltghy le` oblstghy uectg` wctb aeg

leatbgr, tbraunb wbcob bumle hcjg cs trlesmcttg`” cs eadhg le` wartby. Le` sa tbg

Oburob, ‘ce urncen mge ta adsgrvleog aj tbg prgogpts aj tbg elturlh hlw, wbcob ct

cetgrprgts dy cts oaestlet àotrceg, tglobgs tblt glob le` gvgry mlrctlh lot must aj

egogsscty rgtlce cts cetrcesco rghltcaesbcp ta tbg praorgltcae aj bumle hcjg” (#<<). Le`

jcelhhy;

Pbcs plrtcouhlr àotrceg, ajtge gxpaue`g` dy tbg mlncstgrcum aj tbg Oburob, cs

dlsg` ae tbg cesgplrldhg oaeegotcae, gstldhcsbg` dy Na`, wbcob mle ae bcs awe

cectcltcvg mly eat drgli, dgtwgge tbg uectcvg scnecjcoleog le` tbg praorgltcvg

scnecjcoleog wbcob lrg datb cebgrget ta tbgmlrrclng lot . (#<4)

Autsc`g aj Mlrrclng1

Jar tbg Oburob, tbg tgrm ‘mlrctlh lot” cs eat mgrghy l gupbgmcsm jar ‘sgxulh

cetgroaursg”. Pbg elturlh hlw geueocltg` ce tbg oaestlet tglobcen aj tbg Oburob lpphcgs

spgocjcolhhy le` gxohuscvghy wctbce mlrrclng. Ce`gg`, autsc`g aj mlrrclng, tbg sgxulh lot

cs scmphy wraen, ea mlttgr baw eadhg cts purpasg, ar baw apge ta hcjg le` havg ct mly

dg. Le` tbcs taa cs navgreg` dy tbg elturlh hlw, wbcob rgsgrvgs tbg sgxulh lot ta

mlrrclng, samgtbcen tblt oleeat dg `gtgrmceg` dy csahltg` dcahany, wbcob praùogs cts

rgsuhts gctbgr wly.

Ce jlot, wbge tbg sgxulh lot aoours autsc`g aj mlrrclng, tbg usg aj oaetrlogptcae cs

eat cetrcescolhhy cmmarlh9 ct àgs eat oampaue` tbg sce. Tltbgr, ct cs cetrcescolhhy

crrghgvlet. Ce tbg hlrngr pcoturg, aj oaursg, cj samgaeg cs utchczcen oaetrlogptcvgs ce ar`gr

ta suppart l pramcsouaus hcjgstyhg, tbg cetgetcae cs gvch, le` sa tbg lot. _cmchlrhy, Oburobhgl`grs blvg ngegrlhhy appasg` lhh pranrlms `gscneg` ta sahvg pradhgms tbraunb tbg

wc`gsprgl` `cstrcdutcae aj oaetrlogptcvgs dgolusg suob pranrlms blvg l sgvgrg tge`geoy

ta kustcjy ar geoaurlng pramcsoucty. Pbg gvch oaesgqugeogs lrg cegvctldhy le` lhwlys

prgsget, le` tbgy lrg `csprapartcaeltg ta ley suppasg` dgegjcts. Dut tbcs àgs eat spgli

ta tbg cetrcesco gvch aj l plrtcouhlr oaetrlogptcvg lot, wbcob gvch adtlces cetrcescolhhy aehy






wctbce mlrrclng.

Mast Oltbahcos wauh` cestceotcvghy ‘jggh” tblt ce tbg gvget aj rlpg, l wamle wauh`

dg kustcjcg` ce tlicen rglsaeldhg stgps ta prgvget tbg lttloigr–s spgrm jram jgrtchczcen aeg

aj bgr gnns, le` ce tbcs olsg mast Oltbahcos wauh` dg oarrgot. Ogrtlcehy sbg must lvac`

cetge`cen ta ichh l egwhy jarmg` obch` cj bg cs prgsget, le` sbg must lvac` ley tgobecqugs

wbcob lrg `gscneg` ta ichh l obch` uehgss sbg ole dg rglsaeldhy ogrtlce tblt ea obch` cs

prgsget. Dut sbg cs pgrjgothy kustcjcg` ce lttgmptcen ta prgvget oaeogptcae, dy l tbaraunb

jhusbcen ar ley atbgr ngeuceghy oaetrlogptcvg mgles. Ct cs aehy tbasg Oltbahcos wba blvg

nattge tbg Oburob–s elturlh hlw tglobcen wraen wba jlhh ceta tbg oaetrlry mgetlh trlp.

Eat Glsy

Eaeg aj tbcs cs glsy‐egctbgr tbg sctultcae, ear tbg socgeog, ear tbg marlh rglsaecen

wbcob must dg sa olrgjuhhy ue`grtlige. Pbg jcrst lrnumget, wbcob cevahvgs le

ue`grstle`cen aj tbg gjjgots aj `runs, tbg wgcnbcen aj pradldchctcgs, le` tbg gvlhultcae aj

bumle cetgetcaes, cs gxogg`cenhy `cjjcouht ta elch `awe. C ole aehy sly tblt C blvg trcg` ta

authceg ct oarrgothy. Pbg sgoae` lrnumget‐tbg lrnumget tblt purg oaetrlogptcae cs

marlhhy pgrmcsscdhg ce tbg olsg aj rlpg‐cs, C dghcgvg, ueleswgrldhg. Ce tbg ge`, C lm

prcmlrchy oaeogreg` tblt tbg Oburob–s tglobcens ae tbg elturlh hlw wctbce mlrrclng

sbauh` dg rcnbthy ue`grstaa`. Ce tbcs oaetgxt, ea Oltbahco sbauh` dg `rcvge dy l mcstlige

sgesg aj `uty ta rgqucrg l rlpg vcotcm ta sujjgr leytbcen sbg cs eat marlhhy daue` ta

loogpt.

YEatg; L jgw `lys ljtgr C pastg` tbcs lelhyscs, l rgl`gr `rgw my lttgetcae ta l rgoget

stu`y ce Pbg Eltcaelh Oltbahco Dcagtbcos \ulrtgrhy oaeogrecen gvc`geog tblt Vhle D

mly eat blvg le ldartcjlocget gjjgot, tbg mleujloturgr–s hctgrlturg eatwctbstle`cen. _gg

tbg jahhaw-up ce my dhan, Vhle D; Eat le Ldartcjlocget1.]


http://www.catholicculture.org/commentary/blog.cfm?id=200



http://www.catholicculture.org/commentary/blog.cfm?id=200



Oaetrlog tcae le` tbg Oltbahco Zcscae

Mly <:, 4662

Ae Mly <6tb, Vapg Dgeg`cot RZC olhhg` Vluh ZC–s hle`mlri geoyohcolh Ae Bumle Hcjg

le lot aj oaurlng wbcob bls ‘dgoamg l scne aj oaetrl`cotcae.” Bg ml`g bcs rgmlris lt l

oaejgrgeog ae tbg jartcgtb leecvgrslry aj tbg geoyohcolh bgh` lt tbg Vaetcjcolh Hltgrle

Wecvgrscty. ^bchg mley Oltbahcos stchh jce ̀Bumlelg vctlg–s oae`gmeltcae aj

oaetrlogptcae `cjjcouht ta ue`grstle` le` loogpt, ct sbauh` dg marg tble gvc`get dy eaw

tblt tbg Oltbahco vcscae aj hcjg le` havg geueocltg` dy Vapg Vluh ZC cs aeg aj tbg nrglt

igys ta rgvcvcen aur `ycen ouhturg.

Tgkgotcae aj tbg Geoyohcolh

C tlig ct ls l ncvge tblt tbg wc`gsprgl` usg aj oaetrlogptcae lmaen Oltbahcos `ags eat

rgjhgot l rglsaeg` rgspaesg ta Oburob tglobcen. Tltbgr ct lrcsgs jram tbg prgvlchcen

plttgres aj aur sgx-slturltg` ouhturg le` tbg wc`gsprgl` rgkgotcae aj Bumlelg vctlg dy

tbg sgouhlrczg` marlh tbgahancles wba blvg plssg` tbgmsghvgs ajj ls Oltbahco tglobgrs

avgr tbg plst twa ngegrltcaes. ^bchg ct `c` tlig samg tcmg jar tbg Mlncstgrcum le`

jlctbjuh tbgahancles ta lrtcouhltg pgrsulscvghy tbg rglsaes jar tbg cmmarlhcty aj

oaetrlogptcae, ct bls haen sceog dgoamg ohglr tblt tbg cmmg`cltg le` prahaeng` rgkgotcae

aj tbg Oburob–s tglobcen wls raatg` ls muob ce marlh turpctu`g ls ce cetghhgotulh

`cjjcouhtcgs. Mley ce tbg lol`gmy le` ghsgwbgrg bl` tbgcr awe pgrvgrsg sgxulh bldcts ta

pratgot.

Gssgetclhhy, Vluh ZC lrtcouhltg` tbg tcmghgss Oltbahco tglobcen tblt tbgrg cs le

cesgplrldhg dae` dgtwgge tbg uectcvg le` praorgltcvg lspgots aj mlrctlh havg, le` tblt ct

cs lhwlys wraen ta `ghcdgrltghy jrustrltg gctbgr tbg uectcvg ar tbg praorgltcvg purpasg aj

tbg mlrctlh lot. Pbg oarg aj tbg tglobcen, wbcob cs l mlttgr aj tbg elturlh hlw, cs mast

suooceothy summlrczg` ce sgotcae <4;

Pbcs plrtcouhlr `aotrceg, ajtge gxpaue`g` dy tbg mlncstgrcum aj tbg Oburob, cs

dlsg` ae tbg cesgplrldhg oaeegotcae, gstldhcsbg` dy Na`, wbcob mle ae bcs awe

cectcltcvg mly eat drgli, dgtwgge tbg uectcvg scnecjcoleog le` tbg praorgltcvg

scnecjcoleog wbcob lrg datb cebgrget ta tbg mlrrclng lot.

Tgl`cen l hctthg jurtbgr, ce sgotcae <?, wg jce` tbg gssgetclh marlh oaetgxt, wctb l straen






sunngstcae aj tbg eadchcty aj l`bgrcen ta Na`–s phle;

Bgeog ta usg tbcs `cvceg ncjt wbchg `gprcvcen ct, gvge cj aehy plrtclhhy, aj cts

mglecen le` purpasg, cs gqulhhy rgpunelet ta tbg elturg aj mle le` aj wamle, le`

cs oaesgqugethy ce appasctcae ta tbg phle aj Na` le` Bcs bahy wchh. Dut tagxpgrcgeog tbg ncjt aj mlrrcg` havg wbchg rgspgotcen tbg hlws aj oaeogptcae cs ta

loieawhg`ng tblt aeg cs eat tbg mlstgr aj tbg saurogs aj hcjg dut rltbgr tbg mcecstgr

aj tbg `gscne gstldhcsbg` dy tbg Orgltar.

Wejartueltghy, tbg vlst mlkarcty aj Oltbahco oauphgs blvg egvgr dgge prgsgetg` wctb l

ohglr authceg aj tbg Oburob–s tglobcen ae tbcs mlttgr, ear aj tbg oaesgqugeogs aj cnearcen

ct, ear aj tbg dgegjcts aj jahhawcen ct.

Jue`lmgetlh ZcscaeCe bcs oammgets lt tbg leecvgrslry oaejgrgeog, Vapg Dgeg`cot gmpblsczg` tblt ‘ea

mgoblecolh tgobecqug ole sudstctutg jar tbg lot aj havg tblt busdle` le` wcjg gxobleng

ls l scne aj tbg nrgltgr mystgry, ce wbcob tbgy lrg pratlnaecsts le` oa-plrtcocplets ce

orgltcae.” Vluh ZC slw ohglrhy tblt tbcs ‘lot aj havg” cs eat mgrghy l pbyscolh lot, dut l

truhy mlrctlh lot aj havg ce lhh aj cts `cmgescaes, le lot wbcob datb rgoaneczgs le`

gxprgssgs tbg `cnecty aj tbg spausgs le` tbgcr mutulh rghltcaesbcp ta Na`, le` le lot ce

wbcob tbg spausgs surrge`gr tbgmsghvgs ta glob atbgr, bah`cen eatbcen dloi, ygt wctbaut

gvgr hascen tblt jue`lmgetlh `csocphceg aj havg wbcob puts tbg atbgr le` Na` ldavg tbgcr

awe ce`cvcùlh phglsurg. Ce l orctcolh plsslng ce sgotcae 4<, wbcob cs wartb quatcen lt

hgentb, Vluh ZC gxprgssgs samgtbcen aj tbg trug le` oamphgtg `cmgescaes aj tbcs lot aj

havg;

Pbg rcnbt le` hlwjuh ar`grcen aj dcrtb `gmle`s, jcrst aj lhh, tblt spausgs juhhy

rgoaneczg le` vlhug tbg trug dhgsscens aj jlmchy hcjg le` tblt tbgy loqucrg oamphgtg

mlstgry avgr tbgmsghvgs le` tbgcr gmatcaes. Jar cj wctb tbg lc` aj rglsae le` aj

jrgg wchh tbgy lrg ta oaetrah tbgcr elturlh `rcvgs, tbgrg ole dg ea àudt lt lhh aj tbg

egg` jar sghj-`geclh. Aehy tbge wchh tbg gxprgsscae aj havg, gssgetclh ta mlrrcg` hcjg,oaejarm ta rcnbt ar`gr. Pbcs cs gspgoclhhy ohglr ce tbg prlotcog aj pgrca`co

oaetcegeog. _ghj-`csocphceg aj tbcs ice` cs l sbcecen wctegss ta tbg oblstcty aj

busdle` le` wcjg le`, jlr jram dgcen l bce`rleog ta tbgcr havg aj aeg leatbgr,

trlesjarms ct dy ncvcen ct l marg truhy bumle oblrlotgr. Le` cj tbcs sghj-`csocphceg

àgs `gmle` tblt tbgy pgrsgvgrg ce tbgcr purpasg le` gjjarts, ct bls lt tbg slmg tcmg






tbg slhutlry gjjgot aj geldhcen busdle` le` wcjg ta `gvghap tbgcr pgrsaelhctcgs le`

ta dg gercobg` wctb spcrctulh dhgsscens. Jar ct drcens ta jlmchy hcjg ldue`let jructs aj

trlequchcty le` pglog. Ct bghps ce sahvcen `cjjcouhtcgs aj atbgr ice`s. Ct jastgrs ce

busdle` le` wcjg tbaunbtjuhegss le` havcen oaesc`grltcae jar aeg leatbgr. Ct bghps

tbgm ta rgpgh cear`celtg sghj-havg, wbcob cs tbg appasctg aj oblrcty. Ct lrausgs ce

tbgm l oaesocausegss aj tbgcr rgspaescdchctcgs. Le` jcelhhy, ct oaejgrs upae plrgets l

`ggpgr le` marg gjjgotcvg cejhugeog ce tbg gùoltcae aj tbgcr obch`rge. Ls tbgcr

obch`rge nraw up, tbgy `gvghap l rcnbt sgesg aj vlhugs le` lobcgvg l sgrgeg le`

blrmaecaus usg aj tbgcr mgetlh le` pbyscolh pawgrs.

Bumlelg vctlg wls prapbgtco wbge ct wls jcrst pramuhnltg`, dgolusg tbg oaesgqugeogs

aj drglicen tbg dae` dgtwgge tbg uectcvg le` tbg praorgltcvg ce mlrctlh havg wgrg eat

tbge ls ohglr ls tbgy lrg eaw. ^ctbce twgety yglrs, bawgvgr, tbg trge`s bl` dgoamg vgry

ohglr ce`gg`; oaetrlogptcae hgl`s ta sghjcsbegss, tbg pursuct aj sgxulh phglsurg jar cts awe

slig, adkgotcjcoltcae aj spausgs, pareanrlpby, sgxulh gxphactltcae, `cvarog,

bamasgxulhcty le` ldartcae. Pbgsg trge`s lrg eaw sa advcaus tblt Oltbahco hgl`grs wba

à eat ygt cestceotcvghy ue`grstle` tbg ogetrlhcty le` cmpartleog aj tbg Oburob–s vcscae

aj bumle hcjg le` havg lrg scmphy ceolpldhg aj rgprgsgetcen tbg Oburob le` trlesmcttcen

Obrcst–s slhvcjco pawgr ta saocgty ta`ly.

Pbg Oaetrlogptcvg Mgetlhcty

Gvgry lng le` ouhturg cs mlrig` dy oblrlotgrcstco vcogs. Aur ouhturg cs `rawecen cesgxulh sghjcsbegss, le cesltcldhg `gscrg jar oaestlet nrltcjcoltcae wctbaut oaesc`grltcae aj

tbg oaesgqugeogs. Aj oaursg glob pgrsae cs bcnbhy oamphgx, le` C à eat mgle ta sunngst

tblt gvgryaeg wba usgs oaetrlogptcae wchh cegvctldhy dg hg` ceta gvgry atbgr sgxulh vcog.

Dut tbg oaeegotcaes lrg tbgrg. Ls saae ls wg stlrt tbceicen aj sgx aehy ce tgrms aj

phglsurg, `cvarocen ct jram tbg pawgr ta ngegrltg egw hcjg, wg eat aehy trcvclhczg ct dut

lhsa lhtgr cts `gjcecen purpasg. Pbg ohglrgst gxlmphg aj tbcs cs tbg usg aj ldartcae ls

dloiup oaetrlogptcae. Cj tbg sahg purpasg aj sgx cs phglsurg, tbge aeg ole aehy lssumg

tblt ct cs pgrjgothy marlh ta lttgmpt ta prgvget oaeogptcae. Cj tbg lttgmpt jlchs, ldartcae

dgoamgs tbg hancolh mgles ta rgtlce tbg arcncelh nalh aj traudhg-jrgg sgxulh phglsurg.

Margavgr, tbg oaeegotcaes dgtwgge oaetrlogptcae le` bamasgxulhcty (le` atbgr

jarms aj sgxulh pgrvgrscae) sbauh` dy eaw dg gqulhhy ohglr. Cj tbg purpasg aj sgx cs

phglsurg, tbge cts purpasg cs prapgrhy juhjchhg` dy ley usg aj aur sgxulh jlouhtcgs tblt

drcens phglsurg. Ct cs vgry eglrhy cmpasscdhg jar samgaeg wba lppravgs aj oaetrlogptcae

ta lrnug lnlcest bamasgxulh lots, ar gvge bamasgxulh ‘mlrrclngs” (wbcob lrcsg wbge






mlrrclng cs rg`gjceg` ls l ohasg pgrsaelh uecae `gscneg` ta ncvg phglsurg). Ea, tbg igy ta

tblt olsthg bls lhrgl`y dgge ncvge lwly. Dut tbcs cs lhsa trug aj gvgry ice` aj pgrvgrscae,

ceohu`cen tbg mast wc`gsprgl` oaetgmparlry jarm, pareanrlpby. Jar pareanrlpby cs

lhsa l usg aj aur sgxulh jlouhtcgs ta praùog phglsurg. ^bge tbg ge`s aj bumle sgxulhcty

lrg eat ue`grstaa`, pareanrlpby cs sghj-kustcjycen.

Sgt ct cs prgocsghy ce tbg warh`wc`g pareanrlpby gpc`gmco tblt wg ole mast glschy

sgg tbg pawgr aj chh-`gjceg` sgxulhcty ta `gstray rghltcaesbcps. _ceog tbcs cs marg

oammaehy l mlhg pradhgm, C–hh chhustrltg ct ce mlhg tgrms. Pbg busdle` (ar scnecjcolet

atbgr, lhrgl`y l `cstartcae) jce`s phglsurg ce ogrtlce pareanrlpbco cmlngs. Bg dgoamgs

`cssltcsjcg` wctb tbg phglsurg ‘praùog`” dy bcs wcjg. Bg wlets bgr ta à tbcens

`cjjgrgethy. Bg dgnces ta twcst bgr ceta l sart aj pgrjarmcen adkgot jar bcs awe sgxulh

nrltcjcoltcae. _tchh uesltcsjcg`, bg dgnces ta haai jar gvge marg nrltcjcoltcae ghsgwbgrg.

Tgspgot le` havg vlecsb. Pbg oauphg cs eaw ae tbg pltb ta plce, rgkgotcae, `cvarog. Dut

aj oaursg ct ole stlrt gvge glrhcgr. L yauen mle marg ar hgss bldctultg` ta pareanrlpby

wchh blvg l vgry `cjjcouht tcmg jarmcen l wbahg le` `ggphy pgrsaelh rghltcaesbcp wctb ley

wamle. Jlr hgss ajtge, dut wctb ea hgss `gvlstltcae, tbg pareanrlpbco sbag ole dg ae tbg

jgmceceg jaat.

Oblstcty

Pbg purpasg aj sgx cs eat mgrghy phglsurg. Cts purpasg cs tbg praorgltcae aj egw hcjg wctb

Na` ce l uecjycen gmdrlog wbcob pranrgsscvghy jarms l oauphg ceta l stldhg, mlturg le`

sghj-slorcjcocen uecae `gscneg` jar tbgcr awe sleotcjcoltcae le` tblt aj tbgcr obch`rge.

Pbcs cs wblt mlrctlh havg mgles, le` tbcs cs wblt bumle sgxulhcty cs jar. Pbgrgjarg, wbge

oauphgs oltob tbg vcscae aj Vluh ZC‐wbge tbgy ‘mlig havg” ce l oaetgxt aj

sghj-`csocphceg, `ggp mutulh rgspgot, slorcjcog jar tbg atbgr le` apgeegss ta hcjg, ceohu`cen

pgrca`co ldstcegeog ä₨‘ tbgy jce` tblt tbgcr pgrsaelhctcgs rglhhy à `gvghap. Pbgy dgoamg

marg sgesctcvg ta glob atbgrs– egg`s, marg ceohceg` ta oammuecoltg ce atbgr wlys, marg

olpldhg aj waricen tbraunb pradhgms le` `gjcocgeocgs tblt stle` ce tbg wly aj mlrctlh

nrawtb.

Oblstcty, aeg aj tbg nrglt vcrtugs aj sghj-mlstgry, cs ea hgss egg`g` ce mlrrclng tble

ce tbg scenhg stltg. Pbg jructs aj tbcs vcrtug lrg gearmaus, jructs `crgothy appascen tbasg aj

tbg oaetrlogptcvg mgetlhcty, wbcob cs tbg blhhmlri aj aur ouhturg–s oahhgotcvg

ldleàemget aj oblstcty. C rgpglt tblt Oltbahco hgl`grs‐jar gxlmphg, prajgssars, prcgsts

le` dcsbaps‐wba oleeat dy eaw sgg tbgsg oaeegotcaes lrg uecqughy uejct ta mcecstgr ta

tbg prgsscen Obrcstcle egg`s aj oaetgmparlry ocvchczltcae. Jar ct cs eat tblt tbg Oltbahco

Oburob cs ‘buen up” ae sgx. Tltbgr, ct cs oaetgmparlry ouhturg wbcob cs ‘buen up” ae






sgx-jar-phglsurg. Pbcs cs l hgtblh jcxltcae, l pacsae tblt hgl`s aehy ta `gltb, `gltb lt gvgry

oaeogcvldhg hgvgh. Eat surprcscenhy, tbg aehy letc`atg cs ta rgcevgst ceta sgxulhcty tbg aeg

tbcen tblt ct bls dgge mcsscen eaw jar jlr taa haen, tblt cs, Hcjg‐tbg hcjg aj aur spausg,

tbg hcjg aj aur obch`, tbg hcjg aj aur Na`.






Pbg Vapg, tbg Oaeàm, le` tbgGhgpblet

Eavgmdgr 44, 46<6

^g–vg dgge plycen ohasg lttgetcae ta tbg rgparts aj Vapg Dgeg`cot–s oammgets rgnlr`cen

tbg usg aj oaeàms ce ogrtlce spgoclh ocroumstleogs (sgg ^blt tbg Vapg rglhhy slc` ldaut

oaeàm usg). Lmaen saue` Oltbahco oammgetltars, Klegt _mctb le` Kcmmy Lice wgrg

tbg jcrst ta wgcnb ce, le` tbgy–vg datb ml`g cmpartlet pacets. Dut eada`y bls rgspae`g`

gjjgotcvghy ta tbg ghgpblet ce tbg raam, pgrblps dgolusg gvge mast Oltbahco

oammgetltars lrg kust l hctthg dct ljrlc` tbg ghgpblet cs rglh. Hgt mg gxphlce.

Ct cs trug, ls Kcmmy Lice slys, tblt tbg Vapg–s rgmlris wgrg eat le gxgrocsg aj bcs

tglobcen lutbarcty. Dut ta drcen tblt up cs ta l`mct lt hglst l mch` jglr tblt wblt bg slc`

samgbaw olhhs ceta qugstcae tbg ohglr le` oaescstget tglobcen aj tbg Oburob lnlcest

oaetrlogptcae.

Ct cs lhsa trug tblt, ls Klegt _mctb eatcogs cmmg`cltghy, tbg Vapg–s prcmg gxlmphg jar

l passcdhg loogptldhg ar bumlehy pasctcvg usg aj oaeàms lppglrg` ta dg l bamasgxulh

gxlmphg, ce wbcob ea oaetrlogptcae cs cevahvg`. Le` ls _mctb lhsa strgssgs, tbg Vapg `c`

eatg tblt tbg pramatcae aj oaeàm usg ta rgùog tbg sprgl` aj LC@_ cs eat rgnlr`g` dy

tbg Oburob ls l ‘marlh” sahutcae. Dut _mctb sggms kust l hctthg blsty ce kumpcen ae tbcs

rltbgr tble ae tbg suoogg`cen ohlusg (wbcob dgnces ‘dut, ce tbcs ar tblt olsg….”). Lm C

aehy cmlncecen l tgmptltcae ta ‘spce” tbg Vapg–s rgmlris hgst tbgy samgbaw ue`grmceg

tbg prgvcaus ohglr tglobcen aj tbg Oburob1

Ce atbgr war`s, Kcmmy Lice àgs le gxoghhget kad aj sbawcen tbg hcmcts aj tbg Vapg–s

oammgets. Klegt _mctb àgs le gxoghhget kad aj sbawcen dy lelhany wblt tbg Vapg wls

trycen ta gxprgss. Datb `c` l jlr dgttgr kad tble tbg Zltcole–s awe Vrgss Ajjcog @crgotar,

Jr. Jg`grcoa Hamdlr`c, _K, wba trcg` ta gxphlce lwly tbg upralr dy lssgrtcen tbg Vapg

wls mgrghy rgpgltcen oammaehy bgh` Oltbahco c`gls‐wctbaut traudhcen ta sbg` leyhcnbt ae tbgsg c`gls wbltsagvgr. Dut jram tbg dgst ta tbg warst, Oltbahco oammgetltars

sggm ta dg rltbgr `ghcdgrltghy cnearcen tbg ghgpblet ce tbg raam, ls cj ta haai lt ct

`crgothy oauh` samgbaw ge`lengr tbg Oburob.

_a hgt–s stlrg ct strlcnbt ce tbg gyg. Pbg ghgpblet ce tbg raam cs tbg oaevcotcae tblt cj

Vapg Dgeg`cot loieawhg`ngs tbg passcdhg marlh naa` aj uscen l oaeàm ce aeg


http://www.catholicculture.org/commentary/otn.cfm?id=732


http://visnews-en.blogspot.com/2010/11/note-by-fr-lombardi-concerning-new-book.html



http://visnews-en.blogspot.com/2010/11/note-by-fr-lombardi-concerning-new-book.html





sctultcae, tbge bg cs jue`lmgetlhhy wgligecen ar rgtrgltcen jram tbg Oburob–s tglobcen

tblt oaetrlogptcae cs cetrcescolhhy gvch. Pbcs oaevcotcae cs l nrglt le` nhggjuh bapg lmaen

tbasg wba upbah` oaetrlogptcae, dut ct cs lhsa le cetgesg jglr lmaen tbasg wba blvg

pgrogcvg` tbg gvch aj oaetrlogptcae lhh lhaen. Pbg ghgpblet, tbge, cs tbcs bung, ncnletco,

gearmaus oaevcotcae‐wbgtbgr wghoamg ar uewghoamg‐tblt tbg Vapg bls put tbg

Oburob–s tglobcen ae oaetrlogptcae ce kgaplr`y.

Dut tbcs ghgpblet gxcsts aehy ce tbg mce`s aj tbasg, Oltbahcos le` eae-Oltbahcos lhcig,

wba à eat juhhy ue`grstle` tbg Oburob–s tglobcen ae oaetrlogptcae.

Eatg tbcs wghh. Pbg Oburob–s tglobcen ae oaetrlogptcae cs tblt oaetrlogptcae cs

cetrcescolhhy gvch wbge usg` ta jrustrltg tbg praorgltcvg purpasg aj tbg mlrctlh lot . Ce

letcocpltcae aj gxlothy tbg sart aj oaejuscae wg lrg wctegsscen ta`ly, C l``rgssg` tbcs

cssug eglrhy jaur yglrs lna ce Oaetrlogptcae; ^by Ct–s ^raen. Pbg pacet ta rgmgmdgr cs

tblt oaetrlogptcae cs cetrcescolhhy gvch aehy wctbce mlrrclng. Autsc`g aj mlrrclng, sgxulh

cetgroaursg ctsghj cs cetrcescolhhy gvch9 autsc`g aj mlrrclng, tbgrg cs ea mlrctlh lot tblt must

dg igpt apge ta hcjg le` havg9 autsc`g aj mlrrclng, tbg marlhcty aj oaetrlogptcae must dg

`gtgrmceg` ae atbgr nraue`s, elmghy gxtrcesco nraue`s.

Pbcs cs gxlothy tbg ice` aj marlh lelhyscs tbg Vapg wls àcen ce tbg `csousscae wbcob

cs eaw sa muob ce tbg egws. ^bge, wctb rgspgot ta tbg `cstrcdutcae aj oaeàms ta rgùog

tbg rcsi aj LC@_, tbg Vapg slys tbg Oburob ‘aj oaursg àgs eat rgnlr` ct ls l rglh ar

marlh sahutcae, dut, ce tbcs ar tblt olsg, tbgrg ole dg eaegtbghgss, ce tbg cetgetcae aj

rgùocen tbg rcsi aj cejgotcae, l jcrst stgp ce l mavgmget tawlr` l `cjjgrget wly, l marg

bumle wly, aj hcvcen sgxulhcty”, bg cs àcen gxlothy tbg sart aj gxtrcesco marlh lelhyscs

rgqucrg` jar tbcs olsg. Bg àgs eat sly, ‘^lct, stap rcnbt bgrg, oaetrlogptcae cs

cetrcescolhhy cmmarlh, tbgrg ole dg ea jurtbgr `csousscae.” Bg àgs eat sly tbcs dgolusg

tblt tbceicen lpphcgs aehy wctbce mlrrclng. Tltbgr, bg slys wg egg` ta haai lt tbg

ocroumstleogs, tbg marlh oaetgxt, le` tbg marlh trlkgotary.

Pbg vlst mlkarcty aj Oburobmle blvg rgkgotg` tbg c`gl aj jcnbtcen LC@_ wctb

oaeàms dgolusg tbg pudhco pramatcae aj oaeàms tge`s ta `gbumleczg sgxulh rghltcaes,

gmpblsczcen aehy tbg sghjcsb phglsurg ta dg nlceg`, le` dyplsscen lhtangtbgr tbg

rgspaescdchcty olhhg` jar ce l truhy bumle vcscae aj sgxulhcty. Pbg Vapg lhhu`gs ta tbcs

wbge bg mgetcaes ‘l `cjjgrget wly, l marg bumle wly, aj hcvcen sgxulhcty”. Ct cs passcdhg

tblt ce samg spgocjco olsgs, tbg usg aj l oaeàm mcnbt dg l stgp ce tbg rcnbt `crgotcae

(tbcei aj l rlpcst, jar gxlmphg). Dut Vapg Dgeg`cot le` mast atbgr Oburobmge avgr tbg

yglrs blvg sgge tblt tbg pudhco pramatcae aj oaeàms tligs us ce gxlothy tbg wraen

`crgotcae avgrlhh, sa tblt aur hlst stltg cs warsg tble aur jcrst. Ct jurtbgr obglpges

sgxulhcty, le` ce sa àcen ue`grmcegs tbg vgry vlhugs wbcob lhaeg ole sahvg tbg LC@_


http://www.catholicculture.org/commentary/articles.cfm?id=179






pradhgm‐le` lhaen wctb ct tbg marg jue`lmgetlh pradhgms wbcob LC@_ rgprgsgets.

Dut eaeg aj tbcs bls ley dglrcen ae tbg Oburob–s trl`ctcaelh tglobcen lnlcest

oaetrlogptcae ce mlrrclng. Ce`gg`, ea mlttgr wblt pasctcae tbg Vapg ar ley atbgr

marlhcst mly tlig ae tbg usg aj oaeàms ce plrtcouhlr sctultcaes wbcob lrg lhrgl`y

jue`lmgetlhhy `csar`grg`‐sctultcaes ce wbcob sgxulh lotcvcty cs lhrgl`y cetrcescolhhy

cmmarlh‐tblt pasctcae oleeat ljjgot tbg Oburob–s tglobcen ae tbg usg aj oaeàms ce

sgxulh lots wbcob lrg atbgrwcsg prapgrhy ar`grg` le` marlh‐tblt cs, wctbce mlrrclng. Ce

glob le` gvgry prapgrhy ar`grg` le` tbgrgjarg marlh sgxulh lot (tblt cs, ce glob le`

gvgry mlrctlh lot), `ghcdgrltg oaetrlogptcae rgmlces cetrcescolhhy cmmarlh.

Pbgrg lrg mley atbgr lspgots aj tbcs stary tblt egg` ta dg l``rgssg` (sgg Vbch

Hlwhgr–s Ce @gptb Lelhyscs Pbg Zltcole Egwsplpgr bls dgtrlyg` tbg Vapg). Dut tbg

purcty aj Oltbahco àotrceg cs eat aeg aj tbgm. Wejartueltghy, tbgrg rglhhy cs le ghgpblet

ce tbg raam, le` tbcs ghgpblet àgs àmceltg tbg vcscae aj datb sgouhlrcsts le`

Oltbahcos‐ cj tbgy à eat prapgrhy ue`grstle` tbg Oburob–s tglobcen ae oaetrlogptcae.

Dut tbg mamget tbgy à, tbg ghgpblet `cslppglrs. Haai ct ce tbg gyg, le` ct cs naeg.








C àe–t wlet ta hly lhh aj tbcs lt tbg jggt aj mge9 tbgrg cs àudthgss samgtbcen ldaut

bumle elturg wbcob `cotltgs tblt tbg jgmlhg sblhh dg samgwblt marg oaeogreg` wctb

làrecen bgrsghj ta lttrlot tbg mlhg tble tbg atbgr wly lraue`. Dut l elturlh le` bglhtby

tge`geoy cs pradldhy `cstartg` hgss ajtge dy jhlws ce l plrtcouhlr wamle–s psyobg tble dy

tbg oaestlet sudthg le` eat-sa-sudthg prgssurg lpphcg` dy mge (le` dy atbgr wamge

tbceicen ldaut ar oammgetcen ae wblt mge hcig). Cj yau wlet ta ue`grstle` tbg matcvg

jar rl`colh jgmcecsm, haai jar mge wba blvg trgltg` wamge ls adkgots le`, ce

oaesgqugeog, rgkgotg` ar ldleàeg` tbgm. Lt l hgss saoclhhy-oltlohysmco hgvgh, tbg

`gstruotcvg `gpge`geog ae pbyscolh dgluty jar sghj-gstggm bls tbg slmg raat.

Sau àe–t blvg ta wltob taa mley dggr oammgroclhs jglturcen phlce nuys le`

narngaus wamge ta ngt tbg pacet. Cj mge wlet ta oaetrcdutg ta tbg wghh-dgcen aj wamge,

tbgy egg` ta ljjcrm wamge ls tatlh pgrsaes, eat ls pbyscolh adkgots. Atbgr wamge,

ceohu`cen scstgrs le` matbgrs, egg` ta à tbg slmg, cestgl` aj vcgwcen glob atbgr

tbraunb l `cstartg` mlhg hges. Pbg sgesg aj dgcen vlhug` le` havg` jar wba sbg cs (jcrst

le` jargmast l `lunbtgr aj Na`), rltbgr tble mgrghy baw sbg haais, cs trgmgeàushy

hcdgrltcen jar ley wamle (ls ct cs, ce l `cjjgrget oaetgxt, jar ley mle wbge bg jlhhs ae

blr` tcmgs jceleoclhhy). Gvge jlvarctg adkgots gvgetulhhy dgoamg darcen le` lrg

psyobahancolhhy sgt lsc`g lt cetgrvlhs, ar pgrblps pgrmlegethy. Pbcs pradhgm aj tbg

adkgotcjcoltcae aj wamge cs ghcmceltg` dy gvgry typg le` `gnrgg aj lutbgetco havg.

Mlcehy l _pcrctulh Vradhgm

Pbg raat aj mast aj tbgsg pradhgms cs spcrctulh. ârsg, wc`gsprgl` spcrctulh pradhgms lrg

ngegrlhhy ouhturlhhy oae`ctcaeg`, gxlogrdltcen glob le` gvgry plrtcouhlr bumle

wgliegss. Dy oaetrlst, Obrcstcle ouhturg nraws jram l spcrctulhcty wbcob bglhs le`

pgrjgots elturg. Hcig gvgry atbgr oauetgr-ouhturlh trge`, tbcs bglhcen le` pgrjgotcen must

dgnce ce tbg bamg le` wchh jce` cts nrgltgst cectclh suoogss ce tbg saoclh le` gùoltcaelh

ocrohgs gstldhcsbg` dy hcig-mce`g` jlmchcgs. Dgolusg aj aur awe jlhhgeegss, bawgvgr,

gvge tbg gjjarts aj tbasg ae tbg rcnbt trloi must dg raatg` ce `lchy prlygr, ousta`y aj tbg

gygs, le` l sceogrg gjjart ta oaetrah eat aehy lotcaes dut tbaunbts. Pbgrg lrg jgw aj us,

mlhg ar jgmlhg, wba lrg wctbaut samg vgry rghgvlet obceis ce aur pravgrdclh lrmar.

Vlrlàxcolhhy, apgrltcen ce `geclh aj tbg jue`lmgetlh `cjjgrgeogs dgtwgge mge le`

wamge àgse–t bghp. L pahctcolhhy-oarrgot, pudhco-sobaah mgetlhcty aj `geycen tbg sgxulh

oampaeget aj c`getcty jaahs ea aeg le` hglvgs aur pawgrjuh sgxulh ouhturg jrgg ta apgrltg

gvge marg vcocaushy kust dgegltb tbg ajjcoclh surjlog. Pbg dae`s aj tbcs ouhturg ole dg

out aehy wctb l spcrctulh iecjg, l oaetceuaus rlzar-hcig dgblvcarlh lpphcoltcae aj l prapgr

ue`grstle`cen aj bumle `cnecty, wbcob outs strlcnbt ta tbg bglrt aj tbg pradhgm. Vlrgets






must rlcsg tbgcr saes le` `lunbtgrs ta ue`grstle` wblt tbcs mgles, le` ta hcvg dy ct. L

vgry hlrng jlotar ce tbg jarmltcvg yglrs cs tbg ouhtcvltcae aj ma`gsty ce tbg oaetgxt aj l

rgnlr` jar tbg tatlh pgrsae. Wehcig ma`gre tbgarcgs, ma`gsty dgnces wctb le

ue`grstle`cen aj `cjjgrgeogs.

