Montenegro earthquake: the conservation of the historic...

MONTENEGROEARTHQUAKEThe Conservation of the Historic

Monuments and Art Treasures

Unesco



Unesco



Unesco

This brochure was prepared on behalf of Unesco by the ICCROMPublications Section with the collaboration of George S. Burrows, whowrote the text, and Azar Soheil-Jokilehto, who carried out the design.

Acknowledgements

Photographs reproduced by kind permission of :

The Republic Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments, CetinjeThe Municipal Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments, KotorMagistar Jovan J. Martinovic, Kotor.

Cover Photograph

Gradiste Monastery, 15th/16th century church shortly after theearthquake.

© Unesco 1984Printed in Italy

Published in 1984 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific andCultural Organization, 7 Place de Fontenoy, F-75700 Paris.

This brochure was prepared on behalf of Unesco by the ICCROMPublications Section with the collaboration of George S. Burrows, whowrote the text, and Azar Soheil-Jokilehto, who carried out the design.

Acknowledgements

Photographs reproduced by kind permission of :

The Republic Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments, CetinjeThe Municipal Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments, KotorMagistar Jovan J. Martinovic, Kotor.

Cover Photograph

Gradiste Monastery, 15th/16th century church shortly after theearthquake.

© Unesco 1984Printed in Italy

Published in 1984 by the United Nations Educational, Scientific andCultural Organization, 7 Place de Fontenoy, F-75700 Paris.

CONTENTS

Page

The Earthquake 5Historical Background 9Aftermath 29Progress 34An Appeal to the World 43«Shopping» List : 45

MapsA. Monténégro 4B. Locations and Protected Centres 11

Town PlansKotor 12Budva 16OldBar 22Ulcinj 28

Tables1. Cultural Properties Damaged 7

2. Estimâtes and Fédéral Budgets 363. Payments to Communes 384. Allocated Budget - September 1983 39

CONTENTS

Page

The Earthquake 5Historical Background 9Aftermath 29Progress 34An Appeal to the World 43«Shopping» List : 45

MapsA. Monténégro 4B. Locations and Protected Centres 11

Town PlansKotor 12Budva 16OldBar 22Ulcinj 28

Tables1. Cultural Properties Damaged 7

2. Estimâtes and Fédéral Budgets 363. Payments to Communes 384. Allocated Budget - September 1983 39

MONTENEGROICRNA GORA)

X

MONTENEGROICRNA GORA)

X

THE EARTHQUAKE

In the space of only ten seconds, devastating disaster struckMonténégro. At 7.30 in the morning of 15th April 1979everything trembled and shook in an earthquake of severeintensity (9\5 on the Mercalli scale), greater than a combinedforce of five hundred atomic bombs. At a stroke there wastragic loss of life and injury. The great social and culturalwealth, the very essence of love and labour so dear to theMonténégrins was suddenly at risk.

The shock was felt over two thirds of the republic. The ancientcoastal cities suffered most. Old Ulcinj, Old Budva and manyvillages were virtually razed to the ground. Over one hundredthousand people were made homeless. Further inland,damage was caused to the old capital of Cetinje, the newcapital of Titograd and as far as Niksic and Danilograd.

The dévastation was enormous and incalculable. Over 1,600cultural monuments suffered in the catastrophe as well as

thousands of works of art and valuable collections: icons,paintings, rare books, illuminated manuscripts, délicate fabricsand embroideries, sacred gold and silver works, ancientjewellery, church vestments, wood carvings and sculptures.

But the Monténégrin, by his very nature does not recognisedefeat, his history and age-long fight for independence hâvestood him in good stead. His détermination to build anew, torestore and conserve the architectural grandeur of his countryis exemplified in the steps already taken to study and assess

the damage and to make a methodical start.

Help was readily available from ail over Yugoslavia and fromoutside the country. Immediately after the event, Unescoexpressed full understanding for the fate of Montenegro'scultural héritage and quickly organized international experthelp and advice. A sum of US$ 230,000 was made availableimmediately. On 28 May 1979 the Director-General ofUnesco issued a world wide appeal. «. . .The size of the task tobe carried out to save the damaged cultural héritage andrebuild schools and research institutes is beyond the resourcesof the Fédéral Republic of Yugoslavia on its own, and calls,for an international effort...».

The International Campaign for Safeguarding the CulturalHéritage of Monténégro set up an administrative WorkingParty. Unesco assisted in the provision of equipment for theconservation workshops of the Republic Institute for the Map a-, the Republic of Monténégro.

THE EARTHQUAKE

In the space of only ten seconds, devastating disaster struckMonténégro. At 7.30 in the morning of 15th April 1979everything trembled and shook in an earthquake of severeintensity (9\5 on the Mercalli scale), greater than a combinedforce of five hundred atomic bombs. At a stroke there wastragic loss of life and injury. The great social and culturalwealth, the very essence of love and labour so dear to theMonténégrins was suddenly at risk.

The shock was felt over two thirds of the republic. The ancientcoastal cities suffered most. Old Ulcinj, Old Budva and manyvillages were virtually razed to the ground. Over one hundredthousand people were made homeless. Further inland,damage was caused to the old capital of Cetinje, the newcapital of Titograd and as far as Niksic and Danilograd.

The dévastation was enormous and incalculable. Over 1,600cultural monuments suffered in the catastrophe as well as

thousands of works of art and valuable collections: icons,paintings, rare books, illuminated manuscripts, délicate fabricsand embroideries, sacred gold and silver works, ancientjewellery, church vestments, wood carvings and sculptures.

But the Monténégrin, by his very nature does not recognisedefeat, his history and age-long fight for independence hâvestood him in good stead. His détermination to build anew, torestore and conserve the architectural grandeur of his countryis exemplified in the steps already taken to study and assess

the damage and to make a methodical start.

Help was readily available from ail over Yugoslavia and fromoutside the country. Immediately after the event, Unescoexpressed full understanding for the fate of Montenegro'scultural héritage and quickly organized international experthelp and advice. A sum of US$ 230,000 was made availableimmediately. On 28 May 1979 the Director-General ofUnesco issued a world wide appeal. «. . .The size of the task tobe carried out to save the damaged cultural héritage andrebuild schools and research institutes is beyond the resourcesof the Fédéral Republic of Yugoslavia on its own, and calls,for an international effort...».

The International Campaign for Safeguarding the CulturalHéritage of Monténégro set up an administrative WorkingParty. Unesco assisted in the provision of equipment for theconservation workshops of the Republic Institute for the Map a-, the Republic of Monténégro.

Budvâ - typical example of damage tothe many olJ vaulted bouses in theOld Town.

TABLE I

PROPERTY

Churches & othersacred property

Houses, etc.

Public buildings

Commercial Town Walls

& Fortifications

EthnographicalEngineering &

TechnicalNat. Liberation

War Monuments

Ruins

TOTALS

PERCENTAGES

: CULTURAL PROPERTIES DAMAGED

DAMAGED

299

193

29

4

10

1

7

29

12

584

36

HEAVILY

DAMAGED

189

328

36

1

12

-

-

5

1

573

35

DESTROYED

134

294

26

1

23

1

2

2

2

475

29

TOTAL

622

816

91

6

45

2

9

36

15

1,642

PERCENTAGE

38

49.6

5.5

0.42.7

0.1

0.5

2.2

1.0

100 %

Protection of Cultural Monuments of Monténégro, Cetinje,and for the newly-formed Municipal Institute for theProtection of Cultural Monuments of Kotor.A seminar on «restoration of historic monuments in seismicareas» was organized by ICCROM ' and Unesco inSeptember/October 1980 intended for young architectsworking in the devastated area. Two fellowships in muralpainting restoration and in architectural restoration wereawarded for 1981 and a further three fellowships inarchitectural restoration, history of art and book restorationwere awarded in 1982.

