Monocotyledons : monocots, Monocotyledoneae , or Liliopsida
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Transcript of Monocotyledons : monocots, Monocotyledoneae , or Liliopsida
Monocotyledons: monocots, Monocotyledoneae, or Liliopsida
Chapter 7Simpson, 2nd Edition
C. Order Asparagales
Hemerocallis fulva day-lily
Hemerocallidaceae – day-lily family
C. Order Asparagales Alliaceae – onion family13/600
C. Order Asparagales Amaryllidaceae – Amaryllis family59/850
C. Order Asparagales Asphodelaceae – Aloe family15/780
Iridaceae - iris family70/1750 cosmopolitan/tropical diversity
1. equitant leaves2. sepals and petals
petaloid but dimorphic
3. showy flowers radial to strongly zygomorphic
4. stigma petaloid (Iris)
5. anther under stigma branch
C. Order Asparagales
P3+3 or (3+3) A3 or (3) G(3) inferior mostly
Iridaceae - iris family
C. Order Asparagales
Crocus
Gladiolus
Freesia
Sisyrinchium
Iridaceae - iris family
C. Order Asparagales
Orchidaceae - orchid family800/20,000 cosmopolitan/tropical diversity1) strongly mycotropic habit in terrestrial
species2) diverse in tropics and subtropics; many
epiphytic3) numerous tiny seeds with minute mostly
undifferentiated embryo and no endosperm
4) bilateral corolla with labellum = lower lip (simple, sac or spur) [labellum is actually the upper petal but because of resupination, a 180° twist, it appears as the lower one]
6) pollinia - waxy or mealy masses under anther cap
7) gynostemium - stigma + styles + androecium = column
8) pollination involves many elaborate mechanisms
9) five subfamilies
C. Order Asparagales
column
stigma
pollinia
anther cap
stigma
P(3+3) A1-3 G(3) inferior with gynostemium
Orchidaceae - orchid family
C. Order Asparagales
Orchidaceae - orchid family
C. Order Asparagales
Orchidaceae - orchid family
C. Order Asparagales
Orchidaceae - orchid family
C. Order Asparagales
Orchidaceae - orchid family
C. Order Asparagales
Orchidaceae - orchid family
C. Order Asparagales
Orchidaceae - orchid family
C. Order Asparagales
Spiranthes cernua
Vanilla planifolia - vanilla extracted from the
fermented capsules
Orchidaceae - orchid family
C. Order Asparagales
Platanthera praeclara - Prairie
fringed orchid
Cattleya - common cultivated form
Habenaria – green fringed orchid Cypripedium -
Lady’s slipper
Commelinids
• monophyletic• chemical apomorphy: cell
walls fluoresce under UV light due to a class of organic acids (coumaric, diferulic, ferulic)
Arecaceae (= Palmae) - palm family200/3000 pantropical1) arborescent habit – no
secondary growth (from vascular cambium)
2) unbranched trunks3) broad leaf blade4) large fan-shaped or pinnately
compound leaves = frond5) well developed vascular system
that has vessels in all vegetative organs
6) mycorrhizal roots (lack root hairs)
7) immense economic importance, 2nd only to Poaceae edible fruits, oils, waxes, building materials, numerous ornamentals
D. Order Arecales P3+3 A3+3 or (3+3) G3or(3) superior
Arecaceae (= Palmae) - palm family
D. Order Arecales
Washingtonia- fan palm
Phoenix - date palm
Cocos - coconut palm
E. Commelinales
Commelinaceae - spiderwort family39/640cosmopolitan
1) herbs with swollen nodes
2) somewhat succulent3) leaves with closed
sheaths; spiral along stem
4) flowers subtended by boat-shaped spathes
Tradescantia - spiderwort
Commelina - dayflower
K3or(3) C3or(3) A3or3+3 G(3) superior
E. Commelinales
Commelinaceae - spiderwort family
Prairie Spiderwort
Tradescantia occidentalis
F. ZingiberalesMusaceae – banana family3/40 cosmopolitan
1) perennial herbs2) monecious3) stems subterranean4) leaves large, basal,
spiral, sheathing forming pseudostem of overlapping leaf bases
5) Old world origins6) Food: Musa acuminata
and M. X paradisiaca7) Fiber: M. textilis & M.