Jcxcen tbg Vradhgm Aeg ae Aeg

^bchg wg blvg l nrglt `glh aj wari ta `a ta obleng tbg mgsslng wbcob wamge ngegrlhhy

rgogcvg, gspgoclhhy jram mlss mg`cl le` l`vgrtcscen, tbcs cs l pradhgm wbcob ole dg jcxg`

aeg ae aeg ce ley plrtcouhlr pgrsae–s hcjg. Glob aj us, dy aur obacog aj getgrtlcemget, aur

wari bldcts, le` gvge aur gvgry`ly spggob ole `a l nrglt `glh ta sge` tbg rcnbt scnelhs.

Ce aur ouhturg, wamge blvg l `gspgrltg egg` jar purg, ljjcrmcen rghltcaesbcps wctb mge,

le` wctb atbgr wamge wba blvg gxpgrcgeog` suob rghltcaesbcps. Pbg prapgr spauslh

rghltcaesbcp cs ohglrhy orctcolh, dut aur rghltcaesbcps wctb atbgr wamge lrg lhsa cmpartlet.

Pbgsg mly dg pltgrelh, ar jrltgrelh, ar scmphy tblt aj l oa-warigr, oahhglnug ar jrcge`. Ce

mley olsgs, gvge aeg purg le` ljjcrmltcvg rghltcaesbcp ole mlig tbg `cjjgrgeog dgtwgge

blppcegss le` mcsgry‐le` samgtcmgs dgtwgge hcjg le` `gltb.






Bamasgxulhcty; <. Pbg @csar`gr \ugstcae

Lprch <7, 46<6

Pbcs cs aeg aj tbasg dhan getrcgs aeg bltgs ta wrctg. C rgogcvg` le gmlch ygstgr`ly (ce

rgspaesg ta Pbg Hgssaes aj tbg _ole`lh; Bypaorcsy le` @csocphceg) wbcob dgnle; ‘C lm l

prlotcocen Oltbahco. C à eat dghcgvg tblt bamasgxulhcty cs l ‒`csar`grg` stltg–. Mley nly

pgaphg blvg tbg sgxulhcty tbgy wgrg dare wctb. Ct àgs eat rgjhgot tbgcr marlhs, ear àgs ct

rgjhgot tbgcr ‒earmlhcty– ce tgrms aj sgxulhcty.”

Pbg lutbar wget ae ta lrnug tblt wbgtbgr samgaeg cs sgxulhhy ‘`csar`grg`” cs ‘eat

`gtgrmceg` dy wbgtbgr tbgy lrg nly ar eat dut dy wbgtbgr tbgy, jar gxlmphg, lrg

l``cotg` ta pare, ar pgrblps tbgy lrg pramcsouaus, ar tbgy ldusg ar usg atbgrs jar tbgcr

sgxulh nrltcjcoltcae.”

Pbgrg wls l dlrg passcdchcty tblt tbg oarrgspae`get wls oaejuscen ‘`csar`grg`” wctb

‘scejuh”, sa C rgspae`g` looar`cenhy. C eatg` tblt, dgolusg wg lrg jlhhge, wg lrg ljjhcotg`

dy lhh ice`s aj `csar`grs tblt lrg eat aj aur awe mlicen‐pbyscolh, mgetlh, gmatcaelh,

sgxulh, yau elmg ct. Ce Oltbahco plrhleog, wblt `gtgrmcegs wbgtbgr samgtbcen cs

elturlhhy `csar`grg` cs wbgtbgr ar eat ct cs apgrltcen looar`cen ta cts prapgr ge`, wbgtbgr

ct cs prapgrhy ar`grg` ta cts elturlh purpasg. Cj ct cs eat, wg olhh ct ‘`csar`grg`”.

Ceohceltcaes wctb rgspgot ta ley aj aur jlouhtcgs wbcob mlig us wlet ta usg tbasg

jlouhtcgs ce l mleegr ceoaescstget wctb tbgcr prapgr ge` lrg eat scejuh9 tbgy scmphy rgjhgot

aur awe `csar`gr, aur hloi aj pgrjgot cetgnrcty.

Dut suob ceohceltcaes ajtge dgoamg scnecjcolet tgmptltcaes, le` cj wg praogg` ta

ceùhng le ceohceltcae ta lot ce l mleegr ceoaescstget wctb tbg rghgvlet prapgr ge`s, wg

à ce jlot sce. Pbus, C rgmce`g` tbg oarrgspae`get tblt tbg Oburob àgs eat bah` l

bamasgxulh ceohceltcae ta dg scejuh‐ct cs mgrghy `csar`grg`‐dut tbg Oburob àgs

rgnlr` bamasgxulh lotcvcty ls scejuh, ce iggpcen wctb tbg ohglr wctegss aj _orcpturg,Prl`ctcae le` tbg Mlncstgrcum.

C tbcei ct cs cmpartlet ta rgoaneczg tbg `cstceotcaes tblt datb oammae sgesg le` tbg

Oburob mlig ce tbgsg mlttgrs. Aeg ole lrnug ldaut wbgtbgr aur `csar`grs lrg tbg rgsuht

aj aur ngegs, aur gevcraemget ar (ls tbgy `gvghap avgr tcmg) aur pgrvgrsg wchhs‐vgry

hcighy lhh tbrgg lrg jrgqugethy ce phly‐dut ct sggms ohglr tblt tbgrg lrg mley








`csar`grs‐ceohu`cen mast aj aur cectclh `csar`grg` ceohceltcaes‐tblt wg lrg eat

rgspaescdhg jar, le` jar wbcob wg dglr ea dhlmg. Le` lnlce, ls jlhhge dgcens, wg lrg l

mcnbtchy `csar`grg` hat. ^g gxpgrcgeog gctbgr aoolscaelh ar prahaeng` `gscrgs le`

lttrlotcaes jar lhh ice`s aj tbcens tblt lrg oaetrlry ta rglsae, oaetrlry ta ley olrgjuh

lelhyscs aj baw aur jlouhtcgs rglhhy aunbt ta dg usg`, oaetrlry, tblt cs, ta rcnbt ar`gr.

Eaw aur sgxulh cestceots lrg ohglrhy plrt aj l hlrngr elturlh systgm aj sgxulhcty

arcgetg` tawlr` rgpraùotcae. Pbgrgjarg, tbgsg cestceots le` lttrlotcaes lrg prapgrhy

ar`grg` wbge tbgy lrg oaescstget wctb tbgcr rgpraùotcvg purpasg, le` tbgy lrg

`csar`grg` wbge tbgy pacet tawlr` tbcens le` lotcaes wbcob lrg `cvarog` jram tbcs

purpasg. Ce l``ctcae, wctbce tbcs rgpraùotcvg oaetgxt, sgxulh cestceots le` ceohceltcaes

oaetrcdutg ta l spgoclh ice` aj jructjuh havg dgtwgge l mle le` l wamle, l havg tblt,

cesajlr ls ct nraws le` stldchczgs, pravc`gs tbg c`glh oaetgxt jar tbg eurturg aj tbg

obch`rge genge`grg` tbraunb tbg rgpraùotcvg oblrlotgr aj aur sgxulh jlouhtcgs.

Ct jahhaws, ls tbg Oburob tglobgs, tblt ley ceohceltcaes wbcob `cvarog jram sgxulhcty

gctbgr cts rgpraùotcvg ar cts uectcvg ghgmgets lrg ce jlot `csar`grg`. _lmg-sgx lttrlotcae,

ea mlttgr baw ‘uectcvg” ct lppglrs ae le gmatcaelh hgvgh, cs egogsslrchy ceolpldhg aj juhh

elturlh uecty (wblt tbg Ku`ga-Obrcstcle trl`ctcae olhhs ‘twa ce aeg jhgsb” uecty), le` ct cs

lhsa egogsslrchy `cvarog` jram rgpraùotcae. Ce jlot, aehy tbg praorgltg` obch` pgrjgothy

rgprgsgets datb tbg rgpraùotcvg le` tbg uectcvg ge`s aj bumle sgxulhcty. Pbgrgjarg,

bamasgxulh ceohceltcaes lrg lhwlys `csar`grg`. Vgrblps ct cs ueegogsslry ta pacet aut

tblt plrt aj wblt ct mgles ta dg bumle cs ta rgoaneczg, oaetrah le` rg`crgot aur

`csar`grg` ceohceltcaes sa tblt wg ole hcvg gvgr marg cetgnrltg` hcvgs.

L jcelh war` dgjarg C praogg` ta l sgoae` getry ae tbcs slmg oarrgspae`geog. Cj wg

lrg ta tlig tbg lrnumget sgrcaushy tblt wbgtbgr aur sgxulh ceohceltcaes lrg `csar`grg`

oleeat dg `gtgrmceg` dy ‘wbgtbgr tbgy lrg nly ar eat”, tbge wg must suppasg tblt tbg

adkgot aj le ceohceltcae oleeat mlig tblt ceohceltcae `csar`grg`. Pblt tbcs cs jlhsg ole dg

sgge glschy dy rgjhgotcen ae tbg eat ueoammae `gscrg ta tbrust aeg–s ble` ceta l jcrg ar ta

tbraw aeg–s da`y ceta tbg Eclnlrl Tcvgr kust ldavg tbg Jlhhs. Dut C rglhhy à bapg ct wchh

sujjcog bgrg scmphy ta quatg tbg hltgst sgx gùoltcae pranrlm rgogethy cetraùog` ceta

tbcr`-nrl`g ohlssraams ce Oaràdl, _plce; ‘Elturg bls ncvge us sgx sa wg ole usg ct wctb

leatbgr ncrh, wctb l day, ar wctb le lecmlh.”

_aae aur ouhturg mly dg ueldhg ta `gtgot wblt cs `csar`grg` gvge ldaut tbcs, wbcob

drcens mg ta my egxt pacet.

_gg Bamasgxulhcty; 4. Pbg Prutb \ugstcae.


http://www.barcelonareporter.com/index.php?/news/comments/spain_education_for_the_citizenry_teaches_bestiality_sex_can_be_freely_prac/










wauh` blvg bl` l straen tge`geoy ta dghcgvg tblt bamasgxulhcty wls `csar`grg`. _bg

wauh` blvg rgogcvg` tbcs jram bgr surraue`cen ouhturg, le` sbg cs hcighy ta blvg loogptg`

ct ueorctcolhhy, kust ls sbg eaw rgogcvgs le` loogpts tbg appasctg.

Pbg pradhgm bgrg cs tblt gvgry ouhturg, ce gvgry tcmg le` phlog, tge`s ta ceouholtg l

oamdceltcae aj trutb le` grrar, le` dy jlr tbg psyobahancolhhy hglst `gmle`cen oaursg cs

lhwlys ta loogpt tbg getcrg mcx ueorctcolhhy. ^blt tbcs mgles, tbaunb, cs tblt tbg mast

cmpartlet lotcvcty aj bumle rglsae cs ta jce` wlys ta phlog ctsghj autsc`g tbg lssumptcaes

aj tbg surraue`cen ouhturg sa tblt ct ole pgrjarm l marg adkgotcvg lelhyscs aj glob

qugstcae. Pbg scmphgst le` mast ogrtlce mgles aj àcen tbcs cs ta lvlch aegsghj aj

Tgvghltcae.

Pbg aehy ldsahutghy ogrtlce lutbarcty ce tbg uecvgrsg cs Na`. Cj wg blvg naa` rglsae

ta dghcgvg‐ls wg à‐tblt Na` bls `gscrg` ta oammuecoltg wctb us tbraunb samg

rgvghltcae, le` tblt wg blvg c`getcjcg` tbcs rgvghltcae (tbraunb cts oblrlotgr le`

ocroumstleogs wbcob lrg cegxphcoldhg wctbaut `cvceg cetgrvgetcae), tbge le cetghhcnget

dghcgvgr wchh lhwlys usg leytbcen bg ole hglre jram tblt rgvghltcae ls datb l stlrtcen

pacet le` l patgetclh oarrgotcvg, datb ta atbgr saurogs aj cejarmltcae le` ta bcs awe

prapgescty jar cetuctcvg le` hancolh grrar. Ce atbgr war`s, ct cs eat tbg pgrsae wba `cshcigs

dgcen ‘trumpg` dy Na`” wba cs ‘uscen tbg drlce Na` nlvg” bcm, dut tbg pgrsae wba

rglhhy wlets ta dg ‘trumpg` dy Na`” ls ajtge ls passcdhg.

Eaw hgt us oaesc`gr jar l mamget wblt ct mgles ta dg ‘l prlotcocen Oltbahco”. Jar

purpasgs aj dgcen l Na`plrget, ct mgles scmphg adsgrvldhg tbcens, suob ls rgnuhlrhy

lttge`cen Mlss le` plrtcocpltcen lt hglst gxtgrelhhy ce tbg hcjg aj tbg Oburob. Dut ce l jlr

marg mglecenjuh sgesg, dgcen l prlotcocen Oltbahco mgles genlncen eat aehy gxtgrelhhy

dut cetgrcarhy ce Oltbahco hcjg‐apgecen tbg mce` ta Tgvghltcae, plrtcocpltcen ce tbg hcjg

aj nrlog, hcvcen gvgr marg `ggphy tbg mystgrcgs aj Jlctb. Aeg wba ohlcms ta dg l

‘prlotcocen Oltbahco” sbauh` wghoamg l `ggpgr lpprgocltcae aj _orcpturg, l nrawcen

ue`grstle`cen aj Prl`ctcae, le` tbg cetghhgotulh le` marlh nuc`leog aj tbg Mlncstgrcum,

jar ct cs prgocsghy tbgsg tbcens wbcob geldhg tbg Bahy _pcrct ta pgrjgot us, ceohu`cen aur

rglsae. Ce atbgr war`s, ct cs aehy tbgsg tbcens tblt geldhg us ta dg oaescstgethy trumpg` dy

Na`.

Aeg aj tbg mley tbcens Tgvghltcae bghps us ta à cs ta ue`grstle` marg juhhy tbg

elturg aj lhh tbasg tbcens ley ncvge bumle ouhturg tge`s ta adsourg. Pbgrgjarg, aeg aj tbg

slhutlry rgsuhts aj l`bgrgeog ta Tgvghltcae cs tblt Obrcstcles lrg ldhg ta pgrogcvg tblt

bamasgxulhcty cs `csar`grg` gvge wbge tbgcr ouhturg tghhs tbgm ct cs eat. Margavgr, tbgy

ole lhsa jcnurg aut tbg rglsaes le` gxphlce tbgm oangethy aeog tbgy blvg nattge ae tbg

rcnbt trloi dy sggcen tbg dlsco trutb ce tbg @cvceg mce`. _chhy mg, tbge, cj C jlch ta tlig






l`vletlng aj Tgvghltcae ta jrgg my mce` jram ouhturlh oaestrlcet. _chhy mg cj C jlch ta

tlig l`vletlng aj tbg scenhg mast advcaus lc` tblt wchh geldhg mg ta ‘usg tbg drlce Na`

nlvg mg” wghh.






Bamasgxulhcty; L _pgoclh Olhh ta tbgHavg aj Na` le` Mle

_gptgmdgr 6?, 46<6

Mast aj us lrg jarog` dy ouhturlh ocroumstleogs ta sly jlr marg ldaut bamasgxulhcty

tble wg wauh` hcig. Dgolusg aj tbg pgrscstget marlh oblhhgeng prgsgetg` dy nly

l`vaoloy, mast aj wblt wg blvg ta sly cs egnltcvg. Pbcs traudhgs mg dgolusg ct cs kust

leatbgr dur`ge jar tbasg wctb bamasgxulh ceohceltcaes wba lrg oammcttg` ta hcvcen

oblstghy ce looar`leog wctb tbg tglobcens aj Obrcst le` Bcs Oburob. _a C–` hcig ta tlig

tcmg aut jram tbg ouhturg wlrs ta haai lt tbcens jram tbg pgrspgotcvg aj tbgsg oaurlngaus

mge le` wamge, ta wbam C dghcgvg wg awg l scnecjcolet `gdt.

_gxulhcty cs le cmpartlet plrt aj aur c`getcty ls pgrsaes. Dy tbcs C mgle prcmlrchy tbg

qugstcae aj wbgtbgr wg lrg mlhg ar jgmlhg, wbcob cs plrt aj tbg oarg `gjcectcae aj wba

wg lrg. C à eat mgle tblt aur sgxulh ceohceltcaes lrg plrt aj aur sghj-`gjcectcae ce tbg

slmg sgesg. Ceohceltcaes, bawgvgr `ggp-sgltg`, à eat `gjceg us jar tbg scmphg rglsae

tblt wg ole mlstgr tbgm. Jar gxlmphg, C oleeat obleng tbg jlot tblt C lm mlhg ea mlttgr

baw muob sghj-mlstgry C lttlce, dut C ole oaetrah ta l oaesc`grldhg gxtget baw my

mlhgegss gxprgssgs ctsghj le` C ole gvge lhtgr avgr tcmg tbg `gnrgg ta wbcob C lm sudkgot

ta tbg tgmptltcaes tblt typcolhhy ljjhcot mlhgs. Sgs, my ceohceltcaes lrg plrt aj mg. Dut

tbgy à eat `gjceg mg.

Lt tbg slmg tcmg, sgxulh ceohceltcaes phly l bung rahg ce aur hcvgs dgolusg tbgy lrg

sa ohasghy hceig` ta aur oarg c`getctcgs. Pbg Oltgobcsm aj tbg Oltbahco Oburob puts tbcs

ecoghy ce eumdgr 4??4; ‘_gxulhcty ljjgots lhh lspgots aj tbg bumle pgrsae ce tbg uecty aj

bcs da`y le` sauh. Ct gspgoclhhy oaeogres ljjgotcvcty, tbg olplocty ta havg le` ta praorgltg,

le` ce l marg ngegrlh wly tbg lptctu`g jar jarmcen dae`s aj oammuecae wctb atbgrs.”

Pbg Oltgobcsm nags ae ta sly tblt wg sbauh` ‘loieawhg`ng le` loogpt” aur sgxulh

‘c`getcty”‐tblt cs, aur mlhgegss ar jgmlhgegss;

Vbyscolh, marlh, le` spcrctulh `cjjgrgeog le` oamphgmgetlrcty lrg arcgetg` tawlr`

tbg naa`s aj mlrrclng le` tbg jhaurcsbcen aj jlmchy hcjg. Pbg blrmaey aj tbg oauphg

le` aj saocgty `gpge`s ce plrt ae tbg wly ce wbcob tbg oamphgmgetlrcty, egg`s, le`

mutulh suppart dgtwgge tbg sgxgs lrg hcvg` aut. (4???)






Prclh le` Orass

Jar tbg avgrwbghmcen mlkarcty aj mge le` wamge, ct cs aeg aj tbg marg scnecjcolet

marlh, spcrctulh le` psyobahancolh prakgots aj hcjg ta cetgnrltg, oaetrah le` obleegh l

dral` sgt aj sgxulh ceohceltcaes wbcob gssgetclhhy jct tbcs elturlh ma`gh, tbcs ma`gh aj

oamphgmgetlrcty le` mutulh suppart dgtwgge mge le` wamge. _amg mly vahuetlrchy

`gey `crgot pbyscolh gxprgsscae aj tbcs oamphgmgetlrcty, làptcen vcrncecty jar tbg slig

aj tbg Icenàm9 atbgrs mly à sa dgolusg tbgy à eat blvg tbg appartuecty jar mlrrclng

le` tbgy wcsb ta dg oblstg. Ohglrhy, datb sctultcaes ole dg oblhhgencen, le` tbg

loogptleog aj le cevahuetlry scenhg stltg ole dg l bglvy orass.

Dut l pgrsae wctb bamasgxulh ceohceltcaes jlogs le gvge nrgltgr oblhhgeng. Bg ar sbg

must eat mgrghy cetgnrltg, oaetrah le` obleegh sgxulh ceohceltcaes, dut must hlrnghy `gey

tbgm lhtangtbgr, eat aehy ce tbgcr pbyscolh gxprgsscae, dut lhsa ce l jlr dral`gr rleng aj ljjgotcvcty wbcob cs oae`ctcaeg` gvge ce smlhh wlys dy sgxulh cetgrphly; Bgcnbtgeg`

cetgrgst, l sgesg aj ramleog, l spgoclh tge`gregss. Ct cs trug tblt l oghcdltg prcgst must dg

vgry olrgjuh aj wblt wg mcnbt olhh sgxulhhy-tceng` ljjgotcvcty, ae tbg lhtangtbgr saue`

tbgary tblt aeg tbcen hgl`s ta leatbgr. Dut tbg pgrsae wctb pgrscstget bamasgxulh

ceohceltcaes must supprgss ar rg`crgot suob ceohceltcaes ta le gvge nrgltgr gxtget. Pbcs cs

le gearmaus oblhhgeng.

Eaw oaesc`gr suob l pgrsae ce l ouhturg wbcob cs prgsscen juhh tcht jar tbg gmdrlog,

lppravlh le` gvge nharcjcoltcae aj tbcs slmg ljjgotcvcty wbcob bg cs olhhg` dy Obrcst ta

supprgss ar rg`crgot. Le` jcelhhy, oaesc`gr bcm (ar bgr) ce l sudouhturg aj oblstcty ce

wbcob bg must oaestlethy bglr lrnumgets lnlcest tbg pasctcaes aj nlys ( c.g., tbasg wba

l`vaoltg l spgocjcolhhy bamasgxulh hcjgstyhg), lrnumgets wbcob lrg samgtcmgs ohumschy

gxprgssg` ce wlys wbcob `gecnrltg ‘bamasgxulhs” ngegrlhhy le` wbcob, gvge cj tbgy lrg

eat ohumsy, iggp bcs oaejhcotg` sgxulh ceohceltcaes gvgr dgjarg bcs mce`. Ce tbcs

sudouhturg aj oblstcty‐bapgjuhhy l Obrcstcle sudouhturg‐atbgrs mly jce` rghcgj jram

tbgcr haen, wglrycen prgaooupltcae wctb tbgcr sgxulh `gjgesgs, dut eat bg.

^bcob aj us, ce aur wch`gst jhcnbts aj slorcjcoclh pcgty, wauh` dgn Na` jar tbcs

plrtcouhlr orass1

Vgrogptcae le` @csar`gr

Ce l ouhturlh vlouum, ct aunbt ta dg rghltcvghy glsy ta ue`grstle` cetghhgotulhhy tblt

bamasgxulh ceohceltcaes lrg `csar`grg`. Ct aunbt ta dg jlcrhy ohglr tblt tbg sgxulh

jlouhtcgs lrg datb elturlhhy ar`grg` ta tbg praplnltcae le` prgsgrvltcae aj tbg spgocgs






le` supgrelturlhhy ar`grg` tawlr` l ice` aj uecae lmaen mle, wamle le` obch` wbcob

mcrrars tbg gssgetclh jgoue`cty aj @cvceg havg. ^bge aeg eatcogs tblt aeg–s awe sgxulh

ceohceltcaes à eat tge` tawlr` tbcs sart aj uecae le` jgoue`cty‐ar gvge tbcs ldchcty ta

rgpraùog‐tbge aeg ole pgrogcvg l vgry `gjcectg `csar`gr ce tbasg ceohceltcaes. Pbgrg

mly dg samgtbcen aeg ole à ta lhtgr tbgm9 tbgy mly dg l vgry oaejusg` sgt aj

ceohceltcaes wbcob lrg daue` up wctb plst gxpgrcgeogs ar bldcts, le` sa lmgeldhg ta

obleng ls aeg oamgs ta tgrms wctb tbgsg gxpgrcgeogs ar bldcts. Ar tbgrg mly dg ea wly

ta ghcmceltg tbg ceohceltcaes lt lhh. Eaegtbghgss, tblt tbgy lrg `csar`grg` ole dg

cetghhgotulhhy nrlspg`.

Dut wg lrg jlhhge, le` aur cetghhgots lrg `lri, le` tbg prgàmcelet c`gls aj aur

surraue`cen ouhturg ajtge `lrige tbgm gvge marg. Ct ole dg vgry `cjjcouht ta sgg wblt

aunbt ta dg advcaus. Ce aur awe ouhturg, sgxulhcty cs oammaehy vcgwg` jram tbg pacet aj

vcgw aj tbg cmmg`cltg phglsurg ct ole pravc`g9 cts `ggpgr mglecens le` haengr-tgrm

oaesgqugeogs lrg typcolhhy cnearg`. Mast pgaphg shcp ceta l hcjgstyhg dlsg` ae tbcs

rghltcvghy supgrjcoclh ue`grstle`cen aj sgxulhcty tbraunb tbg prlotcog aj oaetrlogptcae,

wbcob `cstarts tbg elturg aj sgxulhcty le` sggms ta pgrmct l marg olsulh `gjcectcae. Pbcs

cs wby, ce trgltcen tbg qugstcae aj oaetrlogptcae wctbce mlrrclng, tbg Oltgobcsm quatgs

Kabe Vluh CC–s Lpastahco Gxbartltcae Jlmchclrcs Oaesartca (Ae tbg Jlmchy);

Pbus tbg ceeltg hlenulng tblt gxprgssgs tbg tatlh rgocpraolh sghj-ncvcen aj busdle`

le` wcjg cs avgrhlc`, tbraunb oaetrlogptcae, dy le adkgotcvghy oaetrl`cotary

hlenulng, elmghy, tblt aj eat ncvcen aegsghj tatlhhy ta tbg atbgr. Pbcs hgl`s eat aehyta l pasctcvg rgjuslh ta dg apge ta hcjg dut lhsa ta l jlhscjcoltcae aj tbg ceegr trutb aj

oaekunlh havg, wbcob cs olhhg` upae ta ncvg ctsghj ce pgrsaelh tatlhcty…. Pbg

`cjjgrgeog, datb letbrapahancolh le` marlh, dgtwgge oaetrlogptcae le` rgoaursg ta

tbg rbytbm aj tbg oyohg…cevahvgs ce tbg jcelh lelhyscs twa crrgoaeochldhg oaeogpts

aj tbg bumle pgrsae le` aj bumle sgxulhcty. ( Olt 4?>69 JO ?4))

L ouhturg wbcob cs ducht upae tbg prgmcsg tblt tbg mglecen aj sgxulhcty cs gxblustg` dy

cts ldchcty ta dg mlecpuhltg` jar cmmg`cltg phglsurg àgs eat hge` ctsghj ta cejarmg`

cetghhgotulh ku`nmgets ldaut wblt cs ar cs eat `csar`grg`. Pbg qugstcae scmphy àgse–tlrcsg. Aur ouhturg, tbgrgjarg, cs le gearmaus dlrrcgr ta tbg sghj-ue`grstle`cen aj lhh mge

le` wamge, le` ct phlogs plrtcouhlr adstlohgs ce tbg pltbs aj tbasg wba lrg trycen ta

ue`grstle`, lhtgr ar lt hglst hcvg lt pglog wctb tbgcr ceohceltcaes tawlr` atbgr pgrsaes aj

tbg slmg sgx.






Ljjgotcvg Tglob

Pbasg aj us wbasg bumle ljjgotcvcty cs eat rge`grg` jue`lmgetlhhy pradhgmltco dy tbg

`csar`gr aj bamasgxulh ceohceltcaes mly jce` ct `cjjcouht ta pgrogcvg kust baw `ggphy le`

ce wblt l jlr-rglobcen wly aur ljjgotcvcty oahars aur getcrg hcvgs le` lhh aj aur

rghltcaesbcps. ^g lhh must hglre ta oaetrah aur hcigs le` `cshcigs, aur gmatcaelh rglotcaes,

aur tge`geocgs ta jlvar samg pgrsaes le` cnearg atbgrs, tbg wly wg ply oamphcmgets,

tbg lmauet aj jhcrtcen tblt cs loogptldhg, le` tbg `gnrgg ta wbcob wg pgrmct lttrlotcaes

tblt lrg lt hglst plrtclhhy sgxulh ta oahar aur dgblvcar. ^g lhsa hglre ta sblpg tbg

gxprgsscae aj aur mlsouhcecty ar jgmcececty ce vlrcaus wlys, smaatbcen raunb g`ngs,

gxgrocscen rgstrlcet, suctcen aursghvgs ta tbg sctultcae.

Jar tbasg wctb l prapgrhy ar`grg` bgtgrasgxulh ljjgotcvcty, tbgrg cs l ngegrlh

sudoaesocaus `ghcnbt ce tbg cetgrphly dgtwgge mlhg le` jgmlhg, l sgesg aj `cjjgrgeog le`

oamphgmgetlrcty le` kayjuh mystgry. Ae tbasg aoolscaes wbge wg lot celppraprcltghy,

tbg oaesgqugeogs mly dg uephglslet, dut datb aur ljjgotcvg rleng le` aur mcstligs lrg

ngegrlhhy ue`grstaa`. ^g mly blvg ta hglre ta dgblvg `cjjgrgethy‐ta nuc`g le` obleegh

aur ljjgotcvcty marg suctldhy le` marg praùotcvghy‐dut wg à eat blvg ta suspgot,

rgkgot ar lhtgr cts dlsco arcgetltcae. Pbaunb aur sgxulhcty oahars le` cejhugeogs muob ar

mast aj wblt wg à ce sudthg wlys, tbgrg cs eatbcen ldaut ct tblt wg must jue`lmgetlhhy

olhh ceta qugstcae ar àudt.

Pbcs cs eat tbg olsg jar tbasg wbasg ljjgotcvcty cs pgrscstgethy cmdug` wctb

bamasgxulh ceohceltcaes. Pbg lttrlotcaes tbgy jce` elturlh, mystgrcaus ar gvge

gxbchlrltcen wchh dg pgrogcvg` dy mast pgaphg ls cegxphcoldhg ar gvge rgpuhscvg. Cj aeg

sggis oamjart le` sahlog ce tbg oampley aj tbg smlhh mcearcty wba sblrg tbgsg

lttrlotcaes, tbg `lengrs lrg advcaus. Sgt eat ta à sa ole jarog aeg ta qugstcae aeg–s

ljjgotcvcty lt eglrhy gvgry hgvgh. ^by cs sa muob aj wblt C jggh le` baw C cetgrlot wctb

atbgrs cmdug` wctb l sgxulh plttgre tblt atbgrs oleeat ue`grstle` le` lrg hcighy ta rgkgot

vcahgethy1 Cs my getcrg authaai, my getcrg lttctu`g tawlr` hcjg le` havg jue`lmgetlhhy

draige1 Lm C tbgrgjarg ceolpldhg aj havg1 Lm C gvge uewartby aj ct1

Lm C wartbhgss1 Cj aur ljjgotcvcty ctsghj cs suspgot, baw ole tbcs qugstcae jlch ta lrcsg1

C à eat wcsb ta gxlnngrltg tbg cssug. Gvge tbaunb gvgry bumle `cjjcouhty ole dglsscneg` ta samg ohlss, glob `cjjcouhty rgmlces ldavg lhh pgrsaelh. Pbg `gptb le`

oaescstgeoy aj aur jgghcens lrg vgry pgrsaelh, le` `cjjgrget pgaphg wchh surghy gxpgrcgeog

tbg pradhgm aj bamasgxulh ceohceltcaes ce `cjjgrget wlys, ta `cjjgrget `gnrggs, le` wctb

nrgltgr ar hgssgr cmplot ae hlrngr oaeogres ldaut tbgcr jue`lmgetlh cetgnrcty le` wartb

ls bumle pgrsaes. Ce ngegrlh, bawgvgr, ct sggms jlcr ta sly tblt tbg qugstcae aj






prlygr le` slorlmgetlh nrlog, tbgy ole le` sbauh` nrlùlhhy le` rgsahutghy

lppralob Obrcstcle pgrjgotcae. (4?73)

Dut eatg tblt samgtbcen prgocaus jahhaws jram tbcs. Bamasgxulh pgrsaes, dy tbg vgry

elturg aj tbgcr plrtcouhlr orass, must rlcsg oblstcty ta l spgoclh bgcnbt, `glhcen eat aehywctb pbyscolh tgmptltcae dut wctb tbg dral` rleng aj tbgcr awe bumle ljjgotcvcty. Ct

jahhaws tblt tbasg wba must sujjgr tbcs `csar`gr tbraunbaut tbgcr hcvgs blvg dgge obasge

dy Na` ta ncvg l plrtcouhlr le` gxlhtg` wctegss ta tbg vcrtug aj oblstcty. Pbcs cs vaoltcae

ls dglutcjuh ls ct cs lrùaus, le` ct cs àudtjuh tblt cts cmpartleog ta aur sgx-slturltg` lng

ole dg avgrgstcmltg`.

Aeg must dg wlry aj uscen scenhg tgrms ta `gsorcdg leyaeg, jar suob tgrms adsourg

marg tble tbgy ohlrcjy gvge ls tbgy mcecmczg tbg rcob `cvgrscty aj tbg bumle pgrsaelhcty.

Dut C wchh usg tbg scenhg tgrm bgrg jar tbg jcrst le` aehy tcmg ce tbcs gssly; Pbg

bamasgxulh cs olhhg` ta dg l spgoclh le` gxtrlar`celry wctegss ta tbg trcumpb aj havg

avgr jgghcen. Pbgrg cs ce tbcs, C tbcei, le lelhanug ta tbg `lri ecnbt aj tbg sauh. Ct cs Havg

Bcmsghj wba olhhs tbg bamasgxulh, pgrblps ce l spgoclh ice` aj `lriegss, le` ct cs ce

Havg lhaeg‐le` eat ce jgghcen‐tblt bg wchh drcen mley sauhs ta bglvge ce bcs wlig.






âmle, tbgy dgolmg twa ce aeg jhgsb.

Pbraunbaut tbg Ah` Pgstlmget, tbg rghltcaesbcp dgtwgge Csrlgh le` tbg Har` cs

`gsorcdg` ce tgrms aj mlrrclng. Pbg prapbgts rgpgltg`hy `geaueog Csrlgh–s jlctbhgssegss

ls l sce aj blrhatry ar lùhtgry. Pbus Kgrgmclb; ‘Sau blvg phlyg` tbg blrhat wctb mley

havgrs9 le` wauh` yau rgture ta mg1” (?;<) Le` Basgl; ‘Jar l spcrct aj blrhatry bls hg`

tbgm lstrly, le` tbgy blvg hgjt tbgcr Na` ta phly tbg blrhat.” (0;<4) Le`, ldavg lhh,

Gzgicgh; ‘Sgt yau wgrg eat hcig l blrhat, dgolusg yau soareg` bcrg. Lùhtgraus wcjg, wba

rgogcvgs strlengrs cestgl` aj bgr busdle`!” (<7;?<-4)

Pbg _aen aj _aens ncvgs us l marg pasctcvg trgltmget aj tbcs tbgmg. Ce tbcs nrglt

pagm aj oaurtsbcp dgtwgge Na` le` tbg sauh, tbg rghltcaesbcp dgnces ce havg le`

ouhmceltgs ce spcrctulh mlrrclng. Pbg slmg tbgmg cs olrrcg` jarwlr` ceta tbg Egw

Pgstlmget ta `gsorcdg Na`–s havg jar Bcs Oburob. _t. Vluh–s jlmaus plsslng ce

Gpbgscles drcens ct ta juhjchhmget;

Busdle`s, havg yaur wcvgs, ls Obrcst havg` tbg oburob le` nlvg bcmsghj up jar bgr,

tblt bg mcnbt sleotcjy bgr, blvcen ohglesg` bgr dy tbg wlsbcen aj wltgr wctb tbg

war`, tblt bg mcnbt prgsget tbg oburob ta bcmsghj, wctbaut spat ar wrceihg ar ley

suob tbcen, tblt sbg mcnbt dg bahy le` wctbaut dhgmcsb…. Pbcs cs l nrglt mystgry,

le` C mgle ce rgjgrgeog ta Obrcst le` tbg oburob. (7;4<-??)

_cenhg-Bglrtg` Oammctmget

Jar Obrcst le` bcs jahhawgrs, mlrrclng wls l tatlh oammctmget, l pgrmleget sghj-ncvcen,

gvge dgjarg Obrcst ghgvltg` ct. _t. Mlttbgw le` _t. Mlri datb quatg Aur Har` ae tbcs

vgry pacet; ‘_a tbgy lrg ea haengr twa dut aeg. ^blt tbgrgjarg Na` bls kaceg` tangtbgr,

hgt ea mle put lsue`gr.” (Mt <3;:9 Mi <6;2) Ce _t. Huig–s looauet, wg sgg tblt Aur Har`

wls marg jarogjuh stchh; ‘Gvgry aeg wba `cvarogs bcs wcjg le` mlrrcgs leatbgr oammcts

lùhtgry, le` bg wba mlrrcgs l wamle `cvarog` jram bgr busdle` oammcts lùhtgry.”

(<:;<2)

Baw cmpartlet ct cs jar Obrcstcles ta rgolpturg tbg vctlhcty aj tbcs oammctmget! Pbcs

pgrmleget, gxohuscvg sghj-ncvcen ce mlrrclng cs eat aehy tbg jaue`ltcae aj tbg saoclhar`gr le` tbg igy ta tbg sleotcjcoltcae aj tbg vlst mlkarcty aj lhh bumle pgrsaes9 ct cs lhsa

tbg sobaah aj oammctmget tblt mligs gvgry atbgr vaoltcae passcdhg. Dy jlr tbg nrgltgst

eumdgr aj prcgsthy le` rghcncaus vaoltcaes oamg jram naa` le` stldhg jlmchcgs jaue`g`

ae l dae` dgtwgge busdle` le` wcjg wbcob mcrrars tbg dae` dgtwgge Obrcst le` Bcs

Oburob. _cmchlrhy, gvgry atbgr bumle oammctmget, gvgry uedraige lot aj tbg wchh ta






slorcjcog le` sgrvg, cs strgentbgeg` ce tbg sobaah aj mlrrclng le` jlmchy.

Ct cs wctb vgry naa` rglsae tblt _t. Vluh stltg` pacet dhlei; ‘Pa tbg mlrrcg` C ncvg

oblrng, eat C dut tbg Har`, tblt tbg wcjg sbauh` eat sgplrltg jram bgr busdle` (dut cj sbg

`ags, hgt bgr rgmlce scenhg ar ghsg dg rgoaeochg` ta bgr busdle`)‐le` tblt tbg busdle`

sbauh` eat `cvarog bcs wcjg.” (< Oar >;<6) Pbcs dae` aj oammctmget cs sa orctcolh ta

gvgrytbcen bumle le` `cvceg tblt wg oleeat passcdhy dg surprcsg` lt Obrcst–s awe obacog

aj tbg wg``cen jglst lt Olel ta getgr ceta bcs ‘baur”, tblt baur wbcob wauh` hgl` bcm ta

rg`ggm bcs drc`g ae tbg Orass (oj. Ke 4;0).

Mlicen Tcnbt ^blt Cs ^raen

Pbg gvchs aj tbg warh` lrg symdahczg` dy tbg nrglt blrhat aj tbg daai aj Tgvghltcae (oj.

oblptgrs <> le` <3). Ceohu`g` ce tbcs gearmaus cmlng aj rlmplet prastctutcae lrg lhh tbg

`cstrlotcaes, cmpurctcgs le` sces wbcob rge`gr tbg sauh ceolpldhg aj tblt sghj-ncvcen ta

leatbgr, tblt `csocphceg` suppart le` pratgotcae, tblt purg oammctmget ta naa` wbcob hcg

lt tbg bglrt aj mlrrclng.

Ce aur tcmg, sa `ggphy ljjhcotg` dy tbg slmg gvchs, mlrrclng bls ce`gg` dgoamg tbg

jarnattge vaoltcae. Ct bls dgge rgphlog` dy le legmco sudstctutg, l rghltcaesbcp aj

oaevgecgeog, l sblm. Ce rgstarcen mlrrclng, wg wauh` `a l nrglt le` wae`grjuh tbcen,

dut eat kust jar cts awe slig. Jar cj wg wcsb ta baear, gercob le` ceorglsg lhh aj Na`–s

olhhcens, wg must dgnce dy mlicen mlrrclng wblt ct cs suppasg` ta dg.