In October 1979 the World Héritage Committee of Unescodecided to list the «Natural and Culturo-historical Région ofKotor» in the World Héritage List and in the «List of WorldHéritage in Danger». A sum of US$ 20,000 was granted forspecialist consultants for one month each.

Unesco, through ICCROM, assisted the Republic Institute forthe Protection of Cultural Monuments, Cetinje, in therestoration of frescoes in the Church of the Virgin in PodlastvaMonastery. The services of the expert conservators weregiven for a three year period. Similar help was given for therestoration of the Church of Alexander Nevski, on the islandof St. Stephen.

* The International Centre for the Study of the Préservation and theRestoration of Cultural Property.

-:ïï * '?ifcTV'fl£ -. -.*,.. i-9*'.. -^ifiL ^^ fd

The bays of Kotor and Tivat togetherform tbe Gulf of Kotor (BokaKotorska). It was tbe scène of tbe firstIllyrian/Roman war of 229-228 B.C.,wben tbe fHyrian Queen Teuta wasdecisively defeated.

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

Crna Gora (Monténégro), known in the past as Duklja andZêta, is a truly dramatic land: dramatic in its landscape,dramatic in its history. It is the smallest of the six republicswhich together make the Fédéral Republic of Yugoslavia; thesmallest republic both in terms of its territory (13,812 sq km)and in its population of just over half a million.

The country has three distinct geographical areas each ofwhich hâve influenced the course of its history in quite a

différent way. The narrow coastal strip which has seen thefounding of important ancient cities; the broad central plain ofthe Valley of the River Moraca and Lake Skadar, stratégie inthe Middle Ages for the rise of independent states, the genesisof present-day Monténégro; and by far the most dominantfeature of the land, the great mountainous mass, harsh,barren and difficult to negotiate which has formed a giganticbarrier against the surrounding lands, isolating its people.Hère hâve sheltered générations of warriors down thecenturies of bitter and determined struggles for independenceagainst so many invading forces. Illyrians, Greeks,Byzantines, Turks, Venetians, French and Austrians came tothe land as conquerors, but thèse people brought with themtheir great civilizations. This layer upon layer of différentcultures, the juxtaposition of Islam and Christianity, Romanand Orthodox Churches provides a blend which has madeMontenegro's contribution to the world unique.

This division between two worlds was destined to leave its

mark on Monténégro as nowhere else and has given rise tostriking phenomena in the heart of a single région. There is

both assimilation and unyielding résistance, open-mindednessand conservatism, for each period of civilization and eachcultural exchange carries complex connotations. Throughouthis history, although the Monténégrin has adopted powerfultechniques from foreigners, his own creativity is still reflectedin his artistic expression.

Man has lived in this area since earliest times and traces ofPaleolithic occupation from over 60,000 B.C. hâve beenfound. From the 5th century B.C. Monténégro was inhabitedby Illyrian tribes who with their seat of government on the Gulfof Kotor established the state of Illyria, one of the mostimportant cultural centres in the Mediterranean between the5th and 2nd centuries B.C. The territory was later conquered

HISTORICAL BACKGROUND

Crna Gora (Monténégro), known in the past as Duklja andZêta, is a truly dramatic land: dramatic in its landscape,dramatic in its history. It is the smallest of the six republicswhich together make the Fédéral Republic of Yugoslavia; thesmallest republic both in terms of its territory (13,812 sq km)and in its population of just over half a million.

The country has three distinct geographical areas each ofwhich hâve influenced the course of its history in quite a

différent way. The narrow coastal strip which has seen thefounding of important ancient cities; the broad central plain ofthe Valley of the River Moraca and Lake Skadar, stratégie inthe Middle Ages for the rise of independent states, the genesisof present-day Monténégro; and by far the most dominantfeature of the land, the great mountainous mass, harsh,barren and difficult to negotiate which has formed a giganticbarrier against the surrounding lands, isolating its people.Hère hâve sheltered générations of warriors down thecenturies of bitter and determined struggles for independenceagainst so many invading forces. Illyrians, Greeks,Byzantines, Turks, Venetians, French and Austrians came tothe land as conquerors, but thèse people brought with themtheir great civilizations. This layer upon layer of différentcultures, the juxtaposition of Islam and Christianity, Romanand Orthodox Churches provides a blend which has madeMontenegro's contribution to the world unique.

This division between two worlds was destined to leave its

mark on Monténégro as nowhere else and has given rise tostriking phenomena in the heart of a single région. There is

both assimilation and unyielding résistance, open-mindednessand conservatism, for each period of civilization and eachcultural exchange carries complex connotations. Throughouthis history, although the Monténégrin has adopted powerfultechniques from foreigners, his own creativity is still reflectedin his artistic expression.

Man has lived in this area since earliest times and traces ofPaleolithic occupation from over 60,000 B.C. hâve beenfound. From the 5th century B.C. Monténégro was inhabitedby Illyrian tribes who with their seat of government on the Gulfof Kotor established the state of Illyria, one of the mostimportant cultural centres in the Mediterranean between the5th and 2nd centuries B.C. The territory was later conquered

by the Greeks and then by the Romans under whosedomination it became part of the province of Dalmatia withmajor cities concentrated along the coast.

Emperor Diocletian divided Dalmatia into two provinces,Dalmatia and Prevalitania, which boundary became thefrontier between East and West when the Empire waspartitioned in A.D. 395. After the conquest in A.D. 540, partof the land was absorbed into the Byzantine Empire and fromthen onwards the Church of Rome and the Orthodox Churchof Byzantium existed side by side in a constant struggle forsupremacy, and the two streams of Christianity were to hâvean overriding effect on the art of Monténégro.

In the 6th and 7th centuries, waves of Slav tribes invaded thecountry and while they adopted Christianity, they clearlymaintained their own identity and thèse cultures merged inthe building of monasteries, temples, and in the frescopaintings.

The llth to 15th centuries was a turbulent time during whichthe dynasties of the Vojislavljevics, Nemanjics, Balsics andCrnojevics rose to power, fighting to increase their territoriesand establish independent feudal states. This was perhaps themost important period in Montenegro's cultural history whenthere was a great flowering of monastic building. Each stateproduced a distinctive style in architecture, stone carving,sculpture, fresco painting and iconography, thanks to thesynthesis of Romanesque and Byzantine influences. Therewas fine working in precious metals, inlay and ornamentaltextiles. The state of Zêta (founded on the area of the Romancity of Doclea, later called Duklja by the Slavs) became thefirst independent state and some outstanding works of artwere produced there. The Schools of Masonry andIconography at Kotor were reknowned, as were the frescoesby the Greek masters (pictores graeci). From the monasticcentres came a growth of literature and printing wasestablished in the late 15th century.

In 1499 Zêta fell before the massive Turkish invasion from thesouth east which was to last for about 300 years. Zeta's ruler,Ivan Crnojevic, retreated west with his court into theinaccessible mountain area of Lovcen, and founded the city ofCetinje which was to become the political, spiritual andcultural centre of Monténégro. During later centuries Cetinjewas the seat of bishop rulers who ruled the small independentterritory of Monténégro. Under the Turks, Islamic culture was

10

by the Greeks and then by the Romans under whosedomination it became part of the province of Dalmatia withmajor cities concentrated along the coast.

Emperor Diocletian divided Dalmatia into two provinces,Dalmatia and Prevalitania, which boundary became thefrontier between East and West when the Empire waspartitioned in A.D. 395. After the conquest in A.D. 540, partof the land was absorbed into the Byzantine Empire and fromthen onwards the Church of Rome and the Orthodox Churchof Byzantium existed side by side in a constant struggle forsupremacy, and the two streams of Christianity were to hâvean overriding effect on the art of Monténégro.

