Monitoring Plant Performance at Two Restored Beaches Bowman and Cornet...
Transcript of Monitoring Plant Performance at Two Restored Beaches Bowman and Cornet...
MonitoringPlantPerformanceatTwoRestoredBeaches:BowmanandCornetBay
DeceptionPassStatePark,WA
By
ShannonIngebright
Athesis
submittedinpartialfulfillment
oftherequirementsforthedegreeof
MasterofEnvironmentalHorticulture
UniversityofWashington2018
ProgramAuthorizedtoOfferDegree:
SchoolofEnvironmentalandForestSciences
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TableofContents
FigureList................................................................................................................................3
Abstract...................................................................................................................................5
Introduction.............................................................................................................................5
Objectives................................................................................................................................9
RelatedResearch.....................................................................................................................9Definition..........................................................................................................................................9Processes........................................................................................................................................11Fauna..............................................................................................................................................13Flora................................................................................................................................................14FunctionsandBenefits....................................................................................................................14Disturbance.....................................................................................................................................16
Background............................................................................................................................17SiteDescription...............................................................................................................................17
BowmanBay.......................................................................................................................................17CornetBay..........................................................................................................................................21
PlantingZones.................................................................................................................................24Zone1-Tidalinundation......................................................................................................................24Zone2-Dunegrasscommunity...........................................................................................................24Zone3-Backshoreshrubcommunity.................................................................................................25Zone4-ShorelineFringeForest...........................................................................................................25
History...................................................................................................................................25
Methodology.........................................................................................................................27
Methods................................................................................................................................29BowmanBayandCornetBay...........................................................................................................29
PlantCover..........................................................................................................................................30PlantDensity.......................................................................................................................................31SurvivorshipRating.............................................................................................................................31NaturalRecruitment...........................................................................................................................33
DataAnalysis...................................................................................................................................33PlantCover..........................................................................................................................................33PlantDensity.......................................................................................................................................33Survivorship........................................................................................................................................34DistributionofPlantSpecies...............................................................................................................34
BowmanBay...................................................................................................................................35Zone2.................................................................................................................................................35Zone3.................................................................................................................................................37
CornetBay.......................................................................................................................................41Phase1................................................................................................................................................41
Phase2............................................................................................................................................46Zone2and3.......................................................................................................................................46Zone4.................................................................................................................................................50
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Discussion..............................................................................................................................53BowmanBay...................................................................................................................................53CornetBay.......................................................................................................................................54
Phase1................................................................................................................................................54Phase2................................................................................................................................................55
CitizenScience.................................................................................................................................56
ManagementRecommendations...........................................................................................57BowmanBay...................................................................................................................................57
Zone1.................................................................................................................................................57Zone2.................................................................................................................................................57
CornetBay.......................................................................................................................................59Phase1................................................................................................................................................59Phase2................................................................................................................................................61
Conclusions............................................................................................................................63
References.............................................................................................................................65
LiteratureReviewed...............................................................................................................69
Appendix...............................................................................................................................71
FigureList Figure1:DeceptionPassStatePark,WAParkBoundaryandStudySites......................................................................6Figure2:Diagramofthenearshore..............................................................................................................................11Figure3:BowmanBayProjectSiteMapandArea.......................................................................................................19Figure4:CornetBayProjectSiteandAreaMap..........................................................................................................22Figure5:Exampleof4ft.spacingoftransects.............................................................................................................31Figure6:Survivorshipratingandcorrespondingdescription.......................................................................................32Figure7:Volunteer’sassessingheightandSurvivorshipofLathyrusjaponicusatBowmanBay.................................32Figure8:DistributionofplantspeciesinZone2atBowmanBay................................................................................35Figure9:PhotoillustrationandPlantCoverinZone2atBowmanBay.......................................................................36Figure10:Zone1StockingatBowmanBay..................................................................................................................36Figure11:PlantsurvivorshipinZone3atBowmanBay...............................................................................................38Figure12:PlantdensityinZone2and3atBowmanBay.............................................................................................39Figure13:PlantcoverinZone3atBowmanBay.........................................................................................................39Figure14:NaturalrecruitmentinZone2atBowmanBay...........................................................................................40Figure15:RecruitedGrindeliaintegrifolia....................................................................................................................40Figure16:PlantcoverinZones2and3atCornetBayPhase1....................................................................................41Figure17:PlantdistributioninPhase1,Zones2and3atCornetBay.........................................................................42Figure18:NativePlantDensityinZones2and3ofPhase1atCornetBay.................................................................44Figure19:SurvivorshipratingofplantedspeciesinZone4Phase1ofCornetBay.....................................................45Figure20:RecruitedplantspeciesinZone4ofPhase1atCornetBay........................................................................46Figure21:PlantCoverinZone2and3atCornetBayPhase2.....................................................................................47Figure22:PlantDistributioninZones2and3inPhase2atCornetBay......................................................................48Figure23:PlantdensityinZones2and3atCornetBayPhase2.................................................................................49Figure24:MortalityratingforZone4ofPhase2atCornetBay..................................................................................51Figure25:PhotoofZone2,3and4Phase2atCornetBay..........................................................................................52Figure26:NaturalrecruitmentinZone4,Phase2atCornet.......................................................................................52
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Appendix1:Originalplantspecies,formandquantitiesinstalledatBowmanBay.....................................................71Appendix2:Additionalplantspecies,formandquantitiesinstalledin2017atBowmanbay.....................................71Appendix3:OriginalPlantspecies,formandquantitiesinstalledinPhase1atCornetBay.......................................72Appendix4:Additionalplantspecies,formandquantitiesinstalledatPhase1ofCornetBay...................................73Appendix5:OriginalplantspeciesandquantitiesinPhase2atCornetBay................................................................73Appendix6:Additionalplantspecies,formandquantitiesinstalledinPhase2atCornetbay...................................74Appendix7:RecommendedplantforinstallationatBowmanBay..............................................................................74Appendix8:RecommendedplantforinstallationinPhase1atCornetBay................................................................75Appendix9:RecommendedplantsforinstallationinPhase2atCornetBay..............................................................75Appendix10:Equipmentrequiredfordatacollection.................................................................................................75Appendix11:ProtocolfordeterminingplantcoveratBowmanBayandCornetbay..................................................76Appendix12:ProtocolfordeterminingsurvivorshipatBowmanBayandCornetBay................................................77Appendix13:DatasheetforquadratsamplingatBowmanBay...................................................................................78Appendix14:DatasheetforquadratsamplingatCornetBay.....................................................................................79Appendix15:DatasheetforSurvivorshipratingatBowmanBayandCornetbay......................................................80
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Abstract BackshoreplantcommunitiesinthePugetSoundregionaresubjecttodegradationduetothe
effectsofshorelinearmoringhoweverecologicalrestorationhasemergedasaviablesolutionto
thedegradationofthisecosystem,inmanycasesrequiringtheremovalofbeacharmoring,re-
gradingofbeachslopesandtheinstallationofmarineriparianplantspeciestorestore
ecosystemprocesses.Thisresearchutilizedacitizenscienceprogramtogatherdatafromtwo
recentrestorationprojects,BowmanBayandCornetBay,inDeceptionPassStatePark,WAto
determinetheprogressandstateofinstalledvegetationandtoproviderecommendationsfor
futuremanagement.Dataweregatheredonseveralparametersincludingplantcover,density,
andsurvivorship.ThisstudyfoundthatbothBowmanandCornetBayhaveasignificant
percentageofbareground,indicatingthatre-plantingshouldoccurinwinterorearlyspringof
2018.Additionally,non-nativeinvasivespecies,thoughpresentinlownumbers,needtobe
addressedthroughcontinuedon-sitemaintenanceactions.Overall,monitoringshouldcontinue
inordertofurtheridentifyandevaluateplantperformanceandprovideapointofreferenceto
developadaptivemanagementsolutionstopotentialchallenges.
Introduction
PugetSoundnearshoreenvironmentsaredynamicandcomplex,constantlyevolvinginresponse
tonumerousabioticfactorssuchasthecomplexitiesoftidalcurrents,windinfluencedwave
patternsandhumandisturbances(WDNR2014).Anthropogenicimpactssuchasdeforestation
alongmarinewatersandshorelinemodificationssuchasbeacharmoringhavereducednatural
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sedimentdepositionprocessesandthreatenhabitatforsalmonids(Lynn1998).Thus,the
survivalofnearandbackshorecoastalecotonesandmanyoftheirassociatedspeciesdependon
preservation,restorationandpropermanagement.Thepurposeofthisstudyistogatherdata
onplantperformanceandprogressoftwonearshorerestorationsites,BowmanBayandCornet
BayatDeceptionPassStatePark,WAinordertopreparerecommendationsforfuture
management(Figure1).
Figure1:DeceptionPassStatePark,WAParkBoundaryandStudySites
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NearshoreecosystemsofthePugetSoundarecurrentlyexperiencingavarietyofthreats.Many
factorshavecontributedtothisdeclineincludingdevelopment,whichdisruptsnatural
hydrologicprocesses,non-pointsourcepollutionfromstormwaterrunoffandhabitatlossinthe
uplandandadjacentmarineareas(Lynn1998).Thesignificantlossofnearshorehabitathas
especiallyimpactedmarineriparianareasandadjacentmarshes(LevingsandThom1994).This
isevidentthroughthelistingofPugetSoundspeciesundertheEndangeredSpeciesAct(ESA)as
approximately9outofthe10specieslistedinhabitthenearshore(Freshetal2011).
Asthistrendcontinues,increasedattentionisbeingpaidtothenaturalprocessesthatshape
PugetSound,includingtheimportanceofthebackshoreanditsfunctions.Thisincludes
sedimenttransportandmaterialexchangefromtheuplandstotheintertidalzoneaswellas
interruptionstothoseprocessesbyanthropogenicforces(Freshetal.2011).Asresultofthis,
ecologicalrestorationtechniqueshaveemergedasaviablesolutiontothedegradationofthis
ecosystem,inmanycasesrequiringtheremovalofbeacharmoring,regradingofbeachslopes
andtheinstallationofmarineriparianplantspeciestorestorenaturalecosystemprocesses.
Thishasresultedinincreasedawarenessofthepublic,landmanagersandpolicymakersofthe
issue,culminatinginpreservationandrestorationeffortsconcentratedwithinthePugetSound
nearshoreenvironment.
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Objectives
Sincecurrentprojectsoftenusepastprojectsasmodels,determiningtheperformanceofpast
projectsintermsofstatedmanagementobjectivesisimportant.Ifthesepastprojectshavenot
mettheirgoal,understandingwhyisessentialtoimproverestorationmethodsandtechniques.
Thisstudywillprovidenecessarydatatodetermineifplantsurvivalmanagementobjectivesfor
BowmanandCornetBayhavebeenmetandwillproducerecommendationsforthefuture
managementoftheserestorationprojects.
Thisstudyevaluatedeachrestoredareabymeasuringplantcover,densityandsurvivorship.This
researchaddressedseveralquestionsincluding:1)Wastherestorationeffortsuccessfulin
meetingthegoalsfornativeplantspeciesestablishmentonsite?2)Islongtermmonitoring
necessary?3)WhatrecommendationsforfuturePugetSoundnearshorerestorationprojects
canbedrawnfromdatagatheredonplantsurvivalandprogressatBowmanandCornetBay?
RelatedResearch
Definition
Locatedattheinterfacebetweenmarineandterrestrialecosystems,thenearshoreextends
offshoretothephoticzoneandlandwardtoextremeMHHW,whichincludesbothintertidaland
subtidalareas(Cereghinoetal2012).Thiszoneincludesunvegetatedrockyandsandyshores,
mudflatsaswellaseelgrass,kelpandintertidalalgalbeds(Lynn1998).Incontrast,the
backshorezoneislocatedwithinthesupratidalzone,whichreceivesoccasionalsaltsplashandis
inundatedonlyduringextremetideandstormevents.Thiszoneiscomposedofmarineriparian
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vegetationwhoseroleprovidesvaluedecosystemsservicesandecologicalfunctions(Figure2).