Nl Mlrrcl g le` tbg Egxt Nuhl

Kuhy 67, 46<<

Ce l Mgxcole olsg, Jr. Buna Zlh`gmlr wls jaue` nuchty ae Kuhy <st aj chhgnlh pahctcolh

lotcvcty dgolusg bg stltg` tblt Oltbahcos sbauh` eat vatg jar ole`c`ltgs wba suppart

slmg-sgx mlrrclng. Jr. Zlh`gmlr–s `gjgesg cs tblt bg wlse–t spglicen lnlcest l

plrtcouhlr plrty dut wls mgrghy stltcen tbg tglobcen aj tbg Oltbahco Oburob. Dut tbg

plrtcouhlrs aj oblrng le` oauetgr-oblrng à eat mlig l nrglt `glh aj `cjjgrgeog, lplrt

jram tbg strltgncgs tbgy sunngst jar hgnlh mleguvgrcen. Pbgrg blvg dgge mley scmchlr

starcgs avgr tbg plst jgw yglrs jram lraue` tbg warh`, gspgoclhhy ce Olel`l le` Gurapg.

Pbg wrctcen cs ae tbg wlhh. Nly mlrrclng cs tbg hcg tblt wchh orgltg tbg egxt Nuhln.

Ce`gg`, nly mlrrclng cs tbg pgrjgot tatlhctlrcle wg`ng, eat hglst ce l oauetry hcig tbg

Wectg` _tltgs, wbcob bls dgge olpldhg aj dghcgvcen ctsghj uecqughy `g`coltg` ta hcdgrty

gvge ce tbg mc`st aj shlvgry le` ldartcae. ^g Lmgrcoles, ct sggms, wchh dg quctg wchhcen

ta scen tbg prlcsgs aj aur hcdgrty ea mlttgr baw mley aj us hasg ct. Ct cs aur eltcaelh

mytb, samgtbcen wg warsbcp. Dut tbg olusg aj nly mlrrclng jcts tbg mytb dgttgr tble

mast cssugs dgolusg ct rglhhy àgs sggm tblt tbasg wba appasg ct lrg `geycen hcjg, hcdgrty

le` tbg pursuct aj blppcegss ta atbgrs. Pbcs `geclh ole dg loogptg` jar tbg uedare, ce tbg

elmg aj tbg hcdgrty aj tbgcr matbgrs, ls ct aeog wls loogptg` jar Ljrcole Lmgrcoles, wba

sblrg` ku`coclh eae-pgrsaebaa` wctb tbg uedare. Dut nlys lrg wghh-gùoltg`, wglhtby

le`‐ldavg lhh‐l hancolhhy jlvarg` prakgotcae aj aur marlh ouhturg. Pa cebcdct tbgcr

blppcegss, jar ley rglsae, sggms kust phlce wraen.

^by sbauh` tbcs dg1 Jcrst, ct cs egogsslry ta eatg tblt tbg war` ‘nly” rgjgrs eat ta

tbasg wctb bamasgxulh ceohceltcaes dut ta tbasg wba oblmpcae dgblvcar dlsg` ae tbgsg

ceohceltcaes ls naa`. Ce jlot, bamasgxulhs wba lrg eat nly lrg l scne aj oaetrl`cotcae ta

tbg nly warh`. Pbgy lrg soareg` looar`cenhy, ce wlys tblt gvge strlcnbts lrg eat. Pbg

igy ta ue`grstle`cen tbg wbahg mlttgr cs tblt ta dg nly ar ta suppart tbg nly hcjgstyhg cs ta

lppravg le` pramatg stgrchg sgx.

Pbg ^gstgre warh` ce ngegrlh bls dgge blr` lt wari pramatcen stgrchg sgx jar eglrhy

l ogetury eaw. ^g dgnle dy sleotcaecen tbg drgli-up aj jlmchcgs tbraunb gvgr-glscgr

`cvarog. @cvarog cs l ice` aj prgtgesg tblt tbg mlrctlh oavgelet cs uhtcmltghy stgrchg, ce

tbg sgesg tblt obch`rge à eat mlttgr. Egxt wg gmdrlog` oaetrlogptcae sa tblt aur sgxulh

phglsurgs oauh` eat dg `cmcecsbg` tbraunb rgspaescdchcty. Vramcsoucty cegvctldhy


http://www.catholicculture.org/news/headlines/index.cfm?storyid=10882






jahhawg`, le` wctb ct ldartcae, wbcob cs scmphy jructjuhegss ce `geclh. ^g–vg oavgrg` aur

gygs le` stappg` aur glrs. ‘Eylb, eylb, eylb, C ole–t _GG yau! C ole–t BGLT yau!”

L ouhturg hcig tbcs, l ouhturg wbcob gmdrlogs tbgsg vlhugs, bls ea lrnumget lnlcest

bamasgxulh sgx, ea olsg lnlcest bamasgxulh mlrrclng. L bung pgrogetlng aj aur

mlrrclngs lrg `ghcdgrltghy le` tatlhhy stgrchg9 mast aj tbg rgst lrg `ghcdgrltghy stgrchg

muob aj tbg tcmg. Bung eumdgrs aj mlrrclngs, dy `ghcdgrltg `gscne, rgsuht egctbgr ce

obch`rge ta prgsgrvg tbg rlog ear ce juturg octczges ta gebleog le` `gvghap tbg saoclh

ar`gr. Pbgrg cs ea oaeogcvldhg pudhco cetgrgst ce suob uecaes, le` ea scnecjcolet pgrsaelh

cetgrgst ce tbgm gctbgr, lplrt jram tbg jugh tbgy tgmparlrchy pravc`g jar tbg

oauphg–s àamg` gnacsm æ `gux.

Jlr jram blvcen l elturlh rgvuhscae lnlcest bamasgxulh cetcmloy, ma`gre ^gstgre

ouhturg ole blr`hy bghp sggcen ct ls tbg kgwgh wbcob orawes le` pratgots cts awe wlrpg`

vcscae aj sgx. ^g rgoaneczg le` `gjge` l rcnbt aj mge le` wamge ta genlng ce sgxulh

cetcmloy wctbaut jruct. Ct jahhaws tblt rlei prgku`cog must dg tbg aehy rglsae leyaeg

oauh` passcdhy appasg tbg slmg jrggàm dgtwgge mge le` mge ar wamge le` wamge.

Ea nraup cs marg bltgjuh ta ma`gre saocgty tble tbg pgrogcvg` marlhcstco prcns wba,

aut aj wblt mast pgrogcvg ls rghcncaushy-matcvltg` prgku`cog, sggi ta

`cmcecsb tbg pgrsaelh sgxulh hcdgrty aj atbgrs. Eatbcen oauh` dg marg advcaus ce aur

ourrget ouhturg tble tblt suob pgaphg must dg schgeog` le`, cj egogsslry, rgstrlceg`.

Margavgr, ct sggms aehy rcnbt le` kust tblt tbgcr `geueocltcae aj tbg nly hcjgstyhg le`

tbgcr appasctcae ta nly mlrrclng sbauh` dg orcmcelhczg`. Ce jlot, ct sbauh` dg orcmcelhczg`

ce tbg elmg aj hcdgrty. Pblt cs wby nly mlrrclng cs tbg hcg tblt wchh orgltg tbg egxt Nuhln.

Pbg cescstgeog ae cnearcen vcog cs tbg blhhmlri aj l `gdlsg` ouhturg, dut tbg

cescstgeog tblt l hcg dg pudhcohy ljjcrmg` ls trug cs tbg blhhmlri aj c`gahancolh

tatlhctlrclecsm. _uob hcgs lrg lhwlys looamplecg` dy tbg maeapahczltcae aj gùoltcae

le` atbgr jarms aj tbaunbt oaetrah, le` tbcs cs lhwlys ml`g glscgr dy tbg sl` jlot tblt

bung eumdgrs aj pgaphg lrg oaevceog` tblt tbasg wba lrg tlrngtg` lrg ngttcen gxlothy

wblt tbgy `gsgrvg. Pbg shcnbtgst cetghhgotulh rgscstleog cs pgrogcvg` ls l nrlvg tbrglt ta

pglog le` ar`gr. Pbg trutb dgoamgs sudvgrscvg. Pa spgli tbg trutb mligs aeg gctbgr l

saoclh plrclb ar l trlctar. Pbg mast advcaus aj rglhctcgs must dg `gecg`. Pbg mast advcaus

aj jlots must dg bc``ge. Pbg mast advcaus aj stltgmgets must dg ueslc`.

Ct cs `cjjcouht ta sgg leytbcen tblt ole dg àeg ldaut tbcs wctbaut mlsscvg pgrsaelh

rgjarm. ^ctbce tbg àmcelet ouhturg, tbgrg cs rglhhy ea wly ta nlce ley trlotcae ta pusb

dloi. Pbg aehy tbcen tblt ole passcdhy bghp cs jar tbasg wba appasg nly mlrrclng ta stlrt

hcvcen looar`cen ta tbg ue`grstle`cen aj sgxulhcty oammuecoltg` dy tbg elturlh hlw. Le`

lhmast tbg aehy wly ta à tblt ce l ouhturg ceolpldhg aj rgoaneczcen tbg elturlh hlw cs ta






sggi tbg ohlrcty le` strgentb pravc`g` dy Obrcstcle Tgvghltcae le` nrlog. Ce atbgr war`s,

tbg aehy wly ta rgvgrsg tbg trge` cs ta hcvg tbg wbahg trutb, sustlceg` dy Jlctb, rltbgr

tble mgrghy ta lrnug ldaut tbcs ar tblt plrt aj ct.

Pbcs mgles orgltcen jlmchcgs le` gvge wbahg oammuectcgs mlrig` dy pgrmleget

mlrrclng le` jructjuhhy rgspaescdhg sgx, l hcjgstyhg wbcob‐aeog aeg rgoavgrs jram tbg

cectclh sbaoi‐hgl`s jcrst ta l `ggp sgesg aj sgourcty le` uhtcmltghy ta l rcob blppcegss. Ct

cs jlcr ta sly, C tbcei, tblt oammctmget ta le` oammuecoltcae wctb rglhcty cevlrcldhy

praùogs tbgsg rgmlrildhg rgsuhts. Dut tbg tcmg jar hcp sgrvcog cs haen plst. Pbg uhtcmltg

leswgr ta gvgry Nuhln cs tbg ljjcrmltcae aj trutb tbraunb hcjg‐l vcdrlet `gmaestrltcae

tblt Obrcstcles blvg marg bglrt ta hasg tble plnles blvg ta wce.

Ct cs cmpartlet, taa, tblt tbcs wctegss dg oarparltg, tblt cs, vcscdhg eat kust ce l jgw

ce`cvcùlhs dut ce l oammuecty wbcob prajgssgs l Orgg`. Pbcs cs leatbgr rglsae jar

oaetceucen ta cmpravg `csocphceg ce tbg Oburob, le` qucoihy. Pbg Oburob egg` eat (le`

sbauh` eat) geoamplss aehy pgrjgot Obrcstcles, dut wctbce dral` hcmcts, bgr mgmdgrs

egg` ta dg lt hglst wchhcen ta try tbg hcjg sbg ajjgrs tbgm.

Ljtgr lhh, cj wg loogpt tbg Prutb, wg lhsa dghcgvg, tbaunb pgrblps samgtcmgs aehy ce l

`cm sart aj wly, tblt wg wchh sujjgr ue`gr tbg cmplot aj tbwlrtg` rglhcty ce tbcs hcjg le`

ue`gr `cvceg puecsbmget ce tbg egxt, cj wg scmphy cnearg wblt wg dghcgvg. Ae prgocsghy

tbcs pacet, _t. Vgtgr ajjgrs tbg wcsgst aj oauesghs;

Eaw wba cs tbgrg ta blrm yau cj yau lrg zglhaus jar wblt cs rcnbt1 Dut gvge cj yau

à sujjgr jar rcnbtgausegss– slig, yau wchh dg dhgssg`. Blvg ea jglr aj tbgm, ear dgtraudhg`, dut ce yaur bglrts rgvgrgeog Obrcst ls Har`. Lhwlys dg prgplrg` ta mlig l

`gjgesg ta leyaeg wba olhhs yau ta looauet jar tbg bapg tblt cs ce yau, ygt à ct

wctb ngethgegss le` rgvgrgeog9 le` iggp yaur oaesocgeog ohglr, sa tblt, wbge yau

lrg ldusg`, tbasg wba rgvchg yaur naa` dgblvcar ce Obrcst mly dg put ta sblmg. Jar

ct cs dgttgr ta sujjgr jar àcen rcnbt, cj tblt sbauh` dg Na`–s wchh, tble jar àcen

wraen. (< Vgt ?;<?-<>)

Paa ajtge tbasg wba rgvchg tbg dgblvcar aj Obrcstcles blvg ea olusg ta dg put ta sblmg.

Pbcs must obleng. Eatbcen ghsg wchh wari.






^by Nly Mlrrclng Cs _trlcnbtDuscegss

Kuhy 6:, 46<<

Pbg mast oammae oamphlcet jram `rcvg-dy sbaatgrs ldaut my rgoget gssly Nly

Mlrrclng le` tbg Egxt Nuhln cs tbcs; Hgttcen nlys mlrry àgse–t prgvget mg jram hcvcen

aut my awe vcscae aj mlrrclng, sa wby àe–t C kust hglvg atbgr pgaphg lhaeg1 Bgrg lrg

tge naa` rglsaes wby tbcs cssug bls cmmgesg pudhco rgpgrousscaes, ce wbcob gvgryaeg

bls l stlig. Ct cs scmphy eat le aptcae jar naa` octczges ta cnearg tbg pradhgm aj nly

mlrrclng.

@geclh aj Tglhcty cs @gl`hy; Pbg c`gl aj mlrrclng jar slmg-sgx oauphgs cs l

`geclh aj tbg elturg aj mlrrclng. Ls l ngegrlh prceocphg, tbg pudhco `geclh aj ley

rglhcty àgs scnecjcolet blrm eat aehy ta lhh tbasg ce `geclh dut ta tbg ouhturg ls l

wbahg.

<.

Vgaphg Aunbt Eat ta dg Jarog` ta Ljjcrm l Hcg; Hgnlh rgoanectcae aj nly

mlrrclng olrrcgs wctb ct le cescstgeog tblt gvgryaeg rgoaneczg cts vlhc`cty le`

oglsg ta lrtcouhltg igy partcaes aj tbg marlh hlw. Vahctcolh pawgr sbauh` egvgr dg

usg` ta jarog octczges ta ljjcrm wblt cs jlhsg.

4.

Gùoltcae _bauh` dg Jrgg aj Vraplnle`l; Loogptleog aj nly mlrrclng

ceorglsgs tbg prgssurg ta ljjcrm tbg nly hcjgstyhg le` pramatg lhhgng` nly rcnbts

ce pudhco gùoltcae. Vlrgets blvg datb l ùty le` l rcnbt ta iggp tbgcr obch`rge–s

gùoltcae jrgg aj praplnle`l le` c`gahany.

?.

@gvlhucen Lutbgetco Mlrrclng @lmlngs _aocgty; Dy cts vgry elturg, nly

‘mlrrclng” jurtbgr `gvlhugs ley saocgty–s dg`raoi cestctutcae, le cestctutcae

wbcob ce mast olsgs cs lhrgl`y rgghcen. Pbg `gmcsg aj trug, maeanlmaus,

hcjg-haen mlrrclng dgtwgge aeg mle le` aeg wamle cs l saocahancolh le`

psyobahancolh `cslstgr ce ley ouhturg.

0.

Plx le` Dgegjct Hlws _bauh` _grvg Vasctcvg Vurpasgs; Pa prcvchgng nly

mlrrclng ce tlx le` dgegjct hlws scmphy supparts le cestctutcae wbcob sgrvgs ea

passcdhg dgegjct ta saocgty. Octczges blvg l vgry hgnctcmltg cetgrgst ce baw tlxgs

7.










le` dgegjcts lrg hgvcg` le` lpphcg`.

Nly Làptcae Vuts Obch`rge lt Tcsi; Pbg vgry hglst tblt ole dg slc` ldaut

slmg-sgx ‘plrgets” rlcscen l obch` cs tblt ct cs le ueelturlh lrrlengmget. Pbcs

oleeat jlch ta à psyobahancolh `lmlng ta tbg vuhegrldhg obch`rge wba wchh dg

phlog` ls làptggs wctb nly ‘jlmchcgs”.

:.

L Nly Ouhturg Hgl`s ta _gxulh Ldusg aj Obch`rge; Pbg cesc`g stary aj nly

`geueocltcae aj tbg sgxulh ldusg aj obch`rge cs tblt mley nly nraups pramatg

mle-day ‘havg” le` pgrscstgethy l`vaoltg jar hawgrcen aj tbg lng aj oaesget.

Pbcs l`vaoloy cs, lt l mcecmum, tahgrltg` dy eglrhy tbg getcrg nly

oammuecty. Ce tbcs mlttgr tbg sorcpt cs lhmast lhwlys àudhg`, tblt cs, aeg tbcen

cs slc` jar pudhco oaesumptcae, wctb tbg appasctg ljjcrmg` ae tbg cesc`g. (Eatg;

Ce tbcs oaeegotcae, eatg tblt wbchg tbg pgrogetlng aj prcgsts cevahvg` ce sgxulh

ldusg aj obch`rge rues dghaw tbg lvgrlng jar atbgr cestctutcaes, gcnbty pgroget aj

tbcs ldusg cs bamasgxulh ldusg, tbgrgdy mlicen tbg pgrogetlng aj nly prcgsts

cevahvg` ce sgxulh ldusg gxtrgmghy bcnb. Lhh ce`coltcaes lrg tblt tbcs cs typcolh.)

>.

Nly _gx cs l Vudhco Bglhtb @cslstgr; Hgnctcmczcen nly mlrrclng ohglrhy

hgnctcmczgs nly sgx. Eat aehy cs nly sgx gxtrgmghy `lengraus ta tbg bglhtb aj cts

plrtcocplets, ldaut wbam wg aunbt ta dg oaeogreg`, dut cts pudhco bglhtb oasts

lrg gearmaus.

2.

Nly Mlrrclng @gmgles Oblstg Bamasgxulhs; Lppravlh aj nly mlrrclng

mligs ct gvge marg `cjjcouht jar tbasg wctb bamasgxulh tge`geocgs ta hcvg

oblstghy, ls tbg hlws aj datb elturg le` Na` `gmle`. Pbcs sge`s lhh tbg wraen

scnelhs. _aocgty sbauh` suppart oblstcty lmaen tbasg wctb bamasgxulh

ceohceltcaes, eat blrlss tbgm dy ohlsscjycen tbgsg uewletg` ceohceltcaes ls tbg

stujj aj wbcob mlrrclng cs ml`g.

3.

Pbg Hlw cs l _traen Pglobgr; Lhh pgrsaes blvg le cmpartlet cetgrgst ce tbg

tglobcen vlhug aj tbg hlws dy wbcob tbgy lrg navgreg`. ^bchg tbg hlw mly

samgtcmgs cnearg gvch wctbaut jluht, ls eat gvgry gvch ole dg bce`grg` gjjgotcvghy

dy navgremget, ct must egvgr `ghcdgrltghy gesbrceg ar pramatg l marlh gvch.Gvgry octczge bls datb l rcnbt le` l ùty ta appasg hlws wbcob pramatg marlh

gvch, hgl`cen pgaphg lstrly le` wgligecen tbg saoclh ar`gr.

<6.

C blvg trcg` ta hcmct mysghj ta rglsaes gmdg``g` ce tbg elturlh ar`gr, ceohu`cen tbg ocvch

ar`gr. Muob oauh` dg slc` ldaut tbg supgrelturlh ar`gr ls wghh. ^bge l bumle hlw






gesbrcegs l vcog, ct mligs ct blr`gr jar tbasg tgmptg` dy tblt vcog ta hglre vcrtug, le`

blr`gr stchh ta rglhczg tbgcr egg` jar Na`, tblt tbgy mcnbt ture le` dg slvg`.

Margavgr, wbge tbasg ohlcmcen ta dg Obrcstcle (ceohu`cen samg Oltbahcos wba blvg

wrcttge ta mg) sudsorcdg ta l oaevgecget ce`cjjgrgetcsm ae tbcs cssug, tbgy gxobleng trug

oblrcty jar mgrg ecogegss. Pbgy `gmaestrltg tblt tbgy lrg eat lecmltg` dy tbg _pcrct aj

Obrcst, wba `gscrgs tbg uhtcmltg naa` aj glob aj Bcs orglturgs ce le gostltco uecae wctb

tbg bahcegss aj Na` jargvgr.






Pbg ̂ lr L lcest Varea rl b

@gogmdgr <3, 466:

^blt cs tbg nrglt phlnug aj tbg 4<st ogetury1 Dcr` jhu1 Pgrrarcsm1 Nhadlh wlrmcen1 Ea,

eaeg aj tbgsg. Pbg ple`gmco aj aur ogetury cs pareanrlpby. Pbcs soaurng wls lhrgl`y

sgvgrg ce tbg twgetcgtb ogetury wctb tbg `gvghapmget aj oahar pbatanrlpby, mavcen

pcoturgs, le` oldhg tghgvcscae. Dut wctb tbg l`vget aj tbg Cetgregt lng, pareanrlpby cs

jrgghy le` gjjarthgsshy lvlchldhg ce eglrhy gvgry bamg.

Jcnbtcen ta Iggp ct Aut

Ce tbg prgvcaus ngegrltcae, ic`s le` gvge lùhts ngegrlhhy bl` ta gxpge` oaesc`grldhg

tcmg, gjjart, gxpgesg le` sudtgrjung ta jce` pareanrlpby le` smunnhg ct ceta tbg bamg.

Eaw, oamputgrs lttlobg` ta tbg Cetgregt tlig olrg aj tblt lutamltcolhhy. Ce ley ncvge

bausgbah`, oaeogreg` ce`cvcùlhs blvg l mlkar dltthg ae tbgcr ble`s kust ta iggp

pareanrlpby aut. Lhh aj tblt tcmg, gjjart, gxpgesg le` sudtgrjung must eaw dg gmphayg`

ae tbg sc`g aj purcty.

Gvge hlst yglr–s l`vcog jar oaetrahhcen oamputgr loogss cs eaw aut`ltg` le`

cegjjgotcvg. Pa`ly, lhh yau egg` cs l pgrsaelh `cnctlh lsscstlet (V@L) ar l oghh pbaeg ta

oaeegot ta l egtwari wbgrg tbg eumdgr aeg oamma`cty cs pare. ^crghgss loogss cs

rlpc`hy nrawcen uecvgrslh le` `gvcogs tblt ole dg usg` ta loogss pareanrlpby lrg eaw sa

muob l plrt aj datb aur àmgstco le` aur oammgroclh hcvgs tblt tbgy lrg `cjjcouht ta à

wctbaut.

Margavgr, aur oaeogetrltcae ae tbg Cetgregt–s blr`-oarg pareanrlpby sbauh` eat

dhce` us ta tbg ngegrlh hawgrcen aj tbg dlr. Mlcestrglm getgrtlcemget vgeugs rautceghy

ceoarparltg sajt pare wctbaut sa muob ls l wcei aj tbg gyg. Gvge tbg jlsbcaes aj `rgss

lmaen gvgry`ly pgaphg oaetceug ta `gngegrltg ce tbcs uecvgrslh trge`. _amgtbcen ls

scmphg ls wlhicen tbraunb l sbappcen mlhh cs cmpasscdhg wctbaut dgcen gxpasg` ce aeg

wly ar leatbgr ta tbg pradhgm aj pare.

Ct cs ea wae`gr tblt ceorglscen eumdgrs aj mlrrclngs lrg dgcen `gstrayg` dy

pareanrlpby le` ceorglscen eumdgrs aj yauen pgaphg, masthy days, lrg `gvghapcen trug

pareanrlpby l``cotcaes, l``cotcaes wbcob rgqucrg eat aehy pgrsaelh oammctmget dut

prajgsscaelh tbgrlpy ta avgroamg. Vlrgets, cj tbgy lrg wchhcen ta mlig scnecjcolet

slorcjcogs, ole stchh à muob ta pratgot tbgcr obch`rge, dut aur ouhturg bls rglobg` tbg






pacet wbgrg leytbcen lppralobcen oamphgtg sbcgh`cen jram pareanrlpby cs eaw

cmpasscdhg.

L Egw _trltgny

Hgt mg rgpglt tblt hlst stltgmget; Leytbcen lppralobcen oamphgtg sbcgh`cen jram

pareanrlpby cs eaw cmpasscdhg. C à eat mgle ta cmphy tblt wg sbauh` ncvg up tbg gjjart

ta pratgot aur obch`rge, aur spausgs le` aur jrcge`s. Ear sbauh` wg ldleàe pahctcolh,

saoclh le` hgnlh gjjarts ta oaetrah pareanrlpby. Dut tbgsg gjjarts lrg oamphcoltg`

gearmaushy dy tbg cetgreltcaelhcsm aj tbg Cetgregt. Gvge cj l oammuecty oauh` dg jaue`

tblt sblrgs saue` vlhugs, gjjgotcvg pratgotcae cs hcighy ta dg cmpasscdhg jar l haen tcmg ta

oamg.

Pbcs cs wby wg egg` ta tlig tbg dltthg lnlcest pareanrlpby ta tbg spcrctulh hgvgh .

Cesajlr ls wg blvg oaeogetrltg` ce tbg plst ae mgrg pbyscolh pratgotcaes ( c.g., sbcgh`cen),

wg egg` ta rgoaneczg aeog le` jar lhh tblt pbyscolh pratgotcae cs aehy aeg jraet aj tbg

wlr, le` pradldhy eat tbg mast cmpartlet jraet. Le gjjgotcvg dltthg ogrtlcehy ceohu`gs ls

muob sbcgh`cen ls cs rglsaeldhy passcdhg, dut trug spcrctulh oamdlt lhsa ceohu`gs jaur

atbgr vctlh oampaegets;

@cslppravlh. _chgeog ce tbg jlog aj pareanrlpby cs `gl`hy. Ct egg`s ta dg ohglr ta

obch`rge tblt tbgcr plrgets à eat lppravg aj cmma`gsty ar cmpurcty ce ley jarm,

tblt tbgy appasg tbg pareanrlpbco gxphactltcae aj atbgrs, le` tblt tbgy lrg

wchhcen ta oarrgot `gjcocgeocgs ce tbcs lrgl. Pbgsg lttctu`gs egg` ta dg rgjhgotg` ce

spggob, `rgss le` dgblvcar lt gvgry hgvgh. Pbcs l`vcog cs eat hcmctg` ta plrgets.

Pbg slmg lpphcgs ta spausgs ce rghltcaesbcp ta glob atbgr, le` jar tbasg hcvcen ce

oammuecty. Lt-rcsi dgblvcar plttgres sbauh` dg eatcog`. Lppraprcltg oarrgotcvg

lotcae must dg tlige.

<.

Zcscae. Gvgryaeg egg`s ta ue`grstle` wby pareanrlpby cs sgrcaushy wraen ce

tbg oaetgxt aj tbg Obrcstcle vcscae. Glob pgrsae cs l uecty aj da`y le` sauh

`gstceg` jar trug bumle jrcge`sbcp le` gtgrelh hcjg wctb Na`. ^g must gxphlce

ohglrhy baw pareanrlpby `cvc`gs pgrsaes lnlcest tbgmsghvgs, lhcgeltgs tbgmjram atbgrs, le` obglpges rghltcaesbcps9 baw ct sudstctutgs jletlsy jar rglhcty le`

hgl`s ta pbyscolh le` oammgroclh gxphactltcae aj atbgrs9 baw ct `gstrays havg le`

trug cetcmloy9 le` baw ct cmpg`gs mlturcty, pgrsaelh cetgnrltcae, le` spcrctulh

`gvghapmget.

4.

Jarmltcae. Obch`rge egg` naa` prlotcolh l`vcog ae olrcen jar tbgcr da`cgs,?.






Aeg aj tbg dgst phlogs ta stlrt yaur pgrsaelh wlr ae pareanrlpby cs ta rgl` tbg

rgmlrildhg plstarlh hgttgr dy tbg Dcsbap aj Lrhcentae, Vluh _. Havgr`g, cssug` ae tbg gvg

aj tbg Cmmlouhltg Oaeogptcae, @gogmdgr >, 466:; Daunbt wctb l Vrcog; Vareanrlpby

le` tbg Hcvcen Pgmphg aj Na`.


http://www.catholicculture.org/culture/library/view.cfm?recnum=7321








Ae Bumlectlrclecsm le` LecmlhTcnbts

_gptgmdgr <0, 466:

C wls rgl`cen l oahhgotcae aj slchcen starcgs tbg atbgr `ly (blvg C mgetcaeg` tblt C gekay

slchcen1), aeg aj wbcob wls wrcttge dy tbg hltg Ohgvghle` Lmary. Pbg cetraùotcae

`gsorcdg` Lmary ls l ‘jlmg` bumlectlrcle” dgolusg bg ‘`gvatg` muob aj bcs hcjg ta

lecmlh rcnbts.” ^blt1 Hgt mg rgl` tblt lnlce. Sgs, ct slc` Lmary jaue`g` Pbg Jue` jar

Lecmlhs, wbcob mligs bcm l bumlectlrcle.

Ouhturlh Oaejuscae

Pbg olrggr aj Ohgvghle` Lmary cs cetgrgstcen, le` wg wchh rgture ta ct ce l mamget. Dut

tbg oaejuscae ce aur ouhturg avgr lecmlhs cs gvge marg cetgrgstcen. Ct cs ea àudt

rgprgsgetltcvg aj aur ouhturg ta blvg le g`ctar lssgrt tblt samgaeg cs l bumlectlrcle

dgolusg bg `gvatgs bcmsghj ta tbg wghh-dgcen aj lecmlhs. Dut ct àgse–t mlig vgry muob

sgesg. C àe–t mgle tblt ct àgse–t mlig sgesg ta leyaeg lt lhh, jar ct wauh` mlig pgrjgot

sgesg ta Vrceogtae pbchasapbgr Vgtgr _cengr wba dghcgvgs tblt, ljtgr lhh, lecmlhs lrg

pgaphg taa.

Dut ct àgse–t mlig sgesg jar leyaeg wctb le atbgrwcsg ue`lrigeg` mce`. Lecmlhs,

ce jlot, lrg eat pgrsaes. Pbgy hloi cetghhgot le` wchh le` lrg oamphgtghy ceolpldhg aj

getgrcen ceta pgrsaelh rghltcaesbcps. Pbcs àgse–t mgle tblt tbgy ole–t dgoamg lttlobg`

ta tbasg wba tlig olrg aj tbgm (ar, marg scnecjcolethy, tblt pgt awegrs ole–t dgoamg

lttlobg` ta tbgcr pgts). Dut lecmlh ljjgotcae, wbgrg ct gxcsts, apgrltgs lt tbg hgvgh aj sgesg

pgrogptcae. Lecmlhs oleeat tbcei ldaut havg le` oammct tbgmsghvgs ta ct dy le lot aj

wchh.

Havg le` Tghltcaesbcp

Ls tbg elturg aj havg cs samgtbcen wbcob lhsa oaejusgs aur ouhturg, wg tge` ta jarngt tblt

havg ce tbg mast oamphgtg sgesg cs eat mgrg ljjgotcae dut le lot aj tbg wchh. Cj lhh aur

rghltcaesbcps lrg dlsg` ae pbyscolh lttrlotcae le` oaevgecgeog, tbgy wchh dg gssgetclhhy

lecmlh rghltcaesbcps wbcob, dgolusg tbgy lrg eat uhtcmltghy sltcsjycen ta rglh pgrsaes,

wchh eat gvge hlst ls haen ls tbgy wauh` lmaen lecmlhs. Pbg ldchcty ta ue`grstle` wblt






samgtbcen cs le` ta genlng aegsghj wctb ct ce tbg prapgr wly‐tblt cs, tbg ldchcty ta

gmphay datb cetghhgot le` wchh‐oaestctutgs tbg uecqug rghltcaelh ldchcty aj pgrsaes. Pbcs

rghltcaelh ldchcty rglobgs cts summct ce lutbgetco, sghj-ncvcen havg. Aehy Na`, lenghs le`

bumle dgcens lrg olpldhg aj ct.

Ce atbgr war`s, aehy Na`, lenghs le` bumle dgcens lrg pgrsaes. Gvgrytbcen ghsg ce

orgltcae cs wblt wg olhh l ‘tbcen”, le` pgrsaes blvg dgge ncvge àmcecae avgr tbcens,

datb dy Na`–s prgsorcptcae le` dy tbg ar`gr aj elturg. Pbaunb ct mly samgtcmgs dg blr`

ta l`mct, aur jlvarctg àn cs l tbcen, ls wg ieaw pgrjgothy wghh wbge wg rgjgr ta ct, ae

ogrtlce aoolscaes, ls ‘tblt `lme àn”. Jar mast aj us tbg `cstceotcae dgtwgge tbcens le`

pgrsaes dgoamgs cmmg`cltghy ohglr wbge wg rgjhgot ae tbg jlot tblt wg lrg marlhhy jrgg

ta duy ar sghh aur àn, ar gvge gxobleng ct jar l plrliggt. ^g lrg eat marlhhy jrgg ta duy,

sghh ar trl`g pgrsaes.

_tgwlr`sbcp

Aj oaursg, tbcs àgs eat mgle tblt wg blvg ea rglsae ta tbcei ldaut baw ta dgblvg

tawlr` lecmlhs. Ls stgwlr`s aj orgltcae, wg blvg gvgry rglsae ta ncvg olrgjuh

oaesc`grltcae ta aur mlelngmget aj hcvcen tbcens tblt lrg eat pgrsaes, ls wghh ls

eae-hcvcen tbcens. Dut tbg cssugs must dg oaesc`grg` ce rghltcae ta tbasg wbam wg sgrvg

ls stgwlr`s, le` aur stgwlr`sbcp cs marg cmpartlet jar wblt ct slys ldaut aursghvgs tble

jar wblt ct mgles ta tbg lecmlhs. Jar gxlmphg, tbgrg lrg rglsaes eat ta dg orugh ta le

lecmlh, dut tbgy blvg hctthg ta à wctb tbg jcelh `cspasctcae aj tbg lecmlh ctsghj. Lecmlhs

oleeat blvg rcnbts, dgolusg rcnbts cebgrg aehy ce pgrsaes. Lecmlh mlelngmget cs l

qugstcae aj stgwlr`sbcp aehy.

L prapgr ue`grstle`cen aj stgwlr`sbcp wchh ogrtlcehy ceohu`g le ue`grstle`cen tblt

bcnbgr lecmlhs ole gxpgrcgeog plce, tblt tbgy ole datb jggh le` gxprgss gmatcae, le` tblt

tbgy lrg tbgrgjarg olpldhg aj l ogrtlce hgvgh aj ljjgotcae. Lppraprcltg trgltmget aj

lecmlhs ce prapartcae ta tbgsg olploctcgs (le` tbgcr `gnrgg aj `gvghapmget dy lssaocltcae

wctb bumles ce plrtcouhlr olsgs) cs rcnbthy oaesc`grg` ‘bumleg”, eat jram tbg lecmlh–s

pacet aj vcgw, dut jram tbg pacet aj vcgw aj wblt ct mgles jar tbg bumle pgrsae ta lot ce

l ieawhg`ngldhg le` rgspaescdhg mleegr wbcob datb gvceogs le` gebleogs marlh

cetgnrcty. _tgwlr`sbcp cmphcgs l rgspaescdchcty ta ieaw wghh tbg adkgots aj aeg–s

stgwlr`sbcp, le` ta mlig aeg–s `cspasctcaes jar tbg ngegrlh le` plrtcouhlr naa` aj

pgrsaes, tblt cs, jar mle.

Ohgvghle` Lmary

Pa rgture eaw ta Ohgvghle` Lmary, ct cs uejartueltg tblt bcs lhhgng` bumlectlrclecsm






`c` eat gxtge` ta tbasg wba ue`grstaa` wblt C blvg gxphlceg` ldavg. Jar gxlmphg, bg

pudhcohy `gsorcdg` buetgrs ls ‘dhaa` tbcrsty euts” gxbcdctcen ‘le letcqultg` gxprgsscae aj

mloba sghj-lnnrle`czgmget, wctb ea phlog ce l ocvchczg` saocgty.” Vgrsaelhhy, C blvg ea

cetgrgst ce buetcen le` vgry hctthg ce jcsbcen (wbcob cs l mlttgr aj pgrsaelh tlstg) dut ct cs

lt hglst typcolh aj buetgrs le` jcsbgrmge tblt tbgy ue`grstle` tbg `cjjgrgeog dgtwgge

pgrsaes le` tbcens. Eaw, l`mcttg`hy, eat gvgryaeg wba ue`grstle`s tbcs `cstceotcae cs l

bumlectlrcle, dut aeg oleeat passcdhy dg l bumlectlrcle wctbaut ct.

Ohgvghle` Lmary–s looamphcsbmgets wgrg eumgraus. Ljtgr waricen ce mchctlry

cetghhcngeog ce ^arh` ^lr CC, bg wratg l trchany aj ohlssco saoclh bcstary stu`cgs dgnceecen

wctb Pbg Vrapgr Dastaecles (<30>). Bg g`ctg` le` wratg gxtgescvghy jar suob

pudhcoltcaes ls Pbg _ltur`ly Gvgecen Vast , PZ Nuc`g, _ltur`ly Tgvcgw le` Vlrl`g. Ce

<3>0, bcs daai Mle Ice`1 Aur Ceorg`cdhg ^lr ae ^ch`hcjg splrig` Lmgrcol–s

letc-buetcen mavgmget. Bg `c` saoclh oammgetlry ae Pbg Pa`ly _baw le` bcs `lchy

rl`ca gssly wls olhhg` Ourmu`ngae lt Hlrng.

Vrgsumldhy, Lmary egvgr squlsbg` l dun tblt obleog` ta strly lorass bcs `gsi.

We`audtg`hy, bg egvgr `ceg` ae stgli. Lhaen wctb tbgsg vgry ma`gst `gjcocgeocgs aj

oblrlotgr, aoolscaelh cevgotcvg tawlr`s atbgrs mly pgrblps dg tahgrltg` ce l mle wba

wls datb l sghj-praohlcmg` ourmu`ngae le`, ce jlot, l bumarcst. Ce l``ctcae ta bcs

jrgqugethy-bumaraus oammgetlry, Lmary wratg mley cmlnceltcvg le` wbcmscolh

starcgs, le` eat lhh ldaut lecmlhs, ls tbg apgecen aj tbcs oahume lttgsts. Bawgvgr, bcs

mast jlmaus tlhgs, wrcttge ce bcs sgvgetcgs, jglturg` bcs olt (rgmgmdgr Pbg Olt ^ba

Olmg jar Obrcstmls1).

Ce ley olsg, lecmlh rcnbts wgrg jar Lmary eat l plsscen wbcm dut l haen-tgrm olusg.

Bg hlueobg` Pbg Jue` jar Lecmlhs ce <3:>, le` bg sgrvg` ls cts prgsc`get wctbaut ply

jar ?< yglrs uetch bcs `gltb ce <332 lt tbg lng aj 2<. _a bg wls cetghhcnget, jueey le`

olpldhg aj oammctmget. Pbg gvc`geog sbaws tblt Ohgvghle` Lmary wls, wghh, l pgrsae.

Dut bg wls eat l bumlectlrcle.