In the 6th and 7th centuries, waves of Slav tribes invaded thecountry and while they adopted Christianity, they clearlymaintained their own identity and thèse cultures merged inthe building of monasteries, temples, and in the frescopaintings.

The llth to 15th centuries was a turbulent time during whichthe dynasties of the Vojislavljevics, Nemanjics, Balsics andCrnojevics rose to power, fighting to increase their territoriesand establish independent feudal states. This was perhaps themost important period in Montenegro's cultural history whenthere was a great flowering of monastic building. Each stateproduced a distinctive style in architecture, stone carving,sculpture, fresco painting and iconography, thanks to thesynthesis of Romanesque and Byzantine influences. Therewas fine working in precious metals, inlay and ornamentaltextiles. The state of Zêta (founded on the area of the Romancity of Doclea, later called Duklja by the Slavs) became thefirst independent state and some outstanding works of artwere produced there. The Schools of Masonry andIconography at Kotor were reknowned, as were the frescoesby the Greek masters (pictores graeci). From the monasticcentres came a growth of literature and printing wasestablished in the late 15th century.

In 1499 Zêta fell before the massive Turkish invasion from thesouth east which was to last for about 300 years. Zeta's ruler,Ivan Crnojevic, retreated west with his court into theinaccessible mountain area of Lovcen, and founded the city ofCetinje which was to become the political, spiritual andcultural centre of Monténégro. During later centuries Cetinjewas the seat of bishop rulers who ruled the small independentterritory of Monténégro. Under the Turks, Islamic culture was

10

Map B: locations and protectedcentres. Ancient coastal towns andmajor monasteries.

11

Map B: locations and protectedcentres. Ancient coastal towns andmajor monasteries.

11

KOTORI.Catnedral2.Prince's Palace

12

KOTORI.Catnedral2.Prince's Palace

12

St. Luke's Church from 1195 - KotorOU Town. Characteristic of Zeta'sarchitectural style with its cupolawithout a square base or tambour.

13

Opposite:St. Mary 's Collegiate Church - KotorOld Town. An example of Zêtaarchitecture of 1221 sbowing thefusion of Romanesque and Byzantinestyles.

14

forcefully propagated and the growth of the cities was haltedas they became fortified centres. Much church property wasdestroyed as the buildings were converted into mosques, andmonasteries and churches could only be built on the site ofprevious foundations. Elsewhere in the country themonasteries continued to produce fine schools of painting andiconography, and of particular note is Moraca Monastery.

Also in the 15th century Venice conquered large stretches ofthe coastline around the Gulf of Kotor and stayed there untilthe end of the 18th century. Evidence of this occupation canbe seen in the fine Renaissance and baroque architecture ailover that région.

The northern part of Monténégro and a part of the coastalrégion were held by Turks, and the Bay of Kotor first by theFrench (1807-1814) and then by the Austro-Hungarians(1815-1918). The political situation became extremelycomplicated as three major powers occupied the différentareas of Monténégro. Led by the bishop rulers, theMonténégrins organized bitter résistance during this entireperiod to préserve their national identity. Outstanding amongthe leader were Bishop Petar I Petrovic Njegos (1786-1830)and his nephew Bishop Petar II who is much revered today ailover Yugoslavia as a great philosopher and poet.

The long fight for libération was rewarded at the BerlinCongress in 1878 when Monténégro was accepted as anindependent state and a short period of relative peacefollowed during which the cultural development flourishedparticularly in the capital, Cetinje.

Then came the Balkan Wars (1912-14) and the First WorldWar which entailed extensive damage to the cultural héritage.Following the war, Monténégro became part of the newly-created kingdom of Yugoslavia.

After almost incessant warring over the centuries, Monténégrowas virtually exhausted and the period between the First andSecond World Wars saw the severest économie crises andpoverty which lead to mass émigration. With the outbreak ofthe Second World War, the country was once more involvedin a desperate fight for its libération and independence but bythe end of 1944, Monténégro was free once more within thecomposition of the Socialist Federative Republic ofYugoslavia.

Opposite:St. Mary 's Collegiate Church - KotorOld Town. An example of Zêtaarchitecture of 1221 sbowing thefusion of Romanesque and Byzantinestyles.

14

forcefully propagated and the growth of the cities was haltedas they became fortified centres. Much church property wasdestroyed as the buildings were converted into mosques, andmonasteries and churches could only be built on the site ofprevious foundations. Elsewhere in the country themonasteries continued to produce fine schools of painting andiconography, and of particular note is Moraca Monastery.

Also in the 15th century Venice conquered large stretches ofthe coastline around the Gulf of Kotor and stayed there untilthe end of the 18th century. Evidence of this occupation canbe seen in the fine Renaissance and baroque architecture ailover that région.

The northern part of Monténégro and a part of the coastalrégion were held by Turks, and the Bay of Kotor first by theFrench (1807-1814) and then by the Austro-Hungarians(1815-1918). The political situation became extremelycomplicated as three major powers occupied the différentareas of Monténégro. Led by the bishop rulers, theMonténégrins organized bitter résistance during this entireperiod to préserve their national identity. Outstanding amongthe leader were Bishop Petar I Petrovic Njegos (1786-1830)and his nephew Bishop Petar II who is much revered today ailover Yugoslavia as a great philosopher and poet.

The long fight for libération was rewarded at the BerlinCongress in 1878 when Monténégro was accepted as anindependent state and a short period of relative peacefollowed during which the cultural development flourishedparticularly in the capital, Cetinje.

Then came the Balkan Wars (1912-14) and the First WorldWar which entailed extensive damage to the cultural héritage.Following the war, Monténégro became part of the newly-created kingdom of Yugoslavia.

After almost incessant warring over the centuries, Monténégrowas virtually exhausted and the period between the First andSecond World Wars saw the severest économie crises andpoverty which lead to mass émigration. With the outbreak ofthe Second World War, the country was once more involvedin a desperate fight for its libération and independence but bythe end of 1944, Monténégro was free once more within thecomposition of the Socialist Federative Republic ofYugoslavia.

Budva - of tbe 200 buildings in tbeOld Town, only 6 remain unscatbed.

Budva - tbe 15th century walls andramparts suffered severe damage inthe earthquake.

17

Opposite:Frescoes from tbe severely damagedPraskvica Monastery - the first stageof the rescue opération.

Above:HercegNovi - the youngest of thecoastal towns, founded at the end ofthe 14th century, suffered badly inthe earthquake.

Left:Old Bar - the walls were severelydamaged in the earthquake.

19

Opposite:The 15tb century Church of StGeorge perched high on the rockycliffs of the Gulf of Kotor at Orahovac- severely damaged but now fullyrestored by the Municipal Institute forthe Protection of CulturalMonuments, Kotor.

20

The many wars for freedom, social justice and nationalindependence had been truly won but not without enormoussacrifice of human lives and material damage. In order toappreciate Montenegro's artistic culture it is necessary toappreciate the circumstances in which it was produced. In thepostwar period, the resolution and détermination of theMonténégrin peoples to build their country afresh has createda stronger social and économie base which has allowed theirinhérent artistry to émerge once again. Despite their turbulenthistory, the strength of this land has always inspired sensitivityand a deep need to maintain traditions. The rich nationalcostumes, old songs of war, ancient dances, painting, musicand poetry are considered inséparable from the vital instinctsto live and struggle for survival. Today thèse traditions are as

strong as ever.