Despitethecomplexrolebackshoreplantcommunity’splayinnearshoreecosystemprocesses,
theroleofmarineriparianvegetationhasreceivedscantresearchattention(Brennon&
Culverwell2004).Muchinformationonthesubjectcomesfromstudiesofouter-coastaland
duneenvironments,whicharegenerallydifferentsystemsthanthemoreprotectedPugetSound
backshore.Ifmarineriparianplantcommunitiesarediscussed,itisusuallyasanasidetomore
centralresearchquestions,suchasgeomorphologyoreffectsonfishhabitat.Untilrecently,the
definitionofariparianareadidnotincludemarinewaters.Duetothelackofaconsistent
definition,whichwasidentifiedasamajorproblemoffederalandstateprogramsthatmight
manageandprotecttheseareas,theNationalResourceCommittee(NRC2002)developedthe
followingdefinition:
“Riparianareasaretransitionalbetweenterrestrialandaquaticecosystemsandare
distinguishedbygradientsinbiophysicalconditions,ecologicalprocesses,andbiota.Theyare
areasthroughwhichsurfaceandsubsurfacehydrologyconnectwaterbodieswiththeiradjacent
uplands.Theyincludethoseportionsofterrestrialecosystemsthatsignificantlyinfluence
exchangesofenergyandmatterwithaquaticecosystems(i.e.,azoneofinfluence).Riparian
areasareadjacenttoperennial,intermittent,andephemeralstreams,lakes,andestuarine-
marineshorelines”(NRC2002).
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Figure2:Diagramofthenearshore
Source:(JohannessenandMacLennan2007)
Backshoremarineriparianareascanbefurtherdefinedastheaccretionzone,thearealocated
justaboveMHHW,whichterminatesinanuplandedge.Sedimentsandwindblownmaterial
accumulateovertimeprovidingasoilsubstratethatisfastdrainingandusuallylackingin
organicmatter(NRCS1989).Vegetationcolonizingtheareacanwithstandsaltsprayandperiods
offloodingduringextremetideandinundationevents.
Processes
Backshoremarineriparianvegetationisatransitionalareainfluencedbybothuplandand
marinehabitats.Thiszoneismarkedbytheaccumulationoforganicmatterandoverhanging
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vegetation,suchasArbutusmenziesiiandPseudotsugamenziesiiwhichprovideshabitatand
coverforbothterrestrialandmarineorganisms(Brennon2007).
Mixedsemidiurnaltides,meaningtwohighandtwolowtidesinfluencehydrologyinthe
nearshoreeachlunarday,rangingfrom10ft.to-1footatlowtideinthenorthPugetSound
region(WDNR2014).Initsnaturalstate,waveactioncanbeabsorbedbyvegetationandlarge
woodydebris(Brennon&Culverwell2004).Groundwaterdischargealsoplaysaroleinthis
system,asunconfinedaquifersareconnectedhydraulicallytotheseathroughpermeablebeach
sediments(McLachlan&Brown2006).
Thegeneralgeologicalprocesses,whichhelptoshapethebackshore,areprimarilysediment
depositionanderosionalprocesses.Thisinvolvesthegradualaccumulationofwaveandwind
generatedsedimentintheareaaboveMHHW(WDNR2014).Bermscanformintheseareasbya
combinationofforces.Forinstance,Finlayson(2006)attributeslargewoodydebrisand
backshorevegetationastheprimarydriversinbermformationduetotheirabilitytotrapand
accumulatesubstratetherebybufferingwaveenergyaboveMHHWthuspreventingerosionof
habitat.Additionally,winterstormsandspringhightidesalsocontributetobermformation
(Downing1983).
Thesubstratesofthebackshorearegenerallycomposedofvarioussizedcobbleandsand
particles(Dethieretal.2010).Soilstendtobelowinorganicmatterandareprimarilycomprised
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ofbeachsandparentmaterial(NRCS1989,NRCS2008,Soilwebapp2017).Soilinfiltrationrates
arequickduetosandytexturesthatlimittheabilitytoretainwater.
Fauna
Organicdetritussuchasleavesandoverhangingvegetationfromterrestrialplantsfallontothe
backshoreformingthebasisformultipleterrestrialandaquaticfoodwebs.Thebackshore
receivesimportantinputsofseaweedsandmarine-baseddetritus,whichareconsumedby
terrestrialandsemi-terrestrialinvertebrates(Duganetal.2011).Thisinturnisconsumedby
manyspeciesofbirds,transferringmuchofthatenergytotheuplands(Downing1983;Brennan
2007;Duganetal.2008).Forinstance,severalbirdspeciesnest,roost,and/oroverwinterinthe
backshorezoneincludinggulls,seabirdssuchasplover,andsmallerbirdslikelongspursand
buntings(Dethieretal.2010).
Importantdecomposersinthenearshoresystemfornutrientcyclingarethetalitrid,beach
hopperamphipod(Dethieretal.2010). Tonnes(2008)foundthatamphipodsarestrongly
associatedwithdriftwoodalsoknownaslargewoodydebris(LWD)sinceitprovidesprotection
frompredators,favorabletemperatureandmoistureconditions.Organicmatterisalso
abundantforconsumption.Otherwildlifemayonlyusemarineriparianareasaspathsfor
migrationoratcertainlifestages.
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Flora
AccordingtoMachalachenandBrown(2006),thefloraofmarineriparianareascanbe
characterizedbydegreesofzonation.Zone1istheareaclosesttothesea,referredtoasthe
pioneerzone.Grassesandsucculents,whichprimarilyrelyonrhizomatousandstoloniferous
growthforms,dominatesincetheycanwithstandthehighlevelofdisturbanceinthenearshore.
Thisincludesshiftingsand,temperatureextremesandhighsaltloads.Seeddispersalisprimarily
achievedthroughwindandwater.Zone2istheshrubcommunity,whichincludesannualsand
perennialsbutwhichalsoincludesforbs,creepersandsucculents.Seeddispersalisprimarily
achievedthroughbirdsandwindalthoughbird-dispersedseedincreasinglyinvadesthiszoneas
itages.Zone3isreferredtoasthethicketzoneandismadeupofdwarftreesandshrubs.This
zoneisshapedbywind,yieldingaflatcanopy,knownaswindpruning.Thiszonedevelopsin
areasthatreceiveatleast250mmofrainfallayearandbirdsaretheprimarymodeofseed
dispersal.Zone4isreferredtoastheforestzoneandisdefinedbyaclosedcanopywithshrubs
and/orthicketspeciesdominatingtheunderstory.Thiszonethrivesinareasthatreceiveannual
rainfallsofupto700mm.Birdsrepresenttheprimarymodeofseeddispersal.
FunctionsandBenefits
Marineriparianareasprovidefundamentalecologicalfunctionsthatassistintheprotectionand
healthofadjacentmarinewaterbodies.Thisisbasedontheextensiveresearchofthefunctions
offreshwaterripariansystems.Inmanyways,thefunctionsofthesetwosystemsaresimilar,
howevermarineriparianvegetationprovidesfunctionsthatareuniquetonearshoreecosystems
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suchasbiogeochemicalprocesses,oceaninfluencesanddifferencesinthebiotabetweenfresh
andmarineenvironments.
Waterqualityfunctionsarefacilitatedbysoilsandvegetation.Vegetationamelioratesnutrient
andpollutantinputsintoadjacentwatersbystabilizingsoilstherebyreducingerosion,
transformingnutrientsandtrappingsediment(Brennon2007).Finesedimentsbecomeexposed
andthereforesubjecttoerosionduetovegetationremoval,excavationandcompactionofsoils.
Thereforetheinstallationofmarineriparianvegetationslowstheflowofsurfacewater,
contributingtohigherresidencetimes,decreasingsurfaceflowsandthechanceoferosion(May
2003).
Terrestrialandmarinevegetativeinputsprimarilyfuelnutrientcyclinginthissystem.This
influencesboththespeciespresentandtheirecologicalfunction(Valiela2015).Formsoforganic
debrisfromterrestrialvegetationthatsupportthesefunctionsincludewood,leaflitterand
otherorganicmatter,whichistransformedintonutrientsthatsupportthemarinefoodweb
(Brennon2007).
Thevalueofshadingisalsoanimportantfunctionwithinthemarineripariansystem.Foliage
interceptssolarinputscreatingmicroclimaticconditions,whichaffectairtemperature,soil
moisture,windspeedsandhumidity(May2003,Chenetal1999).Terrestrialandaquatic
microclimatesareinfluencedbyshadeandtemperaturefluctuationsthatcannegativelyimpact
bothaquaticandterrestrialorganisms,particularlythosethatcanonlysurvivewithinarelatively
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narrowrangeoftemperatureandmoistureconditions(Brennan2007).Forinstance,lackof
shadeonsurfsmeltspawningbeachesresultsinhighertemperatures,drierconditionsand
increasedeggmortality(Pentilla2001;Rice2006).
InmarineecosystemsLWDisrecruitedfromwindstorms,waveactionandlandslides(NRCS
1996).Theseinputsprovideimportantbenefitssuchastheaccumulationofdetritusservingasa
foodsourceandhabitatforinvertebrates.Thisinturnsupportsterrestrialvegetation(similarto
thefunctionofnurselogsintheupland),providingstructuralcomplexityforfishandwildlife
habitat.Additionally,LWDalsotrapssediment,whichassistsinstabilizingbanksthusproviding
erosioncontrol(Tonnes2008).
Disturbance
Roughly4millionpeople,or65percentoftheWashingtonStatepopulation,liveinthePuget
Soundwatershed(OFM2017).Thisillustratestheextenttowhichhumanshavechosentolive
nearaquaticresourcesandasaresult,backshoreareastendtobehighlymodified(Broadhurst
1998).
Shorelinearmoring,thepracticeofconstructingbulkheads(seawalls)androckrevetments,
interfereswithsedimentdepositionprocesses,accumulationofbeachwrackandnaturalerosive
processes(Duganetal.2011).ThePugetSoundPartnershiphasidentified666milesofPuget
Soundshorelinethathasbeenarmored,or27%ofthetotalshorelinelength(PSP2017).By
installingbeacharmoring,naturalvegetationmustbeclearedwhichdestroysbackshorehabitat
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andincreaseserosion.(Broadhurst1998).Additionally,thesestructuresphysicallydestroy
reproductivehabitatforSurfsmelt(Hypomesuspretiosus)anddecreasehabitatforjuvenile
salmonids(Beamer&Fresh2013).Thehighlymodifiedenvironmentthatremainsincreasesthe
threatofinvasiveplantspeciessuchasSpartinaspp.(cordgrass).Suchspeciescancause
extensiveecologicaldamageandeconomiccostswhiledecreasingpopulationsofnativespecies
(Brennon2007).
Background
SiteDescription
BowmanBay
BowmanBayisadayuseandcampingareainDeceptionPassStatePark,whichislocatedonthe
southwesternshoreofFidalgoislandonRosarioStrait.Thedeep,narrowchannelofDeception
Passislocatedjustsouthofthesite,whichbringsstrongtidalcurrentsandnutrientupwellingto
thearea(Blue,Johannessen&MacLennan2014).Thebayitselfisa2,100-footpocketbeach
whichfaceswest-southwestandisexposedtoapproximately70milesoffetch(openwater
distancefromwhichwavesform).Thisexposesthesitetowindgeneratedwavesoverahigh-
energyexposureinadditiontooceanswellthathasbeenslightlydiminishedasitgoesthrough
theStraitofJuandeFuca.Thebeachiscomposedprimarilyofgravelandistermedaswash
alignedbeachmeaningwavesbreakinlineandparalleltothecoast.Thus,waveenergymoves
materialupanddownthebeach,formingasteepgradientduetosedimentdeposition
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processes.Thebeachhasamoderatelysteepslope(5:1to6:1;H:V)forabeachinthePuget
Soundregion(Blue,Johannessen&MacLennan2014).Astormberm,anaccretionaryfeature
comprisedofcoarsegravel,ispresent100feetfrommeanhigherhighwater(MHHW).The
beachfaceiscomposedofsandandgravel.Awoodenpierextendsintothewaterfor450feetto
providerecreationalaccessandaconcreteboatrampisalsopresent(Figure3).Incontrast,the
uplandareaiscomposedofagravelparkinglot,playground,expansivelawnandanetworkof
trails.
