Gap formation in Young Circumstellar Disks due to Photoevaporation from the Central star
Monte Carlo Radiation Transfer in Circumstellar Disks
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Transcript of Monte Carlo Radiation Transfer in Circumstellar Disks
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Monte Carlo Radiation Transfer
in Circumstellar Disks
Jon E. Bjorkman
Ritter Observatory
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Systems with Disks
• Infall + Rotation– Young Stellar Objects (T Tauri, Herbig Ae/Be)– Mass Transfer Binaries– Active Galactic Nuclei (Black Hole Accretion Disks)
• Outflow + Rotation (?)– AGBs (bipolar planetary nebulae)– LBVs (e.g., Eta Carinae)– Oe/Be, B[e]
• Rapidly rotating (Vrot = 350 km s-1)• Hot stars (T = 20000K)• Ideal laboratory for studying disks
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3-D Radiation Transfer• Transfer Equation
– Ray-tracing (requires -iteration)
– Monte Carlo (exact integration using random paths)• May avoid -iteration
• automatically an adaptive mesh method– Paths sampled according to their importance
n̂◊—I n = - cnr I n + jn + ni
dsni
dWI n(n̂, ˆ¢n)Ú d ¢W
iÂ
I n
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Monte Carlo Radiation Transfer• Transfer equation traces flow of energy
• Divide luminosity into equal energy packets (“photons”)
– Number of physical photons
– Packet may be partially polarized
Eg = LDt / Ng
n = Eg / hn
I = 1
Q = (Eb - E´ ) / Eg
U = (E \ - E_ ) / Eg
V = (E“ - E” ) / Eg
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Monte Carlo Radiation Transfer• Pick random starting location, frequency, and direction
– Split between star and envelope
mI n =dE / dt
dAdndWdP
dAµ H
dP
dnµ Hn
dP
dWµ mI n
L = L* + LenvStar Envelope
dP
dVdWµ jn
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dP = dt = cnrds (Poisson Distribution)
dN = - Ndt
P = 1- e- t (Cumulative Probability)
t = - lnx (x is uniform random number)
t = cnrds0
s
Ú (find distance, s)
x = x0 +sn̂ (move photon)
most CPU time
Monte Carlo Radiation Transfer• Doppler Shift photon packet as necessary
– packet energy is frame-dependent
• Transport packet to random interaction location Eg Æ wEg w is photon "weight"
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Monte Carlo Radiation Transfer
• Randomly scatter or absorb photon packet
• If photon hits star, reemit it locally• When photon escapes, place in observation bin (direction,
frequency, and location)
REPEAT 106-109 times
a =sn
sn + kn
(albedo)
x > a (absorb + reemit)dP
dWdnµ jn (emissivity)
x < a (scatter)dP
dW=
1
sn
dsn
dW(phase function)
Ï
Ì
ÔÔÔÔÔ
Ó
ÔÔÔÔÔ
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Sampling and Measurements
• MC simulation produces random events– Photon escapes– Cell wall crossings– Photon motion– Photon interactions
• Events are sampled– Samples => measurements (e.g., Flux)– Histogram => distribution function (e.g., I)
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SEDs and Images
• Sampling Photon Escapes
Fn
F*
=4pd2
L
dE
dtdAdn=
4pd2
L
NijEg / Dt
d2dWiDnj
=4pNij
NgdWiDnj
where Nij = wijÂ
I n
F*
=4pNijkl
NgdWijdWkDnl
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SEDs and Images
• Source Function Sampling– Photon interactions (scatterings/absorptions)
– Photon motion (path length sampling)
dI µw
1
s
ds
dW
Ê
ËÁÁÁ
ˆ
¯˜̃˜̃e
- t esc (scattered)
1
4pe- t esc (emitted)
Ï
Ì
ÔÔÔÔÔ
Ó
ÔÔÔÔÔ
dN = dt
dI sc µ wdt sc1
s
ds
dW
Ê
ËÁÁÁ
ˆ
¯˜̃˜̃e
- t esc
I n = e- tSÚ
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Monte Carlo Maxims
• Monte Carlo is EASY– to do wrong (G.W Collins III)– code must be tested quantitatively– being clever is dangerous– try to avoid discretization
• The Improbable event WILL happen– code must be bullet proof– and error tolerant
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Monte Carlo Assessment
• Advantages– Inherently 3-D
– Microphysics easily added (little increase in CPU time)
– Modifications do not require large recoding effort
– Embarrassingly parallelizable
• Disadvantages– High S/N requires large N
– Achilles heel = no photon escape paths; i.e., large optical depth
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Improving Run Time
• Photon paths are random– Can reorder calculation to improve efficiency
• Adaptive Monte Carlo– Modify execution as program runs
• High Optical Depth– Use analytic solutions in “interior” + MC “atmosphere”
• Diffusion approximation (static media)
• Sobolev approximation (for lines in expanding media)
– Match boundary conditions
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MC Radiative Equilibrium• Sum energy absorbed by each cell• Radiative equilibrium gives temperature
• When photon is absorbed, reemit at new frequency, depending on T– Energy conserved automatically
• Problem: Don’t know T a priori• Solution: Change T each time a photon is absorbed and
correct previous frequency distribution
avoids iteration
€
Eabs = Eemit
nabsEγ = 4πmiκ PB(Ti )
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Temperature Correction
Bjorkman & Wood 2001
Frequency Distribution:
€
dP
dν= jν (T + ΔT ) − jν (T )
=κ ν ΔTdBν
dT
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Disk Temperature
Bjorkman 1998
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Effect of Disk on Temperature• Inner edge of disk
– heats up to optically thin radiative equilibrium temperature