The secure future of the country has suffered yet another cruelblow from the dévastation of 15th April 1979 but the peopleof Monténégro are sparing no toil or self sacrifice in the fight toconserve and restore the glories and achievements which aretheir rich and rightful inheritance.

Opposite:The 15tb century Church of StGeorge perched high on the rockycliffs of the Gulf of Kotor at Orahovac- severely damaged but now fullyrestored by the Municipal Institute forthe Protection of CulturalMonuments, Kotor.

20

The many wars for freedom, social justice and nationalindependence had been truly won but not without enormoussacrifice of human lives and material damage. In order toappreciate Montenegro's artistic culture it is necessary toappreciate the circumstances in which it was produced. In thepostwar period, the resolution and détermination of theMonténégrin peoples to build their country afresh has createda stronger social and économie base which has allowed theirinhérent artistry to émerge once again. Despite their turbulenthistory, the strength of this land has always inspired sensitivityand a deep need to maintain traditions. The rich nationalcostumes, old songs of war, ancient dances, painting, musicand poetry are considered inséparable from the vital instinctsto live and struggle for survival. Today thèse traditions are as

strong as ever.

The secure future of the country has suffered yet another cruelblow from the dévastation of 15th April 1979 but the peopleof Monténégro are sparing no toil or self sacrifice in the fight toconserve and restore the glories and achievements which aretheir rich and rightful inheritance.

,-^iii\ ^^9^ ^i^^-iï-

^-

The town wall of Old Herceg-Novi fellinto the sea.

Tbe aqueduct in Old Bar sufferedsevere damage.

23

The Batsié Tower in the muséumcomplex at Ulcinj suffered badly.

f

»

.7>r--

Tbe domestic quarter of the OldTown of Ulcinj was almostdévasta ted.

W;'The Utile church of PraskvicaMonastery ail but totally collapsed.

Damaged frescoes in PraskvicaMonastery.

Opposite:Earthquake damage to the Church ofSt. Ivan - typical of the fate of somany of the ecclesiastical buildings.

Right:One of the many palaces aroundKotor Bay that bear the scars of theearthquake.

J^^-

Below:Looking down on tbe characteristicroofscape of Kotor Old Town fromthe cliffs. r

ULCINJl.llyrian Rampart2-Bolani Wall3-Vaults4-Balsic Tovuer5.Church.Mosque6.Customs House7. Prince's Palace

50

28

ULCINJl.llyrian Rampart2-Bolani Wall3-Vaults4-Balsic Tovuer5.Church.Mosque6.Customs House7. Prince's Palace

50

28

AFTERMATH

In trying to put into words the magnitude of the disaster one is

liable to be accused of exaggeration, but it is difficult to getover to the reader exactly what the scale of the intricateopération of dealing with the aftermath really means in termsof time, manpower and organisation.

Priority naturally had to be given to coping with tragic humanand social needs, treating the injured, burying the dead,providing shelter for the homeless, dealing with disruptedcommunications, roads and railways, repair of services whichare so easily taken for granted, electricity, drainage and watersupply, in fact the whole infrastructure of urban andcommunity life. But caring for the country's rich inheritance ofcultural and historic buildings and other treasures was notneglected.

Immediately after the earthquake a mammoth programme ofwork was organized and put in hand to survey and assess thefull impact of the damage suffered. Despite help from ail overYugoslavia it has proved a far greater task than everanticipated and has taken over three years even to approachcompletion completion which is hard to predict as newfinds are continually being discovered, be they unknownfrescoes, works of art or archaeological évidence.

To date, 1,624 damaged and partially destroyed monumentsare recorded together with 33,000 works of art as well as

extensive amounts of archivai materials. The old towns ofUlcinj, Bar, Budva, Kotor, and Herceg-Novi were so badlydamaged that their entire artistic contents had to be rescuedand stored elsewhere. The problem of storage alone is a

daunting task in itself demanding skilled knowledge, délicatehandling and accurate recording and documentation.

The old towns pf Budva, Ulcinj and most of Kotor wereentirely evacuated as they were in a highly dangerouscondition. Other areas suffered almost complète collapse anddévastation, particularly many villages in the régions ofKrajina, Crmnica, Pastrovici and Grbalj. The carrying out ofpréventive protection against further damage to, and collapseof the buildings together with the safeguarding of wallpaintings against the ravages of the éléments were the fi-stpriorities before any of the subséquent problems could betackled.

AFTERMATH

In trying to put into words the magnitude of the disaster one is

liable to be accused of exaggeration, but it is difficult to getover to the reader exactly what the scale of the intricateopération of dealing with the aftermath really means in termsof time, manpower and organisation.

Priority naturally had to be given to coping with tragic humanand social needs, treating the injured, burying the dead,providing shelter for the homeless, dealing with disruptedcommunications, roads and railways, repair of services whichare so easily taken for granted, electricity, drainage and watersupply, in fact the whole infrastructure of urban andcommunity life. But caring for the country's rich inheritance ofcultural and historic buildings and other treasures was notneglected.

Immediately after the earthquake a mammoth programme ofwork was organized and put in hand to survey and assess thefull impact of the damage suffered. Despite help from ail overYugoslavia it has proved a far greater task than everanticipated and has taken over three years even to approachcompletion completion which is hard to predict as newfinds are continually being discovered, be they unknownfrescoes, works of art or archaeological évidence.

To date, 1,624 damaged and partially destroyed monumentsare recorded together with 33,000 works of art as well as

extensive amounts of archivai materials. The old towns ofUlcinj, Bar, Budva, Kotor, and Herceg-Novi were so badlydamaged that their entire artistic contents had to be rescuedand stored elsewhere. The problem of storage alone is a

daunting task in itself demanding skilled knowledge, délicatehandling and accurate recording and documentation.

The old towns pf Budva, Ulcinj and most of Kotor wereentirely evacuated as they were in a highly dangerouscondition. Other areas suffered almost complète collapse anddévastation, particularly many villages in the régions ofKrajina, Crmnica, Pastrovici and Grbalj. The carrying out ofpréventive protection against further damage to, and collapseof the buildings together with the safeguarding of wallpaintings against the ravages of the éléments were the fi-stpriorities before any of the subséquent problems could betackled.

The traditions of national costumesand music are very much elive today.

Silver rehquary containing tbe skull ofSt. Trypbon - 15th century - work ofKotor goldsmitbs.

30

The first estimâtes of damage to cultural property made in1979 amounted to some 10,527,690,000 Din whichrepresented just under 15% of the total earthquake damage.In today's terms, rocketing inflation has escalated this figure to3,174,098,500,000 Din, approximately 27,600 million USDollars (see Table II, page 36) .

The Yugoslav Government has decreed that it will meet81.839% of the estimated costs attributed to culturalproperty, the remaining 18.161% being the responsibility ofthe local communes. To help meet the total costs of thedisaster the Government has set up a statutory fund wherebyeach worker contributes approximately 1% of his monthlyincome during the ten year period 1979-1989.

After the preliminary clearance of rubble and the carrying outof préventive works, individual work projects hâve beenprepared giving more detailed estimâtes of materials, labourrequirements and costs for the conservation, repair andrestoration of the more important monuments and publicbuildings which include muséums, archives and galleries,churches and monasteries together with many privateproperties. In addition protective measures hâve had to betaken to prevent any further détérioration of the thousands ofprecious frescoes and other paintings most acutely at risk.

This work has taken much longer than first anticipated andmany problems hâve had to be overcome, not least of whichis the serious shortage of skilled art restorers and trainedconservators. Help has been forthcoming from outside thecountry but mainly for short periods of time only and a morecontinuous contribution is essential. Fresco conservation is

exacting and highly detailed, demanding long periods ofconcentrated work. Monténégro is fortunate in having a longtradition in the fine arts and has some very talented artists inthis field but the task is a daunting one and many morespecialists are an urgent necessity, as, too, are the materials ofthis trade which are either in short supply or very difficultindeed to obtain. Time is of the essence if thèse preciouspaintings from past centuries are to be saved for mankind.