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Figure3:BowmanBayProjectSiteMapandArea
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Thetwomainissuesspecifictothisprojectweretheeffectsofbeacharmoringandlossof
marineriparianvegetation.Beacharmoringwasinstalledtoprotectamarinebiologicalstation
inthe1970’s.Thisinhibitedbeachprocessessuchassedimentdynamics,whichdecreased
moistureretention(Blue,Johannessen&MacLennan2014).Additionally,thebeacharmorwas
dissipatingwaveenergy,negatingtheabilityoflargewoodydebris(LWD)andbeachwrackto
accumulate.Thisresultsinacoarseningofbeachsediment,whichminimizesreproductive
habitatforSurfsmelt(Hypomesuspretiosus)(BeamerandFresh2013).Pocketbeaches,suchas
BowmanBay,havebeenfoundtobehighlyutilizedbyjuvenilesalmonids,Chinooksalmon
(Oncorhynchustshawytscha),Chumsalmon(Oncorhynchusketa)andjuvenileforagefish such
asSurfSmelt(Hypomesuspretiosus)(Beamer&Fresh2013).Physicalandecologicalfunctions
werealsobeingimpactedbybeacharmoringsuchassedimenttransportanddeposition,salmon
production,foragefishspawning,clamproduction,eelgrassandinsectgrowth(Blue,
Johannessen&MacLennan2014).Thegoaloftherestorationwastoremovetheriprapandre-
gradethebeachthusimprovingsedimentdeposition,largewoodydebrisandbeachwrack
accumulation.Additionally,theinstallationofmarineriparianvegetationwillassistinproviding
erosioncontrolandwildlifehabitat.
Afterthebulkheadremovalandsubsequentbeachregrading,plantinstallationwasinitiatedin
2015andcompletedwiththeassistanceofaschoolworkpartyonEarthDayin2016.Thetotal
areare-vegetatedwas.26acreswithatotalof2,473plantsinstalled(Appendix1).Additional
plantswereinstalledinthewinterof2017(Appendix2).Theplantingareawasdividedintotwo
distinctzones.Zone2isdesignatedasabeachgrasscommunityandthusexpectedto
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experiencetidalinundationduringextremetideandstormevents.Zone3isthehighest
elevationplanting,characterizedbyabackshoretreeandshrubcommunity.TheBowmanBay
sitewasmonitoredbySkagitFisheriesEnhancementGroupstaff,aUWgraduatestudent,
vegetationmonitoringinternsandcitizenscientistonJune3rd,13thand14th2017.
CornetBay
CornetBayisadayuserecreationareawithinDeceptionPassStatePark,whichislocatedonthe
northernmostendandontheeasternsideofWhidbeyIsland.Thebayitselfisapocketestuary
orembaymentthatconnectsSkagitBaytotheStraitofJuandeFuca.Thebayextendsoutto
HoypusPointinthenortheastandisboundedinthenorthbyBenUreIslandandGooseIsland
(HerreraEnvironmentalconsultants2009).Thedeep,narrow,channelofDeceptionPassis
locatedjustnorthofthesite.ExtensivemudflatsarepresentattheheadofCornetBayandboth
sidesofthebayareforested.Thebeachslopeatthefocalsiteisbetween7:1and8:1(H:V)
whichistypicalofPugetSoundbeaches(HerreraEnvironmentalConsultants2009).Thebeach
substrateisgravelsand.Aseriesofin-waterstructuresarepresentsuchasaconcreteboat
ramp,asmallprivatemarinaandamarinemaintenanceandfacilitiesdock,whichextends300
feetintothebay(HerreraEnvironmentalConsultants2009)(Figure4).Incontrast,theupland
areaiscomprisedofanexpansiveparkinglot,picnicareas,restroomfacilitiesandalarge
networkoftrails.
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Figure4:CornetBayProjectSiteandAreaMap
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Thetwomainissuesspecifictothisprojectweretheeffectsofthebulkheadandlossofmarine
riparianvegetation.Thebulkheadwasconstructedtoprotectthefillinstalledonthebackshore
tocreateanelevatedday-useareaandparkinglot(HerreraEnvironmentalConsultants2009).
LikeothershorelinearmoringinPugetSound,thisbulkheadresultsinacoarseningofbeach
sedimentinfrontofthebulkheadbyincreasingturbulence,thusmobilizingandwashingaway
finersediment(HerreraEnvironmentalConsultants2009).Thisdecreasesthetotalvolumeof
beachsedimentandcreatesamixtureoffineandcoarsesediments,unsuitableforforagefish
spawningsuchasSurfsmelt(Hypomesuspretiosus)(Johannsen&Maclennon2007).Increasing
turbulenceandwaveenergyalsodegradesthenearshorehabitatforjuvenileChinooksalmon
(Oncorhynchustshawytscha),whichfavornearshorehabitatswithlowwaveenergy,shallow
waterandfine-grainedsubstratessuchassiltsandmud(Freshetal2006).Lackofriparian
vegetationalongmostoftheprojectlengthdecreasedthevalueoftheshorelineforavarietyof
marineandintertidalspecies(HerreraEnvironmentalConsultants2009).Forinstance,the
presenceofriparianvegetationcreatesmorefoodchoicesforsalmonbyhostinginsectsupon
whichsalmonprey.Thegoaloftherestorationprojectwastoremovethebulkhead,regradethe
beachtoamorenaturaltopographyandinstallmarineriparianvegetation.
TheCornetBayRestorationProjectwasdividedintotwophases.Phase1wascompletedin2013
whilethefinalinstallationofPhase2wascompletedinthespringof2016.Thetotalareare-
vegetatedinPhase1wasjustover1acrewithatotalof6,067plantsinstalled(Appendix3).
Additionalplantswereinstalledinwinter2017(Appendix4).InPhase2,thetotalareaofre-
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vegetationwas.4acresorapproximately300feetofshoreline.Approximately1,265native
plantswereinstalled(Appendix5).Additionalplantswereinstalledinwinter2017(Appendix2).
IneachPhase,4zonescomprisedofdistinctplantcommunitieswithsimilarplantingschemes
weredelineated.SkagitFisheriesEnhancementGroupstaff,aUWgraduatestudent,vegetation
monitoringinternsandcitizenscientistsmonitoredvegetation.Phase1ofCornetwasmonitored
onJuly27th,August9th,16thand17th,andSeptember5thand7th.Phase2wasmonitoredonJuly
25th-27th.
PlantingZones UsingacombinationofMcLachlan&Brown(2006),as-builtreportsforeachprojectand
personalobservationsthefollowingdescriptionscharacterizeeachplantingzoneandthe
generalconditionsfoundthereinatbothBowmanBayandCornetBay.
Zone1-Tidalinundation Thisistheintertidalzone,ahighenergy/hightrafficareathatisun-vegetatedandnotexpected
tosupportplantgrowth.Thereforethiszonewasnotplanted.
Zone2-Dunegrasscommunity Thiszoneislocatedclosesttotheseaandisthelowestelevationplanting.Duetothis,periodsof
tidalinundationduringextremetideandstormeventsisexpected.Plantsconsistprimarilyof
LeymusmollisandArgentinaegedii.YetsucculentssuchasSalicorniavirginicaandCakile
maritimaarealsopresent.Plantsinthiszonearecharacterizedbyrapidgrowthinorderto
25
outpacesandaccumulation,succulencetostorewater,cuticularprotectionagainstsaltloading
andglandstoexudesalt(McLachlanandBrown2006).Theelevationofthisplantinginrelationo
MLLWis10.1feet-10.7feet.
Zone3-Backshoreshrubcommunity ThisareaislocatedwithintheextremehightiderangeatbothBowmanBayandCornetBay.
Vegetationinstalledwasplantedwithspeciesthatcanwithstandsaltsprayandoccasional
inundationbyextremetideandstormevents.Plantsarecomposedoflowgrowingshrubs,
sedges,rushesandforbs;forinstanceGaultheriashallon,Scirpusamericanus,Juncusbalticus
andGrindeliaintegrifolia.TheelevationofthisplantinginrelationtoMLLWis11.5feet-12.5
feet.
Zone4-ShorelineFringeForest Theforestzoneisthehighestelevationplantingandisnotexpectedtoreceivesaltwaterinputs.
Thiszoneblendswiththeupperedgeofzone3.PlantspeciesinstalledincludeThujaplicataand
Piceasitchensis.Theelevationofthisplantingismorethan12.5feet.
History
DeceptionPassStateParkresidesinthetraditionalterritoryoftheSamishIndianNationand
SwinomishTribalCommunity,bothofwhicharefederallyrecognizedbytheUnitedStates
26
DepartmentoftheInterior.(TheresaTrebon,personalcommunication2018).Culturalpractices
aresimilartootherCoastSalishpeople,insofarastheimportanceofnaturalresourcesare
recognizedinactionssuchashuntingandgatheringfromforests,seaandland(TheresaTrebon,
personalcommunication2018).BowmanBayisanareaofextremeimportanceforbothtribes,
withculturalcelebrationsheldatthebeacheveryyear.TheMaidenofDeceptionPassisa
totem,whichrepresentsthestoryofKo-Kwal-alwoot,alegendoftheSamishpeople.Thislegend
isnotacreationstorybutratheradefiningstory,whichtiestheSamishpeopletoFidalgoIsland,
andtherichresourcestheSalishSeahastooffer(KarsenandRector2015).BoththeSamish
IndianNationandSwinomishTribalCommunityareessentialtotherestorationofBowmanand
CornetBay,astheyareco-managersoftheStateParkresource.Additionally,bothtribesplaya
criticalroleintherestorationofsalmonruns.
CaptainSalvadorFidalgoofSpaindescribedthefirstwrittenrecordofDeceptionPassin1792.
ThelegacyofthisexpeditionisimmortalizedthroughSpanishnamesintheparkvicinitysuchas
FidalgoIslandandRosarioBeach(WashingtonStateParks2018).CaptainGeorgeVancouverof
Englandalsoexploredtheregionataboutthesametime,givingthename“Deception”tothe
passthatseparatesFidalgoIslandfromWhidbeyIsland.Thiswasduetohisbeliefthatthepass
wasarivermouth.Itwasn’tuntilhislieutenant,JosephWhidbey,sailedthroughthenarrow
passandthensouththathediscoveredthelandformwasactuallyanisland.Thus,Vancouver
realizedhehadbeendeceivedandDeceptionPasswasnamed(WashingtonStateParks2018).
TheadjacentlandformwascalledWhidbeyIslandafterhislieutenant,JosephWhidbey.
27
Priortobecomingastatepark,theareaofDeceptionPasswassetasidebythegovernmentfor
useasamilitaryreservationintheearly1900’s(DeceptionPassParkFoundation2018).
PresidentCalvinCoolidgeofficiallysignedthedeedtotheparkandDeceptionPassStatePark
wasofficiallydesignatedasapublicpropertyforrecreationin1923(WashingtonStateParks
2018).Althoughtheareawasregularlyvisited,noinfrastructureexistedattheparkuntilthe
beginningofthe1930’s,whentheCivilianConservationCorps(CCC)beganconstructiontomake
theparkareality(DeceptionPassParkFoundation2018).TheCCCbuiltroads,theconstruction
ofbathroomandpicnicfacilities,trailbuildingandotherinfrastructure.TheDeceptionPass
BridgewascompletedinJuly1935,whichconnectsFidalgoIslandtoWhidbeyIsland.
Currently,DeceptionPassStateParkisthemostvisitedStateParkinWashingtonState
(WashingtonStateParks,2018).
Methodology VegetationmonitoringprotocolsforBowmanBayandCornetBayweredevelopedandexecuted
bySkagitFisheriesEnhancementGroup(SFEG),anon-profitorganizationlocatedinMount
Vernon,WA.SFEGmanagesthevegetativecomponentofvariousrestorationprojectsinSkagit
Countyandthevicinity,whichincludesnativeplantinstallation,monitoringandevaluation.