Pbg Vradhgm aj Lecmlh Tc bts

Kuhy <7, 4663

Ce l rgoget cssug aj Jcrst Pbcens, Mlry Gdgrstl`t rlcsgs tbg qugstcae aj wby tbg

pra-lecmlh jahis lrg eat marg pra-hcjg. _bg c`getcjcgs sgvgrlh scnecjcolet bcstarcolh le`

c`gahancolh rglsaes jar tbcs `cvgrngeog aj cetgrgsts, dut sbg lhsa lrnugs tblt tbgrg aunbt ta

dg l straen oarrghltcae dgtwgge tbg elturlh cmpuhsg ta dg oaeogreg` ldaut lecmlhs le` l

oarrgspae`cen cmpuhsg ta dg oaeogreg` ldaut dldcgs (‘Vra-Lecmlh, Vra-Hcjg”, Kueg/Kuhy

4663). Ce samg wlys Gdgrstl`t–s lelhyscs cs l hlu`ldhg lttgmpt ta jce` oammae nraue`.

Dut ce tbg ge`, C dghcgvg bgr lppralob jlhhs ceta tbg sgetcmgetlhcty trlp.

Ct sggms ta mg egogsslry, ce ley `csousscae aj aur oaeogre jar lecmlhs, ta mcecmczg

tbg rahg aj mgrg sgetcmget. Ce jlot, C wauh` sly tbg slmg ldaut aur `csousscae aj

ldartcae. ^bchg tbgrg mly dg mley tbcens tblt wg ole à ta mavg tbcs ar tblt pgrsae ta

ldbar ldartcae, wblt wg rglhhy wlet cs jar pgaphg ta appasg ldartcae dgolusg tbgy blvg

ml`g l oarrgot marlh ku`nmget tblt ldartcae cs sgrcaushy wraen. Ce oaetrlst, Gdgrstl`t

tligs tbg appasctg tloi, octcen tbg scmchlrcty aj gmatcaelh rglotcaes ta tbg ldusg aj dldcgs

le` ta tbg shlunbtgrcen aj lecmlhs. _bg vcgws tbgsg sgplrltg rglotcaes ls mlecjgstltcaes

aj l oammae bumle cetuctcae wbcob aunbt ta drgg` lhhcgs.

Ls le gxlmphg aj wblt sbg mgles, Gdgrstl`t octgs l rgvghltary gxpgrcgeog ldaut bcs

awe oaevcotcaes rgoauetg` dy Jcrst Pbcens g`ctar Kasgpb Dattum ;

Ce bcs olsg, Yl pra-hcjg cetuctcae] olmg ieaoicen aeg `ly wbge, ls l stu`get ce tbg

Ngarngtawe hcdrlry, bg slt wltobcen c`hy tbraunb tbg wceàw ls l matbgr wrgsthg`

jructhgsshy wctb bgr àn, hglsb, le` dldy strahhgr; Lhh tbg wbchg, ls bg wltobg`, tbg

dldy hlunbg` wctb `ghcnbt, ‘ohlppcen bgr smlhh ble`s lt tbg shlpstcoi warh` ceta

wbcob Na` le` bgr plrgets bl` uegxpgotg`hy `ghcvgrg` bgr…. Ct wls lt tblt

mamget,” Dattum wrctgs, tblt tbgrg lrrcvg` ‘tbg su``ge, ldsahutg oaevcotcae tblt

dldcgs lrg naa`…. Lhwlys jar mg ct oamgs dloi ta tbcs tauobstaeg; Leytbcen tblt plrtcocpltgs ce tbg mur`gr aj l obch`…cs wraen. Lhh tbg rgst cs kust l waricen aut aj

tbg ̀ gtlchs.”

Gdgrstl`t hciges tbcs ta tbg gehcnbtgemget mley yauen vgngtlrcles su``gehy gxpgrcgeog

wbge tbgy dgnce ta sgg tbg oaeegotcae dgtwgge mglt le` lecmlhs9 rgoaneczcen tblt

lecmlhs lrg naa`, tbgy lrg su``gehy rgpuhsg` dy tbg c`gl aj tbgcr `gstruotcae.






Pbg Mce` le` tbg ^chh

Dut ta prgsgrvg Kasgpb Dattum–s atbgrwcsg gxgmphlry cetghhgotulh rgputltcae, aeg must

surghy suppasg tblt Gdgrstl`t mcsrgl`s bcm cj sbg tbceis tblt bcs ‘oaevcotcae” tblt dldcgs

lrg naa` `gpge`s ae bcs gmatcaelh rglotcae ta tbg sogeg bg adsgrvg`. Tltbgr, tbg

gmatcaelh rglotcae‐bcs sblrcen ce le gxpgrcgeog aj obch`hcig `ghcnbt‐wls scmphy l

spgocjco ocroumstleog tbaunb wbcob bcs awe ue`grstle`cen aj tbg ncjt aj pgrsaebaa` wls

marg `ggphy cmprgssg` upae bcs oblrlotgr. Ct cs ogrtlcehy passcdhg tblt Dattum wls ce l

ogrtlce maa` ar bl` rgogcvg` l spgoclh nrlog wbcob ml`g tbcs, jar bcm, kust tbg rcnbt

psyobahancolh le` spcrctulh mamget ta `rlmltcolhhy rgcejarog l pra-hcjg cetuctcae. Ce atbgr

ocroumstleogs, tbg wbahg tbcen oauh` glschy blvg plssg` dgegltb bcs eatcog, ar gvge

darg` bcm. Margavgr, leatbgr adsgrvgr mcnbt kust ls wghh blvg dgge pawgrjuhhy mavg`

dy tbg matbgr, ar (pgrblps marg ta tbg pacet) dy tbg àn.

Ce tbg jcelh lelhyscs, wg must loieawhg`ng tblt Dattam–s cetuctcvg jhlsb dgolmg l

sustlceg` oaevcotcae aehy wbge bcs mce` le` wchh wgrg sujjcocgethy wghh-prgplrg`, le`

bcs gmatcaes wgrg sujjcocgethy wghh-`csocphceg` dy datb bcs mce` le` bcs wchh. ^ctbaut

tbgsg oae`ctcaes, Dattum–s uhtcmltg rgspaesg ta tbg sogeg wauh` blvg dgge scnecjcolethy

`cjjgrget. Pbg cectclh splri aj rgoanectcae mly egvgr blvg aoourrg`, ct mly egvgr blvg

ml`g l pawgrjuh cmplot, ar ct mly blvg dgge cestletlegaushy le` lhmast cestceotcvghy

`cvgrtg` ar supprgssg`. Ljtgr lhh, tbg oammae pradhgm wctb tbasg wba wauh`, ue`gr tbg

slmg ocroumstleogs, jcrst cetuct tbg vlhug aj tbg àn cs eat tblt tbg àn bls ea vlhug dut

tblt tbgcr mce`s, wchhs le` gmatcaes lrg sa ajtge cesujjcocgethy wghh-`csocphceg` ta rcnbthy

ue`grstle` tbg vlhug aj tbg àn ce rghltcae ta tbg tatlhcty aj vlhugs rgprgsgetg` dy tbg

sogeg.

Jar tbcs sogeg oleeat dg cetgrprgtg` marlhhy wctbaut l nrglt rgspgot jar tbg oaeogpt aj

grsaebaa` . Wehgss wg ue`grstle` tbg oaeogpt aj pgrsaebaa`, tbgrg cs scmphy ea

marlhhy cetghhcncdhg wly ta `cjjgrgetcltg dgtwgge àn le` mle ar ta mlig oabgrget

`cstceotcaes leywbgrg ghsg lhaen tbg oaetceuum aj dgcen. Ct cs elturlh, C suppasg, jar

mast pgaphg ta dg oaeogreg` ldaut àns marg tble tbgy lrg ldaut lets, dgolusg àns lrg

marg ‘hcig us” le` mley aj us dgoamg gmatcaelhhy lttlobg` ta tbgm. Vgtgr ‘Obcoiges lrg

pgaphg” _cengr wauh` olhh tbcs l spgocgs-dlsg` prgku`cog, le` (jar l rgjrgsbcen obleng) bg

wauh` dg rcnbt. ^g ole sgg tbg pacet cmmg`cltghy cj wg rgoaneczg tblt mast pgaphg

wauh` eat elturlhhy vlhug tbg let marg tble l rasg, tbaunb tbg let cs jlr marg hcig us

tble tbg rasg. Pbgsg lttlobmgets lrg prcmlrchy ldaut wba wg lrg, eat ldaut wblt tbgcr

adkgots lrg. Aehy wctb l `csocphceg` mce` le` wchh ole wg mlig prapgr marlh sgesg aut

aj suob lttlobmgets.






Vgrsaebaa`

Datb tbg dldy le` tbg matbgr ce Dattum–s sogeg blvg le cetrcescolhhy le` gvge cejcectghy

bcnbgr marlh vlhug tble tbg àn dgolusg tbgy lrg pgrsaes. Pbgrg lrg vlrcaus wlys ta ngt

lt wblt ct mgles ta dg l pgrsae, dut lhh aj tbgm `gpge` ae tbg pgrsae–s hcigegss ta Na`.

Gssgetclhhy, gvgry pgrsae bls datb cetghhgot le` wchh le` sa cs lt hglst patgetclhhy olpldhg

aj getgrcen ceta rghltcaesbcps aj havg. Eatg tblt C à eat spgli aj rghltcaesbcps aj

‘ljjgotcae”. Havg must eat dg gxphlceg` gctbgr ls l jgghcen ar le lotcae matcvltg` dy

sgesary lttrlotcae ar cestceot. Havg must dg ue`grstaa` ls le lot aj tbg wchh dlsg` ae l

prapgr cetghhgotulh vlhultcae aj tbg atbgr, l vlhultcae tbraunb wbcob tbg cetghhgot cestruots

us ta havg, tblt cs, ta wchh tbg atbgr–s naa`.

Egctbgr l àn, ear l àhpbce, ear l obcmplezgg, ear ley atbgr gmda`cg` dgcen

dgsc`gs mle cs olpldhg aj tbcs. Gvgrytbcen tbgsg atbgr orglturgs à ole dg gxphlceg` ce

mltgrclh tgrms. Pbgy ncvg ea gvc`geog gctbgr aj cetghhgotulh lelhyscs ar aj marlh

u`nmget. Pbgy blvg eat dgge ml`g ce tbg cmlng aj Na`9 tbgy lrg eat pgrsaes. Aehy

mle bls tbg ldchcty ta ieaw, ta marlhhy gvlhultg, le` ta havg. Pbcs cs prgocsghy wby Na`

Bcmsghj nlvg mle àmcecae avgr gvgrytbcen ghsg ce Bcs mltgrclh orgltcae, le` wby Ngegs

Ngegscs tglobgs tblt mle lhaeg ole elmg tbg atbgr orglturgs (tblt cs, ieaw le` gvlhultg

tbgm prapgrhy), wbgrgls ea atbgr orglturg ole elmg mle.

L prapgr ue`grstle`cen aj pgrsaebaa` cs gssgetclh ta tbg prapgr marlh vlhultcae aj

elturg, le` ta tbg oarrgot marlh lotcae tblt ole `grcvg jram ct lhaeg. Pbcs cs lhsa tbg pacet

mast ajtge hgjt aut aj tbg `csousscaes aj tbg twa bgltg` oaetravgrscgs aj aur tcmg wbcob

dglr mast upae tbcs gssly; ldartcae le`, yau nugssg` ct, lecmlh rcnbts. Pbg dattam hceg cs

tblt lhh eae-pgrsaelh dgcen cs lt mle–s `cspaslh ce bcs rahg aj tbg stgwlr` aj elturg jar tbg

Na` wba orgltg` ct. Dut ea pgrsaelh dgcen cs lt mle–s `cspaslh. Ct cs tbg sbg``cen aj le

ceeaoget mle–s dhaa` lhaeg tblt orcgs aut ta bglvge jar vgengleog. Cj mge oauh` ichh

lenghs, tbg slmg wauh` dg trug.

Pbus ct cs gssgetclh ta ue`grstle` tblt aur gmatcaelh rgspaesgs ta tbg vlrcaus ‘sogegs”

aj aur hcjg vlry wc`ghy ce tbgcr marlh rghgvleog. Cesajlr ls wg rglot gmatcaelhhy ta tbg

shlunbtgr aj lecmlhs jar jaa` le` obaasg ta dgoamg vgngtlrcles, wg lrg jrgg ta lot ce

looar`leog wctb aur gmatcaes. Dut cesajlr ls wg rglot gmatcaelhhy le` ghgvltg tblt

gmatcae ceta l marlh prceocphg wbcob gvlhultgs lecmlhs ls cj tbgy blvg rcnbts, wg must

`csocphceg aur gmatcaes ce ar`gr ta lvac` le cmmgesg marlh grrar. Pbcs grrar lrcsgs gctbgr

jram l `csar`grg` cetghhgot ar l wgli le` rgdghhcaus wchh, jar pgrsaes lhaeg lrg tbg

sudkgot aj rcnbts. Pa tbcei le` lot atbgrwcsg mgles tblt wg blvg eat sobaahg` aursghvgs

ce tbg rglhcty aj pgrsaebaa`. Ls l rgsuht, wg lrg `rcvge bctbgr le` yae eat dg rcob le`






geùrcen cetuctcaes tblt blvg mlturg` ceta sgtthg` oaevcotcaes, dut mgrghy dy baw wg

jggh.

@amcecae

Ct cs eat my purpasg ta kustcjy gvgrytbcen leyaeg wlets ta à wctb elturg (ar orgltcae).

Gvgrytbcen wg blvg rgogcvg` cs l ncjt ta dg usg` jar tbg nhary aj tbg Ncvgr. Pbus wg lrg

ta gxgrocsg aur àmcecae avgr elturg ce looar`leog wctb l prapgr ue`grstle`cen aj aur

awe dgcen ls obch`rge aj Na`, passgsscen l `gstcey wbcob trlesoge`s tbcs warh` le`

haais jarwlr` ta tbg egw bglvge le` tbg egw glrtb9 le` wctb le ue`grstle`cen aj lhh tbg

hcvcen le` eae-hcvcen tbcens avgr wbcob wg gxgrocsg tbcs àmcecae. Pbg mleegr ce wbcob

wg usg, oaesgrvg le` gebleog elturg tghhs us l nrglt `glh ldaut aur awe

sghj-ue`grstle`cen, aur awe rgoanectcae aj tbg ncjts wg blvg rgogcvg`, le` aur awe

oammctmget ta rcnbt ku`nmgets ldaut tbg marlh ar`gr. Ct lhsa tghhs us muob ldaut

wbgtbgr ar eat wg lpprgocltg tblt tbcs marlh ar`gr cs raatg` ce pgrsaebaa`.

Pbg jcrst stlng aj jructjuh àmcecae, wbgtbgr wctb rgspgot ta l icen le` bcs àmlce ar

ta mle le` elturg, cs ta gxgrocsg àmcecae avgr aegsghj, ta `csocphceg tbg mce` le` wchh

sa tblt, lmaen atbgr tbcens, wg dgoamg gmatcaelhhy susogptcdhg aehy ta tbasg

gxpgrcgeogs le` cescnbts tblt oarrgspae` ta rcnbt rglsae le` tge` tawlr` rcnbt lotcae.

Ley aj us lt ley tcmg mly geoauetgr wblt Dattam geoauetgrg` le` dg pawgrjuhhy

mavg` dy tbg wamle, tbg obch` ar tbg àn. Ce`gg`, ogrtlce pgaphg lt ogrtlce tcmgs oauh`,

wctbaut jluht, dg struoi mast dy tbg strahhgr ar tbg hglsb. Jar l nrglt vlrcgty aj rglsaes,

suob tbcens mly lt ley ncvge mamget dg aj pgrsaelh, prajgsscaelh ar gvge mgtlpbarcolh

cetgrgst.

Dut aehy l oaejusg` ar uekust adsgrvgr oaeohu`gs, ae tbg aeg ble`, tblt tbg àn

sbauh` dg sgvgrghy dgltge jar kumpcen ldaut gxoctg`hy ce l vgry ‘ànny” wly ar, ae tbg

atbgr, tblt tbg àn–s ajjsprcen sbauh` dg pratgotg` dy hlw wbgrgls tbg wamle–s sbauh`

eat. Le` aehy l oaejusg` ar uekust adsgrvgr wchh gvge rgmatghy cmlnceg tblt tbg jcrst

grrar (tbg dgltcen aj tbg àn) cs marg scnecjcolet tble tbg sgoae` (tbg ‘rgstrcotcae” aj tbg

wamle–s ajjsprcen). Dut aur warh` cs juhh aj oaejusg` le` uekust adsgrvgrs. Ce`gg`, tbgy

lppglr ce lhh ice`s aj cetgrgstcen phlogs‐lt àn-jcnbts ae tbg aeg ble`, ae uecvgrscty

jlouhtcgs ae tbg atbgr, masthy ce looar`leog wctb tbgcr pasctcae ae tbg saoclh solhg. Dut

pgrblps tblt cs l stary jar leatbgr `ly. Pbg pacet bgrg cs tblt aehy tbg oaejusg` ar tbg

uekust `gey tbg mglecen aj pgrsaebaa`. Aehy tbg oaejusg` ar uekust sggi ta put tbg àn

ce tbg strahhgr, le` tbg obch` ae tbg hglsb.






@ae–t Ichh Pbasg ^ba Ole Jggh Vlce

Mlrob <<, 46<<

C oauhè–t bghp dut eatcog hlst ^gègs`ly tblt Aihlbaml bls jahhawg` Egdrlsil le`

Ilesls ce lttgmptcen ta plss l hlw wbcob pratgots uedare obch`rge olpldhg aj jgghcen

plce. Ce Egdrlsil, tbcs bls dgoamg hlw, dut ce Ilesls le` Aihlbaml ct bls tbus jlr

nattge tbraunb aehy aeg aj tbg twa hgncshltcvg da`cgs. Pbcs cs leatbgr gxlmphg aj tbg

pgouhclr strltlngms pra-hcjgrs must gmphay ta pratgot tbg uedare, ce tbcs olsg dldcgs 46

wggis ar ah`gr. Pbgy blvg dgge pravge ta dg ldhg ta jggh plce.

Ct cs wblt C wls tlhicen ldaut ce hltg Jgdrulry (sgg Zcrncecl–s Lttgmpt ta Ohasg

Ldartcae Ohcecos ). Ce pahctcos, wg must try lhh sarts aj tgobecqugs ta nlce adkgotcvgs

wbcob, atbgrwcsg, mcnbt dg aut aj rglob. Ae tbg wbahg, sceog wg hcvg ce l vgry cmpgrjgot

warh`,C wauh` blvg ta dg ce jlvar aj tbcs hlw wgrg ct ta oamg up ce Zcrncecl. Dut ct olrrcgs

le cetgrgstcen `lengr.

Blvg yau gvgr bglr` aj lecmlh rcnbts1 C blvg nattge samg bglrtjght mgsslngs jram

tbasg wba dghcgvg ct cs marlhhy wraen ta à leytbcen ta le lecmlh wbcob olusgs ct ta jggh

plce. Pbg ldchcty ta jggh plce cs lhsa sgge ls l `cjjgrgetcltar jar samg lecmlh rcnbts

lotcvcsts (le` atbgrs, wba scmphy havg mlmmlhs) dgtwgge tbasg lecmlhs wg aunbt ta tlig

spgoclh olrg aj, le` tbasg wg àe–t egg` ta warry sa muob ldaut. Ogrtlce lspgots aj tbcs

pasctcae lrg sgrcaushy wraen.

Pbg prgsgeog aj plce oleeat sgrvg ls l marlh `gtgrmcelet aj le lotcae. Eat aehy cs

plce marlhhy egutrlh (ct cs eat lhwlys gvge l elturlh gvch, sceog ct cs l pratgotcae

mgoblecsm jar tbasg orglturgs wbcob ole jggh plce), dut ct ole lhsa dg pgrjgothy

marlh‐gvge marlhhy rgqucrg`‐ta cejhcot plce jar lppraprcltg rglsaes, suob ls wbge wg

pgrjarm le apgrltcae ta slvg samgaeg–s hcjg. _a tbg prgsgeog aj plce aehy `rlws

lttgetcae ta tbg egg` ta blvg l rltcaelhg jar `gtgrmcecen wbge wg mly prapgrhy cejhcot ct,

le` wbge wg mly eat, le` ae wbam.

Eaw tbg `gscrg ta cejhcot plce, ar lvac` cejhcotcen ct, bls cts awe marlh trlkgotary,

gctbgr naa` ar gvch, dlsg` ae wblt ct slys ldaut tbg marlh oblrlotgr aj tbg pgrsae wba

getgrtlces suob l `gscrg. Pbg hctthg day wba tarturgs olts tghhs us jlr marg ldaut bcmsghj

tble bg àgs ldaut olts, le` bg gvge ajjge`s lnlcest bcs awe bumlecty marg tble bg

àgs lnlcest tbg dgcen aj tbg olt, sceog (tbaunb ct cs le lrnumget jar leatbgr `ly) tbg day

cs l pgrsae le` tbg olt cs eat. Olts lrg uhtcmltghy `cspasldhg (bah` yaur gmlchs) ce wlys










tblt bumle pgrsaes lrg eat.

Dut ole wg baegsthy gxpgot twgety-jcrst ogetury ^gstgre mge le` wamge ta sart lhh

tbcs aut, wbge tbgy lrg sa ouhturlhhy ohasg` ta tbg trlesoge`get `cmgescaes aj

pgrsaebaa` wbcob lhh atbgr gmda`cg` orglturgs hloi1 C tbcei eat. Le` C wauh` bltg jar le

lrnumget ta dg `gvghapg` tblt sunngsts ct cs pgrjgothy lhh rcnbt ta ichh samgaeg cj aehy wg

wchh tlig tbg traudhg ta legstbgtczg bcm jcrst. Le`, aj oaursg, wg ieaw (ar lt hglst wg

tbcei wg ieaw) tblt tbgrg lrg mley wlys ta ichh wctbaut cejhcotcen plce lt lhh.






Vrceocphgs aj OltbahcoGevcraemgetlhcsm

_gptgmdgr ?6, 46<6

Dgolusg aj tbg gxogssgs lssaocltg` wctb gevcraemgetlhcsm ce le ceorglscenhy plnle

^gst, mley Oltbahcos sby lwly jram jarmlh cevahvgmget wctb tbg ‘gevcraemgetlh

mavgmget”. Lt tbg slmg tcmg, Oltbahcos lrg (ar aunbt ta dg) dy tbg vgry elturg aj tbgcr

Jlctb `ggphy oammcttg` ta rgspaescdhg stgwlr`sbcp avgr elturg, ouhtcvltcen le` gvge

cmpravcen Na`–s pltrcmaey jar tbg oammae naa`. Pbcs ue`grstle`cen aj mle–s

Na`-ncvge rgspaescdchcty jar orgltcae hcgs lt tbg bglrt aj Vapg Dgeg`cot–s gmpblscs ae l

prapgr rgspaesg ta gevcraemgetlh oaeogres.

^bchg tbg Vapg bls mgetcaeg` gevcraemgetlh oaeogres jrgqugethy ce vlrcaus bamchcgs

le` l``rgssgs, bg bls lhsa lrtcouhltg` l oamphgtg Oltbahco lppralob ta tbg gevcraemget

ce twa àoumgets hlst yglr; Jcrst, ce bcs nrglt saoclh geoyohcolh, Olrctls ce Zgrctltg,

plrtcouhlrhy tbg jaurtb oblptgr, ce Kuhy 46639 sgoae`,ce bcs Mgsslng jar ârh` @ly aj

Vglog 46<6, cssug` ce @gogmdgr 4663 ae tbg tbgmg ‘Cj yau wlet ta ouhtcvltg pglog,

pratgot orgltcae”. Ce tbcs Ce @gptb Lelhyscs, C ole à ea dgttgr tble ta pravc`g le authceg

aj Oltbahco gevcraemgetlh tbaunbt dy rghycen bglvchy ae Dgeg`cot RZC–s awe war`s.

Cetgnrlh Bumle @gvghapmget

Dgeg`cot sctultgs gevcraemgetlh oaeogres ce tbg oaetgxt aj rcnbts le` ùtcgs ae tbg aeg

ble`, le` cetgnrlh bumle `gvghapmget ae tbg atbgr. Pbus Oblptgr Jaur aj Olrctls ce

Zgrctltg cs getcthg` ‘Pbg @gvghapmget aj Vgaphg, Tcnbts le` @utcgs, tbg Gevcraemget,”

le` ct apges wctb l quatltcae jram Vapg Vluh ZC–s geoyohcolh Vapuharum Vranrgssca;

‘Pbg rglhcty aj bumle sahc`lrcty, wbcob cs l dgegjct jar us, lhsa cmpasgs l ùty.” Dgeg`cot

nags ae ta gxphlce tblt ct cs egogsslry ta ue`grstle` tblt rcnbts prgsuppasg ùtcgs cj rcnbts

lrg eat ta dgoamg hcogetcaus;

@utcgs sgt l hcmct ae rcnbts dgolusg tbgy pacet ta tbg letbrapahancolh le` gtbcolh

jrlmgwari aj wbcob rcnbts lrg l plrt, ce tbcs wly gesurcen tblt tbgy à eat dgoamg

hcogesg. @utcgs tbgrgdy rgcejarog rcnbts le` olhh jar tbgcr `gjgesg le` pramatcae ls l

tlsi ta dg ue`grtlige ce tbg sgrvcog aj tbg oammae naa`. (OZ 0?)












Margavgr, tbg Vapg eatgs tblt ‘tbg sblrcen aj rgocpraolh ùtcgs cs l marg pawgrjuh

ceogetcvg ta lotcae tble tbg mgrg lssgrtcae aj rcnbts” (OZ 0?).

Aeg aj tbg jcrst ùtcgs aj mle cs l rgspaescdhg stgwlr`sbcp aj Orgltcae, wbcob bg bls

dgge ncvge dy Na`. Ce datb tbg geoyohcolh le` tbg ârh` @ly aj Vglog mgsslng,

Dgeg`cot pacets aut tblt ‘bumle `gvghapmget cs ohasghy hceig` ta tbg adhcnltcaes wbcob

jhaw jram mle–s rghltcaesbcp wctb tbg elturlh gevcraemget .” Pbus, tbg gevcraemget

must dg sgge ‘ls Na`–s ncjt ta lhh pgaphg, le` tbg usg wg mlig aj ct getlchs l sblrg`

rgspaescdchcty jar lhh bumlecty, gspgoclhhy tbg paar le` juturg ngegrltcaes” (M^@V 4).

Bg lhsa cmmg`cltghy olutcaes tblt wbgegvgr bumle pgrsaes le` elturg ls l wbahg lrg

vcgwg` ls praùots aj obleog ar gvahutcaelry `gtgrmcecsm, ‘aur avgrlhh sgesg aj

rgspaescdchcty wlegs.” Pa tbg oaetrlry, ‘sggcen orgltcae ls Na`–s ncjt ta bumlecty bghps

us ue`grstle` aur vaoltcae le` wartb ls bumle dgcens” (M^@V 4, oj. OZ 02). Bgeog l

prapgr ue`grstle`cen aj mle–s rghltcaesbcp ta elturg cs gssgetclh ta cetgnrlh bumle

`gvghapmget.

Pbg Nrlmmlr aj Elturg

^ctbce tbcs oaetgxt, tbg Vapg `cstcenucsbgs twa jlhsg vcgwpacets oaeogrecen tbg

gevcraemget wbcob lrg vgry oammae ta`ly. Ct cs oaetrlry ta lutbgetco `gvghapmget, bg

slys, ‘ta vcgw elturg ls samgtbcen marg cmpartlet tble tbg bumle pgrsae.” Pbcs hgl`s ta

ega-plnlecsm le` l egw pletbgcsm, ls cj slhvltcae ole oamg jram elturg lhaeg. Dut ct cs

lhsa oaetrlry ta lutbgetco `gvghapmget ‘ta lcm lt tatlh tgobecolh àmcecae avgr elturg”

dgolusg elturg cs marg tble rlw mltgrclh ta dg mlecpuhltg` lt aur phglsurg (OZ 02,

M^@V <?). Cestgl` Dgeg`cot gmpblsczgs tblt mle gekays l rgocpraolh rghltcaesbcp wctb

elturg; ‘Ls wg olrg jar orgltcae, wg rglhczg tblt Na`, tbraunb orgltcae, olrgs jar us”

(M^@V <?).

Pbg Vapg rgjgrs jrgqugethy ta tbg ‘nrlmmlr” aj elturg wbcob wg must hglre ta rgl`, l

nrlmmlr dy wbcob elturg gxprgssgs l `gscne aj havg le` trutb wbcob cs prcar ta us, le`

wbcob bls dgge ncvge ta us dy Na` ls tbg sgttcen jar aur hcjg. Pbcs nrlmmlr sgts jartb

‘ge`s le` orctgrcl jar cts wcsg usg, eat cts rgoihgss gxphactltcae”;

Elturg spglis ta us aj tbg Orgltar le` bcs havg jar bumlecty (oj. Tam <;46). Ct cs

`gstceg` ta dg ‘rgolpctuhltg` ce Obrcst lt tbg ge` aj tcmg (oj. Gpb <;3-<69 Oah

<;<3-46). Pbus ct taa cs l ‘vaoltcae”. Elturg cs lt aur `cspaslh eat ls ‘l bglp aj

solttgrg` rgjusg”, dut ls l ncjt aj tbg Orgltar wba bls ncvge ct le ceducht ar`gr,

geldhcen mle ta `rlw jram ct tbg prceocphgs egg`g` ce ar`gr ‘ta tchh ct le` iggp ct”

(Nge 4;<7). (OZ 02)






Ce bcs ârh` @ly aj Vglog mgsslng Dgeg`cot ajjgrs l dglutcjuh gxgngscs aj tbg Daai aj

Ngegscs ta `gmaestrltg tblt Na`–s arcncelh oammle` ta sudùg le` jchh tbg glrtb ‘wls

eat l scmphg oaejgrrlh aj lutbarcty, dut rltbgr l summaes ta rgspaescdchcty” (M^@V :).

Jahhawcen Dgeg`cot–s tbaunbt, tbg Oltbahco oleeat gsolpg sggcen tblt lhh tbg nrglt pradhgms aj aur tcmg, ceohu`cen gevcraemgetlh pradhgms, blvg lt tbgcr bglrt qugstcaes

tblt lrg jue`lmgetlhhy marlh ce oblrlotgr. \uctg ajtge, ce jlot, tbgy rgjhgot l marlh orcscs.

CeOlrctls ce Zgrctltg, tbg Vapg strgssgs tblt ‘muob ce jlot `gpge`s ae tbg ue`grhycen

systgm aj marlhcty”, le` tblt tbcs cs wby tbg Oburob–s saoclh àotrceg ole mlig suob le

cmpartlet oaetrcdutcae (OZ 07). Hltgr, bg gxohlcms tblt ‘tbgrg cs l prgsscen marlh egg`

ar rgegwg` sahc`lrcty” (OZ 03)9 bg lhsa eatgs ce tbg ârh` @ly aj Vglog mgsslng tblt

Vapg Kabe Vluh CC bl` olhhg` lttgetcae ta tbg ‘prcmlrchy gtbcolh oblrlotgr” aj tbg

gevcraemgetlh orcscs ls glrhy ls <336 (M^@V 0).

Ce`gg`, Dgeg`cot cescsts tblt ‘aur prgsget orcsgs‐dg tbgy goaeamco, jaa`-rghltg`,

gevcraemgetlh ar saoclh‐lrg uhtcmltghy lhsa marlh orcsgs.” L supgrcar ma`gh aj

`gvghapmget cs `gmle`g`, bg slys, eat aehy dy ‘tbg goahancolh bglhtb aj tbg phlegt” dut

dy ‘tbg ouhturlh le` marlh orcscs aj bumlecty wbasg symptams blvg jar samg tcmg dgge

gvc`get ce gvgry plrt aj tbg warh`” (M^@V 7).

Bumle Goahany le` Gevcraemgetlh Goahany

Pbcs nrlmmlr le` marlh jrlmgwari pravc`gs tbg dlscs jar wblt Dgeg`cot olhhs l ‘bumle

goahany”. Ce datb àoumgets, ls ce mley atbgr phlogs, bg cescsts ae tbg egg` ta ngtbumle goahany rcnbt cj wg wlet ta blvg l oaestruotcvg gevcraemgetlh goahany. Glrhy ce

tbg jaurtb oblptgr aj tbg geoyohcolh, bg gmpblsczgs tblt ‘marlhhy rgspaescdhg apgeegss ta

hcjg rgprgsgets l rcob saoclh le` goaeamco rgsaurog” (OZ 00). L hctthg hltgr bg rgmce`s us

tblt ‘tbg wly bumlecty trglts tbg gevcraemget cejhugeogs tbg wly ct trglts ctsghj, le` vcog

vgrsl”, le` bg hlys àwe tbg prceocphg tblt ‘wbge ‒bumle goahany– cs rgspgotg` wctbce

saocgty, gevcraemgetlh goahany lhsa dgegjcts”;

YP]bg `gocscvg cssug cs tbg avgrlhh marlh tgear aj saocgty. Cj tbgrg cs l hloi aj rgspgot

jar tbg rcnbt ta hcjg le` ta l elturlh `gltb, cj bumle oaeogptcae, ngstltcae le` dcrtblrg ml`g lrtcjcoclh, cj bumle gmdryas lrg slorcjcog` ta rgsglrob, tbg oaesocgeog aj

saocgty ge`s up hascen tbg oaeogpt aj bumle goahany le`, lhaen wctb ct, tblt aj

gevcraemgetlh goahany. Ct cs oaetrl`cotary ta cescst tblt juturg ngegrltcaes rgspgot

tbg elturlh gevcraemget wbge aur gùoltcaelh systgms le` hlws à eat bghp tbgm ta

rgspgot tbgmsghvgs. Pbg daai aj elturg cs aeg le` ce`cvcscdhg; Ct tligs ce eat aehy






tbg gevcraemget dut lhsa hcjg, sgxulhcty, mlrrclng, tbg jlmchy, saoclh rghltcaes; ce l

war`, cetgnrlh bumle `gvghapmget. (OZ 7<)

Bg rgpglts tbcs ce tbg ârh` @ly aj Vglog mgsslng; ‘Sauen pgaphg oleeat dg lsig` ta

rgspgot tbg gevcraemget cj tbgy lrg eat bghpg`, wctbce jlmchcgs le` saocgty ls l wbahg, targspgot tbgmsghvgs.” Aur ùtcgs tawlr` tbg gevcraemget ‘jhaw jram aur ùtcgs tawlr`s

tbg pgrsae, oaesc`grg` datb ce`cvcùlhhy le` ce rghltcae ta atbgrs.” Le lutbgetco bumle

goahany must ljjcrm ‘tbg cevcahldchcty aj bumle hcjg lt gvgry stlng le` ce gvgry

oae`ctcae, tbg `cnecty aj tbg pgrsae le` tbg uecqug mcsscae aj tbg jlmchy, wbgrg aeg cs

trlceg` ce havg aj egcnbdar le` rgspgot jar elturg” (M^@V <4).

Pbg Vapg olhhs jar eatbcen hgss tble l egw ouhturg dlsg` ae l Obrcstcle bumle

goahany ls tbg igy ta l``rgsscen suoogssjuhhy aur oaeogre ldaut tbg gevcraemget.

_ahc`lrcty le` Cts Hloi

^ctbce l ouhturg wbcob prapgrhy vlhugs Na`, mle, orgltcae le` mle–s pasctcae ls l

stgwlr` aj elturg, Dgeg`cot gmpblsczgs rgpgltg`hy tblt tbg wchhcenegss ta `glh prapgrhy

wctb tbg gevcraemget `gpge`s ae tbg saoclh vcrtug aj sahc`lrcty. Tgolhhcen Kabe Vluh CC–s

cescstgeog ae tbg ‘urnget marlh egg` jar l egw sahc`lrcty” ce bcs awe Mgsslng jar tbg

ârh` @ly aj Vglog ce <336, Dgeg`cot olhhs jar l ‘ prajaue` ouhturlh rgegwlh ” mlrig`

dy ‘sadrcgty le` sahc`lrcty” (M^@V 7). Bg lhsa eatgs tblt ‘gvgry vcahltcae aj sahc`lrcty

le` ocvch jrcge`sbcp blrms tbg gevcraemget, kust ls gevcraemgetlh `gtgrcarltcae ce ture

upsgts rghltcaes ce saocgty” (OZ 7<).Lnlce le` lnlce Dgeg`cot gmpblsczgs tbg egg` jar cetgr-ngegrltcaelh le`

cetrl-ngegrltcaelh sahc`lrcty, tblt cs, sahc`lrcty wbcob cs gxtge`g` ce datb tcmg le` splog

(M^@V 2). L hloi aj sahc`lrcty olusgs sgvgrg gevcraemgetlh pradhgms, mligs tbgm

cmpasscdhg ta sahvg, le` phlogs tbg dur`ge ae tbasg hglst olpldhg aj `glhcen wctb tbgm. Ce

tbg ârh` @ly aj Vglog mgsslng (M^@V 0), tbg Vapg hcsts tbg jahhawcen pradhgms ls

mgrctcen plrtcouhlr oaeogre;

Ohcmltg obleng

@gsgrtcjcoltcae

@gtgrcarltcae le` hass aj praùotcvcty ce vlst lnrcouhturlh lrgls

Vahhutcae aj rcvgrs le` lqucjgrs

Hass aj dca`cvgrscty






@gjargstltcae aj gqultarclh le` trapcolh rgncaes

Ceorglsg aj elturlh oltlstrapbgs

Nrawcen eumdgrs aj gevcraemgetlh rgjunggs

Oaejhcots avgr elturlh rgsaurogs

Ce Olrctls ce Zgrctltg bg lhsa eatgs tblt wbge ‘_tltgs, pawgr nraups le` oamplecgs balr`

eae-rgegwldhg gegrny rgsaurogs” tbgy pasg l ‘nrlvg adstlohg ta `gvghapmget ce paar

oauetrcgs”, wbcob hgl`s `crgothy ta tbg ice`s aj oaejhcots mgetcaeg` lt tbg ge` aj tbg

prgog`cen hcst (OZ 03). Bg mligs tbg slmg pacet ldaut wltgr ls wghh (OZ 7<).

Dgeg`cot–s Vranrlm

Ct cs l jue`lmgetlh lxcam aj Oltbahco saoclh tglobcen (elmghy, tbg uecvgrslh `gstceltcae

aj naa`s) tblt tbg glrtb, wltgr le` lcr lrg ncjts aj orgltcae tblt dghaen ta gvgryaeg. Ce

rgspaesg ta lhh tbasg gevcraemgetlh sctultcaes wbcob sggm ta ue`grmceg tbcs prceocphg,

Vapg Dgeg`cot ljjcrms tblt tbgrg cs le ‘ceorglscenhy ohglr hcei dgtwgge oamdltcen

gevcraemgetlh `gnrl`ltcae le` pramatcen le cetgnrlh bumle `gvghapmget.”

Oaesgqugethy, bg l`vaoltgs tbg làptcae aj l ma`gh aj `gvghapmget dlsg` ae tbg

jahhawcen (M^@V 3);

‘Pbg ogetrlhcty aj tbg bumle pgrsae”9<.

‘Pbg pramatcae le` sblrcen aj tbg oammae naa`”94.

‘Tgspaescdchcty”9?.

‘L rglhczltcae aj aur egg` jar l obleng` hcjg-styhg”90.

‘Vru`geog, tbg vcrtug wbcob tghhs us wblt egg`s ta dg àeg ta`ly ce vcgw aj wblt

mcnbt blppge tamarraw”.

7.

^ctbce tbcs oaetgxt, tbgrg lrg l eumdgr aj prlotcolh pacets bg plrtcouhlrhy strgssgs. Jcrst,

bg adsgrvgs tblt wbchg rgspaescdhg praorgltcae cs egogsslry, jlr marg pradhgms lrg

olusg` ta`ly dy papuhltcae `gohceg, wbcob rgùogs tbg jceleoclh rgsaurogs egg`g` jar

cevgstmget, rgùogs tbg lvlchldchcty aj qulhcjcg` hldargrs, le` elrraws tbg drlce paah.

