Month 17 Lessons 62 - 64

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Step by Step Sanskrit Learning Programme Month 17

Level 1 - Month 17 Lessons 62 - 64

www.chitrapurmath.net Shri Chitrapur Math 2002-2012363/407

Lesson 62.

The AlphabetJC&Jj:

A) Evolution of Sound.

As Sadhakas, let us introduce ourselves to the world of sounds.... MyoHg ~The cause of the world of things....DL&Hg.... isHjcj. In the context ofsound,HjcjisMyoyvd~ The entire world is said to be born ofMyo...MyoYJ ~ Evolution is the result of the self movementmHvovof Shiva-Shakti. The line of evolution is from the subtle to the gross. There are five

stages to the emanation of sound.

1. The first isHj which is absolutely supreme and subtle. This can bestbe described as the storehouse from which inspirations would first

emerge.

2. The second is HMvl which is less subtle but is still undifferentiated.This would be the inspiration that would eventually give rise to a

thought or an idea.

3. The third iscOcwhich is grosser and undifferentiated, though notarticulate. This is actual thought process which goes into concretizing

the idea.... a plan of action.4. Articulate sound is calledJKj which further takes two forms: subtle

and gross. It is from that that all the lettersJC&, wordsHoandsentencesJkware manifested. The subtle forms of these letters arethe mantras. The gross takes the form of the language we use.

JC&: is that form of sound which cannot be broken up further into smallerparts. It is therefore also called D#jcd ~ v #jl Fl D#jcd ~ voor OJv....sound .....can never be destroyed. That D#jcd, when it is in a written formis called theJC&:~ Over a period of time both words have now becomeinterchangeable.

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D#js, when put together to intelligently express thoughts and feelings iscalled theHo~ A group ofHos form aJkw; andJkws put together so thatanother may understand what one wishes to express, then becomes language

Y

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JvvJiaJvv

1 2 3 4 5

k Fl HCv: (kJi&) kd Kd id Id *d Fl HCv: (Ji&) d sd pd Pd _d Fl HCv: (Ji&) d d [d {d Cdl Fl HCv: (lJi&) ld Ld od Od vdH Fl HCv: (HJi&) Hd Hd yd Yd cd(Secret revealed: It is good to remember the above 25Jvvcolumn-wisetoo. For examplekd dd ld Hd etc. )

DJiaJvvd, jd, ud, Jd (Dvl:mL:)Md,

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JC&: GlHmLv mLvpvJC&vcvD D D3k K i I *

n Jmi& (:) #

kC kC:

F F& F3 s p P _ M

lu luJ:

$ $= $3 [ { Cj

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#dis aJC&: that has been given a position of equal standing in theJC&cuin the Vedas. Sanskrit grammar, whether modern or classical, visualizes it as

kd +

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Flo m$HC lm kC&knjb J:~ lv m$C cnj-m$C J kLvl ~ Slvm$C JkjCm Dom$C cvvl ~

1. D F G Cd

2.$ u= kd3.S D *d4.S D d5.n J j d6.u Cd7._ c * C v cd8.P Y _d

9.I { O

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Let's take another example.PMdwould be all theJC&s in the 3rd and 4thcolumn. Gottitt??

The peculiarity of thelnjs is that they can start from any JC& ~ Theymay begin with aJC&coming from the middle of the group, but they mustend with anFld JC&:~Panini then worked on 41 suchlnjs in his DO.Cdcomes twice as anFld JC&:~ Whenever you have to choose the first, (1) will be written againstthelnj. Whenever you have to choose the second, (2) will be writtenagainst thatlnj.Shall we try work with lnjs as a home assignment?Please refer to Lesson 62 A.