Monitoringisexecutedwiththeassistanceofvolunteers,knownascitizenscientists,inaddition
tostudentinterns.Howeverparticipationisreliantoncompletionofamandatorytraining
program.
28
Thevegetationmonitoringtrainingprogramforthe2017fieldseasonwasheldonJune3rdat
BowmanBayinDeceptionPassStatePark.Thisprovidedpotentialvolunteerswiththebasicsof
botanicalterminologyandanoverviewofmonitoringmethodsusedatvariousplantmonitoring
sitesmanagedbySFEG.Volunteersthenpracticedusingbotanicalkeysandidentifying1-gallon
nativenurseryplants.Theoptionwasthengiventopracticetheirskillsinthefieldbyidentifying
plantsattheBowmanBayrestorationsitebymeasuringheightandapplyingasurvivorship
ratingtoindividuallyinstalledplants.Thetrainingsessionlastedaboutthreehoursatwhich
pointvolunteerscouldstaytocontinuetocollectdatainthefieldatBowmanBay.
Currently,theuseofcitizenscientistsindatacollectionrepresentsaburgeoningfieldwherein
thepublicisenlistedforscientificresearch.Thisallowsunprecedentedaccesstolocations,
interactionswithpeopleinthesubjectareaandatscalesotherwisenotpossible;rendering
citizenscienceprogramsincreasinglyimportanttoenvironmentalresearch(Dickinson2012).
Yetquestionsondatavalidityandstrategiestoimproveaccuracyandprecisionofcollecteddata,
representstheprimaryconversationonthesubject.Aneducationalcomponentmostoftenin
theformoftrainingsessionsallowscitizenscientiststobecomefamiliarwiththesubjectwhile
practicingfieldtechniques.Lukyanenko(2016)reportsthattheuseofflexibleprotocolsallows
formore“discoveries”orprecisioninreporting.Forinstance,avolunteerwhowentbeyondthe
definedtaskwasabletocontributevaluableinformationtotheprojectthusraisingthequestion
ofhowmanyothervolunteersnoticedthesamethingbutfailedtoreportit.Inthiscase,relaxing
29
instructionsandprovidinganarenaforpersonalobservationmayimprovetheprecisionof
collecteddata.Theuseofpairedsamplingisalsoatechniquecurrentlyinusetocheckthe
accuracyofdatacollected.AccordingtoCohn(2008)volunteersarepairedwithascientistor
staffmembertocollectthesamedata,allowingacomparisonofaccuracy.
Methods
BowmanBayandCornetBay
PlantmorphologyanddensitydifferedsignificantlybetweeneachzoneatbothBowmanBayand
CornetBayleadingtotheuseofdifferentmonitoringmethods.InZone2atBowmanBayand
Phase1and2ofCornetBay,plantingsarecomprisedofrhizomatousgrassesandforbs
representingabeachgrasscommunityandweresubsampledforplantcoverusinga4ft.x4ft.
quadrat.InZone3atBowmanBayandPhase1and2atCornetBay,installedvegetation
representsthebackshoreshrubzoneandwasevaluatedindividuallywithasurvivorshiprating
andameasureofheight.Thesezoneswerealsosub-sampledwitha4ft.x4ft.quadrat.InZone
3atBowmanBayandZone4atCornetBayPhase1and2,installedvegetationrepresentsthe
shorelinefringeforestzoneandwasagainevaluatedusingasurvivorshipratingandsubsampled
witha4ft.x4ft.quadrat.Resourcesusedforplantidentificationinclude:PlantsofthePacific
NorthwestbyPojarandMckinnion,WildlfowersofthePacificNorthwestbyMarkTurnerand
PhyllisGustafsonandWeedsoftheWest,byTomWhitson.
30
PlantCover
InZones2and3atBowmanBayandPhase1and2ofCornetBay,anassessmentofcoverage
wasutilizedbyrunningtransectsthroughtheplantingareaandparalleltotheshoreline.
Transectswerelocatedevery4feetuntiltheendoftheplantingareawasreached.Alongeach
transect,a4ft.x4ft.quadratwasplacedatintervalsof16ft.,creatinga25%samplesize.For
eachquadratsampled,thesurveyorsidentifiedallplantsanddeterminediftheywereliveor
dead.Thenumberofliveplantsdeterminedthedensityofnativeplantsineachquadrat.
PlantCoverwasestimatedforeachquadratinthreecategories:nativevegetation,non-native
vegetation,andbareground.Nativevegetationwasdefinedbyanyplantthatwouldoccurand
grownaturallyintheareawithouttheneedofhumanintervention.Non-nativevegetationwas
deemedanyplantthatisintroduced,orknownasaninvasivespecies.Plantcoverwasestimated
bycountingverticeswithinthequadratgridforeachcoverclass.Eachquadratwascomprisedof
121verticescreatedbycrossing11linesofstringspaced4’’apartby11perpendicularlinesof
thesamespacing.Ateachvertex,thecoverclasswasrecorded.
Foracompleteprotocolonhowtomeasureplantcoverandsurvivorshipinthefieldincludinga
materialslistanddatasheetsseeAppendix10-14.
31
Figure5:Exampleof4ft.spacingoftransects
PlantDensity
Todetermineplantdensity,thenumberofnativeplantsineachquadratwascounted.
ThresholdsforplantdensityweredeterminedbySkagitFisheriesEnhancementGroupand
differedateachsite.AtBowmanBay,7nativeplantsperquadratwereconsideredtheoriginal
densityofinstalledplantswhileinbothphasesatCornetBay,3nativeplantsperquadratwere
consideredtheoriginaldensityofinstalledplants.
SurvivorshipRating
InZone3atBowmanBayandZone3and4atCornetBay,allinstalledandrecruitedplant
specieswereassessedbyheighttakenfromtherootcrowntotheapicalbudusingastadiarod.
Anevaluationofsurvivorshipwasalsoutilizedtoevaluatethehealthandvigorofeachplant
(Figure5)(Figure6).
32
Figure6:Survivorshipratingandcorrespondingdescription.
SurvivorshipRating Description 1 Deadornearlydead 2 Liveplantwithdeadportionsand/orsignsofstress 3 Signsofnewvegetativegrowthwithoutreproduction 4 Poorreproduction(fewandpoorlydevelopedflowers/fruit) 5 Healthyreproduction(manywell-developedflowers/fruit)
Figure7:Volunteer’sassessingheightandSurvivorshipofLathyrusjaponicusatBowmanBay
33
NaturalRecruitment
Thecriteriausedfordeterminingnaturalrecruitmentwerebasedonspeciesidentity,proximity
tootherinstalledplants,andoriginalplantedspecieslist.Thesourceofnaturallyrecruited
plantscouldoriginatefromseedrainofinstalledplantsorfromexistingadjacentvegetation.It
couldalsooriginatefromrhizomatousplantgrowthorseedblowninfromadjacentareas.For
example,Gaultheriashallonplantswereconsiderednaturallyrecruitedifvegetationwasmore
thanafootawayanddistinctfromtheparentplant.
DataAnalysis
PlantCover
PlantcoverforZones2and3atBowmanBayandPhase1and2atCornetBaywasdetermined
bysummingtheverticesofeachcoverclassforallquadratswithineachzone.Thiswasthen
convertedtoapercent.
PlantDensity
Plantdensitythresholdsforeachprojectvariedduetodifferentperformancethresholds.At
BowmanBay,originalplantdensitywasdeemed7nativeplantsperquadrat,whichisan
estimationofplantdensityperquadratatthetimeoforiginalinstallation.AtCornetBay,plant
densitywasestimatedat3nativeplantsperquadrat.Plantdensitywasdeterminedbycounting
thenumberofnativeplantswithineachquadrat.Apercentageofwell-stockedquadratswas
34
foundbysummingthetotalnumberofquadratsthatmetminimumrequirementsforplant
densitypersiteanddividingthatnumberbythetotalnumberofquadratssampled.
Survivorship
SurvivalforZone4atBowmanBayandZone4ofPhase1and2atCornetBaywascalculatedby
dividingthenumberofliveplants(i.e.plantswithhealthratingsfrom2to4)bythenumberof
plantsinstalledinZone4duringtheproject.
DistributionofPlantSpecies
Plantspeciesdistributionwasquantifiedusingdatagatheredfroplantcover.AtBowmanBay,
thenumberofliveplantspeciespresentacrossallquadratsforZone2wassummedthen
convertedtoapercentbydividingthenumberofliveplantsbythetotalnumberofplants
present.AtCornetBay,thenumberofliveplantspeciespresentacrossallquadratsforZone2
and3forPhase1and2weresummedandthenconvertedtoapercentbydividingthenumber
ofliveplantsbythetotalnumberofplantspresent.
35
Results
BowmanBay
Zone2
Atotalof45quadratsweresampledinZone2forplantcoveranddensity.Leymusmolliswas
themostwidelydistributedplantspeciesinZone1at78.40%(Figure8)whilethemajorityof
groundcoverconsistedofbaregroundat93%(Figure9).StockingwaspoorinZone2.Of45
quadrats,33wereunder-stockedwith6orfewernativeplantsperquadrat.11quadratswere
wellstockedat7-21nativeplantsperquadrat;thereforenoquadratshad21ormorenative
plants(Figure10).
Figure8:DistributionofplantspeciesinZone2atBowmanBay
Commonname Latinname No.Live %ofTotal DuneWildRye Leymusmollis 127 78.40% PacificSilverweed Argentinaegedii 35 21.60% Total 162 100.00%
36
Figure9:PhotoillustrationandPlantCoverinZone2atBowmanBay
Figure10:Zone1StockingatBowmanBay
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
40
0-6 7-21
No.ofQ
uadratSam
pled
NamvePlantsperQuadrat
Zone1PlantDensity
No.Quadrats
37
Zone3
Atotalof76quadratsweresampledforplantcoverinZone3.ThesurvivalofplantsinZone3
onefullyearafterplantingwas65%(Figure11).Notethat98plantshadasurvivorshipratingof
1(plantswhicharedeadornearlydead).ThiscouldrepresentSambucusracemosa,Lupinus
littoralis,Malusfusca,PolystichummunitumorAmelanchieralniflorawhichallhadsurvivalrates
of0%inyearone.Theplantspecieswiththehighestsurvivalrateswere:Gaultheriashallon,
Lathyrusjaponicus,Ribessanguineum,RosanutkanaandSpireadouglasii.Additionally,398
plantshadahealthratingof2(Liveplantswithdeadportionsand/orsignsofstress)(Figure11).
Severalspecies,suchasLathyrusjaponicusandRosanutkana,bothofwhichspreadeasilydueto
rhizomatousreproductivestrategies,arepresentinsubstantiallyhighernumbersthanwere
originallyinstalled.Othernativeplantspecies,suchasGrindeliaintegrifolia,Alnusrubraand
nativeconiferspeciesareactivelycolonizingthearea.
38
Figure11:PlantsurvivorshipinZone3atBowmanBay
Figure 11: Plant survivorship in Zone 3 at Bowman Bay
StockingwasmoderateinZones2and3.Of75totalquadratssampled,12quadratswereunder-
stockedwith6orfewernativeplantsperquadrat.47quadratshad7-21nativeplantsper
quadratand16had22-130nativeplantsperquadrat(Figure12).Therefore,thepredominate
coverclassinZone2and3isbareground(Figure13).Notethatnon-nativeplantcoverwas
measuredat0%.
S. Rating
Com
mon
N
ame
Latin
Nam
e
1 2 3 4 5
Tota
l
Inst
alle
d O
rigin
ally
Live
201
7
% S
urv.