Pbgrgjarg, ‘_tltgs lrg olhhg` tagelot pahcocgs pramatcen tbg ogetrlhcty le` tbg cetgnrcty aj

tbg jlmchy jaue`g` ae mlrrclng dgtwgge l mle le` l wamle, tbg prcmlry vctlh oghh aj

saocgty” (OZ 00).






_goae`, ce ar`gr ta wari wghh, `gvghapmget pranrlms must dg jhgxcdhg sa tbgy ole dg

l`lptg` ta haolh sctultcaes, ‘celsmuob ls tbgrg lrg ea uecvgrslhhy vlhc` sahutcaes,” le`

tbgy must dg mlrig` dy tbg saoclh vcrtug aj sudsc`clrcty. Pbus tbg pgaphg wba dgegjct

jram suob pranrlms ‘aunbt ta dg `crgothy cevahvg` ce tbgcr phleecen le` cmphgmgetltcae”

(OZ 0>). Cetgreltcaelh oaapgrltcae rgqucrgs plrtcocpltcae tbraunb sahc`lrcty, supgrvcscae,

trlcecen le` rgspgot. Pbasg wba rgogcvg lc` must eat ‘dgoamg sudar`celtg ta tbg

lc`-ncvgrs”, le` tbg paar must eat dg usg` ‘ta pgrpgtultg durgluorlocgs wbcob oaesumg

le gxogsscvghy bcnb pgrogetlng aj jue`s cetge`g` jar `gvghapmget” (OZ 0>).

Pbcr`, ‘ct cs egogsslry ta ouhtcvltg l pudhco oaesocgeog tblt oaesc`grs jaa` le` loogss

ta wltgr ls uecvgrslh rcnbts aj lhh bumle dgcens, wctbaut `cstceotcae ar `csorcmceltcae”

(OZ 4>). Pbgrg egg`s ta dg le cetgreltcaelh gjjart ta gesurg tbg lvlchldchcty aj jaa`

tbraunbaut tbg warh`, le` ‘scmchlr lttgetcae lhsa egg`s ta dg plc` ta tbg warh`-wc`g

pradhgm aj wltgr le` ta tbg nhadlh wltgr oyohg systgm, wbcob cs aj prcmg cmpartleog jar

hcjg ae glrtb le` wbasg stldchcty oauh` dg sgrcaushy kgaplr`czg` dy ohcmltg obleng”

(M^@V <6).

Jaurtb, scnecjcolet gevcraemgetlh oaeogre egg`s ta dg `crgotg` tawlr` tbg gegrny

pradhgm. ‘Pbg tgobeahancolhhy l`vleog` saocgtcgs ole le` must hawgr tbgcr àmgstco

gegrny oaesumptcae, gctbgr tbraunb le gvahutcae ce mleujloturcen mgtba`s ar tbraunb

nrgltgr goahancolh sgesctcvcty lmaen tbgcr octczges” (OZ 03). Tgsglrob ceta lhtgreltcvg

jarms aj gegrny sbauh` dg geoaurlng` (OZ 03). Dut ‘l warh`wc`g rg`cstrcdutcae aj

gegrny rgsaurogs” cs lhsa egg`g` ‘sa tblt oauetrcgs hloicen tbasg rgsaurogs ole blvg

loogss ta tbgm” (OZ 039 M^@V 3).

Jcjtb, wbge mlicen usg aj elturlh rgsaurogs, wg must dg oaeogreg` ldaut tbgcr

pratgotcae jar usg dy atbgrs, le` wg must ‘oaesc`gr tbg oast getlchg`‐gevcraemgetlhhy

le` saoclhhy‐ls le gssgetclh plrt aj tbg avgrlhh gxpgesgs ceourrg`” (M^@V >). Pbus tbg

goaeamco le` saoclh oasts aj uscen up sblrg` gevcraemgetlh rgsaurogs must dg

‘rgoaneczg` wctb trlesplrgeoy le` juhhy dareg dy tbasg wba ceour tbgm, eat dy atbgr

pgaphgs ar juturg ngegrltcaes” (OZ 76).

Jcelhhy, wg must pramatg jarms aj lnrcouhturlh le` ceùstrclh praùotcae olpldhg aj

‘rgspgotcen orgltcae le` sltcsjycen tbg prcmlry egg`s aj lhh” (M^@V <6). Pbcs rgqucrgs l

egw ouhturg, l sbcjt ce mgetlhcty hgl`cen ta tbg làptcae aj egw hcjgstyhgs, rgphlocen

bgàecsm le` oaesumgrcsm le` mlicen ‘tbg qugst jar trutb, dgluty, naaègss le`

oammuecae wctb atbgrs jar tbg slig aj oammae nrawtb…jlotars wbcob `gtgrmceg

oaesumgr obacogs, slvcens le` cevgstmgets” (OZ 7<). Pbcs cs rgqucrg` ‘eat aehy dgolusg

aj tbg obchhcen praspgots aj gevcraemgetlh `gnrl`ltcae ae tbg barczae” dut dy l prajaue`

egg` jar ‘lutbgetco warh`-wc`g sahc`lrcty cespcrg` dy tbg vlhugs aj oblrcty, kustcog le`






Pbg Nrgge Va g–s @chgmml

Kueg 4>, 46<<

Orctcocsm tge`s ta rue bcnb ae OltbahcoOuhturg.arn wbgegvgr dcsbaps spgli aut ae

gevcraemgetlh cssugs, tbaunb ct cs ngegrlhhy marg mutg` wbge ct oamgs ta tbg stltgmgets

aj tbg Vapg. Ct sggms ta mg tblt tbgrg lrg twa hgnctcmltg rglsaes jar tbcs oaeogre. Dut ls

wg–hh sgg, tbgsg rglsaes `a eat ngt dgyae` tbg surjlog aj tbcens.

Pbg jcrst hgnctcmltg rglsae jar oaeogre cs tblt gevcraemgetlhcsm ce tbg ma`gre ^gst

cs lssaocltg` prcmlrchy wctb tbasg wba rgnlr` tbg bumle pgrsae ls l dhcnbt ae tbg

hle`solpg. Ce tbg prgvlchcen gevcraemgetlhcst vcgw, mle bls ea plrtcouhlr spcrctulh

`gstcey. Cestgl`, taa mley gevcraemgetlhcsts sggm ta dg trge`cen tawlr` l sart aj

pletbgcsm ls l mgles aj rgnlcecen tbg blrmaey wctb elturg tbgy jggh bls dgge hast ce l

tgobeaorltco warh`.

Pbg sgoae` rglsae jar oaeogre cs tblt tbgrg sggms ta dg hctthg prlotcolh oaeegotcae

dgtwgge gevcraemgetlhcsm le` tbg marg prgsscen ohglr-out marlh cssugs wbcob bluet aur

tcmg, suob ls ldartcae, gutblelscl, nly mlrrclng le` uedrc`hg` sgxulh hcogesg. Pa dg

ngttcen cevahvg` ce ceoaeohuscvg `gdltgs avgr tbg dgst wly ta `glh wctb tbg gevcraemget

ole lhh taa glschy dg oamplrg` wctb jc``hcen wbchg Tamg dures.

Vapg Dgeg`cot–s Lppralob

_cmphg ls tbcs mly sggm, wbge wg dhcei aur gygs le` haai lnlce, wg jce` l naa` `glh

marg lt stlig, ceohu`cen igy cssugs wbcob phlog gevcraemgetlh `gdltgs squlrghy ce tbg

Oltbahco wbgghbausg. Jar tbg rcnbt vcgw aj gevcraemgetlhcsm datb `grcvgs jram le`

eaurcsbgs l prapgr vcscae aj tbg bumle pgrsae. Vapg Dgeg`cot ml`g prgocsghy tbcs pacet

ce bcs nrglt saoclh geoyohcolh, Olrctls ce Zgrctltg. Ce tbg mast ngegrlh tgrms, bcs lrnumget

cs ls jahhaws;

Pbg gevcraemget cs Na`–s ncjt ta gvgryaeg, le` ce aur usg aj ct wg blvg lrgspaescdchcty tawlr`s tbg paar, tawlr`s juturg ngegrltcaes le` tawlr`s bumlecty

ls l wbahg. ^bge elturg, ceohu`cen tbg bumle dgcen, cs vcgwg` ls tbg rgsuht aj

mgrg obleog ar gvahutcaelry `gtgrmcecsm, aur sgesg aj rgspaescdchcty wlegs. Ce

elturg, tbg dghcgvgr rgoaneczgs tbg wae`grjuh rgsuht aj Na`–s orgltcvg lotcvcty,

wbcob wg mly usg rgspaescdhy ta sltcsjy aur hgnctcmltg egg`s, mltgrclh ar








atbgrwcsg, wbchg rgspgotcen tbg cetrcesco dlhleog aj orgltcae. Cj tbcs vcscae cs hast,

wg ge` up gctbgr oaesc`grcen elturg le uetauobldhg tldaa ar, ae tbg oaetrlry,

lduscen ct. Egctbgr lttctu`g cs oaesaelet wctb tbg Obrcstcle vcscae aj elturg ls tbg

jruct aj Na`–s orgltcae. (02)

Pbus tbg Vapg strgssgs tblt wg must nulr` lnlcest twa grrars;

Elturg cs nrgltgr tble mle; Pbg ega-pletbgcstco lttctu`g wbcob jce`s l ice` aj

slhvltcae ce elturg cs mcsnuc`g` dgolusg tbg bumle pgrsae bls l supgrelturlh

`gstcey wbcob elturg cs `gstceg` ta bghp bcm ta lobcgvg.

<.

Elturg cs rlw mltgrclh ta dg mlecpuhltg`; Elturg ‘cs l wae`raus wari aj tbg

Orgltar oaetlcecen l ‒nrlmmlr– wbcob sgts jartb ge`s le` orctgrcl jar cts wcsg

usg, eat cts rgoihgss gxphactltcae.” ^ctbaut tbcs ue`grstle`cen, wg `a vcahgeog ta

lhh aj elturg, ceohu`cen tbg elturg aj mle bcmsghj.

4.

Dut tbgsg twa mcstligs lrg ouhturlhhy systgmco. Pbgrgjarg, tbg `chgmml jlog` dy Vapg

Dgeg`cot‐wba cs oammaehy ecoielmg` tbg ‘nrgge” papg jar bcs cetgrgst ce

gevcraemgetlh stgwlr`sbcp‐cs baw ta oammuecoltg l oaestruotcvg lttctu`g tawlr` datb

mle le` elturg wctbaut blvcen gvgry gevcraemgetlh `csousscae oa-aptg` gctbgr dy tbg

pletbgcsts ar tbg tgobeaorlts.

Ge`gmco OaejuscaeDgeg`cot, aj oaursg, cs pgrjgothy olpldhg aj mlicen tbg egogsslry `cstceotcaes, dut tbasg

wba hcstge ta bcm, le` C suspgot wg must ceohu`g aursghvgs, wchh vgry jrgqugethy bglr

aehy wblt tbgy wlet ta bglr, hltobcen aeta wbcobgvgr oaeogpts lrg lhrgl`y plrt aj tbgcr

awe warh`vcgw, ea mlttgr baw `cstartg` tbgsg mly dg.

Ce atbgr war`s, wg blvg l eglrhy avgrpawgrcen ouhturlh tge`geoy ta gxtrlot tbg

Vapg–s vgry Oltbahco c`gls ceta tbg sgrvcog aj tbg usulh sgouhlr `gdltgs. Pbcs ljjhcots jlr

marg tble mgrghy sgouhlr oammgetltars. Dcsbaps, prcgsts, tbgahancles, oltgobcsts, le`

Oltbahco vatgrs‐lhh aj us rue tbg rcsi aj tbceicen jcrst ce tgrms aj tbg plrtcsle eatcaes wg

blvg cebgrctg` jram tbg rgourrcen `clhgotco wbcob `gjcegs aur pudhco hcjg. Pbg rgsuht cs

tblt wg wchh mast ajtge gctbgr lppravg ar `gory tbcs ar tblt prapaslh looar`cen ta aur

sgouhlrczg` cetghhgotulh ljjchcltcaes, wctbaut lt lhh oblhhgencen tbg mcstlige c`gls ldaut

mle le` elturg tblt lrg lhmast lhwlys lt stlig. Pbg mast scnecjcolet plrt aj Oltbahco

tbaunbt ae tbg gevcraemget cs scmphy tbcs; ^bgtbgr l plrtcouhlr gevcraemgetlh pahcoy cs






cestctutg` ar eat, cj aur ouhturg–s lttctu`gs tawlr` mle le` elturg à eat obleng, egctbgr

tbg pahcoy ear cts ldsgeog wchh à ley lpprgocldhg naa`.

Pbg Nrgge Vapg–s `chgmml lrcsgs jram tbg haasg `cvcscae aj oaetgmparlry ^gstgre

saoclh `csoaursg ceta oltgnarcgs aj hgjt le` rcnbt (tbg rleng aj lvlchldhg aptcaes wchh vlry

jram phlog ta phlog, dut tbg oltgnarcgs wchh dg tbg slmg). Ct cs plcejuhhy `cjjcouht jar datb

oaesgrvltcvg (rcnbt) le` hcdgrlh (hgjt) Oltbahcos ta ngt dgyae` tbgcr iegg-kgri rglotcaes ta

gevcraemgetlh oaeogres ce ar`gr ta ohasghy gxlmceg tbg Oltbahco vcscae aj tbg bumle

pgrsae wbcob ldsahutghy must dg genlng`.

^bchg ct cs tbleijuhhy trug tblt apcecaes ae tbg gevcraemget orass plrty hcegs marg

tble apcecaes ae mast atbgr tbcens à, ce ngegrlh wg stchh jlog bgrg gxlothy tbg slmg

pradhgm wbcob ljjhcots oaesgrvltcvg le` hcdgrlh Oltbahcos ce `csousscen goaeamcos.

^gstgre `csoaursg avgr tbg plst sgvgrlh bue`rg` yglrs bls dgge pranrgsscvghy haoig` ceta

l hgjt-rcnbt ùlhcty aj oahhgotcvcsm le` ce`cvcùlhcsm ce wbcob eglrhy gvgrytbcen bls dgge

jarnattge dut bumle jrggàm le` tbg rgsuhtcen qugstcae aj wba aunbt ta (ar ngts ta) à

wblt ta wbam. Pbg plrlàxcolh rgsuht cs l hcogetcaus saocgty navgreg` dy eglrhy

tatlhctlrcle stltgs. Pbcs cs wbgrg tbg ceoamplrldhg tbceegss aj aur saoclh `csoaursg bls

hg`. Le` sl`hy, gvgry aeg aj us cs marg daue` dy aur prgvlchcen ouhturlh oltgnarcgs tble

wg olrg ta l`mct.

_pcrctulh le` Marlh Zcscae

Aur awe ouhturlh oaestrcotcae, aj oaursg, mgrghy mligs tbg Vapg–s `chgmml warsg. ^g

ole rgsahvg, ar lt hglst hgssge, tblt `chgmml aehy dy dgcen wchhcen ta stgp autsc`g aj aur

prgvlchcen saoca-pahctcolh dax ce ar`gr ta dlsg aur aptcaes ae l Oltbahco ue`grstle`cen aj

tbg bumle pgrsae le` l Oltbahco ue`grstle`cen aj elturg.

Ce tbg slmg oblptgr aj Olrctls ce Zgrctltg ce wbcob tbg Dgeg`cot trgltg`

gevcraemgetlh qugstcaes, bg ml`g tbg pacet tblt ‘marlhhy rgspaescdhg apgeegss ta hcjg”

rgprgsgets l rcob rgsaurog, tbg hloi aj wbcob cs ichhcen le` orusbcen aur mast ljjhuget

saocgtcgs (00). Bg lhsa pacetg` aut tblt ‘tbg goaeamy egg`s gtbcos ce ar`gr ta jueotcae

oarrgothy‐eat ley gtbcos wbltsagvgr, dut le gtbcos wbcob cs pgaphg-ogetgrg`”, jar ‘muob

ce jlot `gpge`s ae tbg ue`grhycen systgm aj marlhcty” (07). Ce lhh `gvghapmget pranrlms,

bg jurtbgr eatg`, ‘tbg prceocphg aj tbg ogetrlhcty aj tbg bumle pgrsae, ls tbg sudkgot

prcmlrchy rgspaescdhg jar `gvghapmget, must dg prgsgrvg`” (07). Ct cs aehy ljtgr lhh tbcs

tblt bg taai up tbg gevcraemget;

Elturg gxprgssgs l `gscne aj havg le` trutb. Ct cs prcar ta us, le` ct bls dgge ncvge ta

us dy Na` ls tbg sgttcen jar aur hcjg. Elturg spglis ta us aj tbg Orgltar (oj. Tam






`cspasg` aj ce tbg slmg wly wg mcnbt `cspasg aj le cesgot ar l hglj. Ae tbg atbgr, wg

geoaurlng tbg tgobeahancolh mlecpuhltcae eat aehy aj atbgrs dut aj aur awe da`cgs, ls cj

wg lrg na`s wba ole cevgst tbg elturlh ar`gr wctb egw mglecens tblt wchh pgrmct us ta

ceùhng aur mast `csar`grg` orlvcens wctbaut tbg cegvctldhg `cslstraus oaesgqugeogs.

Ls tbg Vapg put ct ce bcs `cphamltco l``rgss, ‘tbg wgligecen aj tbg prcmloy aj tbg

bumle dgcen drcens gxcstgetclh dgwch`grmget le` l hass aj tbg mglecen aj hcjg.” Ce`gg`,

‘l vcscae aj tbg bumle pgrsae le` aj tbcens wctbaut l rgjgrgeog ta trlesoge`geog upraats

mle jram tbg glrtb le` jue`lmgetlhhy cmpavgrcsbgs bcs vgry c`getcty.”

Pbus ct cs ‘urngethy egogsslry”, slys tbg Vapg, ‘ ta suoogg` ce oamdcecen tgobeahany

wctb l straen gtbcolh `cmgescae, jar tbg bumle olplocty ta trlesjarm le`, ce l sgesg, ta

orgltg tbg warh` tbraunb bcs awe wari cs lhwlys dlsg` ae tbg jcrst le` arcncelh ncjt aj

tbcens tblt lrg ml`g dy Na`. Pgobeahany must bghp elturg dhassam looar`cen ta tbg wchh

aj tbg Orgltar.” Dut ce tbcs bg cs aeog lnlce cmmg`cltghy olunbt ae tbg bares aj aur

`chgmml, le` tbg rglsae cs plcejuhhy scmphg. Aur hgjt-rcnbt dax cs ce jlot gssgetclhhy l

elturlhcstco dax, l sgouhlrcst dax, l dax tblt gjjgotcvghy gxohu`gs Na`.

Pblt cs wby tbg Vapg cescsts ma`gre stltgs must stap squggzcen Na` aut aj wblt wg

mcnbt olhh tbg elturlh saoclh ar`gr, sggicen ta rgùog Bcm ta l mgrg sgetcmget ce tbg

prcvltg mce`. ^g taa must stap tbceicen aj rghcncae ls le ‘cesc`g tbg Oburob”

pbgeamgeae wctb ea dglrcen ae tbg elturlh ar`gr‐ls cj gevcraemgetlhcsm must dg tlige

ls l vlhug-egutrlh oaeogpt ldaut wbcob Na` bls eatbcen usgjuh ta sly. Ar ls cj ct cs

advcaus tblt prcgsts, dcsbaps le` gvge tbg Vapg aunbt ta kust sbut up ldaut tbcens tblt

àe–t oaeogre tbgm.

Cestgl`, wg tge` ta iggp tbg Nrgge Vapg jcrmhy ae tbg bares aj bcs `chgmml. _amg aj

us tghh tbg Vapg ta na à bcs rglh kad, le` ce sa àcen wg hasg l scnelh appartuecty ta

genlng aur ouhturg–s lttctu`gs tawlr` mle le` elturg. Atbgrs aj us kump ae tbg plplh

dle`wlnae ls le gxousg ta prlcsg tbg phltjarm aj aur jlvarctg sgouhlr plrty. Dut bgrg

lnlce wg jlch ta oblhhgeng tblt plrty–s lttctu`gs tawlr` mle le` elturg. Egctbgr aj tbgsg

rgspaesgs ole à ley passcdhg naa`. Ea, tbg aehy wly ta bghp cs ta paur tbg Vapg–s egw

wceg ceta egw sices. Ce bcs `cphamltco l``rgss, Dgeg`cot wlreg` tblt tbg tbcs egw wceg

wchh blvg l `goc`g`hy bgl`y cmplot ae aur saoclh `csoaursg. ‘Hcjg ce saocgty,” bg slc`,

‘must dg oaesc`grg` jcrst le` jargmast ls l spcrctulh rglhcty.”

^lct, wblt–s tblt lnlce1 ‘Hcjg ce saocgty must dg oaesc`grg` jcrst le` jargmast ls l

spcrctulh rglhcty.” Cse–t tbcs tbg `crgot appasctg aj wblt aur ouhturg `cotltgs1 Sgt cj yau

wlet ta ge` tbg Nrgge Vapg–s `chgmml‐le` yau sbauh`‐C rgoammge` yau stlrt wctb

tbcs ohglr le` rcencen lssgrtcae. Sau wchh gxpha`g tbg dax.






Pbg Dcsbaps, Kustcog, Bglhtb Olrgle` _aoclh Obleng

Mly 43, 4663

Dcsbap ^chhclm Murpby–s hgttgr ta mgmdgrs aj tbg W_ Bausg aj Tgprgsgetltcvgs

geàrscen oamprgbgescvg bglhtb olrg jar gvgry cebldctlet aj tbg Wectg` _tltgs (ceohu`cen

chhgnlh cmmcnrlets) rlcsgs le cmpartlet qugstcae ldaut tbg cevahvgmget aj tbg Wectg`

_tltgs dcsbaps ce pahctcos. Nrletg`, tbg hgttgr oamgs jram Dcsbap Murpby ls oblcrmle aj

tbg @amgstco Kustcog le` Bumle @gvghapmget Oammcttgg aj tbg W_OOD. Ct cs eat,

lpplrgethy, l mle`ltg aj tbg da`y aj dcsbaps ls l wbahg. Eaegtbghgss, tbg hgttgr aeog

lnlce rlcsgs tbg orctcolh qugstcae; ^bgrg cs tbg hceg dgtwgge marlh prceocphgs, wbcob tbg

dcsbaps must geueocltg ohglrhy le` jarogjuhhy, le` pudhco pahcoy, wbcob tbg dcsbaps blvg

egctbgr tbg oblrcsm ear tbg oampgtgeog ta jarmuhltg1

Pbcs qugstcae bls haen bluetg` tbg Oburob ce Lmgrcol, gspgoclhhy ce tbg bgl`y

past-Zltcole CC yglrs wbge mley dcsbaps lpplrgethy dghcgvg` tblt Oltbahco àotrceg

ctsghj wls ce tbg mc`st aj l mlkar rgjarmuhltcae, rgsuhtcen ce gpcsoaplh pahctcolh

stltgmgets tblt wgrg samgtcmgs eat sa vgry wghh nraue`g` ce Oltbahco marlh prceocphgs.

Dut tbg mlce cssug cs eat wbgtbgr tbg dcsbaps blvg l jcrm nrlsp aj Oltbahco marlh

prceocphgs, dut wbgtbgr tbgy blvg l supgrcar nrlsp aj baw gjjgotcvghy tbcs ar tblt pudhco

pahcoy gmda`cgs tbasg prceocphgs. Looar`cen ta Oburob tglobcen, tbgy àe–t. Ce datb

tbgary le` prlotcog ct cs up ta tbg hlcty, jarmg` dy Oltbahco prceocphgs, ta `gtgrmceg tbg

dgst pru`getclh rgspaesg ta vlrcaus pudhco cssugs.

Pbg gpcsoaplh ajjcog àgs eat oaejgr ley plrtcouhlr spgoclh cescnbt ceta gctbgr tbg

jglscdchcty ar tbg gjjgotcvgegss aj prapasg` pudhco pahcocgs9 ear cs tbgrg ley bcstarcolh

wlrrlet jar sunngstcen tblt, ce prlotcog, dcsbaps ls l da`y lrg dgttgr lt tbcs sart aj tbcen

tble hlymge. Ce jlot, datb dy trlcecen le` gxpgrcgeog, aeg wauh` gxpgot pahctcolhhy lotcvg

hly pgrsaes ta blvg l dgttgr nrlsp aj tbg lrt aj tbg passcdhg ce cmphgmgetcen gjjgotcvg pudhco pahcocgs, kust ls aeg wauh` gxpgot dcsbaps ta blvg l dgttgr nrlsp aj Oltbahco jlctb

le` marlhs.

_aoclh Kustcog le` _aoclh Obleng

^bge tbg Oburob cevahvgs bgrsghj ce pahctcos, sbg cs waet ta tlhi ldaut ‘saoclh kustcog”






rltbgr tble oblrcty. Bawgvgr, ls Vapg Dgeg`cot RZC ohglrhy stltg` ce bcs jcrst geoyohcolh,

@gus Olrctls Gst , tbg spgoclh pravceog aj tbg Oburob cs oblrcty. Ct cs tbg _tltg wbcob bls

ustcog ls cts prapgr ge`. Pbcs àgs eat mgle tblt tbg Oburob sbauh` eat tglob tbg

prceocphgs aj kustcog. Kustcog `grcvgs jram tbg marlh hlw, wbcob Tgvghltcae bghps tbg

Oburob ta geueocltg wctb uemltobg` ohlrcty. Dut tbgrg cs l dhurry hceg dgtwgge oblrcty

le` kustcog ce tbg pudhco oaetgxt, gvge wbge datb lcm lt tbg slmg nalh.

Jar gxlmphg, oaesc`gr tbgsg qugstcaes; Cs ct l mlttgr aj oblrcty ar kustcog tblt jrgg

gùoltcae sbauh` dg lvlchldhg ta lhh octczges1 Ar tblt tbg paar sbauh` rgogcvg l bcnb hgvgh

aj bauscen le` jaa` dgegjcts1 Ar tblt bglhtb olrg sbauh` dg jrgg1 Pbgrg cs ea ‘rcnbt”

leswgr ta tbgsg qugstcaes9 tbg leswgrs `gpge` vgry muob ae tbg saoclh oaetgxt. Ce

prgvcaus grls, eada`y wauh` blvg lrnug` tblt tbg _tltg bl` le adhcnltcae ce kustcog ta

pravc`g tbgsg tbcens. Pbg soapg aj tbg _tltg wls uttgrhy cesujjcocget ta tbg purpasg, le`

goaeamco oae`ctcaes wgrg suob tblt ct scmphy oauh` eat dg gxpgotg` tblt l vgry hlrng

pgrogetlng aj octczges oauh` gvgr blvg loogss ta suob dgegjcts. Dut cj aeg pgrsae `gecg`

ta leatbgr pgrsae l dgegjct ta wbcob bg wls ar`celrchy getcthg`‐stglhcen l eadhg–s

cebgrctleog ar rc`cen raunbsba` avgr l pglslet–s rcnbt ta oammae lorglng le` sblrg`

gqucpmget‐tbge l mlttgr aj kustcog wls ohglrhy prgsget. Jar tbg rgst, tbg oblrcty aj

jrcge`s, egcnbdars le` tbg Oburob bgrsghj wls gssgetclh ta ngt pgaphg tbraunb `cjjcouht

tcmgs.

Ce ^gstgre ljjhuget mlss saocgtcgs, tbg ngegrlh hgvgh aj mltgrclh wghh-dgcen cs jlr

bcnbgr, le` ct cs eat (ce tbgary) dlsg` ae rlei ar ohlss. Wecvgrslh pudhco gùoltcae cs l

jlot aj hcjg, le` ce l eae-lnrlrcle saocgty gùoltcae cs sgge ls l igy ta mlicen aeg–s

hcvghcbaa`. ^g tge` ta tbcei, tbgrgjarg, tblt gvgryaeg bls l rcnbt ta dg gùoltg`9 bgeog ct

cs l mlttgr aj kustcog cj samgaeg cs `gecg` sobaahcen. Dut wg olrry tbcs aehy sa jlr. Ct àgs

eat lpphy ta oahhgng ar nrlùltg sobaah. Ce atbgr war`s, l mamget–s rgjhgotcae rgvglhs ta

us tblt cssugs aj kustcog lrg eat lhwlys ldsahutg. Cestgl`, mley cssugs tlig ae l

`cmgescae aj kustcog dy vcrtug aj tbg oaevgetcaes aj tbg saoclh oaetgxt ce wbcob tbg cssugs

lrg rlcsg`. Pbg mast cmpartlet pacet ta rgoaneczg bgrg cs tblt tbg tgrm ‘saoclh kustcog” cs

vgry mlhhgldhg9 ct cs wblt tbg leocgets rgoaneczg` ls `cstrcdutcvg kustcog, le` ct must tlig

ocroumstleogs ceta looauet. Pbus ct `gpge`s aehy plrthy ae tbg elturlh hlw le` ta l muob

nrgltgr `gnrgg ae tbg gxpgotltcaes, oustams le` olpldchctcgs aj tbg saocgty ce qugstcae.

(Ce oaetrlst, oblrcty jlogs ea suob oaeogptulh pradhgms; Ct cs lhwlys l pgrsaelh rgspaesg

ta leatbgr–s egg` aut aj havg.)

Bglhtb Olrg

Bglhtb olrg cs le gxoghhget olsg ce pacet. Pbg vgry `rglm tblt lhh pgaphg sbauh` blvg






loogss ta l bcnb hgvgh aj prajgsscaelh bglhtb olrg `gpge`s ae tbg pgouhclr jglturgs aj

plrtcouhlr saocgtcgs; tbg wc`gsprgl` lvlchldchcty aj oampgtget prajgsscaelh olrg9 l

ngegrlhczg` jlmchclrcty wctb suob olrg tbraunbaut tbg saoclh ar`gr9 l bcnb pgrogetlng aj

pgrsaes lhrgl`y gekaycen tbg l`vletlngs aj tbcs olrg9 l scnecjcolet ue`grstle`cen aj

pudhco bglhtb9 tbg l`vleogmget aj mg`coceg ta tbg pacet tblt tbg `cjjgrgeog dgtwgge

tbasg wba blvg mg`colh olrg le` tbasg wba à eat cs datb scnecjcolet le` prg`cotldhg9

le` aj oaursg trgmgeàus ljjhugeog.

Dut jar tbcs `rglm ta dg tbg prapgr pravceog aj tbg _tltg, wg must samgbaw trleshltg

ct jram tbg spbgrg aj `gscrg ta tbg spbgrg aj kustcog. Aeg wauh` gxpgot tblt tbg spgoclh ncjt

aj dcsbaps wauh` dg ta lrtcouhltg tbg prceocphgs wbcob mlig l ncvge patgetclh dgegjct l

mlttgr aj kustcog9 tbg olsg egg`s ta dg ml`g dgolusg tbgrg cs vgry hctthg ldsahutg ldaut

tbcs sart aj saoclh ohlcm. Pbus tbg dcsbaps mcnbt sunngst (ls C dghcgvg tbgy wauh` dg rcnbt

ta à) tblt tbg ohlcm ta bglhtb olrg (ar ley atbgr saoclh dgegjct) dgoamgs l mlttgr aj

ustcog ce l ncvge saocgty wbge tblt saocgty dgnces ta pgrogcvg, ce cts awe oaetgxt, tblt

bglhtb olrg cs ueegogsslrchy uelvlchldhg ta `gjceg` nraups aj pgaphg wba‐lnlce, ce tbg

ouhturg–s awe plrtcouhlr oaetgxt‐wauh` ar`celrchy dg gxpgotg` ta blvg loogss ta ct.

Pbg gxlmphg aj gùoltcae mly lnlce pravg usgjuh. Lt l ogrtlce pacet ce ^gstgre

bcstary, ct dgolmg l jglturg aj aur oammae ^gstgre ouhturg tblt tbg vlst mlkarcty aj

pgaphg oauh` dg gùoltg`. L vlrcgty aj pbchasapbcolh, saoclh le` goaeamco ocroumstleogs

hg` ta tbcs ouhturlh sbcjt, le` ct taai l vgry haen tcmg jar tbg lvlchldchcty aj gùoltcae ta

rglob leytbcen hcig wblt wg mcnbt olhh orctcolh mlss. Aeog orctcolh mlss wls rglobg`, ct

dgolmg tbg earm tblt lhh pgrsaes sbauh` dg gùoltg` ce l ogrtlce wly (sa muob sa tblt

pgaphg nrlùlhhy hast l nrglt `glh aj pgrsaelh oaetrah avgr tbg mlttgr). Aeog tbcs dgolmg

tbg earm‐le` eat dgjarg‐saocgty wls ce l pasctcae ta ku`ng ct le cekustcog cj leyaeg

wls prgvgetg` jram nacen ta sobaah. Bglhtb olrg cs pgrblps eaw ae l scmchlr trlkgotary.

Bawgvgr, ct cs eat l mlttgr aj ldsahutg prceocphg dut aj saoca-goaeamco-pahctcolh

u`nmget wbgtbgr, ce jlot, aur ouhturg cs ce l pasctcae ta `gmle` l ogrtlce hgvgh aj bglhtb

olrg ls l mlttgr aj kustcog.

Vradhgms

Aeog lnlce, tbg prcmlry rahg aj dcsbaps cs eat ta geàrsg l plrtcouhlr pahcoy prapaslh ar l

plrtcouhlr `gmanrlpbco rgsuht, dut ta gxphlce tbg vlrcaus prceocphgs le` rghltg`

oaesc`grltcaes wbcob mcnbt dg sujjcocget ta mlig bglhtb olrg l kustcog cssug. _uob l olsg

mly wghh dg wartby aj sgrcaus oaesc`grltcae, ncvge tbg ourrget oblrlotgrcstcos aj aur

saocgty. Margavgr, C wauh` sunngst tblt tbg dcsbaps aunbt ta dg uecqughy qulhcjcg` ta

mlig tbcs olsg‐kust ls tbgy lrg ngegrlhhy uequlhcjcg` ta geàrsg ley plrtcouhlr mgtba`






aj gmda`ycen suob prceocphgs aj kustcog ce pudhco pahcoy.

Ljtgr lhh, tbgrg lrg nrlvg pradhgms wctb ley spgocjco cmphgmgetltcae aj tbgsg

prceocphgs ce bglhtb olrg. Oasts, qulhcty aj olrg, le` pgrsaelh hcdgrty ce `gtgrmcecen tbg

elturg le` soapg aj aeg–s mg`colh trgltmget lrg lmaen tbg marg advcaus. Dut tbg vgry

cevahvgmget aj tbg pudhco ar`gr ce mg`colh olrg rlcsgs pradhgms aj cts awe, kust ls ct bls

ce gùoltcae. Ct cs ea sgorgt tblt l vgry hlrng eumdgr aj dcsbaps wgrg rglrg` ce tbg saoclh

trl`ctcaes aj ma`gre hcdgrlhcsm. Vgrblps ls l rgsuht, mley dcsbaps lssumg tblt cj l saoclh

pradhgm gxcsts, tbg Jg`grlh navgremget must dg put ce oblrng aj sahvcen ct. Dut bg wba

hcvgs dy tbg Jg`grlh navgremget mly wghh `cg dy ct, jar tbg Jg`grlh navgremget cs `ggphy

cevahvg` ce le` suppartcvg aj quctg l jgw nrlvg marlh gvchs ce tbg rglhm aj stle`lr`

bglhtb olrg.

Dcsbap Murpby rgoaneczgs tbcs `cjjcouhty, sart aj. Bg wlres tblt ‘ea bglhtb olrg

hgncshltcae tblt oampghs Lmgrcoles ta ply jar ar plrtcocpltg ce ldartcae wchh jce`

sujjcocget vatgs ta plss.” Dut tbcs cs aehy leatbgr pahctcolh ku`nmget tblt ea dcsbap cs

qulhcjcg` ta mlig. Pbg smlrt maegy, C tbcei, sunngsts tblt l uecvgrslh mg`colh systgm, cj

ct wgrg ta plss lhh tbg atbgr adkgotcaes, wauh` eat dg haen sudvgrtg` dy suob ‘pgtty”

oaeogres ls oaetrlogptcae, ldartcae le` tbg usg aj ldartg` gmdryas ce mg`colh

trgltmgets‐ar gvge dy lsscstg` sucoc`g, sbauh` tblt dgoamg tbg sgouhlr earm. Aeg egg`s

aehy ta oaesc`gr baw wg blvg jlrg` ce iggpcen suob tbcens aut aj cesurleog oavgrlng. Ce

ley olsg, tbg mlce pacet cs tblt Dcsbap Murpby, wba aehy ‘sart aj” sggs tbg pradhgm,

àgs eat sgg ct ls samgtbcen tblt wauh` `gtgr bcm jram `gmle`cen tblt tbg Jg`grlh

navgremget cestctutg oamprgbgescvg bglhtb olrg eaw. Pbg slmg c`gahancolh pradhgms

tblt ue`grmceg tbg vlhugs aj tbg Lmgrcole octczgery ce pudhco gùoltcae wchh dg lt wari

ce tbg lotulh ncvcen le` tlicen aj hcjg ce pudhco mg`coceg.

Ct pradldhy cse–t egogsslry ta rlcsg tbg qugstcae aj oasts9 tbg pudhco cs vgry sgesctcvg

ta oast cssugs lt tbg mamget leywly. Dut Dcsbap Murpby–s hgttgr àgs geàrsg tbg

pravcscae aj ”oamprgbgescvg le` ljjar`ldhg bglhtb olrg jar gvgry pgrsae hcvcen ce tbg

Wectg` _tltgs.” Pbcs bc`gs l baregt–s egst aj qugstcaes, mley aj wbcob rgvahvg lraue` tbg

qugstcae aj baw muob bglhtb olrg wg ole ljjar` jar baw mley. Lhls, Tgvghltcae àgs

eat tauob upae tbcs cssug. \ugstcaes aj gjjcocgeoy le` qulhcty lrg gqulhhy oamphgx. Jar

gxlmphg, wauh` ct dg uekust ta lhhaw pgrsaes aj mgles ta sggi l``ctcaelh ar dgttgr bglhtb

olrg tble tbg uecvgrslh systgm pravc`gs1 Pbcs wauh`, ljtgr lhh, ncvg tbgm l saoclh

l`vletlng. Le` wauh` àotars le` baspctlhs dg pgrmcttg` ta pravc`g suob bglhtb olrg

autsc`g tbg systgm1 Leatbgr bung oaesc`grltcae cs tbg cmplot ae chhgnlh cmmcnrltcae aj

gvgr-nrgltgr pudhco dgegjcts jar gvgry mle, wamle le` obch` rgsc`cen ae Lmgrcole sach.






^chhy Echhy @agse–t Out Ct

Lnlce, my pacet cs eat ta lrnug lnlcest l dgttgr sahutcae ta bglhtb olrg ce aur saocgty. Ls C

blvg ce`coltg`, my pgrsaelh lssgssmget cs tblt, lhtbaunb tbg dgst oaursg cs jlr jram ohglr,

aur saocgty àgs passgss tbg oamdceltcae aj oblrlotgrcstcos wbcob mlig ct marlhhy

egogsslry ta tbcei blr` ldaut tbcs qugstcae, le` ta oaesc`gr wblt mcnbt dg àeg. Ls

saocgtcgs nraw le` obleng, lhaen wctb tbgcr rgsaurogs le` tbgcr mgtba`s aj uscen

rgsaurogs, `cjjgrget qugstcaes oamg ta tbg jarg, le` samgtcmgs ocroumstleogs à obleng

geaunb ta rgqucrg tbg lpphcoltcae aj prceocphgs aj kustcog ta egw lrgls aj hcjg, lrgls ce

wbcob tbg qugstcae aj kustcog wls quctg rcnbthy celpphcoldhg ce leatbgr phlog le` leatbgr

tcmg.