• At large radii– outer disk is shielded by inner disk– temperatures lowered at disk mid-plane
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T Tauri Envelope Absorption
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Disk Temperature
Snow LineWater Ice
Methane Ice
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CTTS Model SED
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AGN Models
Kuraszkiewicz, et al. 2003
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Spectral Lines
• Lines very optically thick– Cannot track millions of scatterings
• Use Sobolev Approximation (moving gas)– Sobolev length
– Sobolev optical depth
– Assume S, , etc. constant (within l)
l(n̂) =
vD
dv / dl
dv
dl= nieijn
j eij = (vi;j +vj ;i ) / 2
t sob =
kLc
n0 dv / dlkL =
pe2
mecgf
nl
gl
-nu
gu
Ê
ËÁÁÁÁ
ˆ
¯˜̃˜̃
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J = J local + J diffuse
• Split Mean Intensity
• Solve analytically for Jlocal
• Effective Rate Equations
Spectral Lines
benuAul + bpnuBulJ diff - bpnlBluJ diff +K = 0
be =1
4p
1- e- t sob
t sobÚ dW (escape probability)
bp =1
4p
1- e- t sob
t sobÚ
I diff
J diff
dW (penetration probability)
dP
dWµ jesc =
hnnuAul
4p
1- e- t sob
t sob
Ê
Ë
ÁÁÁÁ
ˆ
¯
˜̃˜̃̃ (effective line emissivity)
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Resonance Line Approximation
• Two-level atom => pure scattering
• Find resonance location
• If photon interacts– Reemit according to escape probability
– Doppler shift photon; adjust weight
dP
dWµ
1- e- t sob
t sob
n0 = n(1- v◊n̂ / c)
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NLTE Ionization Fractions
Abbott, Bjorkman, & MacFarlane 2001
€
Photoionization ↔ Recombination
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Wind Line Profiles
Bjorkman 1998
pole-on
edge-on
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NLTE Monte Carlo RT• Gas opacity depends on:
– temperature– degree of ionization – level populations
• During Monte Carlo simulation:– sample radiative rates
• Radiative Equilibrium– Whenever photon is absorbed, re-emit it
• After Monte Carlo simulation:– solve rate equations– update level populations and gas temperature– update disk density (integrate HSEQ)
determined by radiation field
dN = ngdt
dP
dndWµ jn
eff
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Be Star Disk Temperature
Carciofi & Bjorkman 2004
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Disk Density
Carciofi & Bjorkman 2004
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NLTE Level Populations
Carciofi & Bjorkman 2004
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Be Star H Profile
Carciofi and Bjorkman 2003
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SED and Polarization
Carciofi & Bjorkman 2004
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IR Excess
Carciofi & Bjorkman 2004
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Future Work• Spitzer Observations
– Detecting high and low mass (and debris) disks– Disk mass vs. cluster age will determine disk clearing
time scales– SED evolution will help constrain models of disk
dissipation– Galactic plane survey will detect all high mass star
forming regions – Begin modeling the geometry of high mass star
formation
• Long Term Goals– Combine dust and gas opacities– include line blanketing– Couple radiation transfer with hydrodynamics
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Acknowledgments
• Rotating winds and bipolar nebulae– NASA NAGW-3248
• Ionization and temperature structure– NSF AST-9819928– NSF AST-0307686
• Geometry and evolution of low mass star formation– NASA NAG5-8794
• Collaborators: A. Carciofi, K.Wood, B.Whitney, K. Bjorkman, J.Cassinelli, A.Frank, M.Wolff
• UT Students: B. Abbott, I. Mihaylov, J. Thomas• REU Students: A. Moorhead, A. Gault
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Flux Polarization
Bjorkman & Carciofi 2003
Inner Disk:• NLTE Hydrogen • Flared Keplerian• h0 = 0.07, = 1.5
• R* < r < Rdust
Outer Disk:• Dust • Flared Keplerian• h0 = 0.017, = 1.25
• Rdust < r < 10000 R*
High Mass YSO
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Protostar Evolutionary Sequence
i =80 i =30
Mid IR ImageDensitySED
Whitney, Wood, Bjorkman, & Cohen 2003
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Protostar Evolutionary SequenceMid IR ImageDensitySED
i =80 i =30Whitney, Wood, Bjorkman, & Cohen 2003
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Disk Evolution: SED
Wood, Lada, Bjorkman, Whitney & Wolff 2001
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Disk Evolution: Color Excess
Wood, Lada, Bjorkman, Whitney & Wolff 2001
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Determining the Disk Mass
Wood, Lada, Bjorkman, Whitney & Wolff 2001
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Gaps in Protoplanetary Disks
Smith et al. 1999
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Disk Clearing (Inside Out)
Wood, Lada, Bjorkman, Whitney & Wolff 2001
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GM AUR Scattered Light Image
H
J
Schneider et al. 2003
Model Residuals
i = 55 i = 55i = 50 i = 50
Observations
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GM AUR SED
• Inner Disk Hole = 4 AU
Schneider et al. 2003 Rice et al. 2003
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Planet Gap-Clearing Model
Rice et al. 2003
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Protoplanetary DisksSurface Density
i = 5 i = 75i = 30