Ave
rage
of
Hei
ght (
ft)
Pearly Everlasting Anaphalis margaritacea 5 4 2
8 150 6 4% 0.3 Serviceberry Amelanchier alnifolia
0 2 0 0% 0.0
Tufted hairgrass Deschampsia cespitosa
1 3
3
80 7 9% 0.2 Coastal strawberry Fragaria chiloensis
16 1 2 2 21 150 21 14% 0.1
Salal Gaultheria shallon 2 106 53 7
168 169 168 99% 0.3 Oceanspray Holodiscus discolor 1 1
2 4 1 25% 2.1
Beach Pea Lathyrus japonicus
107 23 21 90 241 50 241 482% 0.3 Tall oregon grape Berberis aquafolium 5 18 4
27 55 22 40% 0.4
Pacific crabapple Malus fusca 2
2 2 0 0% 5.5 Dull oregon grape Berberis nervosa
1 1 1
3 80 3 4% 0.4
Sword Fern Polystichum munitum 2
2 50 0 0% 0.2 Red Flowering Currant Ribes sanguineum 9 11 2
22 8 13 163% 2.0
Nootka rose Rosa nutkana 5 54 16
75 58 70 121% 1.6 Hardhack Spirea douglasii 20 50 2 1
73 55 53 96% 1.6
Snowberry Symphoricarpos albus 6 26 6
38 58 32 55% 1.0 Red elderberry Sambucus racemosa
0 2 0 0% 0.0
Beach lupine Lupinus littoralis
0 6 0 0% 0.0 Unknown
41 3
44 n/a 3 n/a n/a
Total 98 398 113 32 95 726 979 640 65% 0.9
39
Figure12:PlantdensityinZone2and3atBowmanBay
Figure13:PlantcoverinZone3atBowmanBay
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0-2 3-19 20-49 50-99 100-199 200+
No.Quadrats
PlantsperQuadrat
Zone3PlantDensity
No.Quadrats
40
Atotalof81plantsweremeasuredasnaturallyrecruitedinZone2(Figure14).Thisincluded
manyconiferandAlnusrubraseedlingsinadditiontoGrindeliaintegrifolia(Figure15).
Figure14:NaturalrecruitmentinZone2atBowmanBay
S. Rating
Common Name Latin Name 1 2 3 4 5 Total Average
of Height (ft)
Alder Alnus rubra 1 31 2
3 36 0.20 Hookers willow Salix hookeriana
1 1
2 2.40
Western red cedar Thuja plicata
1
1 5.50 Gumweed Grindelia integrifolia 1
2
3 0.40
Conifer Seedling
37 1 1 39 0.10 Total 2 32 42 2 4 81 1.72
Figure15:RecruitedGrindeliaintegrifolia
41
CornetBay
Phase1
Zone2and3
268quadratsweresampledforcoverageandstockinginZones2and3ofPhase1.Atotalof
4,850plantswereoriginallyinstalledinthe0.63acrearea,ataspacingofapproximately2foot
centers.Thereisstillasignificantpercentageofbaregroundcoverat43%(Figure16).Native
vegetationcovers41%oftheareaandnon-nativegroundcoverisat16%.Nativecoverslightly
decreasedfromthepreviousyear(from51%to41%).
Figure16:PlantcoverinZones2and3atCornetBayPhase1
42
ThemostwidelydistributednativeplantspecieswasGrindeliaintegrifolia,Argentinaegediiand
EquisteumarvensefollowedbyScirpusamericanus,LeymusmollisandCarexobnupta(Figure
17).Non-nativespeciesthatareactivelycolonizingthesiteincludeEuropeanpasturegrasses
andspeciesofclover.
Figure17:PlantdistributioninPhase1,Zones2and3atCornetBay
CommonName LatinName No.Live %Redalder AlnusRubra 491 2.94%Asterspp. Asteraceaespp. 18 0.11%Balticrush Juncusbalticus 156 0.93%Beachpea Lathyrusjaponicas 1 0.01%Bigleafmaple Acermacrophyllum 1 0.01%Blackmedic Medicagolupulina 21 0.13%
Brackenfern Pteridiumaquilinum 1 0.01%Cloverspp. Trifoliumspp. 732 4.38%Coastalstrawberry Fragarachiloensis 4 0.02%Commonhorsetail Equisetumarvense 829 4.96%ConiferSeedling N/A 211 1.26%Cowparsnip Heracleumlanatum 7 0.04%Crabapple Malusfusca 5 0.03%Dandelion Taraxacumofficinale 234 1.40%DouglasFir Pseudotsugamenziesii 13 0.08%Dovefootgeranium Geraniummolle 14 0.08%Dulloregongrape Berberisnervosa 2 0.01%Dunewildrye Leymusmollis 628 3.75%Englishplantain Plantagolanceolata 324 1.94%Erectknotweed Polygonumerectum 17 0.10%Glasswort Salicorniavirginica 5 0.03%Grandfir Abiesgrandis 1 0.01%Gumweed Grindeliaintegrifolia 7275 43.50%HairyWillowherb Epilobiumminutum 309 1.85%Himalayanblackbery Rubusarmeniacus 30 0.18%Hookerswillow Salixhookeriana 2 0.01%Lambsquarter Chenopodiumalbum 49 0.29%Lygnby'sSedge Carexlyngbyei 7 0.04%Marigold Tagetesspp. 1 0.01%Nootkarose Rosanutkana 45 0.27%
43
Oceanspray Holodiscusdiscolor 14 0.08%Osoberry Oemleriacerasiformis 7 0.04%PacificSilverweed Argentinaegedii 1651 9.87%PastureGrass N/A 1599 9.56%PearlyEverlasting Anaphalismargaritacea 248 1.48%PineappleWeed Matricariadiscoidea 8 0.05%Queenanne'slace Daucuscarota 10 0.06%Salal Gaultheriashallon 56 0.33%Salmonberry Rubusspectabilis 21 0.13%Seaplantain Plantagomaritima 13 0.08%Seathrift Armeriamaritime 9 0.05%ShorePine Pinuscontorta 3 0.02%SitkaSpruce Piceasitchensis 215 1.29%Sloughsedge Carexobnupta 482 2.88%Snowberry Symphoricarposalbus 47 0.28%Spottedcatsear Hypochaerisradicata 29 0.17%Sweetgale Myricagale 1 0.01%SwordFern Polystichummunitum 2 0.01%TallOregonGrape Berberisaquafolium 11 0.07%Thimbleberry Rubusparviflorus 3 0.02%Thistlespp. Cirsiumspp. 32 0.19%Threesquaresedge Scirpusamericanus 681 4.07%TrailingBlackberry Rubusursinus 21 0.13%TuftedHairgrass Deschampsiacespitosa 54 0.32%Twinberry Lonicerainvolucrate 1 0.01%Vetchspp. Viciaspp. 25 0.15%WesternHemlock Tsugaheterophylla 2 0.01%WesternRedCedar Thujaplicata 13 0.08%WildLettuce Lactucavirosa 4 0.02%Willow Salixspp. 30 0.18%Yarrow Achilleamillefolium 1 0.01%Total 16,726 100.00%
Zones2and3arewellstocked.98%ofquadratssampledhad3ormorenativeplantsper
quadrat.6quadratswerepoorlystockedwith0-2nativeplantsperquadrathowever;the
majorityofsampledquadratshad20-49nativeplantsormoreperquadrat(Figure18).
44
Figure18:NativePlantDensityinZones2and3ofPhase1atCornetBay
Zone4
In2017,Zone4hadanestimatedsurvivalrateof72%(Figure19).RibessanguineumandPicea
sitchensiswerethemostabundantplantspecieswithsurvivalratesof154%and115%,
respectively.Themostfrequenthealthratingwas“3“,(exhibitingpoorreproduction
characterizedbyfewandpoorlydevelopedflowersand/orfruit)followedbyahealthratingof
“2”(liveplantwithdeadportionsand/orsignsofstress).Thissignifiesthatmanyplantsspecies
arestrugglingtoestablishonsite.Approximately54specieswereassignedahealthratingof"1"
(Deadornearlydead).Thereforethe“unknown”specieslistedwereunidentifiable
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
0-2 3-19 20-49 50-99 100-199 200+
No.Quadrats
PlantsperQuadrat
Zones2and3PlantDensity
No.Quadrats
45
Figure19:SurvivorshipratingofplantedspeciesinZone4Phase1ofCornetBay
S. Rating
Com
mon
Nam
e
Plan
t Cod
e 1 2 3 4 5
Tota
l
Inst
alle
d O
rigin
ally
Live
201
7
% S
urv.
Ave
rage
of H
eigh
t (ft)
Pacificmadrone Arbutusmenziesii 1 1 2 1 50% 1.10Salal Gaultheriashallon 2 11 46 132 36 227 420 225 54% 0.67Oceanspray Holodiscusdiscolor 1 29 58 1 1 90 100 89 89% 1.81BlackTwinberry Lonicerainvolucrata 11 18 2 2 33 50 33 66% 3.69Talloregongrape Berberisaquifolium 3 12 69 5 4 93 115 90 78% 1.98Pacificcrabapple Malusfusca 21 4 25 37 25 68% 1.45LoworegonGrape Berberisnervosa 3 8 1 12 50 12 24% 0.83Osoberry Oemleriacerasiformis 6 19 6 31 60 25 42% 1.84Sitkaspruce Piceasitchensis 2 61 3 66 57 66 116% 4.52Swordfern Polystichummunitum 1 8 2 11 50 10 20% 0.56RedFloweringCurrant Ribessanguineum 3 12 23 6 4 48 30 45 150% 2.64Nootkarose Rosanutkana 4 47 99 15 9 174 200 170 85% 1.30Salmonberry Rubusspectablis 5 32 1 38 50 38 76% 1.71Willow Salixspp. 1 19 20 70 21 30% 4.90Snowberry Symphoricarposalbus 9 46 144 75 20 294 300 285 95% 2.02Westernredcedar Thujaplicata 2 6 29 1 38 57 36 63% 5.41Unknown
26 11 2 39 N/A 13 n/a n/a
Total 57 244 621 240 78 1240 1648 1184 72% 2.3
1,443plantsarerecordedasnaturallyrecruited(Figure20).ThisincludesanabundanceofPicea
sitchensis,Symphoricarpusalbus,GaultheriashallonandRosanutkana,whichwereoriginally
installedonsite.Recruitedspecieswhichwerenotoriginallyplantedbutwhichbringdiversityto
thesiteareMyricagale,RibeslacustreandRubusursinus.
46
Figure20:RecruitedplantspeciesinZone4ofPhase1atCornetBay
CommonName LatinName Total
Grandfir Abiesgrandis 2Redalder Alnusrubra 109Kinnick-kinnick Arctostaphylosuva-ursi 1Salal Gaultheriashallon 303Oceanspray Holodiscusdiscolor 73Englishholly Illexaquifollium 1Pacificcrabapple Malusfusca 13Talloregongrape Berberisaquifolium 48SweetGale Myricagale 3Shorepine Pinuscontorta 8Sitkaspruce Piceasitchensis 500Douglasfir Pseudotsugamenziesii 29Blackgooseberry Ribeslacustre 7Redfloweringcurrant Ribessanguineum 3Nootkarose Rosanutkana 145Salmonberry Rubusspectabilis 9Trailingblackberry Rubusursinus 7Hookerswillow Salixhookeriana 3Pacificwillow Salixlucida 2Hardhack Spireadouglasii 6Snowberry Symphoricarposalbus 152Westernredcedar Thujaplicata 12Westernhemlock Tsugaheterophylla 7Total 1,443
Phase2
Zone2and3
Atotalof126quadratsweresampledinZones2and3ofPhase2.Nativegroundcoverwas
measuredat5%(Figure21).BaregroundwasthepredominantcoverclassinZones2and3at
approximately93%.Alnusrubraandconiferseedlingplantrecruitmentswerethemost
47
abundantspeciessampledinthiscoverclassat23%and26%,respectively(Figure22).However,
theprobabilityofallrecruitedseedlingssurvivingtheharshconditionsofthesiteisunlikely.
Non-nativeEuropeanpasturegrasseswerethemostabundantspecieswithinZones2and3,
representing11%oftheplantscounted.