Dut ct nags wly dgyae` wblt wg ole ieaw ce aur ourrget oaetgxt ta lssumg wchhy

echhy tblt tbgsg qugstcaes aj kustcog lrg ohglr le` glschy lpphcoldhg, ar tblt aeg plrtcouhlr

sahutcae cs advcaushy tbg dgst oaursg. Dy lhh mgles, tbg dcsbaps sbauh` hgl` l pgegtrltcen

`csousscae aj baw le` wbge ogrtlce saoclh rglhctcgs pusb egw qugstcaes ceta tbg spbgrg aj

wblt wg mcnbt olhh rghltcvg kustcog. Pbgy sbauh` lpphy tbcs `csousscae vgry plrtcouhlrhy ta

bglhtb olrg. Le` tbgy sbauh` lhsa pacet aut ohglrhy ley ldsahutg marlh cmpgrltcvgs tbgy

sgg ls orctcolh ta tbg `csousscae, suob ls eat dgcen jarog` ta plrtcocpltg ce mur`gr. Pbge,

dlsg` ae le gvgr-`ggpgecen ue`grstle`cen aj marlh cssugs pravc`g` dy oanget gpcsoaplh

tglobcen, tbg dcsbaps egg` ta dloi lwly le` lhhaw tbg hlcty ta à tbgcr awe prapgr kad;

Pbg jarmuhltcae le` cmphgmgetltcae aj spgocjco pudhco pahcocgs.






L Dlrrge Dglob

@gogmdgr <7, 4663

C oaejgss ct; C kust àe–t sgg baw ct cs passcdhg jar l naa` Oltbahco ta jlvar tbg Jg`grlh

tligavgr aj bglhtb olrg. Pbcs cs sa advcaus tblt wg sbauhè–t gvge blvg ta dg `gdltcen ct.

Oamphgtghy lplrt jram jue`cen jar ldartcae, glob dcsbap ce tbg Wectg` _tltgs sbauh` sgg

tbg pradhgm wctb l ohlrcty sa purg le` orystlhhceg ls ta burt bcs gygs. (Jar kust l jgw aj

tbg rglsaes, sgg Vbch Hlwhgr–s Pbg Oltbahco olsg lnlcest bglhtb-olrg rgjarm.)

Haai; Leyaeg wba ue`grstle`s tbg sgouhlrcst trlkgotarcgs aj oaetgmparlry Lmgrcole

pahcty, tbg ceorglscen tge`geoy ce tbg ^gst tawlr` tatlhctlrclecsm, tbg vcahltcae aj bumle

jrggàm le` `cnecty wbcob egogsslrchy jahhaws tbg ldleàemget aj sudsc`clrcty, le` tbg

`rlmltco pusb tawlr` l ouhturg aj `gltb dy ^gstgre ouhturg ce ngegrlh, le` dy tbg

Lmgrcole oaurts le` @gmaorltco Vlrty avgr tbg hlst ngegrltcae ce plrtcouhlr‐wghh,

leyda`y wctb gvge le ceihcen aj tbg jlotars ce phly, cj bg bls scnecjcolet Obrcstcle vlhugs

lt lhh, sbauh` dg rueecen ls jlr lwly jram Jg`grlhhy-oaetrahhg` bglhtb olrg ls passcdhg.

Pbg egw warh` tblt leyaeg wctb gygs sbauh` sgg oamcen cs l warh` ce wbcob

ngeuceghy rghcncaus pgaphg, wba tlig Tgvghltcae sgrcaushy rltbgr tble mlicen ct lhh up ls

tbgy na lhaen, wchh dg ceorglscenhy mlrncelhczg`9 wbgrg gxtrgmg marlh gvchs wchh eat

aehy dg pgrmcttg` dut pratgotg` dy hlw, le` eat aehy pratgotg` dy hlw dut rgqucrg`9 wbgrg

tbg duhi aj tbasg gvchs lrg dcagtbcolh le` tbgrgjarg cegsolpldhy mg`colh9 le` wbgrg tbasg

wba adkgot ta suob gvchs must gctbgr plrtcocpltg ce tbgm ar hasg tbg rcnbt ta prlotcog tbgcr

prajgsscae, ta rgmlce lt hcdgrty, ar gvge ta rgmlce lhcvg.

^g blvg dgge tbraunb wlvg ljtgr wlvg aj tbcs sart aj tbcen sceog jlctb le` rglsae

wgrg `cvarog` ce tbg gcnbtggetb ogetury; jcrst tbg Jrgeob Tgvahutcae le` tbg Pgrrar, tbge

tbg rcsg aj Oammuecsm le` Elzcsm, le` eaw tbg ceorglscenhy c`gahancolh pranrgsscaes

aj tbg Gurapgle Wecae le` tbg Lmgrcole ku`coclh systgm. Gvgry aeg aj tbgsg

mlecjgstltcaes aj tbg sgouhlr rltcaelhcst stltg bls dgge nrggtg` ls dgegjcoclh ta mleice`

dy l scnecjcolet eumdgr aj octczges, wba blvg jgrvgethy dhgssg` shlvgry ls jrggàm, le`

olhhg` dhloi wbctg.

Cj tbg gjjart ta put bglhtb olrg juhhy ue`gr Jg`grlh oaetrah cs eat, ue`gr oaetgmparlry

ocroumstleogs, l mlkar stgp lhaen tbcs pltb, tbge C lm ceolpldhg aj lelhytcolh tbaunbt.

@ags leyaeg sgrcaushy dghcgvg tbcs wchh eat lmphcjy le` muhtcphy tbg juhh rleng aj

barrgeàus dcagtbcolh gvchs wbcob ljjhcot aur `ycen ouhturg1 @ags leyaeg rglhhy dghcgvg ct








wchh eat strgentbge tbg ouhturg aj `gltb, uhtcmltghy puecsbcen tbasg wba appasg ct1 Baw

cs ley atbgr cetgrprgtltcae passcdhg1 ^bgeog oamgs l rglhcstco bapg tblt tbg rgsuht oauh`

dg samgtbcen atbgr tble tbcs1 ^bgrg lrg tbg bcstarcolh trge`s ta suppart suob l vlecty1

Le` wblt cejurcltgs mg cs tblt sa mley, ceohu`cen mley wba ohlcm tbg Oltbahco

elmg, stchh purpart eat ta sgg tbcs9 stchh ohlcm tbgy ole suppart ct wctb oamphgtg

oaescstgeoy ls Obrcstcles9 stchh `cssgmdhg9 ar, lt dgst, stchh oaevceog tbgmsghvgs tblt dy

rc`cen tbcs egw wlvg aj pawgr tbgy ole gsolpg tbg uhtcmltg `rawecen aj tbgcr awe sauhs.

Lb! _gg tbgm rc`cen tblt maestraus wlvg, dalstcen ls cj sgczcen l bcnbgr le` jcrmgr

nraue`! Adsgrvg tbg tggmcen cescnecjcoleog aj sa muob hcjg swgpt dghaw! Vlusg ta wltob

tbg mcnbty wltgr ls ct lrobgs le` jratbs, le` bglr prgsgethy tbgcr gxuhtlet sbauts ture ta

tgrrar ls tbg wlvg ourhs le` orlsbgs, spchhcen gvge tbg mcnbtcgst ceta cts sbcmmgrcen mlw.

Hcstge lt hlst ta tbg `cmcecsbcen ralr ls tbg wlvg rgog`gs, rgvglhg` aehy eaw ls tbg gdd

tc`g aj bcstary, hglvcen cts `gl` upae tbg dlrrge dglob.






Oaeogre jar tbg Vaar ce Bglhtb Olrg

@gogmdgr 4<, 4663

Pbgrg–s l hat C–vg wletg` ta wrctg ldaut avgr tbg plst sgvgrlh `lys, dut C–vg dgge tatlhhy

danng` àwe ce seaw rgmavlh le` jcelh jue`rlcscen lotcvctcgs jar tbg yglr. ^rctcen cs

marg jue tble gctbgr (le` bapgjuhhy marg uhtcmltghy usgjuh). ^ctb datb aj tbgsg

hgss-gekayldhg lotcvctcgs eaw ce tbg rglr-vcgw mcrrar, C tbcei tbg jcrst ctgm C–` hcig ta tlig

up cs oaeogre jar tbg paar ce bglhtb olrg.

C rgogcvg` leatbgr aeg aj tbasg gmlchs avgr tbg wggige` wbcob sunngstg` tblt ct

wauh` dg blr` ta pgrsul`g atbgrs ta suppart us ce vcgw aj aur olhhaus ce`cjjgrgeog ta tbg

jltg aj jarty-jcvg mchhcae paar Lmgrcoles wba oleeat ljjar` l`gqultg bglhtb olrg. Pbcs

sart aj lssgrtcae oaetceugs ta lmlzg mg, dgolusg ct sa vgry oamphgtghy mcssgs tbg getcrg

pacet aj gvgrytbcen Vbch le` C blvg wrcttge ldaut bglhtb olrg rgjarm ce tbg Wectg` _tltgs.

Jram tbg jcrst tcmg C l``rgssg` tbcs cssug, C lssgrtg` tblt, ce aur ouhturg, tbg udcqucty

aj naa` bglhtb olrg le` tbg gxpgotltcaes oaeogrecen cts lvlchldchcty bl` rglobg` tbg pacet

tblt wg egg`g` ta à samgtbcen, ls l mlttgr aj saoclh kustcog, ta cmpravg bglhtb olrg jar

tbg rghltcvghy smlhh pgrogetlng aj Lmgrcoles wba wgrg stchh wctbaut bglhtb cesurleog (jar

my gssly ae tbg prapgr wly ta rglob tbcs oaeohuscae, sgg Pbg Dcsbaps, Kustcog, Bglhtb

Olrg le` _aoclh Obleng). Datb Vbch le` C blvg lrnug` rgpgltg`hy tblt tbgrg lrg rcnbt

wlys le` wraen wlys ta lobcgvg tbcs nalh. Wejartueltghy, wg blvg dgge jarog` ta

oaeogetrltg mast aj aur g`ctarclh jcrgpawgr ae appascen aeg aj tbg wraen wlys, ce ar`gr

ta ohglr tbg wly jar aeg aj tbg rcnbt wlys.

C–m sarry, dut C rgjusg ta dg dhlmg` jar tbg `ghcdgrltg cesgrtcae aj jlhsg c`gls ldaut

tbg vlhug aj bumle hcjg, ceohu`cen suppart jar ldartcae, ceta tbg vgry ploilngs le`

pranrlms wbcob sbauh` blvg l prapgr rgspgot jar hcjg lt tbgcr oarg‐le` wbcob, ce jlot,

hasg tbgcr vgry mglecen ls ‘bglhtb olrg” wctbaut tblt jue`lmgetlh rgspgot jar tbg hcjg,

rcnbts le` `cnecty aj glob pgrsae. C wchh eat dg dloig` ceta tblt oaregr. C wchh eat stle`

loousg` aj ce`cjjgrgeog ta tbasg hgss jceleoclhhy jartueltg dgolusg C dlhi wbge samgda`y

prgssgs le c`gahancolh nue ta my tgmphg le` olhhs ct ‘oaeogre jar tbg paar.”

Ce tblt nue tbgrg lrg lt hglst scx duhhgts; Ldartcae, gutblelscl, lsscstg` sucoc`g,

blrvgstcen aj bumle gmdryaeco mltgrclhs, nge`gr-obleng praogùrgs, le` mg`colh

rltcaecen dy tbasg wba sgrvg le letc-hcjg gtbco. Eaeg aj tbg mlkar cssugs wbcob lrg dgcen

`gdltg`, ceohu`cen tbg lstraeamcolhhy bcnb oast aj tbgsg Jg`grlh prapaslhs, bls vgry










muob ta à wctb cesurcen tbg paar. Pbgrg lrg jlr obglpgr wlys ta ngt tblt àeg wbcob à

eat olrry lhh tbcs c`gahancolh dlnnlng. Pa my wly aj tbceicen, tbasg wba cescst tblt tbg

ouhturg aj `gltb dg cekgotg` ceta gvgry bglhtb `csousscae lrg tbg aegs wba lrg sbawcen l

olhhaus `csrgnlr` aj tbg paar.

Pbgy lrg, ce jlot, lhhawcen tbgcr c`gahancolh plsscae ta cmpg`g tbg praogss aj bghpcen

tbg paar le` (ls Vbch eatgs ta`ly ce Pbg ldartcae `cstartcae) tbgy lrg cetget upae sgttcen

up l systgm tblt must dg `csmlethg` ls saae ls hgss c`gahancolh bgl`s prgvlch. Haai;

^ctb 27% aj Lmgrcoles lhrgl`y cesurg`, le` samg partcae aj tbg rgmlce`gr olpldhg aj,

dut appasg` ta, cesurcen tbgmsghvgs (jar mley yauen le` bglhtby pgaphg obaasg eat ta

usg tbgcr ceoamg ce tbcs wly), wg jce` aursghvgs wctbce strcicen `cstleog aj juhh oavgrlng

gvge tbraunb gxcstcen mgoblecsms. Pblt strcicen `cstleog cs sa ohasg tblt ct wauh`

lpplrgethy oast oaesc`grldhy hgss scmphy ta cesurg tbg paar tbraunb gxcstcen olrrcgrs tble

ta lppravg ley aj tbg swggpcen Jg`grlh prapaslhs ta `ltg. Plx ceogetcvgs le` atbgr

prgssurgs le` ceùogmgets oauh` drcen tbcs ldaut gvge marg obglphy.

Pbg Oltbahco Mg`colh Lssaocltcae tbceis tbg Jg`grlh navgremget egg`s ta stlrt avgr,

le` ta quct cnearcen datb hcjg gtbcos le` tbg dgegjcts aj sudsc`clrcty. _a hgt–s eat ichh ley

marg paar pgaphg tble egogsslry ta ngt tbcs àeg, sblhh wg1 Le` hgt–s stap olhhcen l

spl`g l bglrt, le` l bglrt l spl`g.








Pbg Oblhhgeng aj Dca-Mg`colhL`vleogs

_gptgmdgr 6<, 46<6

Oaetgmparlry dcahancolh rgsglrob oaetceugs ta rlcsg qugstcaes ldaut wblt ct mgles ta dg

bumle. Egw dca-mg`colh tgobeahancgs eaw pgrmct tbg mleujloturg aj samg rgphlogmget

arnles, eat dy duch`cen tbgm jram plrts jargcne ta tbg da`y, dut dy uscen l pgrsae–s awe

oghhs ta ngegrltg tbg arnles ce l hldarltary. @a l`vleog` dca-mg`colh `gvghapmgets

orgltg marlh pradhgms1

Ct lhh `gpge`s. ^g lrg lhrgl`y wghh lwlrg aj tbg marlh pradhgms lssaocltg` wctb

gmdryaeco stgm oghh rgsglrob, ce tblt tbg `gstruotcae aj hcvcen bumle pgrsaes (gmdryas)

cs rgqucrg` ta adtlce tbg oghhs. Orgltcen ajjsprcen ta blrvgst tbgcr da`y plrts, ar blstgecen

leatbgr–s `gltb ta à sa, lrg lhsa gxlmphgs aj cmmarlhcty. Dut wbge Letbaey Ltlhl aj

tbg ^lig Jargst Cestctutg jar Tgngegrltcvg Mg`coceg duch`s l ‘oghh `ghcvgry vgbcohg”,

oalts ct wctb bglhtby oghhs jram l pltcget–s dhl``gr, le` ceoudltgs ct, tbge tbg oghhs

muhtcphy le` gvgetulhhy jarm l egw dhl``gr. Pbg egw dhl``gr ole rgphlog l `csglsg`

dhl``gr, le` wchh eat dg rgkgotg` dy tbg rgocpcget dgolusg ct wls nrawe jram bcs awe

oghhs. Pbgrg cs ea marlh pradhgm bgrg.

Pbg mlppcen aj tbg bumle ngeamg bls geldhg` àotars ta `clneasg samg `csglsgs

dy lelhyzcen l pgrsae–s ngegtco struoturg, le` socgetcsts lrg hglrecen tblt tbgy ole lhtgr

ngegs ta ture ogrtlce olpldchctcgs ae ar ajj. Ourrget rgsglrob ae tbg ngegtco oblengs tblt

tlig phlog wbge bglhtby oghhs dgoamg oleograus mly pravc`g sujjcocget ieawhg`ng ta

mlig ngegtco oblengs ta blht tbg praogss. _amg bapg tblt tbg ldchcty ta rgngegrltg hast

hcmds, wbcob gxcsts ce samg hawgr lecmlhs dut eat ce bcnbgr aegs, wchh aeg `ly dg ldhg ta

dg tureg` ae jar bumles.

Cj suob rgsglrob ole dg olrrcg` ae wctbaut samg pgrsaes blrmcen ar ichhcen atbgrs ta

mlig tbg rgsglrob passcdhg, tbgrg cs ea cetrcesco marlh pradhgm wctb tbg praogss, le`tbgrg mly dg scnecjcolet marlh dgegjcts. Jar gxlmphg, bglrt trlesphlets lrg usgjuh aehy cj

tbg bglrt ole dg tlige dgjarg tbg àear–s da`chy jueotcaes oglsg, wbcob rgqucrgs l

`clneascs aj drlce `gltb. Dut ct cs l sgrcaus qugstcae wbgtbgr drlce `gltb cs rglhhy `gltb.

Le arnlecolhhy nrawe bglrt wauh` getcrghy dyplss tbcs pradhgm. Ce atbgr lrgls, aj

oaursg, tbg lpphcoltcae aj egw mg`colh olpldchctcgs mly kust ls glschy rlcsg scnecjcolet






marlh qugstcaes. Aeg cs tbg qugstcae aj l pgrsae–s c`getcty. Ohglrhy ct àgse–t lhtgr l

pgrsae–s c`getcty ta rgnraw l hcmd ley marg tble ct lhtgrs bcs c`getcty ta hasg l hcmd. Bg cs

stchh bcmsghj. Dut uscen mg`colh tgobecqugs ta oaetrl`cot aur c`getcty, suob ls le

lttgmptg` sgx obleng, cs cmmarlh‐l rgpu`cltcae aj tbg ncjt aj aursghvgs.

Pbgrg cs lhsa tbg cssug tblt lhh scnecjcolet obleng cetraùogs egw sgts aj pradhgms.

Jar gxlmphg, tbg ldchcty ta glschy rgphlog sudstletclh eumdgrs aj `gjgotcvg arnles oauh`

blvg leatbgr mlkar cmplot ae hcjg sple. Ls wg eaw ieaw, ceorglscen tbg lvgrlng hcjg

sple ole orgltg lhh sarts aj saoclh pradhgms, wbcob jrgqugethy dgoamg l saurog aj marlh

`lengrs. Ce tbcs oaeegotcae, ct wchh dg cetgrgstcen ta sgg wbgtbgr lncen ole dg

sudstletclhhy jargstlhhg` dy tbg mgrg rgphlogmget aj plrts. Cj l egwhy nrawe dhl``gr cs

cesgrtg` ceta le gh`grhy pgrsae, àgs tblt dhl``gr saae dgnce ta gxbcdct tbg oblrlotgrcstcos

aj lncen1 Pa wblt `gnrgg wauh` ct gvgr dg passcdhg ta rgphlog geaunb plrts ta hlrnghy

ghcmceltg tbg oaesgqugeogs aj lncen lorass tbg dalr`1

Ce ley olsg, tbg qugst jar da`chy cmmartlhcty rlcsgs cetrcnucen qugstcaes ldaut wblt ct

mgles ta dg bumle, le` tbcs bls lhwlys dgge tbg olsg. Ohglrhy aur martlhcty cs le

cmpartlet plrt aj wblt mligs us wba wg lrg. Ct oahars aur eatcaes aj sghj-slorcjcog le`

bgracsm, le` ct oamgs ls ohasg ls passcdhg ta jarocen us ta oaeogetrltg ae aur spcrctulh

elturg, ae aur gssgetclh eadchcty ls pgrsaes, le` ae aur uhtcmltg `gstcey. Ct cs uehcighy tblt

le ceorglsg aj tbg lvgrlng hcjgsple jram >7 ta <46 wauh` jue`lmgetlhhy lhtgr tblt

`yelmco9 dut tbg bapg aj ghcmceltcen `gltb getcrghy cs leatbgr mlttgr.

Ct cs lhsa ueohglr wbgtbgr tbgrg cs samgtbcen jue`lmgetlh ce tbg bumle pgrsae wbcob

olusgs bcm ta tcrg aj glrtbhy hcjg lt samg pacet, ea mlttgr baw bglhtby bg mly dg. Aeg

wae`grs, taa, wbgtbgr tbg slorcjcog aj aeg–s hcjg ta slvg leatbgr (l passcdchcty wbcob

oleeat dg ghcmceltg` dy mgrg l`vleogs ce mg`colh olrg) cs gssgetclhhy nrgltgr jar, sly, l

?7-yglr-ah` cj bcs gxpgotg` hcjgsple cs <<6 cestgl` aj :7. Ole wg strcothy quletcjy hcjg1

Jar tbg Obrcstcle, lhh aj tbgsg qugstcaes dach àwe ta twa; Jcrst, cs tbgrg samgtbcen

ldaut l plrtcouhlr dca-mg`colh praogss tblt cs spgocjcolhhy cmmarlh (ce tgrms aj mltgrclh

ar spcrctulh blrm ta atbgrs ar aegsghj)1 Blrvgstcen mltgrclhs jram atbgrs ce l `ghgtgrcaus

wly wctbaut tbgcr oaesget cs ohglrhy cmmarlh, ls cs oblencen ogrtlce tbcens ldaut aur

awe da`cgs jar cmmarlh rglsaes (suob ls `geycen aur awe ncvge sgxulhcty ar obaascen ta

gebleog samg lspgot aj aur da`cgs ce ar`gr ta marg suoogssjuhhy dgblvg cmmarlhhy).

_goae`, à C stchh yglre jar Na` le` ncvg mysghj jrgghy ta Bcm1 Ce prlygr C mly

`goc`g ta blvg l bglrt trlesphlet. Pblt `gocscae cs eat jue`lmgetlhhy `cjjgrget jram

obaascen ta usg le letcdcatco, gxogpt jar tbg rcsi/rgwlr` rltca. Dut cj C lm ce `geclh ldaut

my awe elturg le` tbg rghltcaesbcp C lm suppasg` ta blvg wctb tbg havcen Jltbgr wba

orgltg` mg, tbge C lm ce spcrctulh le` marlh traudhg. Le` cj C lm pursucen da`chy






cmmartlhcty dgolusg aj my `cs`lce jar Na`–s phle, tbge C–` dgst ncvg up tbg qugst.






Cs Ct Gvgr Tc bt ta Hcg1

Lprch <<, 4662

Pbg marlh qugstcae aj hycen cs aeg aj tbg mast cetgrgstcen le` mast `cjjcouht ta rgsahvg

pgrjgothy le` prgocsghy. Ct bls aooupcg` tbg lttgetcae aj marlh tbgahancles sceog tbg

Vltrcstco Lng, ygt wg stchh àe–t blvg l oamphgtg ue`grstle`cen aj wblt ‘hycen” mgles.

Mast aj us blvg l `ggp cetuctcae tblt ct cs marlhhy loogptldhg ta spgli jlhsghy ce samg

ocroumstleogs, dut tbg Oburob bls eat ygt ajjgrg` le ajjcoclh gxphleltcae ls ta wby tbcs cs

tbg olsg. Vrgsumldhy, tbgrg cs raam jar àotrcelh `gvghapmget bgrg, le` C jce` tbg

qugstcae jlsoceltcen.

Pbg Hcg Vradhgm

Wscen le gxlmphg ta chhustrltg tbg obcgj `cjjcouhty, hgt–s oaesc`gr tbg olsg aj l mle wctb l

bausg nugst wbam l nraup aj tbuns wlets ta mur`gr. Pbg tbuns oamg ta tbg àar.

Dgolusg tbgy àe–t wcsb ta orgltg le autory dgjarg tbgy–rg surg tbgy–vg jaue` tbgcr

qulrry (ncvcen bcm tcmg ta gsolpg, jar gxlmphg, jram l egcnbdarcen bausg), tbgy àe–t

jarog tbgcr wly ce ta sglrob. Cestgl`, tbgy ieaoi ae tbg àar le` scmphy lsi wbgtbgr

tbgcr cetge`g` vcotcm cs wctbce. Eatg tblt tbcs olsg cs eat uehcig tbg ohlssco gxlmphg aj

Obrcstcles bc`cen Kgws jram tbg Elzcs. Ce datb olsgs, tbg pradhgm cs scmphg; Cj yau

leswgr tbg àar, le` yau àe–t trust tbg tbuns– cetgetcaes, à yau blvg ta tghh tbg trutb1

Pbg vlst mlkarcty aj wghh-jarmg` Oltbahcos wauh` leswgr tbcs qugstcae ce tbg

egnltcvg. We`gr tbgsg ocroumstleogs, ct cs pgrjgothy pgrmcsscdhg ta `gogcvg tbg tbuns lt

tbg àar. Dut gvge wghh-jarmg` Oltbahcos ole–t gxphlce wby tbcs cs tbg olsg, ar lt hglst

tbgy ole–t gxphlce ct ce l wly wbcob cs uecvgrslhhy-loogptg` dy saue` marlh tbgahancles

àwe tbraunb tbg lngs, ear ce l wly tblt bls (ygt) dgge geàrsg` dy tbg Mlncstgrcum aj

tbg Oburob. Mast aj us dghcgvg wg ole (le` ce`gg` sbauh`) hcg ue`gr tbgsg

ocroumstleogs, dut wg àe–t ieaw gxlothy wby. Pbcs pradhgm sa lnctltg` Oltbahco

tbceigrs ùrcen tbg <>tb, <2tb le` <3tb ogeturcgs tblt tbgcr hgss sudthg Vratgstlet drgtbrge

dgnle ta qugstcae wbgtbgr Oltbahcos dghcgvg` ce tghhcen tbg trutb.

^blt Oaestctutgs l Hcg1

Ct cs dgst ta dgnce aur awe gxlmceltcae wctb l `gjcectcae aj ‘hycen”, le` ce`gg` samg

tbgahancles dghcgvg tblt tbg sahutcae must dg jaue` ce tbg `gjcectcae, muob ls ‘mur`gr” cs






lhwlys wraen dut ‘ichhcen” cs eat. Aeg aj tbg straengr tbgahancolh trl`ctcaes, geàrsg` dy

Lqucels le` raatg` ce Lunustceg, cs tblt hycen cs spglicen `ghcdgrltghy oaetrlry ta aeg–s

awe mce`. (Pbraunbaut tbcs `csousscae, ‘spglicen” mgles ley sart aj oammuecoltcae.)

Pbcs wls tbg mast oammae `gjcectcae lmaen tbg _obahlstcos, le` ct dgolmg l stlphg aj

tbgahancolh mleulhs ce tbg jcrst plrt aj tbg 46tb ogetury. Ls Jr. Kabe Blràe puts ct ce tbg

a`gre Oltbahco @cotcaelry, ‘^bge l pgrsae tghhs l hcg, bg ar sbg `ghcdgrltghy slys

samgtbcen tblt cs oaetrlry ta wblt cs ae tblt pgrsae–s mce`9 tbgrg cs l rglh appasctcae

dgtwgge wblt aeg slys le` wblt aeg tbceis” (le appasctcae tblt oleeat dg mgrghy

lpplrget, gxphlceg` dy cnearleog ar mcsstltgmget).

Pbg jcrst tbcen ta eatcog cs tblt tbcs `gjcectcae gmpblsczgs tbg marlh cetgetcaelhcty aj

hycen9 tbg trutb ctsghj cs eat egogsslrchy oaetrl`cotg`. Cj l pgrsae tbceis samgtbcen cs trug

le` `ghcdgrltghy stltgs samgtbcen ta tbg oaetrlry, bg bls ceourrg` tbg marlh nucht aj

hycen. ^bchg tbcs mly dg sa sudkgotcvghy, ct hglvgs apge tbg passcdchcty tblt suob l pgrsae,

dghcgvcen l jlhsgbaa`, oauh` lotulhhy spgli tbg trutb dy spglicen lnlcest bcs awe mce`.

Dgolusg tbcs `gjcectcae cs `cvarog` jram tbg adkgotcvg trutb ar jlhscty aj tbg

stltgmget, mley tbgahancles blvg saunbt le lhtgreltcvg `gjcectcae. _amg blvg prapasg`

tblt tbg prapgr `gjcectcae aj ‘hycen” cs ‘spglicen l jlhsgbaa` wctb tbg cetgetcae aj

`gogcvcen.” Ce tbg glrhy 46tb ogetury, tbg lrtcohg ae ‘Hycen” ce tbg bcnbhy-rgnlr`gÒltbahc

Oltbahco Geoyohapg`cl `csmcssg` tbcs `gjcectcae (tbaunb ct cs lhsa trlogldhg ta Lunustceg)

ls l egw le` mcear apcecae wbcob rlcsg` marg pradhgms tble ct sahvg`. Dy tbg hltg 46tb

ogetury, bawgvgr, ct wls prgocsghy tbcs `gjcectcae tblt ml`g ct ceta tbg Oltgobcsm aj tbg

Oltbahco Oburob (sgg #4024).

Pbg `gjcectcae ce tbg Oltgobcsm bls tbg vcrtug aj leobarcen l hcg ce adkgotcvg rglhcty.

Pa dg prapgrhy tgrmg` l hcg, l stltgmget must juhjchh twa oae`ctcaes; (l) Ct must dg

adkgotcvghy jlhsg9 (d) Ct must dg spaige wctb tbg cetgetcae ta `gogcvg. Pbcs `gjcectcae lhsa

mligs ct glscgr ta `csmcss jlhsgbaa`s advcaushy tah` ce kgst (tbaunb suppartgrs aj tbg

atbgr `gjcectcae oauh` lrnug tblt l jlhsgbaa` tah` ce kgst cs eat ce ley mglecenjuh wly

oaetrlry ta aeg–s awe mce`), dut ct àgs eat ls glschy olpturg tbg marlh jlchurg aj tbg

pgrsae wba cetge`s ta hcg dut, dgolusg bcs ue`grstle`cen cs wraen, cel`vgrtgethy tghhs tbg

trutb. Le` egctbgr `gjcectcae lppglrs ta l``rgss tbg qugstcae aj wby ct cs marlh ta hcg ta

mur`graus tbuns.

Tgjceg` @gjcectcaes le` Gxogptcaes

_amg marlhcsts blvg lrnug` tblt wg lrg adhcng` ta stltg tbg strcot trutb ea mlttgr wblt

tbg oaesgqugeogs, ae tbg prceocphg tblt tbg ge` àgs eat kustcjy tbg mgles. Dut tbcs

mligs l prgsumptcae tblt mast tbceigrs wauh` eat l`mct; tblt tbg aehy rglsae ta sby






lwly jram tbg trutb cs jglr aj le gvch oaesgqugeog. Ce tbg olsg aj tbg mur`graus tbuns,

bawgvgr, mast pgaphg rglhhy dghcgvg ct wauh` dgmarlhhy gvch ta rgvglh tbg haoltcae aj tbg

cetge`g` vcotcm. Ct cs, ce jlot, samgtbcen tblt aehy le uecmlnceltcvg oawlr` wauh` à.

Atbgr marlhcsts lrnug tblt wg lrg eat strcothy adhcng` ta spgli tbg trutb, dut wg must eat

spgli jlhsghy. ^g mly, jar gxlmphg, try ta obleng tbg sudkgot, iggp schgeog, ar apgehy

rgjusg ta leswgr. Bawgvgr, gvge vgry marlh aehaaigrs mcnbt wghh lsi, samgwblt

oaetgmptuaushy, wbgtbgr tbcs wls tbg dgst wg oauh` à. Pbgrgjarg, ta marg gjjgotcvghy

l``rgss tbcs orctcolh pradhgm, l nrglt mley marlhcsts blvg trcg` gctbgr ta twgli tbg

`gjcectcae ar ta sunngst nraue`s jar gxogptcaes.

Jar gxlmphg, prapaegets aj tbg jcrst `gjcectcae blvg samgtcmgs lrnug` tblt l pgrsae

cs eat rglhhy spglicen lnlcest bcs awe mce` cj bcs oaesocgeog cestruots bcm ta sly

samgtbcen jlhsg (jar gxlmphg, ta slvg le ceeaoget pgrsae). Pbcs cs cetgrelhhy oaescstget,

le` wg must ogrtlcehy jahhaw aur oaesocgeog, dut tbg gxphleltcae àgs eat pravc`g ley

prceocphg dy wbcob ta prapgrhy jarm tbg oaesocgeog. Pbgrgjarg, cts vgry sudkgotcvcty

rge`grs ct marlhhy uebghpjuh.

Atbgr prapaegets aj tbg jcrst `gjcectcae blvg prapasg` tblt tbg pradhgm ole dg

rgsahvg` tbraunb mgetlh rgsgrvltcae. Jar gxlmphg, cj yau lsi le lttaregy wbgtbgr bcs

ohcget cs nuchty, bg mly prapgrhy leswgr ‘C àe–t ieaw”, le` cetghhcnget pgaphg ce bcs

ouhturg wchh ue`grstle` tblt tbcs mgles ‘C blvg ea oammuecoldhg cejarmltcae ta cmplrt.”

Bgeog tbg lttaregy usgs l mgetlh rgsgrvltcae ldaut wblt bg mgles dy tbg war`s ‘C àe–t

ieaw,” dut ct cs l mgetlh rgsgrvltcae ue`grstle`ldhg dy lhh plrtcgs (tgrmg` l ‘wc`g”

mgetlh rgsgrvltcae). Pbg pradhgm wctb mgetlh rgsgrvltcae tbgary cs tblt ct ole mlig

trutb-tghhcen `gpge`get ae aeg–s olplocty jar spur-aj-tbg-mamget mgetlh shgcnbt-aj-ble`

(ajtge olhhg` ‘strcot” mgetlh rgsgrvltcae). Jar gxlmphg, cj yau–vg dgge phlycen dlsgdlhh ce

tbg strggt (lnlce!) le` yau drgli yaur egcnbdar–s wceàw, tbg egcnbdar mly rue aut le`

`gmle` ta ieaw wbgtbgr yau `c` ct. We`gr samg tbgarcgs aj mgetlh rgsgrvltcae, yau ole

leswgr ‘Ea” cj yau lrg rglhhy tbceicen ‘Ea, C `c` eat drgli ct wctb my dlt9 ct wls tbg dlhh

tblt draig ct.” _uob gqucvaoltcaes, wbasg trug sgesg cs `gtgrmceg` aehy dy tbg mce` aj

tbg spgligr, wgrg oae`gmeg` dy tbg Bahy _gg ls glrhy ls <:>3, dut marg sgrcaus

gxpharltcaes aj mgetlh rgsgrvltcae blvg oaetceug`. _amg vgrscaes aj tbg tbgary wgrg

wc`ghy geàrsg` wghh ceta tbg 46tb ogetury.

_tchh atbgr tbceigrs blvg tlige l oamphgtghy `cjjgrget tloi, lrnucen tblt tbg

cmmarlhcty aj hycen l`mcts aj gxogptcaes. _amg blvg lrnug` tblt aeg cs eat adhcnltg` ta

tghh tbg trutb ta le gegmy, ar tblt pahctcolh hgl`grs mly spgli jlhsghy jar rglsaes aj stltg.

Mast tbceigrs ce tbcs olmp wauh` lrnug tblt, kust ls aeg ole marlhhy ichh ce sghj-`gjgesg

ar ce `gjgesg aj leatbgr, aeg ole marlhhy hcg ta slvg l hcjg. Pbg pradhgm bgrg cs tblt aeog






mur`gr cs prapgrhy `gjceg`, tbg egg` jar gxogptcaes `cslppglrs. Mur`gr cs l spgoclh ohlss

aj ichhcen, oammaehy `gjceg` ls tbg `ghcdgrltg tlicen aj ‘ceeaoget hcjg”, le` ct cs eat

mur`gr ta ichh le uekust lnnrgssar, jar tbg uekust lnnrgssar bls hast bcs ‘ceeaogeog”, tblt

cs, bg bls jarjgctg` tbg rcnbt ta blvg bcs hcjg prgsgrvg` ce tbgsg ocroumstleogs. Pbg dgttgr

qugstcae, tbge, cs wbgtbgr l marg prgocsg `gjcectcae aj ‘hycen” ole dg sctultg` wctbce l

dral`gr oltgnary aj ‘spglicen jlhsghy” ce ar`gr ta lobcgvg scmchlr ohlrcty.

Aeg gjjart ta à sa bls nlceg` oaesc`grldhg jlvar lmaen tbgahancles ce tbg hlst

bue`rg` yglrs. Pbcs cs tbg prapaslh ta twgli tbg `gjcectcae aj hycen ls jahhaws; ‘Pa hcg cs

ta spgli ar lot lnlcest tbg trutb ce ar`gr ta hgl` ceta grrar samgaeg wba bls tbg rcnbt ta

ieaw tbg trutb.” Pbcs sgetgeog, ce jlot, cs tlige jram tbg cectclh g`ctcae aj tbg Oltgobcsm

aj tbg Oltbahco Oburob (#402?). ^bge tbg Oltgobcsm wls jcrst pudhcsbg`, tbgrg wls

samg spgouhltcae tblt tbg Bahy _gg bl` jcelhhy `goc`g` ta tbraw lt hglst l ma`coum aj

Mlncstgrclh wgcnbt dgbce` tbcs sahutcae ta aur `chgmml. Jar tbcs `gjcectcae geldhgs us ta

ble`hg hycen le` jlhsgbaa` ce l mleegr vgry scmchlr ta tbg wly wg ble`hg mur`gr le`

ichhcen. Pbraunb l pgrsae–s cetgetcae ta usg plrtcouhlr ieawhg`ng jar le gvch ge`, tblt

pgrsae wauh` prgsumldhy jarjgct bcs rcnbt ta ieaw. Pbus ct wauh` dg marlhhy loogptldhg

ta spgli l jlhsgbaa` ta tbg mur`graus tbuns. Dut wg wauh` ea marg olhh tbcs ‘hycen” tble

wg wauh` olhh le lot aj sghj-`gjgesg ‘mur`gr”.

Eat Sgt Tgsahvg`

Lhls, tbg mlttgr cs eat sa glschy rgsahvg`. Jar, ls ct tures aut, wbge tbg ajjcoclh Hltce tgxt

aj tbgOltgobcsm wls rghglsg` (ljtgr l praogss aj rgvcscae ce tbg arcncelh vgrelouhlr

hlenulngs), tbg rcnbt ta ieaw wls `rappg`. Pbg apgrltcvg sgetgeog eaw rgl`s scmphy;

‘Pa hcg cs ta spgli ar lot lnlcest tbg trutb ce ar`gr ta hgl` samgaeg ceta grrar.” Pbcs àgs

eat mgle tblt tbg arcncelh jarmuhltcae wls wraen, dut ct àgs mgle tblt tbg g`ctars aj

tbgOltgobcsm wgrg eat prgplrg` ta geàrsg ct ce le ajjcoclh Oltbahco rgjgrgeog wari. Aeg

ole cmlnceg tblt l nrglt `glh aj oaesuhtltcae le` `csousscae prgog`g` tbg vgry jgw

tgxtulh oblengs tblt wgrg jcelhhy ml`g. Ce tbg ge`, tbge, tbg Oltgobcsm àgs eat `crgothy

l``rgss aur pradhgm.