The work of building conservation is also very specialised andagain there is a real shortage of skilled architects andengineers who hâve expérience in the field. Help has beenforthcoming from ail over Yugoslavia as well as othercountries but there is vital and continuing need for expertassistance.

31

The first estimâtes of damage to cultural property made in1979 amounted to some 10,527,690,000 Din whichrepresented just under 15% of the total earthquake damage.In today's terms, rocketing inflation has escalated this figure to3,174,098,500,000 Din, approximately 27,600 million USDollars (see Table II, page 36) .

The Yugoslav Government has decreed that it will meet81.839% of the estimated costs attributed to culturalproperty, the remaining 18.161% being the responsibility ofthe local communes. To help meet the total costs of thedisaster the Government has set up a statutory fund wherebyeach worker contributes approximately 1% of his monthlyincome during the ten year period 1979-1989.

After the preliminary clearance of rubble and the carrying outof préventive works, individual work projects hâve beenprepared giving more detailed estimâtes of materials, labourrequirements and costs for the conservation, repair andrestoration of the more important monuments and publicbuildings which include muséums, archives and galleries,churches and monasteries together with many privateproperties. In addition protective measures hâve had to betaken to prevent any further détérioration of the thousands ofprecious frescoes and other paintings most acutely at risk.

This work has taken much longer than first anticipated andmany problems hâve had to be overcome, not least of whichis the serious shortage of skilled art restorers and trainedconservators. Help has been forthcoming from outside thecountry but mainly for short periods of time only and a morecontinuous contribution is essential. Fresco conservation is

exacting and highly detailed, demanding long periods ofconcentrated work. Monténégro is fortunate in having a longtradition in the fine arts and has some very talented artists inthis field but the task is a daunting one and many morespecialists are an urgent necessity, as, too, are the materials ofthis trade which are either in short supply or very difficultindeed to obtain. Time is of the essence if thèse preciouspaintings from past centuries are to be saved for mankind.

The work of building conservation is also very specialised andagain there is a real shortage of skilled architects andengineers who hâve expérience in the field. Help has beenforthcoming from ail over Yugoslavia as well as othercountries but there is vital and continuing need for expertassistance.

31

Life size silver sculpture of St.Silvester - t^'pical of the work of the

Kotor goldsmitbs of tbe 14(h century.It is now in Zadar.

St. Tryphon's Cathedral. Kotor -

stone ciborium over bigb altar, circa1360. Shows transition fromRomanesque to Gotbic styles. *Palad'oro* is from 15tb century - finestexample of work by Kotor goldsmiths.

32

Problems of accessibility, the severe shortage of petrol in thecountry and administrative difficulties hâve brought furthercomplications which hâve proved to be more difficult thancould be foreseen, but nevertheless considérable progress hasbeen made.

Up to lst September 1983 the Government has budgeted fora total expenditure of 54,722,849,000 Din, of which 3,69%or 2,023,620,800 Din hâve been allocated to culturalproperty. Of this, 1,119,468,038 Din hâve already been paidto communes towards their work programmes for culturalproperty (see Table III, page 38) .

A detailed account of ail the work being undertaken wouldmake tedious reading, but broadly speaking priority has beengiven to the ancient coastal towns and their immédiate vicinityand the most important monasteries (see map B, page 11).

33

Problems of accessibility, the severe shortage of petrol in thecountry and administrative difficulties hâve brought furthercomplications which hâve proved to be more difficult thancould be foreseen, but nevertheless considérable progress hasbeen made.

Up to lst September 1983 the Government has budgeted fora total expenditure of 54,722,849,000 Din, of which 3,69%or 2,023,620,800 Din hâve been allocated to culturalproperty. Of this, 1,119,468,038 Din hâve already been paidto communes towards their work programmes for culturalproperty (see Table III, page 38) .

A detailed account of ail the work being undertaken wouldmake tedious reading, but broadly speaking priority has beengiven to the ancient coastal towns and their immédiate vicinityand the most important monasteries (see map B, page 11).

33

PROGRESS

The following is but a brief indication of progress made:

I) Research to détermine seismic risk levels and theassessment of the earthquake's effect on the needs of physicalplanning hâve been carried out and urban plans hâve beenprepared and approved for Old Ulcinj, Old Budva, Herceg-Novi and Cetinje, and that for Kotor is expected to becompleted shortly. A programme for the consolidation andprotection of the archaeological site of Old Bar has beenapproved.

II) Ulcinj and RégionProject documentation in préparation: 64 private properties.

Work in progress: muséum complex includingchurch/mosque and old customs house, Balsic Tower,Bolani Wall and vaults, 22 private properties, Churches of St.Nicholas in Brijeg, St. Nicholas in Stoj, Vrhpazar Mosque,Pasha's Mosque with public bath, Namazahu Mosque.

III) Bar and RégionWork in progress: extensive earth and rubble clearance.Church of St. Vid, Toplica Palace muséum complex,Starceva Gorica Monastery, Gornji Brceli Monastery, DonjiBrceli Monastery, ruins of Precista Krajinska Monastery,Omerbasic Mosque, Turbeh Mosque, Church of St. Tekla,National Liberation War Mémorial, Monument for Liberationof Bar (1881).

Work completed: Mémorial Muséum of Jovan Tomasevic(founder of the Monténégro Communist Party) .

A long term plan has been drawn up for the conservation ofworks of art.

Opposite:Early Romanesque font carvings -

8-9th century from St. Tryphon'sCathedral, Kotor.

IV) Budva and RégionOf the 200 buildings only 6 remain unscathed.Preliminary research work is completed. Archaeologicalresearch is still in progress.

Project documentation completed: City walls, churchcomplex of St. Ivan, St. Trinity, St. Mary in Punta, St. Sava,Rezevici Monastery, Praskvica Monastery, Church of St. Vid,Petrovac.

34

PROGRESS

The following is but a brief indication of progress made:

I) Research to détermine seismic risk levels and theassessment of the earthquake's effect on the needs of physicalplanning hâve been carried out and urban plans hâve beenprepared and approved for Old Ulcinj, Old Budva, Herceg-Novi and Cetinje, and that for Kotor is expected to becompleted shortly. A programme for the consolidation andprotection of the archaeological site of Old Bar has beenapproved.

II) Ulcinj and RégionProject documentation in préparation: 64 private properties.

Work in progress: muséum complex includingchurch/mosque and old customs house, Balsic Tower,Bolani Wall and vaults, 22 private properties, Churches of St.Nicholas in Brijeg, St. Nicholas in Stoj, Vrhpazar Mosque,Pasha's Mosque with public bath, Namazahu Mosque.

III) Bar and RégionWork in progress: extensive earth and rubble clearance.Church of St. Vid, Toplica Palace muséum complex,Starceva Gorica Monastery, Gornji Brceli Monastery, DonjiBrceli Monastery, ruins of Precista Krajinska Monastery,Omerbasic Mosque, Turbeh Mosque, Church of St. Tekla,National Liberation War Mémorial, Monument for Liberationof Bar (1881).

Work completed: Mémorial Muséum of Jovan Tomasevic(founder of the Monténégro Communist Party) .

A long term plan has been drawn up for the conservation ofworks of art.

Opposite:Early Romanesque font carvings -

8-9th century from St. Tryphon'sCathedral, Kotor.

IV) Budva and RégionOf the 200 buildings only 6 remain unscathed.Preliminary research work is completed. Archaeologicalresearch is still in progress.