Figure21:PlantCoverinZone2and3atCornetBayPhase2
48
Figure22:PlantDistributioninZones2and3inPhase2atCornetBay
Commonname LatinNameNo.Live %
Aster Asteraceaespp. 2 0.04%Balticrush Juncusbalticus 1 0.02%Beachpea Lathyrusjaponicus 1 0.02%Blackmedic Medicagolupulina 92 1.98%Himalayablkberry Rubusarmeniacus 6 0.13%Cowparsnip Heracleumlanatum 1 0.02%Clover Cirsiumspp. 336 7.24%Coastalstrawberry Fagariachiloensis 9 0.19%Commongroundsel Seneciotriangularis 2 0.04%Coniferseedling N/A 1235 26.61%Crabapple Malusfusca 3 0.06%Dandelion Taraxacumofficinale 50 1.08%Dunewildrye Leymusmollis 223 4.80%Erectknotweed Polygonumerectum 122 2.63%Spottedcatsear Hypochaerisradicata 22 0.47%Willowspp. Salixspp. 1 0.02%Horsetail Equisetumarvense 186 4.01%Lambsquarters Chenpodiumalbum 25 0.54%Nootkarose Rosanutkana 4 0.09%Oceanspray Holodiscusdiscolor 8 0.17%Pacificsilverweed Argentinaegedii 32 0.69%Pasturegrass N/A 556 11.98%Pearlyeverlasting Anaphalismargaritacea 1 0.02%Plantain Plantagolanceolata 177 3.81%QueenAnne'slace Daucuscarota 1 0.02%RedAlder Alnusrubra 1,090 23.49%Redfloweringcurrant Ribessanguineum 3 0.06%Salal Gaultheriashallon 33 0.71%Salmonberry Rubusspectabilis 6 0.13%Seaplantain Plantagomaritima 21 0.45%Searocket Cakilemaritima 3 0.06%Selfheal Prunellaspp. 4 0.09%Sheepsorrel Rumexacetosella 142 3.06%Sitkaspruce Piceasitchensis 2 0.04%Snowberry Symphoricarposalbus 13 0.28%Thistle Cirsiumspp. 158 3.40%Talloregongrape Berberisaquafolium 7 0.15%Vetch Viciaspp. 7 0.15%
49
Westernredcedar Thujaplicata 1 0.02%Wildlettuce Lactucavirosa 20 0.43%Willowherb Epilobiumciliatum 35 0.75%Total 4641 100.00%
Plantdensityatthetimeofplantinstallationwasestimatedtobe3nativeplantsperquadratby
SFEG.Therefore,quadratsampleswith3ormoreplantswereconsideredwellstockedatan80%
survivalrate.Zones2and3ofPhase2arefaringwell,withonly3of23quadratsunder-stocked
(i.e.0-2plantsperquadrat)(Figure23).14quadratsarewell-stockedwith3-19plantsper
quadratand5havemorethan20plantsperquadrat.93%ofallsampledquadratswereabove
the80%thresholdforplantdensity.
Figure23:PlantdensityinZones2and3atCornetBayPhase2
010203040506070
0-2 3-19 20-49 50-99No.ofQ
uadratsS
ampled
NamvePlantsperQuadrat
Zone2and3PlantDensity
NoQuadrats
50
Zone4
PlantsurvivalinZone4ofPhase2wasover100%(Figure24and25).Thisisanincreasefrom
74%thepreviousyear.However,notethat196plantsweregivenamortalityratingof2(live
plantwithdeadportionsand/orsignsofstress).Thissignifiesthatthoughoverallplantsurvivalis
highmanyplantsarestruggling.Willowspecieshadthepoorestsurvivalrateat14%,however
thisisanincreasefrom0%thepreviousyear.Incontrast,Gaultheriashallonisthemost
abundantplantspecieswithasurvivalrateofover100%.Thissignifiesthisspecies’abilityto
activelycolonizethesitewithrhizomes,producingplantrecruitments.Atotalof35plantswere
recordedasnaturallyrecruited(Figure26)includingRibeslacustreandRubusursinus.
Additionally,allAlnusrubraplantrecruitmentswereseedlings.
51
Figure24:MortalityratingforZone4ofPhase2atCornetBay
M.Rating
Common
Nam
e
Plan
tCod
e1 2 3 4 5
Total
InstalledOrig
inally
Live201
7
%Surv.
AverageofHeight(ft)
Salal Gaultheriashallon 4 27 46 1 78 50 78 156.0% 0.6Oceanspray Holodiscusdiscolor 3 29 8 40 30 27 90.0% 1.6Talloregongrape Berberisaquafolium 1 38 15 3 3 60 30 29 96.7% 1.0Osoberry Oemleriacerasiformis 3 18 2 23 0 20 n/a 2.5Sitkaspruce Piceasitchensis 6 6 5 6 120.0% 3.8Douglasfir Pseudotsugamenziesii 4 4 5 4 80.0% 5.0Redfloweringcurrant RibesSanguineum 14 4 18 12 18 150.0% 2.0Nootkarose RosaNutkana 27 27 2 56 43 56 130.2% 1.6Salmonberry Rubusspectabilis 4 17 5 26 30 22 73.3% 1.1Willowspp. Salixspp. 7 7 50 7 14.0% 2.1Snowberry Symphoricarposalbus 35 23 3 61 30 61 203.3% 1.5Westernredcedar Thujaplicata 2 2 4 5 5 100.0% 4.7Unknown
5 2 1 8 n/a 3 n/a 2.0
Total 16 196 123 54 4 5 290 336 115.9% 2.28
52
Figure25:PhotoofZone2,3and4Phase2atCornetBay
Figure26:NaturalrecruitmentinZone4,Phase2atCornet
CommonName LatinName Total
Redalder Alnusrubra 3Salal Gaultheriashallon 2SitkaSpruce Piceasitchensis 1Nootkarose Rosanutkana 1Blackcapraspberry Ribeslacustre 1Salmonberry Rubusspectablis 3TrailingBlackberry Rubusursinus 4Snowberry Symphoricarposalbus 5Total 35
53
Discussion
BowmanBay
PlantCoverinZones1and2intermsofnativespeciesispoor.Themajorityofgroundcoveris
bareground(Figure9and13).Howevertheseresultsarenotsurprisingconsideringtheageof
therestorationproject.Plantestablishmentandanincreaseinaerialcovertaketime.Thisis
reinforcedbytheliteratureonthesubject,whichindicatesthatplantestablishmentratesdo
increasethroughtime(Scotton2016).
Inthenearshoreenvironment,poorestablishmentandthusincreasednumbersofplant
mortalityismostlikelyduetothemanychallengesfoundonsitesuchashighwaterinfiltration
ratesduetosandysoils,pedestriantrafficwhichleadstosoilcompactionandplanttramplingas
wellaserosiveprocesses.Thoughnativeplantcoverislow,thisisonparwithrestoration
trajectoriesintermsoftheabilityofnativespeciestoincreaseestablishmentratesovertime
(Pywell2007).
Lathyrusjaponicas,GaultheriashallonandRosanutkanaweremeasuredathigheramountsthan
installednumbers,signifyingthattheseplantspeciesarereproducingandcolonizingthesite.
Thisisconsistentwithstudies,whichindicatethatplantspeciesdiversitydoesinitiallydecrease
inyears2-5butrecoversrapidlyinyears5-15(Nilssonetal.2016).
54
Plantdensity(Figure10and12)inthebeachgrasscommunityislowsignifyingthatplantsare
stillstrugglingtobecomeestablished.Thisisthefirstfullyearsinceplantinstallationanddueto
theharshconditionsfoundon-site;plantmortalityinthisareaispalpable.Yetascomparedto
lastyear,LeymusmollisandArgentinaegediiindividualsinZone1(Figure8)areincreasing,from
138totalliveplantsinZone1thepreviousyearto162plantsin2017.Thisisconsideredtobean
upwardtrend,partlyduetoexclusionaryfencinginstalledonanephemeraltrail,whichismost
likelydiscouragingparkvisitorsfromtramplingvegetation.
CornetBay
Phase1
BrowsingbydeercontinuestobeaproblemaestheticallyinZone4,howeverthisdoesn’tseem
tobeeffectingoverallsurvival.Deerexclusionfencingaroundindividualconiferoustreeshas
beeneffectiveindeterringbrowsingoverthelastfouryears.Thepurposeofdeerexclusion
fencingwastominimizefoliageloss,thereforeincreasingtheprobabilityoftreesurvival.In
2017,coniferoustreeswerebeingoutcompetedbyplantrecruits,AlnusrubraandSalixspp.,
withintheexclusionaryfencing.
Overallthemajorityofplantssampledareexhibitingahealthysurvivorshipratingbetween“3”
and“5”asopposedtoapoorsurvivorshipratingof“1”and“2”(Figure16)(seesurvivorship
rating)(Figure5).Thisismostlikelyduetotheageoftherestorationprojectandthefactthat
plantsareestablishingthemselvesandactivelyrecruitingthesite(Figure17).
55
Nativeplantcoverhasdecreasedthisyearby10%(Figure18).Thismaybeduetograzing
pressurefromdeerortramplingfromparkvisitors,bothofwhichwouldhaveimpactedaerial
cover.
TheinstallationofadditionalplantsinZones2and3inthewinterof2017appearstohave
helpedimproveplantdensitiesbyreducingthenumberofunder-stockedquadrats.Since
originalplantinstallationin2013,plantdensityhasincrementallyimproveddownfromabout
40%in2013to11%in2014,9%in2015,7%in2016andnow2%in2017(Figure20).Many
plantsarespreadingreadilythroughrhizomatousreproductivestrategiesandcolonizingopen
spaces.
Yetwithagecomespressurefromweedsandinvasivespecies,thusanincreaseinnon-native
coverispalpableaswell.Non-nativespeciescoveratCornetBayisincreasing,from4%the
previousyearto16%in2017.Thisisin-linewithrestorationtimelines,asnon-nativespecies
needcontinualmanagementtocurboverallnumbersanddensity.Asthefirstfullyearsince
installation,theseedbankismostlikelyreboundingfromrecenton-sitework,pairedwithnon-
nativespeciesinthevicinitysenescingandcolonizingthesite.
Phase2
PlantsurvivalinZone4isover100%.Thecurrentmonitoringyearof2017representsthefirst
fullyearsinceplantinstallation.Howevernotethat196plants,themajorityofplantssampled,
weregivenahealthratingof“1”(Deadornearlydead)or“2”(Liveplantwithdeadportionsor
signsofstress)(Figure22).Thissignifiesthatmanyplantsarestrugglingtobecomeestablished.
56
Incontrast,naturalrecruitmentforyear1wasmeasuredat35nativeplants(Figure23).For
instance,SymphoricarposalbusandAlnusrubraarereadilycolonizingthesite,signifyingthese
plantspeciesfindthesiteconditionsadequateandarenaturallyspreading.
Nativeplantcoverislow.Thepredominatecoverclassrepresentedisbareground(Figure24).
Thissignifiesthatplantsarestillstrugglingtoestablishonsite.Thisismostlikelyduetothe
harshconditionsofthenearshoreenvironmentsuchassoilsthatdonotretainwaterand
anthropogenicimpactssuchaspedestriantrafficwhichcontributetosoilcompaction.Non-
nativeplantsspeciescoveragewasmeasuredat2%,whichsignifiesnon-nativespeciesare
presentlynotanissueinthesezones.
MostquadratsarewellstockedinPhase2,whichsignifiesnativespeciesarecolonizingthesite
(Figure26).Howevertheseplantsaremostlikelyrepresentativeofamixtureofnativeinstalled
andrecruitedplants(Figure26).
CitizenScience
Theuseofvolunteers,orcitizenscientists,indatacollectionrequiresanacknowledgementof
thepossibilityoferror.Whenmonitoringinstalledvegetation,plantidentificationisofthe
utmostimportance.Thereforecommunicationsbetweenvolunteersandmyselfemphasizedthe
importanceofaskingforhelpwithplantidentificationincludingtheuseofbotanicalkeysif
identificationwasnotcompletelypositive.Observationsinthefieldrevealthatwhenvolunteers
wereunsureofaspeciesidentitytheyaskedforassistanceinidentification.