D)iC, J=, oI&, mcmjC changes.You would have heard ofmvojcdand it's relativemvo&cd. It is apparent thattheGand D are connected. What has happened here is aJ=. It is oftendifficult to remember these terms.iC, J=, oI&, mcmjC ~ So here is alist you can refer to when foxed by sandhis. The idea is to see the

correlation amongst alphabets.

mJj D

D

F

F&

G

T

$

$=

u= S S D D

oI& D F& T $= - - -iC D S D Djd Dud S - D -J= D S D Djd Dud S S D DCd

mqvO:- d Jd jd ud

DomqvO:

- - Dd Dd DJd DJd

mcmjC F JdG jd$ udu=

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Lesson 62 A B

Exercises with the Maheshwara-SutraniWorksheets

List all theJC&: in thelnjs below.1. DCd (1)2. Dkd3.Fkd4.Gkd5.S*d6. Dd

7.Fd8.Sd9.Sd10.Dd11.DCd(2)12.FCd13.Cd

14.Dcd15.cd16._cd17.*cd18._d19.P

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25.yMd26.sJd27.d

28.cd29.Kd30.d31.jd32.Pjd33.Kjd34.jd

35.Mjd36.Dud37.nud38.Jud39.jud40.Pud41.Mud

You do not need answers for this worksheet, do you? That's why the lesson

is named 62 A B.

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Lesson 63

Jv-mqvO:Vyanjan Sandhi.

"Sandhi's not my cuppatea," was my refrain. till I realized that a sandhiwas exactly what I had done with both, 'Sandhi is' and a 'cup-pa-tea.'

O.K. so if it is such a common thing in speech, couldai find egzamples a

plenty? Butsurely you betcha bottondollar I could! Not only in English but in

every language as well.

Just have a look at this.

Shuddup = Shut up. ( Vocabulary of the Younger Generation, not mine.)

An example ofPub pMevl ~It's just that us Indians love to study and have therefore made a science of

something as natural as sandhi. What happens is that a student who studiesthe science first becomes quite dizzy with all the information, so I have

here tried to provide the smelling salts.It's not so bad.. I've survived and so will you. Let's tagjust one

stepatatime.

Is the combination of a consonant with another consonant, a vowel

To makeJv-mqvO: easy to memorize and recall at a later date, let's goover how the consonants are classified again.

The shaded consonants are thekj-Jvv ~ The hard consonants.The rest arec=oJvv ~ The soft consonants.

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Please note that for our grammar study, we will work with the consonants

specified by Panini. Make sure that you are familiar with lesson 62. It will

help you tremendously.

Sandhi is a vast topic of study. Rather than do the whole lot, it seems

practical to just go over a few. (To give you an idea, we categorized sandhisinto 40 sections of which we plan to do just 9). The table given below gives

you examples of the ones you will see most often. Use it as a guide while you

are studying specific details of the sandhis given after the table on page 8

of this lesson. There are plenty of examples, especially from the Bhagavad

Gita, for you to work with.

Jv-mqvO: k&cd GonjCcdName of the

sandhi

Effect Example

1. lJa ( ml: v :

)md / l in close

proximity

withMd /

Mdd (Lmcd..respectively)

Concrete

examplesmd d cvmd+ul

cvul ~md Md MM jcmd+ Ml =

jcMMl ~ld mld+j$cd

=mj$cd~od pd pp mld+ pv: =

mppv: ~vd pd Mi&vd+p:

=Mi&:

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b MMse Pdfirst four of a

Ji&

followed by

MdMdoptionallyconverts into

sd and if it isald /odconverts into

dconcrete

examplesld M s cl+d

Mjc: =csjc

2. lJv: md / l in close

proximity

with

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a Pub pMevl ~This generally

happens

between two

differentwords.

Pud (all theconsonants minus

the

DvvmkJvv,

d jd udand Jd )

anymJjor a c=o Jv

corresponding

pMd

Concrete

exampleskd F& i Jkd+F&M:

=JiM:d D p Dd+ Dvl:

=Dpvl:d D [

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Od Od d yOd +O: =y:~

4. lJ&Kj ~ Pud (all theconsonants minus

the

DvvmkJvv,d jd udand Jd )

kj Jv correspondingjd (first fiveof eachJi&: +Md

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a j evvmkevvmk J ~

jd includes allthe consonants

exceptingnd ~jdoccurring atthe end of a Ho

followed by

a nasal (_d ,cd, *d , Cd , vd

)

Is replaced by

its own

corresponding

nasal,

optionally.