Project documentation completed: City walls, churchcomplex of St. Ivan, St. Trinity, St. Mary in Punta, St. Sava,Rezevici Monastery, Praskvica Monastery, Church of St. Vid,Petrovac.

34

TABLE II: DAMAGE TO CULTURAL PROPERTYESTIMATES AND FEDERAL BUDGET AS AT 1979

COMMUNE

ULCINJ

BAR

BUDVA

TIVAT

KOTOR

HERCEG NOVI

CETINJE

NIKSLIC

DANILOVGRAD

TITOGRAD

KOLSIN

SAVNIK

PLUniNK

ZABLJAK

MOJKOVAC

BIJELO POLJE

IVANGRAD

PLAV

PLJEVLJA

TOTALS

ESTIMATED DAMAGE

(Dinars)

616,575,000

567,944,000

2,005,012,000

240,163,000

3,607,496,000

1 , 549 , 746 , 000

1,552,023,000

99,632,000

56,448,000

71,719,000

33,457,000

8,400,000

25,967,000

4 , 500 , 000

15,000,000

26.000,000

15,170,000

16,884,000

15,654,000

10,527,690,000

GOVT. BUDGET

81 .839 % of 2

504 , 599 , 000

464,800,000

1,640,888,000

196,547,000

2,952,341,000

1,268,298,000

1,270,161,000

81,456,000

46,197,000

58,694,000

27,381,000

6,874,000

21,251,000

3,683,000

12,276,000

21,278,000

12,415,000

13,818,000

12,811,000

8,615,763,000

Work in progress: Gradiste Monastery, Podlastva Monastery,City Walls.

Work completed: St. Vid Monastery, Church of AlexanderNevski.Detailed plans hâve been drawn up for conservation of worksof art.

V) Tivaf and RégionAU preventative and preliminary work is completed. Researchwork is completed.

36

Project documentation completed: Lukovic Palace, Chapel ofSt. Ivan, Churches of St. Rocko, St. Trinity, St. Lukas, St.Vid, St. Gospodja, St. Autun, St. Mucenici, St. Ivan inDjurasevici, Church of the Assumption, Monastery of St.Peter.

VI) Herceg-Novi and RégionPréventive measures and preliminary works complète. Masterplan for old town completed.

Project documentation in préparation: Churches of RizaBogorodice, Arhandjel Mihailo, St. Jeronimus, St. Anton.

Work in Progress: Fortress Forte Mare, the Palace, Library,Topla Muséum, Savina Monastery, many private houses.

Work completed: Archive Herceg-Novi and Gallery «JosipBepo Benkovic».

VII) Kotor and RégionOver 293 projects are being undertaken in Old Kotor alone.Preliminary investigations and research work is complète.107,000 works of art hâve been listed, including archive andlibrary collections.

Preliminary documentation completed: 20 apartment blocks,26 street blocks (out of 62), music school, 2 governmentbuildings, 6 mediaeval churches.

Work in progress: Churches of St. Mary Collégiale, St. Luke,St. Clara, the Holy Spirit, St. Anna, St. Michael, St. Paul,Franciscan Monastery, Drago Palace, Bishop's Palace,Maritime Muséum, St. Tryphon's Cathedral, MémorialLibrary «Captain Bozo Dabinovic», 8 apartment blocks, citywalls, lst and 2nd phases of infrastructure ail in Kotortown. Churches of Our Lady in Prcanj. St. Nicholas inPelinovo, St. Helias in Dobrota, St. Nicholas in Bratesici, St.George in Mirac, St. Basil in Stoliv, Ivelic Palace in Risan,Archives at Skaljari, Bujovic Palace and Viskovic Palace inPerast, Tripkovic Palace in Dobrota.

Work completed: Cultural Centre in Kotor, Churches of St.George in Orahavac, Our Lady in Krimovice, St. John inDub, St. George in Sisici, St. George in Sutvara, St. Georgein Prijeradi, St. Bartholemew in Krimovice, 12 churches inGrbalj Région. Church buildings of St. Eustacius in Dobrota, tof Our Lady at Skrpjelo, Convent Dobrota, Roman mosaicsin Risan.

37

Project documentation completed: Lukovic Palace, Chapel ofSt. Ivan, Churches of St. Rocko, St. Trinity, St. Lukas, St.Vid, St. Gospodja, St. Autun, St. Mucenici, St. Ivan inDjurasevici, Church of the Assumption, Monastery of St.Peter.

VI) Herceg-Novi and RégionPréventive measures and preliminary works complète. Masterplan for old town completed.

Project documentation in préparation: Churches of RizaBogorodice, Arhandjel Mihailo, St. Jeronimus, St. Anton.

Work in Progress: Fortress Forte Mare, the Palace, Library,Topla Muséum, Savina Monastery, many private houses.

Work completed: Archive Herceg-Novi and Gallery «JosipBepo Benkovic».

VII) Kotor and RégionOver 293 projects are being undertaken in Old Kotor alone.Preliminary investigations and research work is complète.107,000 works of art hâve been listed, including archive andlibrary collections.

Preliminary documentation completed: 20 apartment blocks,26 street blocks (out of 62), music school, 2 governmentbuildings, 6 mediaeval churches.

Work in progress: Churches of St. Mary Collégiale, St. Luke,St. Clara, the Holy Spirit, St. Anna, St. Michael, St. Paul,Franciscan Monastery, Drago Palace, Bishop's Palace,Maritime Muséum, St. Tryphon's Cathedral, MémorialLibrary «Captain Bozo Dabinovic», 8 apartment blocks, citywalls, lst and 2nd phases of infrastructure ail in Kotortown. Churches of Our Lady in Prcanj. St. Nicholas inPelinovo, St. Helias in Dobrota, St. Nicholas in Bratesici, St.George in Mirac, St. Basil in Stoliv, Ivelic Palace in Risan,Archives at Skaljari, Bujovic Palace and Viskovic Palace inPerast, Tripkovic Palace in Dobrota.

Work completed: Cultural Centre in Kotor, Churches of St.George in Orahavac, Our Lady in Krimovice, St. John inDub, St. George in Sisici, St. George in Sutvara, St. Georgein Prijeradi, St. Bartholemew in Krimovice, 12 churches inGrbalj Région. Church buildings of St. Eustacius in Dobrota, tof Our Lady at Skrpjelo, Convent Dobrota, Roman mosaicsin Risan.

37

TABLE III: PAYMENTS RECEireD FOR CULTURAL PROPERTY BY COMMUNES UP TO 1 SEPTEMBER 1983 (in Dinars)

Communes

1

ULCINJ

BAR

BUDVA

KOTOR

TIVAT

HERCEG NOVI

CETINJE

NIKSIC

DANILOVGRAD

TITOGRAD

KOLASIN

PLAV

ZABLJAK

IVANGRAD

TOTALS ;

Total Amounts

2

52, 294, 430

30,130,152

80,636,382

502,427,788

22,076,429

66,849,561

293,309,409

29,518,152

1,200,000

11,940,349

18,166,666

6,172,000

1,554,960

3,191,760

1,119,468,038

1979

3

294,430

1,890,152

2,376,382

2,872,613

356,429

175,050

11,501,999

366 ,279

166,666

20,000,000

1980

4

28,000,000

9,240,000

48,260,000

128,800,000

4, 820, 000

24,770,000

36,048,000

3,950,000

1,200,000

3,480,000

6,172,000

289,940,000

, .,-^ ,

1981

5

15,000,000

, 20,000,000

86,231,026

121,231,026

1982

6

19,000,000

30, 000, 000

350, 755, 175

17,200,000

19,926,177

149,528,384

1,000,000

1,000,000

588,409,736

1963

7

9,ooaooo

21, 978,334

10, 000, 000

24, 568, 152

7,094,070

18, 000, 000

4, 500, 000

1, 554, 960

3, 191, 760

99,887,276

38

VIII) Cetinje and RégionProject documentation completed: Blue Palace, Library andMuséum Archives, Military Barracks, «Zetski dom» Théâtre,Njegos's birthplace, Cetinje Monastery, Vlaska Church,Preobnrazenska Church, Celija Dobrska.