57
ManagementRecommendations
BowmanBay
Zone1
Replantingshouldoccurinordertoincreaseaerialplantcoveranddensity(Figure26).Since
LeymusmollisandArgentinaegediiindividualsweretheonlyvegetationtobeinstalledinthis
zonereplantingshouldoccurwiththeseplantspeciesinadditiontoSalicorniavirginica.Thisis
recommendedforinstallationasindividualsofS.virginicawereobservedonsiteduring
sampling.Non-native,Cakilemaritima,hasnaturallyrecruitedthearea.Thisspeciesshouldbe
removedandreplacedwiththenative,Cakileedentula.Eradicatingthenon-nativespeciesand
replacingitwiththenativespecieswillpreserveecologicalfunctionsthisplantwasproviding
withinthesystem.
Althoughresultssignifythatnon-nativeplantcoverhasyettobeanissueonsite,thisisstillan
aspectoftheprojectthatneedstobeaddressed.Onsitemaintenanceactivitiestocurboverall
numbersanddensityofinvasivespeciesandweedpopulationswillbecomeincreasingly
importantgoingforward.
Zone2
ReplantingshouldoccurinZone2inordertoincreasethenumberofnativeplantspresenton
siteandfacilitatevegetationfillingin(Figure26).Plantsthathavenaturallyrecruitedshouldalso
beinstalled,asnaturalrecruitmentisanindicatorthatsiteconditionsarewelladaptedtothis
58
species'lifehistorytraits.Forinstance,Grindeliaintegrifoliahasnaturallyrecruitedonsiteand
showsgreatpromise.Otherplantsthatwereoriginallyinstalledbuthadrelativelylowsurvival
ratesandarerecommendedforinstallationtoincreaseoverallnumbersanddensityare
HolodiscusdiscolorandSymphoricarposalbus.Additionally,Anaphalismargaritaceaand
Fragariachiloensisshouldalsobereplanted.Plantswhichhadsurvivalratesof0%andshould
notbereplantedinclude:Polystichummunitum,MalusfuscaandAmelanchieralnifolia.
Deerexclusionfencingisstillinstalledontheprojectsitearoundtargetconiferoustreespecies
suchasThujaplicataandPiceasitchensis.Currently,exclusionaryfencingisnotposingany
problemsandshouldremaininplace.
SFEGhasobservedlowestablishmentratesofSambucusracemosaatBowmanBayinaddition
tootherrestorationsites.Thereforethisspeciesshouldbedirectseededandmonitoredto
detectifthismethodisanadequatestrategyforimprovingestablishment.Alternatively,the
installationofpottedstockmaybeintroducedtoZone4afteraconiferouscanopyhasbeen
achieved.
59
Figure26:RecommendedplantsforinstallationatBowmanBay(Appendix6)
Common name Latin name Form Qty. Zone Dunewildrye Leymusmollis Bareoot 200
1Pickleweed Salicorniavirginica 1gal 100
Pacificsilverweed Argentinaegedii Bareroot 150
AmericansearocketCakileedentula 1gal 25
Coastalstrawberry Fragariachiloensis Bareroot 50
Coastalgumweed Grindeliaintegrifolia Bareroot 50
2
Oceanspray Holodiscusdiscolor Bareroot 25
Snowberry SymphoricarposalbusBareoot 25
Hardhack Spireadouglasii Bareroot 25
SitkaSpruce Piceasitchensis Bareroot 10
CornetBay
Phase1
Zone4
Deerexclusionfencinghasbeeneffectiveinprotectingplantedconiferoustrees;howeverthe
Thujaplicataindividualslocatedwithinthedeerexclusionaryfencingarenowbeing
outcompetedbyrecruitedAlnusrubraandSalixspp.Theserecruitedtreespeciesarenowthe
sameheightortallerthanconiferoustreeslocateintheexclusionaryfencing.Howeverthe
purposeofplantedtreespeciesistofacilitateacanopy.ThereforeAlnusrubraandSalixspp.
shouldbeleftinplaceastheirfastgrowingnaturewillprovideacanopyquickerandprovide
necessaryshadingfortheshade-resistantThujaplicata.
60
AdditionalplantstobeconsideredforinstallationinthiszoneareMyricagaleandArbutus
menziesii(Figure27).M.galewasnotoriginallyinstalledonsiteandisthereforeanaturally
recruitedspecies.Thissignifiesit’snaturalinclinationforthesiteandshouldbeencouragedto
growthroughtheinstallationofmoreindividuals.Originally,twoA.menziesiiwereinstalledon
site,yetonlyonehassurvived.Thereforeadditionalplantsofthisspeciesshouldbeinstalledas
replacements.
Additionallyduetoanincreaseinnon-nativecoverage,continuedmaintenanceofthesiteto
reduceinvasivespeciesandweedpopulationswillbeimportantinthefuture.Forinstance,
invasiveplantspeciessampledonthesiteincludeRubusarmeniacus.
Zone2and3
Nativegrassesandforbsareflourishinginthisarea;themostabundantnativespeciesArgentina
egediiandGrindeliaintegrifoliaisgrowingprofuselyandcompetingwellwithweeds.However
additionalplantsspeciesshouldbereplantedtofacilitatevegetationfillingin(Figure27).For
example,LeymusmollisandArgentinaedgeiiarerecommendedforinstallation.Plantago
maritimashouldalsobereplantedasitwasfoundgrowingprofuselyonsite.Personal
observationshavefoundapotentialassociationofthisplantspecieswithG.integrifolia.To
promotethisassociation,P.maritimashouldbeplantedinareaswhereitisabsentunderneath
G.integrifolia.Ribeslacustreisanaturallyrecruitedplantspeciesinthiszoneandshowsgreat
promiseforthefuture.Duetoit’sthornynaturethiscouldbeaplantinstallednearpathwaysto
discourageparkvisitorsfromenteringvegetatedareas.Additionallyshrubswhichhadlower
61
survivalratesandshouldbeinstalledtoincreaseoverallplantnumbersanddensityinclude:
BerberisnervosaandGaultheriashallon.
Thusfar,inthisearlyinitialphase,weedsareposingminimalissuesthoughcontinualmonitoring
ofweedsandinvasivespecieswillbeincreasinglyimportantinthefuture.SFEGmonthly
volunteerweedingpartiesduringthegrowingseasonwillcontinuetobeimportanttocurb
overallnumbersanddensityofweedsandinvasivespecies.
Figure27:RecommendedplantsforinstallationinPhase1CornetBay(Appendix7)
Commonname Latinname Form Qty. Zone
Dunewildrye Leymusmollis Bareroot 1002
Pacificsilverweed Argentinaegedii Bareroot 100
Seaplantain Plantagomaritima Bareroot 502-3
Coastalgumweed Grindeliaintegrifolia Bareroot 50
Blackgooseberry Ribeslacustre bareroot 20 3
Sweetgale Myricagale Bareroot 54
Pacificmadrone Arbutusmenziesii Bareroot 10
Phase2
Zone4
Thoughoverallmortalityinthiszoneislow,replantingshouldoccurtoincreaseplantcoverand
density(Figure28).Plantsthatexhibitedahighsurvivorshipratingandshouldbereplanted
includeGaultheriashallon,Ribessanguineum,RosanutkanaandSymphoricarpusalbus.Though
62
weedsandinvasivespeciesdonotposeasignificantissueon-sitecurrently,maintenance
activitieswillbeimportantinthefuture.
Zones2and3
RecommendationsforZone2and3includetheinstallationofmoreplantspeciesinorderto
meetperformancestandardsforplantcoverinthefuture,whichwillmostlikelyleadtoa
decreaseinthepercentageofbareground(Figure28).Plantspeciesthatshouldbeconsidered
forreplantingincludeLeymusmollisandArgentinaegedii.Additionally,Holodiscusdiscolor,
Berberisaquifoliumandcuttingsofon-siteSalixspp.shouldbeinstalled.Thislistrepresents
plantsthataredoingwellbutnotnaturallyrecruiting.Thisindicatestheseplantspeciesare
survivingbutneedextraindividualstoincreaseinnumberstofacilitatenaturalrecruitment.
Figure28:RecommendedplantsforinstallationinPhase2CornetBay(Appendix8)
Commonename Latinname Form Qty. Zone
Dunewildrye Leymusmollis Bareroot 1002
Pacificsilverweed Argentinaegedii Bareroot 100
Salal Gaultheriashallon Bareroot 20
4RedfloweringcurrantRibessanguineum Bareroot 20
Snowberry SymphoricarposalbusBareroot 20
Oceanspray Holodiscusdiscolor Bareroot 20
Talloregongrape Berberisaquifolium Bareroot 20
63
Conclusions
Thisstudyevaluatedeachrestoredareabymeasuringplantcover,densityandsurvivorship.This
researchaddressedseveralquestionsincluding:1)Wastherestorationeffortsuccessfulin
meetingthegoalsfornativeplantspeciesestablishmentonthesite?2)Islongtermmonitoring
necessary?3)WhatrecommendationsforfuturePugetSoundnearshorerestorationprojects
canbedrawnfromdatagatheredonplantsurvivalandprogressatBowmanBayandCornet
Bay?
ManagementobjectivesforplantperformanceforbothBowmanBayandCornetBaywerenot
explicitlystatedinamonitoringplanthusnobenchmarksforplantperformanceexist.This
absencerepresentsamajorfailinginecologicalrestorationprojects,asthetemptationtoskip
thisstepandgoabout“moreimportant”worksuchasdatacollectionisgreat(Elzingaetal
1998).Howeveramonitoringplaniscriticaltolong-termimplementationofmonitoring
programs.Welldesignedmonitoringprogramswhichincludemanagementobjectivescan
demonstratethatcurrentmanagementtechniquesareworkingandprovideevidencewhich
supportsthecontinuanceofacertainmanagementregimewhereasthelackofmanagement
objectivesmakesitimpossibletoconcludewhethertherestorationresultedinthedesired
outcomes(Elzingaetal1998).Thisalsoimpactsadaptivemanagementstrategiesbecauseno
alternativemanagementsolutionscanbeimplementedifanobjectivewasnevercreated.
Despitethelackofclearlystatedmanagementobjectivesforplantperformance,monitoring
shouldcontinuelongterm.Thiswillaidintheidentificationandevaluationofplantsandtheir
64
survivorship,whichcanbeusedtodeterminetheplantspeciesthatneedtobere-installed,
basedonlowsurvivorship.Thisdatacanalsobeusedtoinformfuturenearshorerestoration
projectsbyassessingtheplantspeciesatbothBowmanBayandCornetBaythatdidwell,based
onoverallsurvivorshipandrecruitment.Theseplantscouldthenbeprioritizedforinstallationat
otherrestorationprojectsinthePugetSoundnearshore.Longtermmonitoringalsoemphasizes
theimportanceofonsitemaintenanceactionssuchasweedingandwateringthroughoutthe
growingseasontofacilitateplantestablishment.Thiswillbecomeincreasinglyimportantaseach
restorationprojectagesandpressurefromnon-nativespeciesbecomesmorepronounced.
CornetBayPhase2willbemonitoreduntil2019,whilethemonitoringforPhase1has
commencedunlessotherfundingsourcescanbefound.