Concrete

examplesld cd vcd Old+cn:

Ovcn: /Ood cn: ~

b l Y

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8 vMsJMvd vd occurring atthe end of aHo

followed by asJd(sd d Ldd ld) andthen by an

Dcd (mJj: +nd , d Jd jd

ud , +Dvvmk:~

is replaced by

concrete

examplesvd d / sd MBd / Mdb lvd +=

lB / lbvd d / d

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mdand aJC&belonging tol, in close proximity with Mdand aJC&belonging to are replaced byMdand aJC&belonging to ~Whenever there is a combination ofmdorl Ji& (ld, Ld, od, Od, vd) WITH

(either before or after) Md or with theJi& ( d, sd, pd, Pd, _d ) themdchanges into Mdand thel Ji&changes into its corresponding Ji&(Lmcd.that is respectively.) ~cld+ul: =cul: ~mod+pv: =mppv: ~lvd+pl=ll ~

Here are a few examples:

1.v n HMc ccHv-skcs

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lJHvb Jo v J kld ~~ i0 2-29 ~~D&J= D&Jld

4. n %vcYmp%vdvb JM

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Ovlkc&Hulimlisqvljvvljcd ~~ i0 12- 12~~lisqvl=lild Mqvl

2)lJ mqvO:v:Fully stated,ml: v: ~ Here, in this sutra, theml: is drawn from aprevious sutra.

mdand aJC&belonging tol, in close proximity with

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the word itself thenPub pMdPMis followed. (Basically it is the same sandhibut given a different name.)

ndhaving the same place of utterance ask Ji& ( kC ) will be replaced withthat correspondingJC& ~Mdhaving the same place of utterance as Ji& ( lu ) will be replaced withthat correspondingJC&~

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kovcd =kld SvcdD&Jol=D&Jld Jol

4.lkj

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c&Jol lLJ v:~D&Jvcv: M=CllJHvb Jo v J kld ~~ i0 2-29 ~~

D&ld+HMl= D&lHMl~ ( lddoes not get converted intoodbecause it is followed by akjJvcd )

2.lkj

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uuYm =lduYm

6) DvvmkmqvO:

a)j evvmk evvmk J ~Fully stated,Hovlm j: Dvvmk Hj Dvvmk: J ~jdincludes all the consonants exceptingnd ~jdoccurring at the end of a Hofollowed by a nasal ( _d , cd , *d, Cd , vd ) isreplaced by its own corresponding nasal, optionally.

Oldcn: = Ovcn: / Oodcn: ~Slvc mbMb k=

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Fully stated,c: DvmJj: nu Hj - ( nuis drawn from a previous m$ ) - cd,at the end of aHod is :1 ) replaced by an DvmJjif it is followed by a consonant.

2) when it appears at the end of aHoor at the end of a sentence, it remainsas it is.

1.c{ pnn Ovicl=

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TheJC&precedingis optionally nasalised. DvvmklHje vmJj:~When it is not nasalised an DvmJjis added.

Thus

kqmcvdld = kqmcjd ld ~ vMsJMvd ~=kqmcBjd ld ~ D$vvmk: HJ&m l J ~or = kqmcbjd ld ~ DvvmklHjevmJj: ~

Thisjdis replaced by theJmi&and later bymd~ Then themqvO: rules arefollowed to give

either akqmcBld ~

or akqmcbld ~Similarly, YJvd jl= YJjdjl= YJBjd jl /YJbjd jl= YJBjl / YJbjl ~CbmlkwlJ - Cvd lkwlJ ~~ i0 1-33 ~%Job Y

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Lesson 64.

mcm-Jj:Samas Vichar.

A long long time ago, everything that needed to be passed fromgeneration to generation was done in the form of verse. Verse was the only

means of ensuring that knowledge was protected. It may have been years

since we've left school, but who has forgotten 'Jack and Jill'? Prose, on the

other hand, has been relegated to the back alleys of our mind.

In the midst of all this poetic creativity, a natural problem reared its head.