Work in progress: Biljarda, Historical Muséum, 19th centuryGirls' School, former Russian Embassy to house theFaculty of culture, old Pharmacy, former British Embassy,Theological School.

Work completed: former Austrian Embassy now theRepublic Institute for the Protection of Cultural Monuments,King Nicolas's Palace now the State Muséum, NationalGallery, Bishop's House.Work has also started in the communes^ of Titograd, Niksic,Ivangrad, Plav, Bijelo Polje, Pljevlja and Zabljak.

TABLE IV: MONTES ALLOCATED IN BUTiGET TO 1 SEPTEMBER 1983

Commune

ULCINJ

BAR

BUDVA

TIVAT

KOTOR

HERÇEG

NOVI

CETINJE

Estimated

Damage to

CulturalProperty

(Dinars)

616,575,000

567,944,000

2,005,012,000

240,163,000

3,607,496,000

1,549,746,000

1,552,023,000

% c f total

damage inCommune

7.

4.

27.

7.

32.

14.

29.

13 %

14 %

18 %

50 %

45 %

64 X

75 %

Amount alloc-ated in Budget

for CulturalProperty(Dinars)

111,400,000

119,100,000

185,500,000

49,000,000

767,000,000

66,800,000

532,800,000

% of total

allocated

in Budgetfor aildamage

1. 94 %

0. 99 %

2. 80 %

2. 44 %

11 . 52 %

0. 88 %

12. 97 %

39

Gradis te Monastery. Emergencyprotective works under construction tosafeguard tbe valuable frescoes fromfurther damage by tbe éléments. Seecover photograph of the same churchtaken sbortly after the earthquake.

Opposite:Monastery Church of St. Savina nearHerceg-Novi. llth century churchcompleted in late IStb centuryshowing a syntbesis of styles tbroughwhich Zêta architecture passed fromRomanesque to Baroque.

40

AN APPEAL TO THE WORLD

This brochure is intended to highlight the immensity of thetask for the small Republic of Monténégro in saving for ailmankind the irreplaceable past, the product of over twothousand years, devastated in a brief moment by anuncontrollable force of nature.

In his International Appeal for help immediately after theearthquake the Director-General of Unesco called upongovernments, public and private institutions in Member Statestogether with muséums, art galleries and libraries to help theYugoslav authorities.

Now after the dust has settled and the immédiate priority ofcaring for the social and économie needs of its stricken peopleis accounted for, the inventory of the devasted and damagedmonuments and the important buildings and works of arthâve been evaluated, and the full immensity of the tragedystands revealed.

The need for reconstruction and repair is massive. It is

inevitably a long slow haul and painful process, but for themost part the country is well organized for the task. Time is theenemy; the longer it takes, the greater the risk of détériorationand direct loss.

The wealth of its great treasures is a huge burden for such a

small republic of half a million people to bear. Monténégroneeds help of finance and most of ail for those materials whichcannot be obtained in Yugoslavia and for which foreignexchange is not available. Unesco showed the way withimmédiate financial aid and by its continued support offinance and expertise. But more, much more is necessary ifthe people of Monténégro are going to be able to préservethat culture contributed by so many peoples over thecenturies. Each time a disaster has struck, only ruins andfoundations remained, together with the most ingrainedcustoms and traditions of the région; each time a new startwas made before the traditional cultural héritage could be

forgotten. The Monténégrins are conscious that their greathéritage is not theirs alone but is part of the common héritageof ail mankind throughout the world.

Monténégro therefore appeals for international solidarity in itsurgent fight to save and safeguard thèse masterpieces, for thesilent éléments and values of spiritual cultures can in no way Opposite:. , . . Icon of the Madonna 17th centuryDe UndereStimated . _ now in Perast Muséum.

43

AN APPEAL TO THE WORLD

This brochure is intended to highlight the immensity of thetask for the small Republic of Monténégro in saving for ailmankind the irreplaceable past, the product of over twothousand years, devastated in a brief moment by anuncontrollable force of nature.

In his International Appeal for help immediately after theearthquake the Director-General of Unesco called upongovernments, public and private institutions in Member Statestogether with muséums, art galleries and libraries to help theYugoslav authorities.

Now after the dust has settled and the immédiate priority ofcaring for the social and économie needs of its stricken peopleis accounted for, the inventory of the devasted and damagedmonuments and the important buildings and works of arthâve been evaluated, and the full immensity of the tragedystands revealed.

The need for reconstruction and repair is massive. It is

inevitably a long slow haul and painful process, but for themost part the country is well organized for the task. Time is theenemy; the longer it takes, the greater the risk of détériorationand direct loss.

The wealth of its great treasures is a huge burden for such a

small republic of half a million people to bear. Monténégroneeds help of finance and most of ail for those materials whichcannot be obtained in Yugoslavia and for which foreignexchange is not available. Unesco showed the way withimmédiate financial aid and by its continued support offinance and expertise. But more, much more is necessary ifthe people of Monténégro are going to be able to préservethat culture contributed by so many peoples over thecenturies. Each time a disaster has struck, only ruins andfoundations remained, together with the most ingrainedcustoms and traditions of the région; each time a new startwas made before the traditional cultural héritage could be

forgotten. The Monténégrins are conscious that their greathéritage is not theirs alone but is part of the common héritageof ail mankind throughout the world.

Monténégro therefore appeals for international solidarity in itsurgent fight to save and safeguard thèse masterpieces, for thesilent éléments and values of spiritual cultures can in no way Opposite:. , . . Icon of the Madonna 17th centuryDe UndereStimated . _ now in Perast Muséum.

43

Détails of the six projects accompanying this brochure areexamples of the many différent programmes already workedout and hopefully to be undertaken shortly. Help can take theform of a gênerai contribution, or towards a spécifie project,either financial or as a gift of materials urgently needed (seeShopping List on pages 45 to 47) .

The six projects are listed below in order of cost:

Prince's Palace, KotorChurch of Our Lady, PrcanjSt. Tryphon's Cathedral, KotorPraskvica Monastery, BudvaBlue Palace, CetinjeNjegos's Birth House, Njegusi

Thèse figures hâve been increased from the original estimâtesto reflect current prices and exchange rates; data on theinflation rate was kindly supplied by the Yugoslav Embassy inRome.

Offers of help should be addressed to:The Director-General, Unesco, 7 place de Fontenoy,F-75700, Paris, France.

4,725,000 US Dollars761,194588,375276,806258,540

50,367

»

»

»

»

»

44

Détails of the six projects accompanying this brochure areexamples of the many différent programmes already workedout and hopefully to be undertaken shortly. Help can take theform of a gênerai contribution, or towards a spécifie project,either financial or as a gift of materials urgently needed (seeShopping List on pages 45 to 47) .

The six projects are listed below in order of cost:

Prince's Palace, KotorChurch of Our Lady, PrcanjSt. Tryphon's Cathedral, KotorPraskvica Monastery, BudvaBlue Palace, CetinjeNjegos's Birth House, Njegusi

Thèse figures hâve been increased from the original estimâtesto reflect current prices and exchange rates; data on theinflation rate was kindly supplied by the Yugoslav Embassy inRome.

Offers of help should be addressed to:The Director-General, Unesco, 7 place de Fontenoy,F-75700, Paris, France.