basjoo
P(3+3) A5-6 G(3) inferior
F. Poales• basal groups
with showy flowers
• many species have small, reduced, wind-pollinated flowers
F. Poales
Typhaceae - cattail family1/13 cosmopolitan
1) emergent aquatics2) rhizomatous
perennials3) leaves simple, entire4) monecious5) inflorescence double
spadix• male above• female below
6) sepals of bristles or scales
7) wind pollination8) female inflorescence
disperses wind-dispersed fruits
P0-3 A3
P0-3 G1 superior
F. Poales
Typhaceae - cattail family
2/28 3/28 4/28 5/28 6/28 7/28 8/28 9/280
2
4
6
8
10
12
14
Average Cattail Pollen
grai
ns/m
3
E. Poales
Bromeliaceae - pineapple family59/2400 New World – tropical diversity
1) perennial herbs or shrubs
2) terrestrial or epiphytic
3) absorptive peltate trichomes – water & mineral
4) water can collect in “well” by the overlapping leaf bases (tank)
5) leaves often form dense basal rosettes
6) leaves leathery or fleshy
7) twisted stigmas
P3+3 or (3+3) A3+3 G(3) superior or inferior
E. Poales
Bromeliaceae - pineapple family
P3+3 or (3+3) A3+3 G(3) superior or inferior
E. Poales
Bromeliaceae - pineapple family
Ananas comosus - pineapple
Tillandsia – spanish moss
E. Poales
Juncaceae - rush family7/350 worldwide
1) perennial herbs2) “grass-like”3) variable stems
• cylindrical, leaflless stems
• flattened stems & 2-ranked equitant leaves
4) distinct flowers (unlike sedges and grasses) never in spikelets
5) scarious (thin, dry) perianth
6) common in wet areas7) fruit loculicidal
capsule
P3+3 A3+3 G(3) superior
E. Poales
Cyperaceae - sedge family104/5000cosmopolitan; wetlands of temperate and colder regions
1) “grass-like” herbs2) semi-aquatic3) stems 3-sided,
solid pith4) leaves three-
ranked5) blades flat6) inflorescence of 1-
many spikelets7) fruit = achene
P6or0 A3 G(2-3) superior
E. Poales
Cyperaceae - sedge family
E. Poales
Cyperaceae - sedge family
E. Poales
Cyperaceae - sedge family
Cyperus - sedge
Scirpus - bullrush
Carex - sedgeEleocharis – spike-rush
E. Poales
Poaceae (=Graminae) - grass family668/9500 cosmopolitan
1) herbs2) stems terete, swollen
nodes, hollow3) leaves two-ranked with
ligules4) roots adventitious and
fibrous5) rhizomes/stolons6) culms erect7) intercalary meristems8) inflorescence a spikelet
with 2 basal bracts (glumes)
9) floret with 2 bracts (lemma & palea)
10)fruit caryopsis (grain)
P2-3 lodicules A2-3 G(2-3) superior
E. Poales
Poaceae (=Graminae) - grass family
E. Poales
Poaceae (=Graminae) - grass family
E. Poales
Poaceae (=Graminae) - grass family
E. Poales
Poaceae (=Graminae) - grass family
E. Poales
Poaceae (=Graminae) - grass family
E. Poales
Poaceae (=Graminae) - grass family
Little Bluestem – Schizachyrium scoparium (Andropogon scoparius)
Big Bluestem – Andropogon gerardii
Switch Grass – Panicum virgatum
Indian Grass – Sorghastrum nutans