Sanskrit is the only language in the classical world which makes use ofls.

The use ofls helps every single word to have an identity and a meaningof its very own. But fitting the word +linto a metre in verse form was adifficult task indeed. "What to do?" asked a poet. "No problem! Let's create

a shortcut," said another. Andmcmcame into being.mcm, m c mwas theoriginal SMS Short Message Service. Be proud guys, we created it!!!!!!

I kid you not. There does exist such a verb: Dnb mcmcdoes indeed mean'I am creating a synopsis. or in our layman terms a shortcut.'

mcmallows a person to string two words together to form one single word.And "ishortcut ishtyle" the first word is written without an appropriatel. For example instead of sayingj%: H$: I'd sayjpH$: and still makecomplete sense.

Why does Devdas have to romance his love with a long drawn out, "You have

such a beautiful face just like the moon!" All he'd do is say "D vcK"Devdas too, by the way, is amcmword.oJm om: , oJom: ~ Thedifference between amvO: and amcm: would be that in the former, twoletters combine to form a single whole letter or a conjoined letter( either in

the middle of a word or between two words to form a single word) and in the

latter, two words are placed side by side (without the need for a mvO: totake place) to form a single word.

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In amcm: , themcmlHois the compound wordoJom: ~ Jn is when youbreak it up into its components..oJm om: ~

Naturally, it is with time that you will figure out in which combinations thesework out, for exampleomoJ: would not be correct. And it is with time that

you will figure out which words can be made amcmof. For example,JvHl:is allowed and NOT JvHlJvd ~ Not to worry. In this case at least Time willwait for the Sanskrit enthusiast!

Note:

This lesson is to help you figure out whatmcmwords mean whenever youcome across them in your course of reading. You also now have the

wherewithal to form your own combination words intelligently.

Another thing to remember is that people are all made differently. Many a

time you will find that someone may have formed amcmin one way and youmay prefer another. Both may be correct. So just relax and enjoy learning

something new.

mcmcan be divided into 6 classes according to the sense that they convey

when dissolved.v ijH nb codin vlcJYJ: ~llH

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2.llH

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9. GHHomcm: see how the noun is described here.. DYj: = DYbkjl Fl ~

mcm: is a vast topic. Sorry, I made a mistake, a VAST TOPIC. We need

to be practical about such things. We can't handle it all at this stage. Let'sgo over a few details to help us decode what we may most often come across.A tabular column will help.

1. DJYJmcm: ~You will recognize the DJYJmcm: in words

1. Where the first part of the word is an DJor avHl (vHl: areparticles which possess no gender and number and the case

termination after which is dropped or elided. For example

o:(

and others) ando: (and others).2. The second part of the word is a noun (m_%).3. The combined word is an DJand isvHb. SkJvcd ~4. The combined wordmcmlHocdis different from theJn:, because the

conveys a DJ special meaning to the noun.

Addition of DJto mean

mcmlHocd Jn:

DO in, on DOnj nj FlGH closeness GHk=

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L in that manner LM no spellingerror here. There is no

visarga. All these

words are DJsremember?

Mcvlc

m with/resembling

mpvkcd pvkv mn /pvkmmMcd

D beyond / upto Dncucd

Dc

DyuJ=cd

D nculd( voM: )

D ckwl: ( c lk,c k HJ& )

a life span ( !! )

yn: outside yn&ccd cld yn:Dv near/ towards Dvkucd

towards the bank

l a)away from(opposite of the

meaning in the

above row)

b) repetition

lkucd

lovcd

against the bank

ov ovm abundance,

prosperity

mccd cCb mc=:

ojdadversity,poverty

o&Jvcd Jvvb J=:

Dldestruction,end of

Dlnccd ncm Dl:

Dlinappropriate Dlvcd v mcl v pl

Flutterance ofsound

Fl nj njMyom kM:

Da) starting fromb) uptil

a) Dpvcb) DcjCcd

a)pvcv: DjYb)cjCH&vlcd

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2.llH

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And that is the sole reason why you cannot haveoC[l[lJvdas al=lllH

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Note:

The compoundio#Ccannot be separated intoijJ o#C ~ TheJn: hasto beij: o#C ~

s$L&for eg:Ji:

s$ Fcd

MMJL&cd

for eg:oiOcd

MMJ Focd

Ylyu: YlY yu:inlcd iJ nlcd

mcmlHocd Jn:HgcllH

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mcmlHocd Jn:o llH

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vi&=n: vi&l: i=nld

3.kc&Ojmcm: ~

This one is really simple. Whenever two words, one which is an adjective of

the other, are combined, you have akc&Ojmcm: ~ So you will have acombination of aJM

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4. imcm: ~

mcmwith numbers!! Just the examples themselves will help you figure outwhat is what!

cKHcd cKb Hcd FJcKkcucd cKb kcucd FJH

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5.vmcm: ~

Just take a look at the examples. Easy.

Between every word, be sure to add the. A compound of two words will be

dual and a compound of more than two will be in the plural. A point to benoted is that words beginning with a vowel and words ending in Dkjvlshould come first.

mcmlHocd Jn:

$YJvcd $Cb YJvvb mcnj:l&icd/l&i lCivb mcnj:

mHln: mHlvcd Db mcnj:

vJj$cd / vJj$ vJvb j$Cb mcnj:$uk $Cb ukvb mcnj:(Dkjvl uk kJub

m$u)Hgcu Hgvb cuvb mcnj:

(Dkjvl cu kJubm$u)

HgJ Hgvb Jvb mcnj:(Dkjvl J kJub

m$u)Mlyo Mlvcd Dyovb mcnj:

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njnj nj nj (Fkjvlwords before

Dkjvl)

F&Mk=

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m YJvl: YJvl YJlJcd b Jb

jc jc jc

6.ynJn:

Read our simple explanation again of this particularmcm: (given at thebeginning of the lesson) then let's move on. You'll find either both the words

of theJn: in the sameJY: or they may be in differentJY:s.

Since we are talking about someone else altogether, you need to describe

the compound by adding ab m:, v m:, m: mand the like.

In other cases you'll see compounds formed by a combination ofmnwith thel=l JY:~

Note:

The wordynJn: itself means "a person who has plenty of rice". In otherwords, a wealthy man. A long time ago, parents would give their daughter in

marriage to Mr. ynJn:, who would have the capacity to look after theirchild well. It won't be difficult now to connect this word to what themcm:implies.

mcmlHocd Jn:sameJY:

Hlok: Hlcd Gokb b m:nlM$: (jp) nl: M$J: v m:k=lYpv: k=lb Ypvb v m:DOlkJ DOlb kJb m

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O=lH

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cnMmk: /cnM:

cnld M: m m: (kHdis addedbecause no other rule is applied to

Mmdwhen forming the compound)Gocvmk: /

Gocv:Gob cv: m m: (kHdis addedbecause no other rule is applied to

cvmdwhen forming the compound)kHdis also added

when the last

word is a$kjvlin any gender, or

is anF&kjvlor

Tkjvl m$uword

F&jkl&=k: F&j: kl&m m: ($kjvl H.)

mMucl=k: mMu cl m m: ($kjvl m$.)DVOl=k: DVb Ol= m m: ($kjvl vH.)

mvojJOk: mvoj JO: m m: (Tkjvl m$u)HJlm$k: HJl m$ m m: (F&kjvl m$u)

7. Dukd mcm:~

In cases where theJYqkwlremains in themcmlHocd, Dukd mcm: is seen. Itcan be any of the ones that we have studied in detail.

mcmlHocd Jn:

Oj: O qmLj: mHlcllH

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DlcvHocd Dlcv Hocd lLallH

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This is amcm: withGHHos. Here the wordGHHostands for any noun.

mcmlHocd Jn: DL&

kcYkj: kcYb kjl FlvMkj: vMb kjl FllvoHjc=p: lvob Hjc& FlG

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mVcqvcb mJ&$ mcyodO: ~l HvJvl ccJ mJ&Ylnl jl: ~~ 4 ~~1) mc y:

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Month 17 Lessons 62 - 64

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