4,725,000 US Dollars761,194588,375276,806258,540

50,367

»

»

»

»

»

44

SHOPPING LIST

The undermentioned equipment and materials are urgentlyrequired to enable work of conservation and restoration toproceed, and are not available from suppliers in Yugoslavia:

A) For the Republic Institute for the Protection of CulturalMonuments of Monténégro, 81250 Cetinje, Bajova Broj 2,Yugoslavia (see list A)

B) For the Municipal Institute for the Protection of CulturalMonuments, 81330 Kotor, 335 Palata Drago, Yugoslavia

(see list B)

LIST A FOR THE REPUBLIC INSTITUTE FOR THEPROTECTION OF CULTURAL MONUMENTS OFMONTENEGRO YU-81250 CETINJE, BAJOVA BROJ 2,YUGOSLAVIA

1) Heavy-duty Tools and Large Equipment *

14" electric chain sawMotor chain saw with spares2-speed electric reciprocating sawCircular saw, planing machine and routersHeavy duty electric sanderPneumatic drillsElectric hammer drillPortable woodworking machines for work on siteMoulding and vulcanizing pressWood pressScaffolding: lightweight, sectionalEasels for paintingSculpture stands; modelling stoolModelling slingPorter's wheel

2) Hand ToolsScalpelsEngraving toolsElectric pencil engraverModelling toolsWooden-handled chisels, various sizes

Wood-carving tools

* N . B . AU electrical equipment should be 220 Volts

45

SHOPPING LIST

The undermentioned equipment and materials are urgentlyrequired to enable work of conservation and restoration toproceed, and are not available from suppliers in Yugoslavia:

A) For the Republic Institute for the Protection of CulturalMonuments of Monténégro, 81250 Cetinje, Bajova Broj 2,Yugoslavia (see list A)

B) For the Municipal Institute for the Protection of CulturalMonuments, 81330 Kotor, 335 Palata Drago, Yugoslavia

(see list B)

LIST A FOR THE REPUBLIC INSTITUTE FOR THEPROTECTION OF CULTURAL MONUMENTS OFMONTENEGRO YU-81250 CETINJE, BAJOVA BROJ 2,YUGOSLAVIA

1) Heavy-duty Tools and Large Equipment *

14" electric chain sawMotor chain saw with spares2-speed electric reciprocating sawCircular saw, planing machine and routersHeavy duty electric sanderPneumatic drillsElectric hammer drillPortable woodworking machines for work on siteMoulding and vulcanizing pressWood pressScaffolding: lightweight, sectionalEasels for paintingSculpture stands; modelling stoolModelling slingPorter's wheel

2) Hand ToolsScalpelsEngraving toolsElectric pencil engraverModelling toolsWooden-handled chisels, various sizes

Wood-carving tools

* N . B . AU electrical equipment should be 220 Volts

45

StonechiselsSculptor's files, rasps, rifflersSharpening stonesNail punchCompassés

3) Electrical Supplies (ail 220 Volt)Lamps with stands, connectors, transformers, cables, etc.Bulbs for spécifie equipment

4) Photographie Equipment35 mm caméra with various lenses and accessoriesVarious lenses for plate film caméraPlate film caméra accessories: flash gun bracket; pistolgrip; mask; sheet film adaptorsCarrying cases

5) Office EquipmentDye-line plan copierPhoto-copier (with spares) A4 & A3

6) Artists' Materials and Gilding SuppliesArtists' watercoloursArtists' Italian varnish coloursArtists' quality média and varnishesPrimers, e.g. Bolognese chalk, gesso powder, acrylicprimerGilders' boleOil for gildingAgates, various shapes and sizesGold leaf - orange, yellow and ducatBrushes, for both gilding and watercoloursBristle brushes

7) Adhesives and ConsolidantsSodium carboxymethylcelluloseAcrylic resins, e.g. PARALOID B 72, BEDACRYL 122XEpoxy resins with hardeners, e.g. ARALDITPolyvinylacetate, e.g. VINAVIL or GELVATOLPolyester and epoxy adhesives for stone, e.g. AKEMISTEINKITParchment glueSilanes

46

StonechiselsSculptor's files, rasps, rifflersSharpening stonesNail punchCompassés

3) Electrical Supplies (ail 220 Volt)Lamps with stands, connectors, transformers, cables, etc.Bulbs for spécifie equipment

4) Photographie Equipment35 mm caméra with various lenses and accessoriesVarious lenses for plate film caméraPlate film caméra accessories: flash gun bracket; pistolgrip; mask; sheet film adaptorsCarrying cases

5) Office EquipmentDye-line plan copierPhoto-copier (with spares) A4 & A3

6) Artists' Materials and Gilding SuppliesArtists' watercoloursArtists' Italian varnish coloursArtists' quality média and varnishesPrimers, e.g. Bolognese chalk, gesso powder, acrylicprimerGilders' boleOil for gildingAgates, various shapes and sizesGold leaf - orange, yellow and ducatBrushes, for both gilding and watercoloursBristle brushes

7) Adhesives and ConsolidantsSodium carboxymethylcelluloseAcrylic resins, e.g. PARALOID B 72, BEDACRYL 122XEpoxy resins with hardeners, e.g. ARALDITPolyvinylacetate, e.g. VINAVIL or GELVATOLPolyester and epoxy adhesives for stone, e.g. AKEMISTEINKITParchment glueSilanes

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8) ChemicalsTrypsin enzymeButylamineDimethylforamideChlorotene - benzine ring solvent mixtureFungicide, e.g. DESOGEN

9) Other MaterialsVarious fillers for stone repairSilicone release paperPolyester sheeting, e.g. HOSTAPHAN, MELANEX,MYLARPaper pulpJapanese mulberry paperGlasswoolPolyurethane panels

FOR SPECIFIC DETAILS REGARDING SUPPLIERS, CUR-RENT NEEDS, AND COMPATIBILITY WITH EXISTINGMATERIALS AND EQUIPMENT, PLEASE CONTACT THEINSTITUTE AT THE ADDRESS ABOVE.

LIST B FOR THE MUNICIPAL INSTITUTE FOR THEPROTECTION OF CULTURAL MONUMENTSYU-81330 KOTOR, 335 PALATA DRAGO,YUGOSLAVIA

1) Tools and Equipment *

Précision air abrasive unitDental drills, ultrasonic and mechanical, with a variety ofdrill bitsPressurized water pump for cleaning stoneTools for working and dressing stoneGrinder and sieves for preparing stone powders of knownsizes, used for filling and making goodHot spatula with accessories


* N.B. AH electrical equipment should be 220 Volts

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8) ChemicalsTrypsin enzymeButylamineDimethylforamideChlorotene - benzine ring solvent mixtureFungicide, e.g. DESOGEN

9) Other MaterialsVarious fillers for stone repairSilicone release paperPolyester sheeting, e.g. HOSTAPHAN, MELANEX,MYLARPaper pulpJapanese mulberry paperGlasswoolPolyurethane panels


LIST B FOR THE MUNICIPAL INSTITUTE FOR THEPROTECTION OF CULTURAL MONUMENTSYU-81330 KOTOR, 335 PALATA DRAGO,YUGOSLAVIA

1) Tools and Equipment *

Précision air abrasive unitDental drills, ultrasonic and mechanical, with a variety ofdrill bitsPressurized water pump for cleaning stoneTools for working and dressing stoneGrinder and sieves for preparing stone powders of knownsizes, used for filling and making goodHot spatula with accessories


* N.B. AH electrical equipment should be 220 Volts

47

SINTESI INFORMAZIONE.ROME1984

SINTESI INFORMAZIONE.ROME1984

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