Mood Disorders Also known as affective disorders Depression, mania, or both Definition of depression...
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Transcript of Mood Disorders Also known as affective disorders Depression, mania, or both Definition of depression...
Mood Disorders
Also known as affective disorders Depression, mania, or both Definition of depression Definition of mania
Hypomania
Types of Mood Disorders
Unipolar Mood Disorder Technically could mean either depression or
mania only, but almost exclusively used for depression
Bipolar Mood Disorder Alternates Between Depression and Mania Often referred to as manic-depression
Major Depression
Extremely Depressed Mood Lasting at least 2 weeks
Anhedonia Cognitive Symptoms Vegetative Symptoms Single or Recurrent Episode
Milder Symptoms than Major Depression But Longer Lasting
At least 2 years With no more than two weeks without symptoms
Can last a lifetime
Dysthymic Disorder
Manic-Depression “Roller Coaster” of Mood Manic Episode
Elevated Mood Grandiosity Increased Activity
Often Reckless Varied Impairment
Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar Disorder
Bipolar I Major Depressive Episode(s) and Manic Episode(s)
Bipolar II Major Depressive Episode(s) and Hypomanic
Episode(s) Cyclothymia
Dysthymic Episode(s) and Hypomanic Episode(s)
Lifetime Prevalence See previous chart
Sex Differences Females are twice as likely to have a mood disorder
compared to men The gender imbalance in depression disappears after
age 65 Bipolar disorders are distributed equally between
males and females Comorbidity, especially with Anxiety Seasonal Pattern (aka Seasonal Affective Disorder)
Additional Aspects
Social and Cultural Dimensions
Marriage and Interpersonal Relationships Marital dissatisfaction is strongly related to
depression Gender Imbalances
Occur across all mood disorders, except bipolar disorders
Gender imbalance likely due to socialization
Social and Cultural Dimensions
Social Support Grief/Bereavement Age Oppression and poverty Creativity Life Stress
Tricyclic Antidepressants
Widely Used (e.g., Tofranil, Elavil) Block Reuptake of Norepinephrine and Other
Neurotransmitters Takes 2 to 8 Weeks to Take Effect Negative Side Effects Are Common May be Lethal in Excessive Doses
Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) Enzyme that breaks down
serotonin/norepinephrine MAO Inhibitors Block Monoamine Oxidase MAO Inhibitors Are Slightly More Effective
than Tricyclics Must Avoid Foods Containing Tyramine (e.g.,
beer, red wine, cheese)
Monoamine Oxidase (MAO) Inhibitors
Selective SerotonergicReuptake Inhibitors (SSRIs) Specifically Block Reuptake of Serotonin
Fluoxetine (Prozac) is the most popular SSRI Paxil and others becoming more popular
SSRIs Pose No Unique Risk of Suicide or Violence Disclaimer about Adoloescents
Negative Side Effects Are Common, but Fewer than Other Antidepressants
Herbal/OTC Treatments
St. John’s Wort SAMe Some evidence of effectiveness, but beware
Lack of supervision Interactions
Lithium
Lithium Is a Common Salt Traditional mood stabilizer for bipolar
disorders However, does not help everyone
Side Effects May Be Severe Dosage must be carefully monitored
Why Lithium Works Remains Unclear
Electroconvulsive Therapy (ECT)
ECT Brief electrical current applied to the brain Results in temporary seizures Several treatments are often required
ECT Is Effective for Cases of Severe Depression (When All Else Fails)
Side Effects Include Short-Term Memory Loss Uncertain Why ECT Works and Relapse Is
Common
Psychological Treatment of Mood Disorders Cognitive Therapy
Addresses cognitive errors in thinking Also includes behavioral components
Behavioral Activation Increased contact with reinforcing events
Interpersonal Psychotherapy Focuses on problematic interpersonal
relationships Outcomes with Psychological Treatments Are
Comparable to Medications
Suicide
Facts and Statistics 30,000+ Kill Themselves Annually 8th Leading Cause of Death
Higher among Young Adults More Men Kill Themselves More Women Attempt Pattern in Adolescents (see graph)