Pbg Oltgobcsm, aj oaursg, cs eat le cejlhhcdhg tgxt. Ce pramuhnltcen l oltgobcsm, tbg

Vapg àgs eat cetge` ta cssug l sgrcgs aj `gjcectcvg mlncstgrclh tglobcens ae gvgry tapco ct

oavgrs9 rltbgr, tbg daai cs cetge`g` ls l oaevgecget rgjgrgeog wari, olrgjuhhy lssgmdhg`,

rgvcgwg` le` maectarg` dy Oburob ajjcoclhs. Eaegtbghgss, tbg Oltgobcsm rgprgsgets l

oaesc`grldhg wgcnbt aj goohgsclstcolh apcecae ae tbg sc`g aj l `gjcectcae wbcob

ceoarparltgs datb adkgotcvg rglhcty le` bumle cetgetcaelhcty; ‘L hcg oaescsts ce spglicen l

jlhsgbaa` wctb tbg cetgetcae aj `gogcvcen” (l octltcae jram Lunustceg), le` ‘Pa hcg cs ta






spgli ar lot lnlcest tbg trutb ce ar`gr ta hgl` samgaeg ceta grrar.” (Lnlce, sgg eumdgrs

4024 le` 402?.) Le` wbchg aur qugstcae cs egctbgr `crgothy l``rgssg` ear uhtcmltghy

sgtthg`, tbg gmpblscs ae tbg cetgetcae ta `gogcvg àgs sunngst leatbgr passcdhg hceg aj

tbaunbt. Jar, wbge wg spgli jlhsghy ta aur mur`graus tbuns, wg mly lt hglst qugstcae

wbgtbgr aur cetgetcae cs ta `gogcvg. Vrgsumldhy, tblt cetgetcae‐cj ct oaesocaushy gxcsts

lt lhh‐cs vgry sgoae`lry. ^blt wg prcmlrchy cetge` cs ta prgvget tbgm jram àcen gvch.

Ct wauh` sltcsjy l wghh-jarmg` oaesocgeog, C tbcei, ta pgrmct tbg spglicen aj

jlhsgbaa` wbge ct cs tbg aehy mgles wg ole tbcei aj ta prgvget samgaeg jram

oammcttcen le cmmarlh lot. Dut cj sa, ct cs blr` ta rglob suob l oaeohuscae aehy dy

`geycen tbg cetgetcae ta `gogcvg. Pbgrg must dg samgtbcen marg tble tblt, jar wg oauh`

lhsa sly tblt wbge wg hcg` ta aur dass hlst ^gègs`ly, aur cetgetcae wls eat ta `gogcvg

dut ta slvg aur sice. Ohglrhy tbcs cs kust aeg marg passcdchcty jar gxpharltcae, le` sa jlr lhh

tbg passcdchctcgs ce bcstary blvg eat hg` ta l jarmlh àotrcelh `gvghapmget wbcob ole

sgtthg tbg mlttgr. Ajtge suob `gvghapmgets aoour aehy wbge spgocjco oaeogres (ar grrars)

dgoamg sa sgvgrg tblt tbg Mlncstgrcum cs marg ar hgss jarog` ta stu`y l qugstcae le`

mlig l praeaueogmget . Blppchy, C lm eat lwlrg tblt tbg Oburob–s cmprgocscae ae tbcs

qugstcae bls gvgr hg` ta l nrglt bgrgsy ar ta l wc`gsprgl` le` `lengraus oaejuscae. Jar

mast aj us, tbg marlh oblhhgeng cs ta jce` tbg oaurlng ta tghh tbg trutb cestgl` aj

‘spceecen” ct jar aur awe pgtty purpasgs. _tchh, tbg qugstcae cs vgry cetgrgstcen le` eat lt

lhh uecmpartlet. Lt tbg vgry hglst, ct rgmce`s us aj tbg egg` ta lttge` olrgjuhhy ta aur

awe marlh jarmltcae, wbchg rghcsbcen tbg sbggr cetghhgotulh l`vgeturg aj gxpharcen Prutb.






Tgl`grs ae H ce

Lprch <7, 4662

Pbg rgspaesg ta hlst Jrc`ly–s oahume ae hycen bls dgge rgmlrildhg (sgg Cs Ct Gvgr Tcnbt

ta Hcg1). Mley rgl`grs blvg ajjgrg` tbgcr awe vcgwpacets ae tbcs oamphgx mlttgr ce le

gxobleng aj c`gls wbcob bls dgge datb phglslet le` cestruotcvg. Gvgry apcecae wls

wartb sgrcaus oaesc`grltcae. C–hh summlrczg l jgw aj tbgsg adsgrvltcaes bgrg.

Pbg qugstcae lt tbg ogetgr aj tbg oahume wls wbgtbgr ct ole gvgr dg marlhhy rcnbt ta

oammuecoltg jlhsg cejarmltcae. Mast oarrgspae`gets slw tbg `cjjcouhtcgs tbcs qugstcae

prgsgets, le` gekayg` tbg appartuecty ta rgjhgot ae ct. Lmaen tbasg ajjgrcen sahutcaes,

tbg vlst mlkarcty l``rgssg` aehy tbg ‘tbuns lt tbg `aar” sogelrca, mlicen ea lttgmpt ta

lpphy tbgcr prapasg` sahutcae ta atbgr ice`s aj jlhsgbaa`s oammaehy oaesc`grg`

hgnctcmltg (g.n., kaigs, mcshgl`cen stltgmgets ta pratgot prcvloy, ue`groavgr pahcog wari,

rglsaes aj stltg, wlrtcmg cetghhcngeog apgrltcaes, le` sa ae).

Aj tbg sahutcaes prapasg`, tbg mast oammae wls wblt C wauh` olhh ‘wc`g” mgetlh

rgsgrvltcae. L eumdgr aj rgl`grs sunngstg` tblt wg must cetgrprgt wblt tbg tbuns lrg

rglhhy lsicen (c.g., tbgy lppglr ta dg lsicen cj samgaeg cs prgsget ta dg ichhg`), le` tbge

wg must leswgr tblt qugstcae wctb l scmphg ‘Ea”, mglecen ‘Ea, tbgrg cs ea aeg bgrg yau

ole ichh.” _cmchlr sahutcaes blvg dgge prapasg` dy tbg marlhcsts aj tbg mgetlh

rgsgrvltcae sobaah, le` tbcs cs eat l pasctcae tblt ole dg `csmcssg` hcnbthy. Eaegtbghgss,

tbcs sart aj gqucvaoltcae cs sa cetgrelh ta tbg spgligr–s mce` tblt ct cs `cjjcouht ta gsolpg

ldsur`cty wbge wg lpphy ct ta marg ar`celry sctultcaes. Mly wg rglhhy mgetlhhy oaestrug

tbg mglecen aj ley oaevgrsltcae ls wg phglsg le` tbge rgspae` wctb war`s wbcob, wbchg

lpplrgethy ohglr ta tbg atbgr plrty, rglhhy mgle wbltgvgr wg wlet tbgm ta mgle1 Plige

ls l ngegrlh earm, tbcs rlcsgs sgrcaus qugstcaes.

_amg atbgr rgspae`gets tbaunbt tblt tbg rcnbt ta ieaw must dg plrt aj tbg sahutcae,

gvge cj tbg Oltgobcsm `c` eat oammct ta ct. Pbgcr lrnumget cs tblt tbg Oltgobcsm–s

`gjcectcae aj hycen (spglicen jlhsghy wctb tbg cetgetcae ta `gogcvg) cs oarrgot dut pgrblps

eat ygt oamphgtg. Pbcs `gjcectcae mcnbt, wctbaut gssgetclh oaetrl`cotcae, dg aeg `ly

`gvghapg` ceta tbg `gjcectcae tgmparlrchy jaue` ce tbg cectclh g`ctcae; spglicen jlhsghy

wctb le cetgetcae ta `gogcvg aeg wba bls tbg rcnbt ta ieaw. Pbcs cs ogrtlcehy l passcdchcty,

le` ct wauh` oavgr mley‐pradldhy lhh‐blr` olsgs. (Pbg aeg oltgnary tbcs wauh`

advcaushy eat oavgr cs kaigs, dut ct ole dg lrnug` tblt kaigs `a eat oaestctutg l rglh










`cjjcouhty, dgolusg `gogptcae must dg datb gxogg`cenhy trlesctary le` cmmg`cltghy

jahhawg` dy trutb ce ar`gr ta qulhcjy ls ceeaoget bumar.) Bawgvgr, ls sgvgrlh

oarrgspae`gets pacetg` aut, tbg ‘rcnbt ta ieaw” rlcsgs cts awe qugstcaes, le` l jurtbgr

lpphcoltcae aj tblt rcnbt ta tbg pradhgm aj hycen mcnbt blvg ta lwlct l dgttgr

ue`grstle`cen tble wg eaw passgss.

Atbgrs wae`grg` wbgtbgr tbg igy ta tbg rc``hg oauh` dg jaue` ce tbg matcvg aj tbg

spgligr. Ae tbcs rgl`cen, cj aur cetgetcae cs ta à sgrcaus marlh naa` dy oammuecoltcen

jlhsghy (ls appasg` ta lotcen jram pgtty matcvgs, jar mgrg sghj-lnrle`czgmget, ar ce ar`gr

ta à gvch), tbg cetgetcae lhaeg mly dg sujjcocget ta oahar tbg marlhcty aj aur spggob, suob

tblt lt tbg vgry hglst wg mly lvac` tbg sudkgotcvg nucht aj sce. _tchh atbgrs spgouhltg` ae

wbgtbgr le lelhyscs aj tbg hgssgr aj twa gvchs mcnbt eat oamg ceta phly ce samg

sctultcaes, jar gxlmphg ce obaascen ta hcg rltbgr tble dg oamphcoct ce l mur`gr. Jcelhhy,

twa oarrgspae`gets ljjcrmg` oltgnarcolhhy tblt lhh jlhsgbaa`s lrg hcgs le` tblt lhh hcgs lrg

gvch. Pbgsg mlcetlceg` tblt aeg mly gctbgr spgli tbg trutb ar lvac` spglicen ct, dut egvgr

spgli jlhsghy. Cj tbcs apcecae cs oarrgot, tbge tbg jlot tblt mast wghh-jarmg` Oltbahcos à

eat bah` ct (ls sggms oaejcrmg` dy tbg oarrgspae`geog) scmphy mgles tblt mast aj us lrg

wraen. Ls C slc` lt tbg autsgt, glob aj tbgsg pasctcaes cs wartb sgrcaus oaesc`grltcae.






Olpctlh Vuecsbmget; @rlwcen tbgHceg Dgtwgge @aotrceg le` Apcecae

Kueg 6>, 4660

Ldartcae bls dgge tbg `gjcecen pra-hcjg cssug le`, jar tbcs rglsae, tbasg wba jce`

tbgmsghvgs ae tbg letc-hcjg sc`g aj tbg ldartcae `gdltg blvg dgge vgry glngr ta ture tbg

tldhgs dy ghgvltcen olpctlh puecsbmget ta tbg slmg stltus. Pbus, wbge l plrtcouhlr

ole`c`ltg cs prlcsg` jar bcs pra-hcjg rgoar`, samgaeg mly rgmlri tblt, ea, tbcs ole`c`ltg

cs eat pra-hcjg, dgolusg bg supparts tbg `gltb pgelhty.

_amgtbcen Blppgeg` ce <337

Dgjarg <337, mast pra-hcjgrs wgrg ldhg ta rgspae` glschy le` ohglrhy dy pacetcen aut tblt

Obrcstcle trl`ctcae ce ngegrlh, le` tbg Mlncstgrcum aj tbg Oltbahco Oburob ce plrtcouhlr,

upbgh` tbg rcnbt aj tbg _tltg ta cejhcot tbg `gltb pgelhty jar nrlvg orcmgs. Pbgrgjarg, ct

wls ceoarrgot ta usg aeg–s pasctcae ae tbg `gltb pgelhty ls l hctmus tgst jar dgcen

pra-hcjg.

Bawgvgr, samgtbcen gxtrlar`celry blppgeg` ce <337 wbcob bls hgjt Oltbahco

pra-hcjgrs `ggphy oaejusg` ldaut tbg Oburob–s tglobcen. Ce tblt yglr, Vapg Kabe Vluh CC

lrnug` lnlcest tbg `gltb pgelhty ce bcs hle`mlri geoyohcolh Gvlenghcum Zctlg, tbg slmg

geoyohcolh wbcob jarmlhhy oae`gmeg` ldartcae le` gutblelscl wbchg drchhclethy

rgljjcrmcen tbg Oltbahco ouhturg aj hcjg.

We`grstle`cen Oblengs ta tbg Oltgobcsm

Pa sgg tbg mlnectu`g aj tbg cmplot aj Gvlenghcum Zctlg, aeg egg` haai ea jlrtbgr tble

tbg Oltgobcsm aj tbg Oltbahco Oburob. Pbg Oltgobcsm wls `gvghapg` avgr l pgrca` aj

yglrs le` cssug` ce vlrcaus hlenulngs dgjarg tbg `gjcectcvg Hltce tgxt wls oamphgtg.

Pbus, tbg tgxt wls jcrst pudhcsbg` ce Genhcsb ce <330, dut tbg `gjcectcvg Hltce wls eat pramuhnltg` uetch <33>, lt wbcob tcmg lhh tbg vlrcaus glrhcgr vgrelouhlr hlenulng

g`ctcaes wgrg rgvcsg` ta mltob ct.

Lrtcohg 7 aj tbg Oltgobcsm `glhs wctb tbg jcjtb oammle`mget (‘Sau sblhh eat ichh”).

Eumdgrs 44:? ä₨‘ 44:> oavgr hgnctcmltg `gjgesg, ceohu`cen tbg rcnbt aj tbg _tltg ta

`gjge` ctsghj‐ gvge ta tbg pacet aj cejhcotcen `gltb‐lnlcest datb bastchg eltcaes le`






orcmcelhs. Bgeog tbg `gltb pgelhty cs trgltg` ce tbcs sgotcae. Ce tbg <330 tgxt, tbg

trl`ctcaelh tglobcen cs sgt jartb ce eumdgr 44::; ‘…tbg Oburob bls loieawhg`ng` ls

wghh-jaue`g` tbg rcnbt le` ùty aj hgnctcmltg pudhco lutbarcty ta puecsb mlhgjlotars dy

mgles aj pgelhtcgs oammgesurltg wctb tbg nrlvcty aj tbg orcmg, eat gxohu`cen, ce olsgs

aj gxtrgmg nrlvcty, tbg `gltb pgelhty.” Pbg egxt sgotcae (44:>) nags ae ta rgoammge`

tblt ‘cj dhaa`hgss mgles lrg sujjcocget ta `gjge` bumle hcvgs lnlcest le lnnrgssar le` ta

pratgot pudhco ar`gr le` tbg sljgty aj pgrsaes, pudhco lutbarcty sbauh` hcmct ctsghj ta suob

mgles….”

Dut Gvlenghcum Zctlg wls pramuhnltg` tbg egxt yglr, le` tbg ajjcolh Hltce tgxt aj

tbg Oltgobcsm wls rgvcsg` ce tbg hcnbt aj cts tglobcen. Pbg mltgrclh oavgrg` ce

plrlnrlpbs 44:: le` 44:> wls rgarnleczg` samgwblt sa tblt 44:> lhaeg `glhs wctb tbg

`gltb pgelhty. Pbg rgvcsg` le` jcelh Genhcsb trleshltcae aj 44:> cs wartb quatcen ce juhh;

Lssumcen tblt tbg nuchty plrty–s c`getcty le` rgspaescdchcty blvg dgge juhhy

`gtgrmceg`, tbg trl`ctcaelh tglobcen aj tbg Oburob àgs eat gxohu`g rgoaursg ta tbg

`gltb pgelhty, cj tbcs cs tbg aehy passcdhg wly aj gjjgotcvghy `gjge`cen bumle hcvgs

lnlcest tbg uekust lnnrgssar. Cj, bawgvgr, eae-hgtblh mgles lrg sujjcocget ta `gjge`

le` pratgot pgaphg–s sljgty jram tbg lnnrgssar, lutbarcty wchh hcmct ctsghj ta suob

mgles, ls tbgsg lrg marg ce iggpcen wctb tbg oaeorgtg oae`ctcaes aj tbg oammae

naa` le` marg ce oaejarmcty wctb tbg `cnecty aj tbg bumle pgrsae. Pa`ly, ce jlot,

ls l oaesgqugeog aj tbg passcdchctcgs wbcob tbg stltg bls jar gjjgotcvghy prgvgetcen

orcmg, dy rge`grcen aeg wba bls oammcttg` le ajjgesg ceolpldhg aj àcen blrm -wctbaut `gjcectghy tlicen lwly jram bcm tbg passcdchcty aj rg`ggmcen bcmsghj - tbg

olsgs ce wbcob tbg gxgoutcae aj tbg ajjge`gr cs le ldsahutg egogsscty ‘lrg vgry rlrg,

cj eat prlotcolhhy eae-gxcstget.”

Gvlenghcum Zctlg&lpas9s Cmplot

Lhh aj tbg c`gls ce tbg sgoae` blhj aj tbcs plrlnrlpb, ceohu`cen tbg quatltcae, oamg

jram Gvlenghcum Zctlg. _amg aj tbg pbrlsgahany cs `rlwe jram GZ 4>, dut tbg oarg cs

tlige jram twa pacets ml`g dy tbg Vapg ce GZ 7:;

Vacet <. ‘Ct cs ohglr tblt, jar tbgsg purpasgs ta dg lobcgvg`, tbg elturg le` gxtget aj tbg puecsbmget must dg olrgjuhhy gvlhultg` le` `goc`g` upae, le` aunbt eat na ta tbg

gxtrgmg aj gxgoutcen tbg ajjge`gr gxogpt ce olsgs aj ldsahutg egogsscty; ce atbgr war`s,

wbge ct wauh` eat dg passcdhg atbgrwcsg ta `gjge` saocgty.”

Vacet 4; ‘Pa`ly bawgvgr, ls l rgsuht aj stgl`y cmpravgmgets ce tbg arnleczltcae aj

tbg pgelh systgm, suob olsgs lrg vgry rlrg, cj eat prlotcolhhy eae-gxcstget.”






Ce tbg egxt plrlnrlpb, tbg Vapg rgljjcrms Vacet < dy quatcen tbg arcncelh tgxt aj tbg O

Oltgobcsm ctsghj; ‘Ce ley gvget, tbg prceocphg sgt jartb ce tbg egw Oltgobcsm aj tbg

Oltbahco Oburob rgmlces vlhc`; ‒Cj dhaa`hgss mgles lrg sujjcocget ta `gjge` bumle hcvgs

lnlcest le lnnrgssar le` ta pratgot pudhco ar`gr le` tbg sljgty aj pgrsaes, pudhco

lutbarcty must hcmct ctsghj ta suob mgles, dgolusg tbgy dgttgr oarrgspae` ta tbg oaeorgtg

oae`ctcaes aj tbg oammae naa` le` lrg marg ce oaejarmcty ta tbg `cnecty aj tbg bumle

pgrsae–.”

Prl`ctcaelh @aotrceg Ljjcrmg` …

Pbg jcrst stgp ce prapgrhy cetgrprgtcen tbgsg `gvghapmgets cs ta eatg lnlce tblt tbg

Oburob–s trl`ctcaelh tglobcen ae tbg `gltb pgelhty bls dgge upbgh`. Ct cs ueegogsslry ta

rgctgrltg tbg lpphcoldhg tgxts aj tbg Ah` le` Egw Pgstlmgets, tbg Jltbgrs, prcar Vapgs

le` Oaueochs, dgolusg tbg Oltgobcsm stchh dgnces cts `csousscae dy upbah`cen tbcs

tglobcen. Ce jlot, ce GZ 77, kust dgjarg mlicen tbg twa pacets octg` ldavg, tbg Vapg

rgljjcrmg` le` gxphlceg` tbg trl`ctcaelh `aotrceg;

Margavgr, ‘hgnctcmltg `gjgeog ole dg eat aehy l rcnbt dut l nrlvg `uty jar samgaeg

rgspaescdhg jar leatbgr–s hcjg, tbg oammae naa` aj tbg jlmchy ar aj tbg _tltg". 00

Wejartueltghy ct blppges tblt tbg egg` ta rge`gr tbg lnnrgssar ceolpldhg aj oluscen

blrm samgtcmgs cevahvgs tlicen bcs hcjg. Ce tbcs olsg, tbg jltlh autoamg cs

lttrcdutldhg ta tbg lnnrgssar wbasg lotcae draunbt ct ldaut, gvge tbaunb bg mly eat

dg marlhhy rgspaescdhg dgolusg aj l hloi aj tbg usg aj rglsae.07

… le` @gvghapg`

Pbg sgoae` stgp cs ta rgoaneczg tblt tbg Vapg bls ngeuceghy `gvghapg` tbg Oburob–s

tglobcen ae olpctlh puecsbmget. Pbg Oburob bl` lhwlys tlunbt tblt puecsbmget must dg

prapartcaeltg ta tbg orcmg, le` tblt tbg `gltb pgelhty must egogsslrchy dg rgsgrvg` jar

nrlvg mlttgrs. Dut ce Gvlenghcum Zctlg, tbg Vapg strgssgs le l``ctcaelh oae`ctcae. Bg

tglobgs tblt tbg `gltb pgelhty must dg rgsgrvg` jar olsgs aj ‘ldsahutg egogsscty”, le` bg

`gjcegs ldsahutg egogsscty ls mglecen ‘wbge ct wauh` eat dg passcdhg atbgrwcsg ta

`gjge` saocgty.”

Ce bcs ljjcrmltcae aj tbg arcncelh Oltgobcsm–s tgxt ae tbcs slmg pacet, eatg tblt tbg

vgrd ‘sbauh`” bls (ce tbg Genhcsb) dgge obleng` ta ‘must”. Ct cs ea haengr l

rgoammge`ltcae dut l rgqucrgmget ta usg dhaa`hgss mgles wbge tbgy lrg sujjcocget ta

tbg purpasg. Pbg jcelh ajjcoclh tgxt aj tbg Oltgobcsm taai tbg getcrg geoyohcolh ceta






looauet le` rgvcsg` l naa` `glh aj tbg war`cen aj tbcs sgotcae, wctbaut jurtbgr lhtgrcen

tbg mglecen. Pbg Genhcsb trleshltcae eaw usgs tbg gqulhhy straen vgrd ‘wchh”. Ce

oaeegotcae wctb tbgsg tgxtulh oblengs, ct cs cmpartlet ta eatg tblt, hcig lhh trug àotrcelh

`gvghapmgets, tbcs aeg datb oaesgrvgs le` rgjcegs tbg trl`ctcaelh tglobcen9 ct àgs eat

oaetrl`cot ct.

Pbg Orctcolh Pbcr` _tgp; ^bgrg Mley Na ^raen

Pbg tbcr` le` jcelh stgp cs ta l``rgss prapgrhy tbg Vapg–s sgoae` pacet ldaut ma`gre

pgelh systgms. Pbg igy bgrg cs ta ue`grstle` tblt, ce bcs jcrst pacet, tbg Vapg bl` lhrgl`y

naeg ls jlr ls tbg Oburob ole na tawlr` drc`ncen tbg nlp dgtwgge marlh tglobcen‐avgr

wbcob tbg Oburob bls oamphgtg lutbarcty‐le` pru`getclh ku`ngmget‐avgr wbcob ct bls

ea lutbarcty. Vacet 4 cs purghy pru`getclh.

Ct cs tbcs wbcob bls oaejusg` eat aehy mley ar`celry Oltbahcos, dut lhsa olrghgss

tbgahancles le` gvge dcsbaps. Jar, jram tbg stle`pacet aj Oltbahco àotrceg, taa jgw

sggm ta ue`grstle` tblt tbg `csousscae cs ohasg` dy tbg oaesgrvltcae le` `gvghapmget aj

tbg Oburob–s tglobcen authceg` ldavg. Leyaeg wba jarms bcs ku`ngmgets wctbce tbgsg

plrlmgtgrs bls sltcsjcg` tbg `gmle`s aj tbg Mlncstgrcum. Bawgvgr, jram tbg stle`pacet

aj pru`getclh ku`ngmget, tbgrg cs oaesc`grldhy marg ta dg slc`.

Pbg Vhlog aj Vru`getclh Ku`ngmget

Ce mlttgrs navgrecen saoclh stldchcty le` pudhco sljgty, pru`getclh ku`ngmget cs

cegvctldhg. Margavgr, tbg lutbarcty jar ku`ngmget ce tbcs spbgrg cs eat ncvge ta tbg

Oburob. Ct cs tbg pravceog aj tbg ‘sgouhlr lrm”‐tbg hgnctcmltghy oaestctutg` ocvch

lutbarcty‐ta `goc`g wblt cs le` cs eat sujjcocget ta pratgot pudhco sljgty.

Eaw, sceog tbg Oburob tglobgs tblt eae-hgtblh mgles aj puecsbmget must dg usg`

wbgegvgr tbgy lrg sujjcocget, ea Oltbahco pahctcocle ar ruhgr wartby aj tbg elmg wchh

lttgmpt ta cmpasg tbg `gltb pgelhty ce olsgs wbgrg bg àgs eat dghcgvg ct egogsslry ta

pratgot tbg pudhco sljgty. Dut pahctcocles, ruhgrs, _tltgs le`, ce`gg`, tbg mle ce tbg strggt,

mly rglsaeldhy `cjjgr avgr wbgtbgr olpctlh puecsbmget cs egogsslry ta pratgot tbg pudhco

sljgty ce aur tcmg le` ue`gr aur ocroumstleogs.

Ce Gvlenghcum Zctlg 4>, tbg Vapg stltgs tblt ‘ma`gre saocgty ce jlot bls tbg mgles aj

gjjgotcvghy supprgsscen orcmg dy rge`grcen orcmcelhs blrmhgss wctbaut `gjcectcvghy

`geycen tbgm tbg obleog ta rgjarm.” Le`, ls wg blvg sgge ce Vacet 4 octg` ldavg, ce GZ

7: bg lrnugs spgocjcolhhy tblt tbg cmpravgmget ce ma`gre pgelh systgms rge`grs tbg

`gltb pgelhty ueegogsslry jar tbg pratgotcae aj pudhco sljgty.

Ct cs, C tbcei, uejartueltg tblt tbcs pru`getclh ku`ngmget wls l``g` ta tbg Oltgobcsm.






Ea mlttgr baw vlhuldhg ct mly dg, tbg pratgotcae aj tbg Bahy _pcrct `ags eat lpphy ta ct,

ear ole suob ku`ngmgets gvgr dg plrt aj tbg Oburob–s Mlncstgrcum. Pbg Oburob bls ea

spgoclh ncjt jar `csogrecen tbg olpldchctcgs aj tbg ma`gre lng ce oamplrcsae wctb plst

lngs, tbg qulhcty aj tbg warh`–s pgectgetclrcgs, ar ‐ta rgture ta tbg mlce pacet‐wblt cs

egogsslry jar tbg pratgotcae aj tbg pudhco sljgty. Jar tbcs rglsae, bgr apcecaes ae tbcs

sudkgot `a eat prapgrhy dghaen ce oltgobcsms.

Pbg Gtgrelh le` tbg Vravcscaelh

Blppchy geaunb, tbg plrtcouhlr ku`ngmget ldaut pgelh systgms `c` eat mlig ct ceta tbg

jcelh Oltgobcsm tgxt. Dut tbg hlrngr ku`ngmget aj ma`gre olpldchctcgs `c`. Pbg Vapg

bcmsghj loieawhg`ngs, C tbcei, tbg pravcscaelh elturg aj suob ku`ngmgets. Ce tbg orctcolh

prgsorcptcvg plsslng ( GZ 7:), cmmg`cltghy ljtgr mlicen bcs oammget ae pgelh systgms,

bg oaetceugs ceta tbg egxt le` `gjcectcvg plrlnrlpb wctb tbg trlesctcaelh war`s ‘ce ley

gvget”. Kabe Vluh CC sggms ta dg slycen tblt rgnlr`hgss aj tbg mgrcts aj bcs apcecae ldaut

oaetgmparlry oae`ctcaes, tbg igy pacet cs tblt dhaa`hgss mgles must dg usg` wbge tbgy

lrg sujjcocget. Ls ce`gg` ct cs.

Dut wctbce tbgsg plrlmgtgrs, tbg `gdltg quctg hgnctcmltghy rlngs ae. Cs leytbcen marg

tble rgstrlcet aj tbg nuchty rgqucrg` jar pudhco sljgty1 Cs `gtgrrgeog egogsslry1 Cs olpctlh

puecsbmget l `gtgrrget1 Cs l rgoaneczldhg dlhleocen aj tbg `gmle`s aj kustcog rgqucrg`

jar l ouhturg ta lvac` cmpha`cen ceta hlwhgssegss1 @ags tblt rgoaneczldhg dlhleog rgqucrg

gxgoutcae1 @ags ceolrogrltcae aj mur`grgrs put atbgr prcsaegrs lt rcsi1 Ole nucht dg

sujjcocgethy wghh-gstldhcsbg` ta kustcjy gxgoutcae1 Cs tbg `gltb pgelhty typcolhhy rgsgrvg`

jar tbg paar le` mlrncelhczg`, wbchg tbg rcob le` papuhlr lvac` ct1 Cs rgprcgvg l jarm aj

mgroy wbcob cs ajtge rgjarmltcvg1

Welvac`ldhg @gocscaes le` Oaetceug` @gdltg

Ct cs wartb eatcen tblt tbg goohgsclstcolh obarus lnlcest olpctlh puecsbmget `c` eat stlrt

wctb Kabe Vluh CC. Ls glrhy ls <326, l mlkarcty aj tbg Wectg` _tltgs Dcsbaps cssug` l

stltgmget wbcob, wbchg upbah`cen tbg rcnbt aj tbg _tltg ta cejhcot tbg `gltb pgelhty,

ajjgrg` l eumdgr aj lrnumgets lnlcest uscen ct. Mley atbgr dcsbaps le` tbgahancles

lraue` tbg warh` blvg lrnug` lnlcest tbg prlotcog ue`gr oaetgmparlry ocroumstleogs.

Ce l``ctcae, tbg ourrget Vapg–s lvgrscae ta tbg `gltb pgelhty `c` eat dgnce ar ge` wctb

Gvlenghcum Zctlg. Ce jlot, tbg Vapg–s prceocplh lrnumget sggms ta dg tblt, ncvge aur

ourrget ouhturg aj `gltb, tbg ljjcrmltcae aj tbg cmpartleog aj prgsgrvcen tbg hcjg gvge aj

tbasg oaevcotg` aj nrlvg orcmgs, wbchg eat strcothy egogsslry, mly sgrvg ls leatbgr

ole`hg lnlcest tbg `lriegss.






Lhh aj tbcs cs marg nrcst jar tbg hlymle–s mchh, dut ct cs eat tbg strglm aj wltgr wbcob

tures tbg nrce`staeg. Pa tbg hlcty dghaen suob ku`ngmgets. ^g oleeat gsolpg tbgm. _tchh,

cj aur ourrget nrglt papg bls tlunbt us leytbcen lt lhh, bg bls tlunbt us ta dg datb sgrcaus

le` olutcaus ce baw wg `goc`g. Bg bls ncvge us tbg tlsi ta oaesc`gr olrgjuhhy wbgtbgr

wg `a ce jlot blvg tbg mgles ta supprgss orcmg wctbaut `geycen orcmcelhs tbg obleog ta

rgjarm.

Jurtbgr cejarmltcae ae olpctlh puecsbmget lt OltbahcoOuhturg.arn;

Kabe Vluh CC, Gvlenghcum Zctlg (Ae tbg Zlhug le` Cevcahldchcty aj Bumle Hcjg)

(<337)

Hcst aj Oltgobcsm Oblengs (<33>)

Olr`celh Lvgry @uhhgs, Oltbahcocsm le` Olpctlh Vuecsbmget (466<)

Lvgry @uhhgs le` Bcs Orctcos; Le Gxobleng ae Olpctlh Vuecsbmget (466<)

Kabe L. Blr`ae, _K, Olpctlh Vuecsbmget (_aurog ueieawe, dut ohglrhy dgjarg

<330)

Lrdp. Tgelta T. Mlrtcea, @gltb Vgelhty cs Orugh le` Weegogsslry (466<)






































A asctcae ta tbg @gltb Vgelht

Eavgmdgr 63, 466>

Ae Eavgmdgr 4e` tbg Oammuecty aj _let–Gnc`ca le` tbg ârh` Oalhctcae Lnlcest tbg

@gltb Vgelhty `ghcvgrg` l pgtctcae ta tbg Wectg` Eltcaes olhhcen jar le ge` ta olpctlh

puecsbmget. Pbg pgtctcae wls scneg` dy jcvg mchhcae pgaphg jram <70 oauetrcgs.

Appasctcae ta tbg `gltb pgelhty bls dgge nrawcen lraue` tbg warh` avgr tbg plst tge

yglrs ar sa. Vapg Kabe Vluh CC gxprgssg` tbg vcgw tblt ma`gre pgelh systgms ml`g tbg

egg` jar tbg `gltb pgelhty gxogg`cenhy rlrg ar gvge eae-gxcstget, le` gvgr sceog tblt tcmg

Oltbahco Oburob hgl`grs blvg dgge ce tbg jargjraet aj tbg mavgmget ta sggi le ge` ta tbg

prlotcog. Pbg _let–Gnc`ca Oammuecty jrgqugethy waris ohasghy wctb tbg Bahy _gg ae

cssugs aj pglog le` kustcog.

C oaejgss ta dgcen oaejhcotg` ldaut datb tbg `gltb pgelhty le` tbg gxtrgmghy

wc`gsprgl` suppart jar cts ldahctcae. Ae dlhleog, C lnrgg tblt ct sbauh` dg authlwg`, dut

my obcgj rglsae cs eat tblt ct cs cetrcescolhhy cmmarlh ce lhh sctultcaes (looar`cen ta

Oburob tglobcen, ct cse–t). Tltbgr, C dghcgvg ct cs taa ajtge mcslpphcg` ta tlig tbg rcsi aj

blvcen ct ls le aptcae. C rgoaneczg tbg hgnctcmloy aj `cslnrggmget ae tbcs cssug, ygt

`cslnrggmget cs eat tbg saurog aj my awe cetgrelh oaejhcot.

Pwa tbcens prcmlrchy oaeogre mg. Jcrst, C àe–t hcig tbg wly Vapg Kabe Vluh CC–s

pru`getclh ku`nmget ldaut tbg l`vcsldchcty aj olpctlh puecsbmget bls hg` ce mley phlogs

ta l nrglt oaejuscae avgr tbg sgtthg` Oltbahco tglobcen ae tbg mlttgr. Kabe Vluh CC `c`

`gvghap tbg àotrceg ae tbg `gltb pgelhty shcnbthy, ohlrcjycen tblt ct must dg egogsslry jar

tbg pratgotcae aj saocgty, dut bcs tbaunbts ae tbg gjjcoloy aj ma`gre pgelh systgms lrg

eat plrt aj tbg Oburob–s spgoclh oampgtgeog. Pbcs àgse–t mgle tbgy lrg eat vlhuldhg9

tbgy kust lrge–t plrt aj tbg Oburob–s ajjcoclh tglobcen. (Jar l juhhgr trgltmget, sgg Olpctlh

Vuecsbmget; @rlwcen tbg Hceg Dgtwgge @aotrceg le` Apcecae.)

_goae`, C àe–t hcig tbg wly appasctcae ta tbg `gltb pgelhty ole dg sgczg` ls l sart aj

pra-hcjg marlh bcnb nraue`, ls cj tbcs cs kust ls vlhuldhg ls dgcen lnlcest ldartcae. Pbg

`gltb pgelhty cs eat cetrcescolhhy cmmarlh9 ldartcae cs. Pbg twa pradhgms lrg

ceoammgesurldhg marlhhy, le` ldartcae cs lhsa quletctltcvghy marg scnecjcolet dy mley

ar`grs aj mlnectu`g. Ct oaeogres mg tblt appasctcae ta tbg `gltb pgelhty cs nrawcen marg

wc`gsprgl` le` marg vgbgmget lhmast ce `crgot prapartcae ta tbg sprgl` aj tbg ouhturg aj

`gltb. _amg pgaphg mcnbt blvg tbg dgst aj rglsaes jar tbgcr appasctcae (le`, ce`gg`, C











blvg stltg` my awe), dut C ole–t lvac` tbg seglicen suspcocae tblt jar tbg vlst mlkarcty

tbcs cs scmphy leatbgr jhcnbt jram rglhcty‐leatbgr rgjuslh ta loogpt tbg lxcam tblt

lotcaes blvg oaesgqugeogs.

Ce`gg`, cj tbg mlsscvg appasctcae ta olpctlh puecsbmget wgrg dlsg` ae ley sart aj

hanco, l scmchlr appasctcae ta ldartcae wauh` gvge eaw dg drcencen wbahg pahctcolh

systgms ta tbgcr ieggs. Pbcs, uhtcmltghy, cs wblt mligs mg oaejhcotg` ldaut tbg `gltb

pgelhty. Aj oaursg, aeg sbauh` suppart tbg naa` `gspctg ley mcsue`grstle`cen le`

bypaorcsy wbcob oamg lhaen jar tbg rc`g. Dut tbgrg cs l nrglt `glh aj suob dlnnlng ce tbcs

olsg. Ct datbgrs mg. Ct mligs mg vgry egrvaus. C `ae–t hcig ct.






Nacen ta ^lr; Pbg Octczge, tbg _tltg,le` Lmdcnucty

Kueg 4:, 466:

Jax Egws rgpartg` hlst wggi tblt avgr 766 wglpaes aj mlss `gstruotcae blvg dgge

jaue` ce Crlq sceog tbg W_ wget ta wlr tbgrg ce 466?. Pbcs cejarmltcae bls kust dgoamg

lvlchldhg tbraunb tbg `gohlsscjcoltcae aj l partcae aj l rgpart dy tbg _tltg @gplrtmget–s

Eltcaelh Nraue` Cetghhcngeog Ogetgr. Pbg `csohasurg strgentbges tbg Dusb

L`mcecstrltcae–s olsg, dut my purpasg bgrg cs eat plrtcsle. Tltbgr, C wcsb ta mlig l

pacet ldaut tbg rghltcaesbcp dgtwgge tbg octczge le` tbg stltg ce nacen ta wlr le`, dy

gxtgescae, ldaut ocvch `csoaursg oaeogrecen wlr ce ngegrlh.

Eat l Vgrsaelh @gocscae

Aeg aj tbg marg cetgrgstcen jglturgs aj Oltbahco saoclh tbgary cs tblt wbchg l octczge bls l

sgrcaus adhcnltcae ta cejarm bcmsghj le` mlig pgrsaelh marlh `gocscaes wbge ct oamgs

ta olstcen vatgs ce ghgotcaes, bg àgs eat blvg tblt slmg rgspaescdchcty wbge `goc`cen

wbgtbgr ar eat ta jcnbt ce l wlr. Pbcs cs dgolusg tbg `gocscae ta na ta wlr àgs eat

prapgrhy dghaen ta tbg ce`cvcùlh octczge dut ta tbg navgremget. Ce rghltcaesbcp ta lots aj

navgremget, tbg octczge bls l marlh adhcnltcae ta adgy uehgss tbgrg cs l scnecjcolet

cmpg`cmget ta bcs àcen sa. ^bgrg àudt gxcsts, tbg prgsumptcae ce jlvar aj tbg octczge–s

adg`cgeog ta ocvch lutbarcty ghcmceltgs bcs ouhpldchcty jar plrtcocpltcen ce le uekust wlr.

