Monitoring Recreation Impacts in Vermont and the Northern Forest
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Monitoring Recreation Impacts in Vermont and the Northern Forest
Kelly GoonanRobert ManningCarena van Riper
Rubenstien School of Environment and Natural ResourcesUniversity of Vermont
Chris MonzCollege of Natural Resources
Utah State University
Park Studies Laboratory University of Vermont
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Isolated & Confined
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Rare & Fragile
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Valuable & Popular
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Management Objectives
• Facilitate public access
• Protect natural resources
• Preserve experiential quality
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Objective
Indicators Monitoring
Standards
Management by Objectives
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The Northern Forest• Nearly 30 million acres• Mosaic of
public/private ownership
• Variety of recreational uses
• 1.5 million permanent residents
• 10 million visitors each year www.northernforest.org
Park Studies Laboratory University of Vermont
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Research Sites
• Cascade Mountain, NY
• Camel’s Hump, VT
• Cadillac Mountain, ME
http://www.ncfcnfr.net/demo.html
Park Studies Laboratory University of Vermont
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Recreation Ecology Methods• Mapped summit area using
GPS– Cadillac : 71,020 m2
– Cascade: 7,606 m2
– Camel’s Hump: 5,336 m2
• All trails mapped and assessed
• Transect sampling and digital image analysis of 1m2 quadrats to assess resource conditions and quantify land cover typesCascade, Adirondack State Park, NY
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Recreation Ecology Methods:Land Cover Analysis
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Recreation Ecology Methods:Land Cover Analysis
•Adapted methods used in campsite impact analysis (Marion 1991) and range management (Booth and Cox 2008)•Grid transect method•Grid created using Hawth’s Analysis Tools in ArcGIS•Digital images of 1m2 quadrats•Images analyzed using SamplePoint•13 land cover classes measured
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Recreation Ecology Methods:Land Cover Analysis
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Ecological Assessment:Land Cover Analysis
Land Cover Class Cascade Camel’s
Hump Cadillac F-value p-value
Vegetation 20.40a,c 44.25a 44.29c 32.879 < .001Lichens 3.14a,c 32.70a 36.25c 116.557 < .001Organic Soil 1.78a,c 0.52a 0.39c 11.047 < .001Mineral Soil 4.72a 0.59a,b 6.73b 20.703 < .001Bare Rock 68.45a,c 20.11a,b 11.27b,c 369.198 < .001Any two summits that share a superscript are significantly different (p < 0.05) according to Bonferroni’s least significant difference test
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Cascade Camel’s Hump
Cadillac Mountain
Percent Percent PercentVegetation Cover Present 20.4 44.3 44.3
Visitors said they typically saw… 61.7 67.0 72.0
Acceptability 44.3 42.9 46.7
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Park Studies Laboratory University of Vermont
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Park Studies Laboratory University of Vermont
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Visitor Awareness of Ecological Impacts
•About 45% of visitors noticed impacts
– Cascade: 56%– Camel’s Hump: 37%– Cadillac Mountain: 45%
•Visitors tended to rate impacts as “slight” or “moderate”•Ecological assessments would describe impacts as severe on Cascade and moderate to severe on Camel’s Hump and Cadillac Mountain
Cascade, Adirondack State Park, NY
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Visitor Awareness of Ecological Impacts
•About 45% of visitors noticed impacts
– Cascade: 56%– Camel’s Hump: 37%– Cadillac Mountain: 45%
•Visitors tended to rate impacts as “slight” or “moderate”•Ecological assessments would describe impacts as severe on Cascade and moderate to severe on Camel’s Hump and Cadillac Mountain
Cascade, Adirondack State Park, NY
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Special Thanks
Laura Anderson
Lauren Chicote Carena van Riper
& Pete PettengillBill Valliere
New York State DEC Green Mountain ClubVermont NongameNatural Heritage
Program
Vermont Dept. of Forests, Parks &
Recreation
Acadia NP
The VT Crew
Northeastern States
Research Cooperative
Park Studies Laboratory University of Vermont
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Park Studies Laboratory University of Vermont
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Park Studies Laboratory University of Vermont
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Park Studies Laboratory University of Vermont
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90% vegetated 75% vegetated 50% vegetated 25% vegetated 10% vegetated-4
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Acceptability of Summit Impacts
CascadeCamel's HumpCadillac
Percentage Vegetation Cover
Acc
epta
bilit
yPark Studies Laboratory University of Vermont
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Park Studies Laboratory University of Vermont
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Park Studies Laboratory University of Vermont
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Park Studies Laboratory University of Vermont
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Park Studies Laboratory University of Vermont
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Park Studies Laboratory University of Vermont
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Level 1 Level 2 Level 3 Level 4 Level 5-4
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Acceptability of Impacts to Trail Corridor
CascadeCamel's HumpCadillac
Level of Impact
Acc
epta
bilit
yPark Studies Laboratory University of Vermont
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Park Studies Laboratory University of Vermont
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Park Studies Laboratory University of Vermont
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Park Studies Laboratory University of Vermont
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Survey Research Methods• On-site visitor survey conducted during summer
and fall 2008 (n = 476; 82.9% response)– Cascade: n=126, 92% response– Camel’s Hump: n=157, 92.4% response– Cadillac: n=193, 72.3% response
• Objectives:– Identify indicators of quality – Identify standards of quality for selected indicator
variables
Park Studies Laboratory University of Vermont
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Park Studies Laboratory University of Vermont
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Park Studies Laboratory University of Vermont
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Park Studies Laboratory University of Vermont
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Park Studies Laboratory University of Vermont
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Park Studies Laboratory University of Vermont
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0 people 9 people 18 people 27 people 36 people-4
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Acceptability of Use Level On-Trail
CascadeCamel's HumpCadillac
Number of People On-Trail
Acc
epta
bilit
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Park Studies Laboratory University of Vermont
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Summary of Respondent Ratings of On-trail Use Level Photographs
Cascade(n = 117-124)
Camel’s Hump(n = 143-156)
Cadillac(n = 177-192) ANOVA
Use Level Mean Mean Mean F-value p-value0 people 3.56 3.67 3.38 1.722 .1809 people 2.68a 2.14a,b 3.10b 13.474 < .00118 people 1.08c 0.63b 1.85b,c 13.051 < .00127 people -0.73c -0.93b 0.13b,c 9.479 < .00136 people -2.38c -2.47b -1.51b,c 8.918 < .001Acceptability 23.37 21.63 27.71
Typically Seen 13.59a,c 10.71a,b 19.08b,c 43.367 < .001
Any two summits that share a superscript are significantly different (p < 0.05) according to Bonferroni’s least significant difference test
Park Studies Laboratory University of Vermont
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Park Studies Laboratory University of Vermont
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Park Studies Laboratory University of Vermont
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Park Studies Laboratory University of Vermont
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0 people 9 people 18 people 27 people 36 people-4
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Acceptability of Use Level Off-Trail
CascadeCamel's HumpCadillac
Number of People Off-Trail
Acc
epta
bilit
yPark Studies Laboratory University of Vermont
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Park Studies Laboratory University of Vermont
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No management Stepping stones Pavement-4
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Acceptability of Trail Management Techniques
CascadeCamel's HumpCadillac
Management Technique
Acc
epta
bilit
yPark Studies Laboratory University of Vermont
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Park Studies Laboratory University of Vermont
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Park Studies Laboratory University of Vermont
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Park Studies Laboratory University of Vermont
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Park Studies Laboratory University of Vermont
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Park Studies Laboratory University of Vermont
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Cairns a
nd blazes
Plus sign
Plus inter
mittent sc
ree
Plus conti
nuous scr
ee
Plus rope f
ence
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Acceptability of Visitor Management Techniques
CascadeCamel's HumpCadillac
Management Techniques
Acc
epta
bilit
yPark Studies Laboratory University of Vermont
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Conclusions
• Cascade visitors sensitive to• Off trail summit use• Impacts from off trail summit use• “Obtrusive” management instillations
• Cascade visitors NOT sensitive to• Trail impacts• “Natural” management instillations
Park Studies Laboratory University of Vermont
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Recreation Ecology Methods• Mapped summit area using
GPS– Cadillac : 71,020 m2
– Cascade: 7,606 m2
– Camel’s Hump: 5,336 m2
• All trails mapped and assessed
• Transect sampling and digital image analysis of 1m2 quadrats to assess resource conditions and quantify land cover typesCascade, Adirondack State Park, NY
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Recreation Ecology Methods:Land Cover Analysis
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Recreation Ecology Methods:Land Cover Analysis
•Adapted methods used in campsite impact analysis (Marion 1991) and range management (Booth and Cox 2008)•Grid transect method•Grid created using Hawth’s Analysis Tools in ArcGIS•Digital images of 1m2 quadrats•Images analyzed using SamplePoint•13 land cover classes measured
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Recreation Ecology Methods:Land Cover Analysis
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Ecological Assessment: Trail Analysis - Cascade
Number of Segments 45Linear Extent (miles) 0.26Average Trail Width (inches): Minimum 8 Maximum 30 Mean 15.3Condition Class: CC1 6.7% CC2 26.7% CC3 33.3% CC4 24.4%
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Ecological Assessment:Land Cover Analysis
Land Cover Class Cascade Camel’s
Hump Cadillac F-value p-value
Vegetation 20.40a,c 44.25a 44.29c 32.879 < .001Lichens 3.14a,c 32.70a 36.25c 116.557 < .001Organic Soil 1.78a,c 0.52a 0.39c 11.047 < .001Mineral Soil 4.72a 0.59a,b 6.73b 20.703 < .001Bare Rock 68.45a,c 20.11a,b 11.27b,c 369.198 < .001Any two summits that share a superscript are significantly different (p < 0.05) according to Bonferroni’s least significant difference test
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Cascade Camel’s Hump
Cadillac Mountain
Percent Percent PercentVegetation Cover Present 20.4 44.3 44.3
Visitors said they typically saw… 61.7 67.0 72.0
Acceptability 44.3 42.9 46.7
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UNIVERSITY OF VERMONTPARK STUDIES LABORATORY
http://www.uvm.edu/parkstudies/
View of the Great Range from summit of Cascade, Adirondack State Park, NY
Park Studies Laboratory University of Vermont