Orctcocsm aj wlr le` stltg mchctlry lotcae cs, aj oaursg, wghh wctbce tbg jrlmgwari aj

rgspaescdhg octczgesbcp Pbg cmmg`cltg qugstcae bgrg cs scmphy wbgtbgr tbg octczge wba

`cslnrggs wctb bcs oauetry–s pahcocgs bls l marlh adhcnltcae ta rgjusg sgrvcog. Pa tbcs

qugstcae, tbg Oltbahco leswgr cs ngegrlhhy egnltcvg. Dgolusg ct cs tbg pravceog aj tbg

stltg ta `goc`g wbgtbgr ta na ta wlr, le` dgolusg tbg octczge bls l prgsumptcvg adhcnltcae

ta adgy tbg hlws aj tbg stltg, tbg octczge wba jcnbts ce bcs oauetry–s wlrs ole rlrghy dgjluhtg` jar àcen sa kust dgolusg l wlr cs ku`ng` dy atbgrs ar dy bcstary ta dg uekust.

Pbg Ieawhg`ng aj Octczges

Pbg aehy gxogptcae cs wbge tbg octczge ieaws (ar sbauh` ieaw) dgyae` àudt tblt tbg

wlr ce qugstcae cs uekust. Pbcs ku`nmget oleeat dg ml`g dy lssumcen tblt lhh wlrs lrg






uekust, sceog tblt prapasctcae oaetrl`cots Oltbahco tglobcen. _a tbg qugstcae lrcsgs ls ta

wbgtbgr l octczge ole gvgr ieaw jar ogrtlce tblt l plrtcouhlr wlr cs ce jlot uekust. Cj l

navgremget ohglrhy leeaueogs le cmmarlh purpasg ar stltgs cts cetgetcae ta genlng ce tbg

mlss `gstruotcae aj ocvchcle papuhltcaes, aj oaursg, tbg octczge wauh` dg marlhhy adhcng`

ta rgjusg ta sgrvg. Pypcolhhy, bawgvgr, navgremgets gxphlce wlr ce bcnbhy marlh wlys,

le` gqulhhy typcolhhy ct cs eat passcdhg jar l prcvltg octczge ta blvg sujjcocget loogss ta

gvgrytbcen tbg navgremget ieaws ce ar`gr ta mlig l `gtgrmceltcae ae bcs awe.

L vgry bcnbhy phlog` ajjcoclh mcnbt blvg loogss ta lhh tbg `ltl le` rglsaecen ae

wbcob l `gocscae ta na ta wlr cs dlsg`, le` suob l pgrsae mcnbt hgnctcmltghy oaeohu`g

tblt bg bls ea rgoaursg dut ta rgjusg ta plrtcocpltg. Jar tbg rgst aj us, tbaunb wg ajtge

prajgss aursghvgs ogrtlce‐gvge ce`cnelethy ogrtlce‐wg oleeat rglhhy hly ohlcm ta ley

suob ogrtlcety, le` sa tbg prgsumptcae ce jlvar aj tbg navgremget rgmlces. Aeog ce

oamdlt, tbg octczge mly eat dg ldhg marlhhy ta oamphy wctb gvgry ar`gr9 tblt cs l sgplrltg

qugstcae. Ct cs sujjcocget bgrg ta gstldhcsb, lnlce, tblt l octczge oleeat ar`celrchy dg

marlhhy jluhtg` jar lnrggcen ta na ta wlr lt tbg oammle` aj bcs hgnctcmltg navgremget.

Tcnbt ta Tgjusg

Eaegtbghgss, tbg marlh prgsumptcae ce jlvar aj adgycen aeg–s navgremget mgles aehy

tblt ce tbg mc`st aj ueogrtlcety aeg cs ue`gr ea marlh adhcnltcae ta `csadgy. Dut `ags aeg

blvg l marlh rcnbt ta `csadgy1 Ar wchh suob `csadg`cgeog dg marlhhy wraen1 Bgrg tbg

leswgr cs gqulhhy ohglr. ^bge l octczge jce`s bcmsghj lsig` ta plrtcocpltg ce l wlr wbcob

bg ngegrlhhy dghcgvgs ta dg gvch, bg mly obaasg ta rgjusg gvge tbaunb bg bls ea marlh

adhcnltcae ta `a sa. Bg mly, aj oaursg, blvg ta sujjgr tbg pgelh oaesgqugeogs aj bcs

`gocscae, dut tbg rgjuslh wchh dg marlhhy vlhc` (cj prapgrhy matcvltg`) gvge wbge ct cs eat

marlhhy rgqucrg`.

Eatg, bawgvgr, tblt tbg slmg olutcae cs rgqucrg` ls dgjarg. Kust ls ct mly dg trug ce

samg rlrg olsgs tblt tbg gvch aj tbg navgremget cs sa advcaus tblt aeg wauh` blvg l

marlh adhcnltcae ta rgjusg ta plrtcocpltg, sa lhsa tbg rcnbtegss aj tbg olusg le` tbg egg`

aj aeg–s jghhaw octczges mcnbt dg sa advcaus tblt aeg wauh` blvg l marlh adhcnltcae ta

plrtcocpltg. Lplrt jram gxtrgmg sctultcaes ae gctbgr sc̀ g, bawgvgr, tbg slmg ueogrtlcety

wbcob geldhgs l octczge ta plrtcocpltg ce wlr marlhhy lhsa geldhgs bcm ta rgjusg ta

plrtcocpltg marlhhy.

Ce tbg hlttgr olsg, wg egg` ta l`` tbg ueogrtlcety oaeogrecen eat aehy tbg ge`s le`

mgles aj l plrtcouhlr wlr dut tbg egg` ta ichh l jghhaw bumle pgrsae. Aeg mly ue`gr

ogrtlce spgocjco ocroumstleogs dg marlhhy adhcng` ta ichh, suob ls wbge tbgrg cs ea atbgr

mgles ta stap le lttloigr jram mur`grcen aeg–s wcjg ar obch`, dut tbcs sart aj `crgot,






Tgs gotce tbg Tc bt ta Obaasg @gltb

Lunust <6, 4663

C–vg bglr` ct twcog tbcs wggi. Ce l daltcen mlnlzceg, l rgl`gr wratg ta hlmget tbg plsscen

aj l eatg` slchdalt `gscnegr wbchg ‘rgspgotcen tbg `gocscae bg ml`g ta ge` bcs hcjg”. Le`

ce l rglsaeldhy tbaunbtjuh gssly ce Pcmg (ls suob tbcens na), oahumecst Eleoy Ncdds

rlcsg` sgrcaus qugstcaes ldaut tbg rcnbt ta `cg wbchg lt tbg slmg tcmg ‘rgspgotcen” tbg

rcnbt aj _cr G`wlr` @awegs, tbg jarmgr oaeùotar aj Drctlce–s Taylh Apgrl, ta juhjchh l

sucoc`g plot wctb bcs wcjg, bah`cen bgr ble` ls tbgy `rlei pacsae tangtbgr.

Ncdds, ta bgr plrtclh org`ct, rgspae`s ta gutblelscl lotcvcsts– gmpblscs ae lutaeamy

dy wae`grcen wbgtbgr lutaeamy aunbt ta dg ldsahutg. ‘Pbcs vcgw,” sbg slys, ‘rgkgots tbg

c`gl tblt saocgty mcnbt gvgr vlhug my hcjg marg tble C à ar `grcvg l hlrngr dgegjct jram

trgltcen gvgry hcjg ls prgocaus, ta tbg pacet aj pratgotcen mg jram mysghj.” _bg cs ae tbg

rcnbt trloi. _bg lhsa octg` l olsg wartb tbceicen ldaut, tbg olsg aj l àotar ce tbg

Egtbgrhle`s wba, lssumcen tblt l eue ce bcs olrg wls prgvgetg` jram rgqugstcen

gutblelscl dgolusg aj bgr rghcncae, `goc`g` ta mlig tbg `gocscae jar bgr. Dut sbg stchh

ge`s wctb tbg adhcnltary stltgmget aj rgspgot jar _cr G`wlr`–s `gocscae.

Eaw, mg, C àe–t jggh adhcng` ta ajjgr stltgmgets aj rgspgot. C mlig ea daegs ldaut

tbg jlot tblt C blvg ea rgspgot wbltsagvgr jar tbg ‘rcnbt” aj pgaphg ta ge` tbgcr awe hcvgs,

ley marg tble C rgspgot tbg rcnbt aj atbgrs ta ge` tbgcr hcvgs jar tbgm. C oamphgtghy

`csrgspgot suob `gocscaes ls dgcen jlhsghy kustcjcg` dy l tatlhhy eae-gxcstget rcnbt. Le` ls

Gxbcdct L ce tbg `gjgesg aj my pasctcae (eat tblt ley `gjgesg sbauh` dg egogsslry), C

ajjgr Nle`lhj tbg Nrly–s rgspaesg cePbg Har` aj tbg Tcens wbge Jraà lssgrts

vgbgmgethy tblt Nahhum `gsgrvgs `gltb. C wchh quatg tbg plsslng lt hgentb;

^blt l pcty tblt Dchda `c` eat stld tblt vchg orglturg, wbge bg bl` l obleog!

Vcty1 Ct wls pcty tblt stlyg` bcs ble`. Vcty, le` Mgroy; eat ta strcig wctbaut egg`.

Le` bg bls dgge wghh-rgwlr`g`, Jraà. Dg surg tblt bg taai sa hctthg burt jram tbggvch, le` gsolpg` ce tbg ge`, dgolusg bg dgnle bcs awegrsbcp aj tbg Tcen sa. ^ctb

Vcty…. …C oleeat ue`grstle` yau. @a yau mgle ta sly tblt yau, le` tbg Ghvgs,

blvg hgt bcm hcvg ljtgr lhh tbasg barrcdhg `gg`s1 …. Bg `gsgrvgs `gltb. @gsgrvgs

ct! C `lrgsly bg àgs. Mley tblt hcvg `gsgrvg `gltb. Le` samg tblt `cg `gsgrvg hcjg.

Ole yau ncvg ct ta tbgm1 Pbge à eat dg taa glngr ta `glh aut `gltb ce ku`nmget.






Pbg Tc bts le` Hlws aj _ucoc`g

Kleulry 40, 46<<

Pbg rgoget Gurapgle Oaurt ruhcen tblt ct cs l jue`lmgetlh bumle rcnbt ta jrgghy oammct

sucoc`g rlcsgs lhh ice`s aj qugstcaes. Ce leatbgr oaetgxt, tbg vgry cmlng aj l tcey da`y aj

mge le` wamge ngttcen tangtbgr ta mlig up jue`lmgetlh bumle rcnbts wauh` dg bcnbhy

lmuscen. Dut aj oaursg, tbcs cs kust leatbgr gxlmphg aj tbg plnleczltcae aj ^gstgre

ouhturg.

^bge yau tbcei ldaut samg ah`gr hlws jram l marg Obrcstcle grl, tbg qugstcae aj

wbgtbgr tbgrg cs l rcnbt ta sucoc`g ole dg oaejuscen. Wetch rghltcvghy rgogethy, sucoc`g wls

oaesc`grg` l orcmg ce mley W. _. stltgs le` ce Genhle`, l ohglr rgjhgotcae aj tbg

prgvlchcen Obrcstcle dghcgj tblt sucoc`g cs l nrlvghy cmmarlh lot. Pbcs orcmcelh hlw

gxpasg` ta prasgoutcae tbasg wba uesuoogssjuhhy lttgmptg` sucoc`g, tbaunb ce tbg Wectg`

_tltgs (le` C cmlnceg lhsa ce Genhle`), tbgrg wls l straen rghuotleog ta prasgoutg. Ce

tbgsg olsgs, wg mly sljghy prgsumg tblt tbg hlw wls cetge`g` ta dg marg aj l tglobgr

tble l `csocphcelrcle.

Dut tbceicen ldaut tbg patgetclh orcmcelhcty aj sucoc`g `ags rlcsg tbg rltbgr advcaushy

hgnctcmltg qugstcae aj wbgtbgr sucoc`g sbauh` dg l mlttgr aj orcmcelh hlw lt lhh.

Wejartueltghy, jar mley, ct wauh` lppglr ta dg l sbart stgp jram tbg prgmcsg tblt sucoc`g

aunbt eat ta dg lnlcest tbg hlw ta tbg oaeohuscae tblt sucoc`g must dg l bumle rcnbt. Dut

sbart tbaunb tbcs stgp mly dg, ct cs blr`hy hancolh. Ct mgrghy oaejusgs tbg ldsgeog aj hgnlh

rgstrlcet wctb rcnbts.

Ce l pasctcvcst systgm aj tbaunbt, suob jluhty hanco mcnbt eat dg advcaus. Hgnlh

pasctcvcsm bah`s tblt rcnbt le` wraen lrg `gtgrmceg` dy hlw, rltbgr tble tbg atbgr wly

lraue`. Pbg ‘atbgr wly lraue`” cs tblt aur ue`grstle`cen aj rcnbt le` wraen cs prcar ta

bumle pasctcvg hlw. Cestgl`, tbcs ue`grstle`cen `grcvgs jram tbg hlw aj elturg (lsscstg`,

ce Obrcstcle le` Kgwcsb saocgtcgs lt hglst, dy tbg hcnbt aj Tgvghltcae), le` sa pasctcvg hlw

cs ta dg `grcvg` jram l bcnbgr hlw, le` cs lotulhhy cevlhc` wbge ct oaetrl`cots ct.

Ce olrghgss spggob gvge tbg mast l`lmlet elturlh hlw oblmpcae mcnbt sly, ‘C blvg l

rcnbt ta `a tbcs ar tblt, le` yau oleeat stap mg, dgolusg ct cs eat lnlcest tbg hlw. Ct–s l

jrgg oauetry!” Ce`gg`, ls yauenstgrs my jrcge`s le` C usg` ta oblet tbcs l` elusglm,

hctthg ieawcen, jcrst, tblt aur oauetrcgs wgrg eat sa jrgg ls wg tbaunbt le`, sgoae`, tblt

tbg ldsgeog aj hgnlh rgstrlcet cs le cesujjcocget `gjcectcae aj l bumle rcnbt. Olrghgss








spggob, ct sggms, cs eat tbg slmg ls hancolh lrnumget.

Vapg Dgeg`cot bls jrgqugethy strgssg` tblt ce `csogrecen wbgtbgr samgtbcen cs l

bumle rcnbt, ct cs bghpjuh ta oaesc`gr tbg ùty (cj ley) ta wbcob tblt rcnbt cs hceig`. Ce

Olrctls ce Zgrctltg, tbg Vapg wratg;

YC]t cs cmpartlet ta olhh jar l rgegwg` rgjhgotcae ae baw rcnbts prgsuppasg ùtcgs, cj

tbgy lrg eat ta dgoamg mgrg hcogesg…. @utcgs sgt l hcmct ae rcnbts dgolusg tbgy

pacet ta tbg letbrapahancolh le` gtbcolh jrlmgwari aj wbcob rcnbts lrg l plrt, ce tbcs

wly gesurcen tblt tbgy à eat dgoamg hcogesg. @utcgs tbgrgdy rgcejarog rcnbts le`

olhh jar tbgcr `gjgesg le` pramatcae ls l tlsi ta dg ue`grtlige ce tbg sgrvcog aj tbg

oammae naa`. (0?)

L rcnbt mcnbt dg lsorcdg` ta leatbgr pgrsae ls l rgjhgotcae aj tbg ngegrlh ùty aj lhh mge

tawlr` atbgrs, ar ct mcnbt dg lsorcdg` ta aursghvgs ls l rgjhgotcae aj aur awe ùtcgs. Jar gxlmphg, plrgets blvg l ùty ta gùoltg tbgcr obch`rge9 tbgrgjarg wg aunbt ta dg ldhg ta

sgg tblt tbgy blvg tbg rcnbt ta à sa wctbaut `gdchctltcen cetgrjgrgeog jram atbgr plrtcgs

ar tbg _tltg. Ar lnlce, gvgry bumle pgrsae (c.g., saocgty ngegrlhhy) bls l ùty ta pravc`g

tbg egogssctcgs aj hcjg ta tbasg ce egg` (cesajlr ls rglsaeldhy passcdhg), le` sa wg aunbt

eat ta dg surprcsg` tblt l pgrsae wba stglhs jaa` dgolusg bg cs stlrvcen cs eat nuchty aj

tbgjt; ce ngegrlh, bg bls l rcnbt ta tbg jaa`.

Ct cs cmpasscdhg ta sctultg l ‘rcnbt” ta sucoc`g wctbce suob le gtbcolh jrlmgwari aj

rcnbts le` ùtcgs. Mlecjgsthy, ea pgrsae bls l ùty ta `cg, wbltgvgr rlplocaus ar wglry

olrg-ncvgrs mly tbcei. Tltbgr, tbg cmpgtus ta tlig aeg–s awe hcjg lrcsgs eat jram l `gscrg

ta sgrvg, dut jram l `gscrg ta lvac` sgrvcog, tblt cs, ta lvac` sujjgrcen. _ucoc`g cs vgry

jrgqugethy oaesc`grg` eadhg ar gvge adhcnltary ce plnle saocgtcgs prgocsghy dgolusg suob

saocgtcgs rgoaneczg egctbgr tbg vlhug ear tbg vgry rglh sgrvcog aj sujjgrcen.

Bawgvgr, wbchg rgjhgotcen ae ùtcgs cs bghpjuh, ùtcgs lrg eat tbg saurog aj rcnbts9

tbgy lrg scmphy l igy plrt aj tbg gtbcolh jrlmgwari wctbce wbcob rcnbts apgrltg. Ohglrhy,

tbg plrget–s rcnbt le` ùty ta gùoltg bcs obch` `grcvg jram bcs spgoclh rghltcaesbcp wctb

tbg obch`9 le` tbg rcnbt aj tbasg wba lrg stlrvcen ta adtlce samgtbcen ta glt, lhaen wctb

aur ùty ta pravc`g ct, lrcsgs jram tbgcr `cnecty ls bumle pgrsaes‐tblt cs, jram tbgcr elturg le` jram tbg ge`s jar wbcob tbgy wgrg orgltg`, le` jar wbcob tbg warh` le`

gvgrytbcen ce ct wls orgltg`. Ct cs suob `ggpgr rgjhgotcae ae tbg elturg aj tbcens wbcob

hgl`s us ta jarmuhltg ohglr prceocphgs, suob ls tbg uecvgrslh `gstceltcae aj naa`s.

Ce l Na`hgss saocgty, mley cmpartlet rgjhgotcaes dgoamg lhh dut cmpasscdhg.

Eaegtbghgss, ce tbg hlst lelhyscs tbg jlot tblt wg lrg ceolpldhg aj drcencen aursghvgs ceta






Oaesocgeog; Cts _trge tbs le` Hcmcts

_gptgmdgr 4<, 46<<

^bge Jltbgr Bgrmlee Ngcsshgr aj tbg Oaenrgnltcae jar tbg @aotrceg aj tbg Jlctb olhhg`

lttgetcae ta Dhgssg` Kabe Bgery Egwmle–s tglobcen ae oaesocgeog, bg wls mlicen le

cmpartlet pacet. Pbcs cs tbg ice` aj stary wbcob wg put lt tbg vgry dattam aj tbg `ly–s

bgl`hcegs, dgolusg ct àgs eat lmauet ta l nrglt `glh ls egws. Dut ls lpahangtcos, wghh,

tblt–s leatbgr stary, jar ce aur ouhturg, oaesocgeog cs mast ajtge sgrcaushy mcsue`grstaa`.

C blvg lhrgl`y wrcttge marg tble aeog ae Egwmle–s jlmaus lrnumget jram

oaesocgeog, wbcob bg `gvghaps ce bcs drchhclet dut `cjjcouht Gssly ce Lc` aj l Nrlmmlr aj

ssget . (Pblt oahume, Pbg Lrnumget jram Oaesocgeog, cs lhsa lvlchldhg ce tbg sgoae`

vahumg aj my oahhgotg` lpahangtcos gsslys.) Egwmle lrnugs tblt tbg oaesocgeog ncvgs

gvgry pgrsae tbg elnncen sgesg tblt bcs lotcaes lrg dgcen ku`ng` ls gctbgr rcnbt ar wraen,

tblt tbgrg cs samg sart aj hlw ducht ce ta bumle ljjlcrs, le` tblt tbcs pravc`gs le cetuctcae

aj tbg gxcstgeog aj datb l Hlwncvgr le` l Ku`ng.

Jr. Ngcsshgr–s pacet cs l `cjjgrget aeg, wbcob C blvg eat ygt mgetcaeg` ce my awe

wrctcens; Egwmle oarrgothy rgnlr`g` oaesocgeog ls oamphgtghy wctbaut lutbarcty ce

trutbs wbcob `gpge` sahghy ae Tgvghltcae. ^blt tbcs mgles cs tblt oaesocgeog cs l elturlh

jlouhty, le cetgrcar pgrogptcae aj tbg struoturg le` mglecen aj tbg elturlh warh`, tblt cs,

aj tbg elturlh hlw. Ce tbcs rglhm, oaesocgeog mligs straen ohlcms wbcob gvgry pgrsae cs

daue` ta bgg`. Dut tbg jlouhty aj oaesocgeog cs eat tbg rgocpcget aj Tgvghltcae9 ct bls ea

`crgot ieawhg`ng aj supgrelturlh trutbs, le` ea lutbarcty ta ku`ng tbgcr vgrlocty ae

supgrelturlh nraue`s.

Pbcs àgs eat mgle tblt oaesocgeog phlys ea rahg ce aur spcrctulh `gvghapmget, ar ce

aur lssget ta Tgvghltcae. Pbg marlh pramptcens aj oaesocgeog ogrtlcehy mavgs us ta

prgsumg tbg gxcstgeog aj Na`, ta ue`grstle` tblt l Na` wba olrgs baw wg lot must

wcsb ta rgvglh Bcmsghj, le` ta haai jar tblt rgvghltcae. Oaesocgeog lhsa rcnbthy mligs us

suspcocaus cj l rgvghltary ohlcmlet (c.g., l ohlcm ldaut wblt bls dgge rgvglhg`) lppglrs ta

oaejhcot wctb wblt wg ieaw elturlhhy ta dg naa` ar gvch. Dut oaesocgeog cs l marlh

oamplss, eat le cetghhgotulh aeg. Ct bls eatbcen ta sly ldaut wbgtbgr Mlry wls

oaeogcvg` wctbaut Arcncelh _ce‐ar wbgtbgr Obrcst rasg jram tbg `gl`.

Jr. Ngcsshgr àgs eat stltg tbg mlttgr wctb ldsahutg prgocscae jar lhh pgrsaes wbge bg

slys tblt ‘ta rgjgr ta Egwmle–s war`s Yae tbg cmpartleog aj oaesocgeog] wctb tbg





http://shop.catholicculture.org/essays-in-apologetics-volume-2.aspx



http://shop.catholicculture.org/essays-in-apologetics-volume-2.aspx






cetgetcae aj pcttcen tbg lutbarcty aj oaesocgeog lnlcest tbg lutbarcty aj tbg Vapg cs

ceoarrgot.” Pblt cs ogrtlcehy trug lmaen dghcgvcen Oltbahcos, bawgvgr, wctb tbg war`

‘dghcgvcen” ce`coltcen tbg loogptleog aj tbg trutb tblt tbg Vapg, ls tbg Zcolr aj Obrcst, cs

cejlhhcdhg ae mlttgrs pgrtlcecen ta aur slhvltcae, tblt cs, ae jlctb le` marlhs. Jar gxlmphg,

cj l dghcgvcen Oltbahco rgl`s Bumlelg Zctlg, ce wbcob oaetrlogptcae wctbce mlrrclng cs

`gjceg` ta dg cetrcescolhhy gvch, bg rgoaneczgs lt aeog tblt ley oaetrlry cetuctcaes aj bcs

awe oaesocgeog ce `csogrecen tbg elturlh hlw lrg eat ls straen le ce`coltar aj marlh trutb

ls tbg ogrtlce tglobcen aj tbg Oltbahco Oburob ae jlctb ar marlhs.

Dut samgaeg wba cs eat ygt Oltbahco, cj bcs awe cmpgrjgot nrlsp aj tbg elturlh hlw

tghhs bcm tblt oaetrlogptcae cs naa`, wauh` rcnbthy dg suspcocaus aj l rgvghltary ohlcm

wbcob ajjge`s bcs awe eltcvg marlh sgesg. Lhtbaunb tbg pgrsae ce

qugstcae wauh` dg wraen, tbcs cs l hgnctcmltg adstlohg ta oaevgrscae, le` ct wchh rgmlce

sa uetch tbg oampgtcen ohlcms lrg rgsahvg`. Ae tbg atbgr ble`, jar leyaeg ta ohlcm ta dg

Oltbahco wbchg rgkgotcen samg tglobcen aj tbg Oburob ce tbg elmg aj ‘oaesocgeog” cs

eaesgescolh, dgolusg oaesocgeog cs l patgetclhhy-grraegaus elturlh jlouhty `gpge`cen ae

saurogs autsc`g ctsghj, wbchg tbg Mlncstgrcum aj tbg Oburob cs l supgrelturlh jlouhty

wbcob cs egvgr wraen. Jar l Oltbahco ta mlig l ohlcm aj oaesocgeog lnlcest tbg

Mlncstgrcum mgrghy pravgs tblt bg àgs eat rglhhy loogpt tbg Jlctb9 tbcs plcejuh jlot

cmpasgs l ùty ta `goc`g wbgtbgr bg cs, ce tbg hlst lelhyscs, rglhhy ce ar aut aj tbg Oburob.

Jar Oltbahcos le` eae-Oltbahcos lhcig, bawgvgr, Jr. Ngcsshgr cs gxlothy rcnbt ce

cescstcen tblt oaesocgeog bls eatbcen wbltsagvgr ta tglob us ldaut tbasg mlttgrs wbcob

ole dg ieawe aehy tbraunb Tgvghltcae. Jar tbcs rglsae, wbge samgaeg slys, ‘C ole–t

loogpt tbg Oburob–s tglobcen ae tbg Tglh Vrgsgeog” ar ‘C–m sarry, dut my oaesocgeog

tghhs mg tblt tbg Oburob–s tglobcen ae Mlry ls Mg`cltrcx aj lhh nrlogs cs scmphy wraen”,

tblt pgrsae cs rglhhy uscen tbg c`gl aj oaesocgeog ls l `gjgesg jar prgjgrrcen bcs awe

prcvltg apcecae ta tbg ajjcoclh tglobcens aj tbg Oburob. Ls l elturlh jlouhty, oaesocgeog

bls ea ce`gpge`get loogss ta cejarmltcae tblt ole dg ieawe aehy supgrelturlhhy.

Ieawcen tblt wg must rgogcvg supgrelturlh ieawhg`ng jram l supgrelturlh lutbarcty

tbraunb aur cetghhgots cs vgry cmpartlet, dgolusg ct rgmavgs tbg tgmptltcae ta tbcei tblt

gvgrytbcen wg jggh le cetgrcar urng ta loogpt ar rgkgot must oamg jram oaesocgeog. Pbg

c`gl aj ‘jahhawcen aur oaesocgeog” bls dgoamg l pawgrjuh mletrl ce aur `ly, eat dgolusg

wg jggh le gearmaus rgspaescdchcty ta trutb ar marlh rgotctu`g, dut dgolusg ct cs aur

stle`lr` gxousg jar tbceicen le` àcen wbltgvgr wg phglsg. Gvge wbge samgtbcen cs l

qugstcae aj marlhcty, ct ole dg blr` ta `cstcenucsb l ùhh, uegxgrocsg` oaesocgeog jram

tbg mgsslngs sget dy aur awe plsscaes. Pbg olrgjuh usg aj tbg cetghhgot cs egg`g` ta sart

tbgsg tbcens aut le`, ce`gg`, tbg cetghhgot ole le` aunbt ta dg usg` ta jarm oaesocgeog ce






^blt Pbcs Mgles; Obrcstcle ^ctegssce tbg Ma`gre ârh`

Jgdrulry 40, 46<<

Ce ohlsscolh lpahangtcos, lrnumgets praogg` stgp dy stgp tawlr` samgtbcen wbcob lt hglst

lppralobgs l praaj. Pbg lrnumgets lrg cmpartlet, dut tbgy oleeat hancolhhy jarog

samgaeg ta dghcgvg. Cj tblt wgrg passcdhg, tbge Jlctb wauh` eat dg Jlctb. Tltbgr, wblt

ohlsscolh lpahangtcos cs dgst lt cs ohglrcen lwly mgetlh adstlohgs ta dghcgj. Pbg lrnumgets

`gmaestrltg gctbgr tblt ct cs eat uerglsaeldhg ta dghcgvg tbcs ar tblt pacet aj Obrcstcle

àotrceg, ar tblt tbg c`gls, pgrogptcaes le` lrnumgets wg–vg usg` ta duttrgss aur

eae-dghcgj wchh eat plss ohasg sorutcey.

Pypcolhhy l straen lrnumget mligs pgaphg jggh vuhegrldhg, le` sa ct puts tbgm ae tbg

`gjgescvg. ^bchg tbgcr `gjgescvg pasturg mly obleng ce prcvltg, ce tbg schgeog aj tbgcr

bglrts, ohlsscolh lpahangtcos cs gssgetclhhy le l`vgrslrclh getgrprcsg. Dy cts vgry elturg ct

tge`s ta duttrgss tbg oaejc`geog aj tbg dghcgvgr wbchg mcecmczcen ley passcdhg sympltby

ae tbg plrt aj tbg eae-dghcgvgr. (Gxphleltcaes ce rgspaesg ta sceogrg qugstcaes, aj oaursg,

mly lmauet ta tbg slmg tbcen dut dg gxogg`cenhy wghh-rgogcvg`.) Leatbgr pradhgm wctb

tbcs sart aj lrnumgetltcvg lppralob cs tblt, ce le lng aj pgrvlscvg mg`cl, wg lrg sa

surraue`g` dy oaestlet lrnumget tblt wg blvg haen sceog hglreg` ta `csoauet ct. Vlrt aj

us jglrs tblt cj wg tlig lrnumgets taa sgrcaushy, wg–hh egvgr dg ldhg ta ljjcrm leytbcen.

Vgaphg ajtge oaejusg lrnumget wctb lssgrtcae, dut tbg pradhgm rgmlces. Eada`y

hcigs ta dg tlhig` lt, le` mast aj us lrg vgry naa` lt jchtgrcen aut wblt wg àe–t

plrtcouhlrhy wlet ta bglr. Gvge marg ta tbg pacet, jgw pgaphg jce` wbge tbgy lrg eat

sggicen. _a tbgrg bls ta dg l dgttgr wly.

Pbg Mglecen aj ^blt–s Mcsscen

Aur Har` dgolmg ceolreltg ce ar`gr ta sblrg aur wgligeg` bumle oae`ctcae, tagxpgrcgeog wctb Bcs orglturgs eat aehy lhh tblt tbgy bl` dut lhh tblt tbgy hloig`, tbg dgttgr

ta sbaw tbg wly ta jchh ce tbg nlps. Oltbahcos lrg olhhg` ta à tbg slmg, eat dy hcvcen

cmmarlhhy ogrtlcehy, dut dy rgoaneczcen le` ce samg sgesg sympltbczcen wctb wblt cs

hloicen ce tbg hcvgs aj tbasg ta wbam wg wcsb ta ajjgr tbg nrgltgst cmlnceldhg ncjt.

Vastma`gre mge le` wamge blvg dgge trlceg` ta dghcgvg Jlctb cs l mytb, dut tbgy lhsa






datb strgentbge us le` drcen l `ggpgr sltcsjlotcae. Sgt wg rgmlce elturlh orglturgs wba

lhsa egg` elturlh oblengs aj plog, le` elturlh jarms aj rgorgltcae le` `ghcnbt.

Eaw, cj gvge wg wba lrg Obrcstcle gxpgrcgeog le` `glh wctb hcjg ce tbcs wly, baw

muob marg must tbasg wctbaut Jlctb strunnhg ta dlhleog tbg strgssgs le` ueogrtlcetcgs aj

hcjg wctb tbgcr tbcrst jar mglecen le` juhjchhmget! Pbcs aunbt ta dg l nrglt pacet ce

oammae dgtwgge Obrcstcles le` lhh atbgrs. Dut Obrcstcles, wba ue`grstle` sujjgrcen le`

trust Na`, rgspae` ta tbg bumle gxpgrcgeog eat jrgegtcolhhy ar tbraunb gxogss, dut wctb

cetgnrcty, dlhleog, `csorcmceltcae, purcty le` purpasg. Pbaunb dujjgtg` hcig atbgrs ce l

tbausle` wlys glob `ly, wg rgmlce jue`lmgetlhhy lt pglog. ^bge wg lrg hcvcen rcnbthy,

wg lppglr ta atbgrs ta dg jcxg` pacets, gvge dgloaes, ce tbg raunb sgls aj hcjg. Pbus wchh

atbgrs wae`gr lt us, ture ta haai, le` lsi us qugstcaes.

Jar tbcs rglsae, wg must lvac` stle`cen ajj, lotcen supgrcar, plsscen ku`nmget. ^g

must cestgl` hcvg ls cj wg tbcrst jar tbasg qugstcaes. ‘^g lhsa lrg mge, aj hcig elturg wctb

yau,” orcg` _t. Vluh, le` sa wg lrg. Dut wg ‘drcen yau naa` egws, tblt yau sbauh` ture

jram tbgsg vlce tbcens ta l hcvcen Na`” (Lots <0;<7).

Le` @gltb Oamgs lt tbg Ge`

C blvg slc` tblt tbg mgrg praspgot aj hcvcen cs `luetcen geaunb, dut tbg praspgot aj `ycen

cs marg jarmc`ldhg stchh. ^g Obrcstcles à wghh ta lsi, ‘A `gltb, wbgrg cs tby stcen1” (<

Oar <7;77), le` ta lsi jrgqugethy. Pbg qugstcae cs l naa` rgmce`gr tblt wg lrg eat ta jglr

`gltb. Dut gvge sa, dgcen stchh sa jlr jram pgrjgotcae, wg à jglr ct kust l hctthg. ^blt tbge

aj tbg uedghcgvgr1

Pbg ma`gre warh` gxoghs lt pastpaecen `gltb, lt bc`cen ct, le` lt mlxcmczcen tbg

oamjart aj hcjg. Dut `gltb rgmlces lhh lraue` us. Pbasg wba oleeat haai jarwlr` ta hcjg

wctb Na` mly oaevceog tbgmsghvgs tblt `gltb wchh aeg `ly dg oaequgrg` jar tbg bumle

rlog ls l wbahg, dut aehy ml`mge dghcgvg tbgy wchh eat dg lmaen tbasg wba must `cg

dgjarg tbcs oaequgst cs lobcgvg`. Pbcs cs l saurog aj nrglt slègss‐tbcs elturlh

ue`grstle`cen tblt wg ole egvgr bah` hcjg ohasghy geaunb ta obglt `gltb. Le` tbcs

slègss ole lhsa `rcvg tbasg wba jggh ct ta tbg vlrcaus mgtba`s aj jarngtjuhegss, ta lhh tbg

stcmuhltcaes wbcob geldhg tbgm ta jarngt, lt hglst jar l hctthg wbchg, tbg martlhcty tbgy sa

ldbar.

Bgrg taa tbg Obrcstcle cs ea `cjjgrget. Bg ue`grstle`s tbg ohutob aj `gltb9 hcig atbgrs,

bg bls jght ct lt bcs tbralt. Dut tbg Obrcstcle qucoihy lwliges jram bcs mamgetlry jglr ls

jram l dl` `rglm, rgljjcrmcen bcs oaejc`geog ce Na`. Le` sa lnlce, bg lvac`s bystgrcl.

Bg hcvgs ce sgourg pglog9 bg jlogs `gltb ce gxlothy tbg slmg wly ls bg jlogs hcjg, juhh aj

qucgt strgentb le` `ggp cetgnrcty. Eat jar bcm tbg wch` gxogssgs. Eat jar bcm tbg hgl`ge






`gsplcr. Sgt aeg `ly bg wchh `cg, le` sa bg rgmlces tbg uedghcgvgr–s dratbgr, le` bg must

sbaw bcs dratbgr tbg wly. Bg must sbaw‐bg wchh sbaw, cj bg cs truhy Obrcstcle‐tblt bg

passgssgs samgtbcen atbgrs must cegvctldhy wlet jar tbgmsghvgs. Pbg Obrcstcle cs eatcog`

ce bcs kayjuh olhm. Lnlce tbg nrglt qugstcae cs rlcsg`. Lnlce tbg nrglt leswgr must dg

ncvge.

My Vglog C Ncvg ta Sau

Bgrg wg blvg eae-ohlsscolh lpahangtcos, cj yau hcig, tbg lpahangtcos eat sa muob aj

lrnumget ls aj hcjg ctsghj. Ls tbg warh` nraws marg mchctlethy sgouhlr, tbgrg ole dg l

tge`geoy jar tbg Obrcstcle le` tbg uedghcgvgr ta sgplrltg. Dut tbcs sgplrltcae must eat dg

aj tbg Obrcstcle–s àcen. Ct must eat dg aj tbg Obrcstcle–s obacog. Pbg Jltbgr ‘sget tbg

_ae ceta tbg warh`, eat ta oae`gme tbg warh`, dut tblt tbg warh` mcnbt dg slvg` tbraunb

Bcm” (Ke ?;<>). Le` `c` eat tbg _ae sly ta yau le` mg, ‘Ls tbg Jltbgr bls sget mg, gvge

sa C sge` yau” (Ke 46;4<).

Dut dgjarg Bg slc` tbcs, Bg slc`; ‘Vglog dg wctb yau.” Pbcs pglog cs Bcs ncjt. ‘Eat ls

tbg warh` ncvgs à C ncvg ta yau. Hgt eat yaur bglrts dg traudhg`, egctbgr hgt tbgm dg

ljrlc`” (Ke <0;4>). Pbcs cs wblt C blvg dgge slycen. ^g lrg ‘ue`gr tbg slmg sgetgeog”

(Hi 4?;06), ta hcvg le` ta `cg, dut wg lrg eat ljrlc`. Ce`gg`, wg lrg samgtbcen sghàm

sgge ce tbcs warh`9 wg lrg blppy. Pblt cs lrrgstcen. Ct cs gvge stupgeàus. ^g must egvgr

jarngt tblt tbg eae-dghcgvgr yglres ta ieaw wblt tbcs mgles.






Ldaut OltbahcoOuhturg.ar

Pbg oblptgrs aj tbcs daai lppglrg` jcrst ae tbg Prcecty Oammuecoltcaes wgdsctg,OltbahcoOuhturg.arn.

Aur wgdsctg ceohu`gs mley marg Oltbahco mltgrclhs, ceohu`cen `lchy egws, oammgetlry,

hcturncolh yglr rgsaurogs, Oburob `aoumgets, rgvcgws, le` oahhgotcaes aj bcstarco Oltbahco

wrctcens le` rgjgrgeogs. Sau ole lhsa scne up jar `lchy le` wggihy gmlch egwshgttgrs.

Prcecty Oammuecoltcaes cs l eae-prajct oarparltcae. Cj yau wauh` hcig ta suppart aur

wari, phglsg rgncstgr le` oaetrcdutg ae tbg wgdsctg9 ar mlch l obgoi ar maegy ar`gr

lhaen wctb yaur gmlch l``rgss ta Prcecty Oammuecoltcaes, V.A. Dax 724, Mlelssls, ZL

46<62, W_L.

^g haai jarwlr` ta sggcen yau lt www.oltbahcoouhturg.arn.





Moral Issues - Shedding Light on the Critical Moral Problems of Our Time by Jeffrey a Mirus Ph.D

Documents

Transcript of Moral Issues - Shedding Light on the Critical Moral Problems of Our Time by Jeffrey a Mirus Ph.D