65
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Appendix
Appendix1:Originalplantspecies,formandquantitiesinstalledatBowmanBay
CommonName LatinName Qty. ZonePacificsilverweed Argentinaegedii 300
2Dunewildrye Leymusmollis 1200Pearlyeverlasting Anaphalismargaritaceae 150
3
Serviceberry AmelanchierAlnifolia 2TalloregonGrape Berberisaquafolium 55LoworegonGrape Berberisnervosa 80Swordfern Polystichummunitum 50Tuftedhairgrass Deschampsiacespitosa 80Beachstrawberry Fragariachiloensis 150Salal Gaultheriashallon 169Oceanspray Holodiscusdiscolor 4Beachpea Lathyrusjaponicus 50Pacificcrabapple Malusfusca 2Redfloweringcurrant Ribessanguineum 8Nootkarose Rosanutkana 58Hardhack Spireadouglasii 55Snowberry Symphoricarposalbus 58RedElderberry Sambucusracemosa 2Total
2473
Appendix2:Additionalplantspecies,formandquantitiesinstalledin2017atBowmanbay
CommonName LatinName Form Qty. Zone
Pacificsilverweed Argentinaegedii bareroot 2001
Dunewildrye Leymusmollis bareroot 200Oceanspray Holodiscusdiscolor 1gal 5
2
NootkaRose Rosanutkana 1gal 5Salal Gaultheriashallon 1gal 15Pearlyeverlasting Anaphalismargaritaceae pot 20OceanSpray Holodiscusdiscolor 1gal 8Hooker'sWillow SalixHookeriana Livestake 8Total
461
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Appendix3:OriginalPlantspecies,formandquantitiesinstalledinPhase1atCornetBay
Commonname Latinname Form Qty. ZoneDunewildrye Leymusmollis Bareroot 1,450
2AmericanThreesquare Scirpusamericanus Bareroot 420
Saltgrass Distychlusspicata Bareroot 400Lyngby'ssedge Carexlyngbyei Bareroot 275
Pacificsilverweed Argentinaegedii Bareroot 50Balticrush Juncusbalticus Bareroot 450
3
Softrush Juncuseffesus Bareroot 450AmericanThreesquare Scirpusamericanus Bareroot 450
Tuftedhairgrass Deschmpsiacespitosa Bareroot 250Pacificsilverweed Argentinaegedii Bareroot 150Coastgumweed Grindeliaintegrfolia 1gal 50
Seapink Armeriamaritima 1gal 50Sitkaspruce Piceasitchensis 5gal 7
4
Sitkaspruce Piceasitchensis 2gal 50Westernredcedar Thujaplicta 5gal 7Westernredcedar Thujaplicta 2gal 40Pacificcrabapple Malusfusca 2gal 37
Madrone Arbutusmenziesii 1gal 2RedElderberry Sambucusracemosa 1gal 51Twinberry Lonicerainvolucrata 1gal 5
Salmonberry Rubusspectabilis 1gal 57Scoulerswillow Salixscouleriana 1gal 50Pacificcrabapple Malusfusca 1gal 30
Redfloweringcurrant Ribessanguineum 1gal 32Nootkarose Rosanutkana 1gal 160Snowberry Symphoricarpusalbus 1gal 240Oceanspray Holodiscusdiscolor 1gal 158
Talloregongrape Berberisaquafolium 1gal 116Loworegongrape Berberisnervosa 1gal 50
Salal Gaultheriashallon 1gal 480Swordfern Polystichummunitum 1gal 50
Total
6,067
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Appendix4:Additionalplantspecies,formandquantitiesinstalledatPhase1ofCornetBay
Commonname Latinname Form Qty. ZoneDuneWildRye Leymusmollis Bareroot 100
2Pacificsilverweed Argentinaegedii Bareroot 100SeaPlantain Plantagomaritima Bareroot 100Beachpea Lathyrusjaponicus Igal 120Coastalstrawberry Fragariachiloensis Bareroot 20
3Scouler'swillow Salixscouleriana Livestake HavestedfromsiteTalloregongrape Berberisaquafolium 1gal 10DouglasFir Psedotsugamenziesii 2gal 2 4Total
422
Appendix5:OriginalplantspeciesandquantitiesinPhase2atCornetBay
CommonName Latinname Form Qty. ZonePickleweed Salicorniavirginica Salvage 20-40
2
Balticrush Juncusbalticus Bareroot 120Pacificsilverweed Argentinaegedii Bareroot 20Dunewildrye Leymusmollis Bareoot 300Seaplantain Plantagomaritima Bareroot 20
3
Oceanspray Holodiscusdiscolor 1gal 35Salmonberry Rubusspectabilis 1gal 35Nootkarose Rosanutkana 1gal 40Snowberry Symphoricarpusalbus 1gal 35Salal Gaultheriashallon 1gal 30Sitkawillow Salixsitchensis Livestake 35Talloregongrape Berberisaquifolium 1gal 30Osoberry Oemleriacerasiformis 1gal 30Sitkaspruce Piceasitchensis Ball&Burlap 5Douglasfir Pseudotsugamenziesii Ball&Burlap 5Pacificcrabapple Malusfusca Ball&Burlap 10Westernredcedar Thujaplicata Ball&Burlap 5Sitkaspruce Piceasitchensis Ball&Burlap 5
4Douglasfir Pseudotsugamenziesii Ball&Burlap 5Total
1,265
74
Appendix6:Additionalplantspecies,formandquantitiesinstalledinPhase2atCornetbay
Commonname Latinname Qty ZoneDuneWildRye Leymusmollis 100
2Pacificsilverweed Aregentinaegedii 100SeaPlantain Plantagomaritima 100 3Scouler'swillow Salixscouleriana Havestedfromsite
4DouglasFir Psedotsugamenziesii 2Talloregongrape Berberisaquafolium 10Beachpea Lathyrusjaponicus 20Coastalstrawberry Fragariachiloensis 20Total
352
Appendix7:RecommendedplantforinstallationatBowmanBay
Commonname Latinname Form Qty. Zone
Dunewildrye Leymusmollis Bareoot 200
2Pickleweed Salicorniavirginica 1gal 100
Pacificsilverweed Argentinaegedii Bareroot 150
AmericansearocketCakileedentula 1gal 25
Coastalstrawberry Fragariachiloensis Bareroot 50
3Coastalgumweed Grindeliaintegrifolia Bareroot 50
Oceanspray Holodiscusdiscolor Bareroot 25
Snowberry SymphoricarposalbusBareoot 25
Hardhack Spireadouglasii Bareroot 25
SitkaSpruce Piceasitchensis Bareroot 10 4
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Appendix8:RecommendedplantforinstallationinPhase1atCornetBay
Commonename Latinname Form Qty. Zone
Dunewildrye Leymusmollis Bareroot 1002
PacificsilverweedArgentinaegedii Bareroot 100
Seaplantain Plantagomaritima Bareroot 50 3
CoastalgumweedGrindeliaintegrifoliaBareroot 50
Blackgooseberry Ribeslacustre bareroot 20
Sweetgale Myricagale Bareroot 54
Pacificmadrone Arbutusmenziesii Bareroot 10
Appendix9:RecommendedplantsforinstallationinPhase2atCornetBay
Commonename Latinname Form Qty. Zone
Dunewildrye Leymusmollis Bareroot 1002
Pacificsilverweed Argentinaegedii Bareroot 100
Salal Gaultheriashallon Bareroot 20
3RedfloweringcurrantRibessanguineum Bareroot 20
Snowberry SymphoricarpusalbusBareroot 20
Oceanspray Holodiscusdiscolor Bareroot 20
Talloregongrape Berberisaquifolium Bareroot 20
Appendix10:Equipmentrequiredfordatacollection
Tool Quantity*
200fttape 2+
4ft.x4ft.Quadrat 2+
Stadiarod 2+
Datasheets(SurvivorshipandPlantCover) 20-30doublesided
Pencils 2-3
PlantIDresources(seemethods) 1+
Originallyinstalledandreplantedspecieslist 2+*Quantitiesdependonthenumberofgroupscollectingdata
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Appendix11:ProtocolfordeterminingplantcoveratBowmanBayandCornetbay
1. BegininZone2,theBeachgrasscommunity.Thezoneclosesttothesea.2. Observesiteconditionsandlocatetheinstalledvegetationline.Notethatthisis
subjectiveandeasiertodelineateinyoungerplantings.Useoriginalandadditionalplantedspecieslistsandfieldobservationstomakethebestpossiblejudgmentonwherethiszonebegins.
3. Runthe200fttapeparalleltotheseaandattheseawardedgeoftheentiresectionoftheplanting.Runningthetransectseawardoftheintendedsamplingareaallowsthetargetedvegetationtobesampled.
4. Chooseonesideoftheplantingsectiontobeginsampling.5. Takeoutthedatasheetandwritethenamesofthesamplers,thedate,transect#,
quadratnumberforthattransectandthezoneyouatesampling.InthiscaseTransect#1,Quadrat#1andZone2.
6. Choosearandomnumberbetween1and5usingarandomnumberchart,stopwatchorphonebook.
7. Onceyouhaveanumbermeasureoutthismanyfeet.8. Thisisyourfirstquadratsample.9. Identifyallnativeplants(writingthemintothedatasheetiftheyarenotalreadylisted),
thenumberofeachspeciespresentandwhethertheyareliveordead.ResourceswhicharehelpfulforplantidentificationincludePojarandMckinnon’s,PlantsofthePacificNorthwestCoast:WashingtonOregonBritishColumbiaandAlaska.
10. Thenidentifyallrecruitedplantspecies,thenumberofeachspeciespresentandwhethertheyareliveordead.ResourcesusedforthisareWeedsoftheWestbyTomWhiteson.
11. Nextcountverticestorepresenteachcoverclass:native,non-nativeandbareground.Dothisbydeterminingwhatgroundcoverclassisrepresentedateachpointthestringcrossesanotherstring.Thetotalcovershouldalwayssumto121vertices.Denotethisundertheappropriateareaonthedatasheet.
12. Allsubsequentquadratswillbeplacesatintervalsof16feetuntiltheendoftheplantingsectionisreached.
13. Whentheendoftheplantingsectionisreached,measure4feettowardstheuplandandrunanothertransect.
14. Continuethissamplingscheme.Atthestartofeachtransect,choosearandomnumber(whichrepresentsthelocationofyourfirstquadrat).Allsubsequentquadratsamplesarelocatedevery16feetfromthelastuntiltheendofthetransectisreached.
15. Continuerunningtransects4ft.uplandfromthelastuntiltheendoftheplantingareaisreached.
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Appendix12:ProtocolfordeterminingsurvivorshipatBowmanBayandCornetBay
1. InZone3and4ofbothBowmanBayandCornetBayallinstalledplantsareevaluated
withasurvivorshipratingandtheheightoftheplantismeasured.ThesezonesrepresenttheBackshoreshrubcommunityandShorelinefringecommunities.
2. Startatoneendoftheplantingarea.3. Identifythefirstplantandwritethespeciescodeonthedatasheet.4. Measuretheheightoftheplantwithastadiarodbyplacingthestadiarodnexttothe
rootcrownanddeterminingtheheightoftheplantinfeet.Youwillmostlikelyhavetohunchovertoreadplantheight.Denotetheheightoftheplantonthedataform.
5. Determineiftheplantwasinstalled.Thisisevidentbylookingatthesoilsurroundingtheplant.Iftheplanthasasunken“ring”arounditorothersignsofinstallation,theplantwasoriginallyinstalled.Onthedatasheetwrite“Y”forYes.
6. Iftheplantwasnaturallyrecruited,itwillNOTshowsignsthatitwasplanted.Thesoilsurroundingtheindividualwillbeundisturbed.Considertheplantspecies,theproximityofthisplanttootherspeciesandtheoriginallyplantedspecieslistwhendenotingaplantasnaturallyrecruited.Onthedatasheet,Denotea“N”forNo,notplanted.
7. Readthedefinitionsforsurvivorship.8. Notetheoverallhealthoftheplant.Doesithavedeadportions?Aretheleaves
discoloredwhichwouldbeasignofstress?Aretheirbuds,flowersorfruitpresent?9. Takestockoftheplant,readthedefinitionsforeachsurvivorshipratinganduseyour
bestjudgmenttoassignasurvivorshipratingbetween1and5.Denotethisonthedatasheetunder“Srating”.
10. Ifsignsofbrowsingbydeerisevidentoranyothercommentsthatareapplicable,denotethisinthecommentssectionforthatplantonthedatasheet.
11. Moveontothenextplant.12. Sampletheentiretyofbothzonesinthisway.
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Appendix13:DatasheetforquadratsamplingatBowmanBay
Names: Date: Quadrat Number: Zone:
Plant Numbers Cover Planted Species Live Dead Native Non-native Bare
Dune Wild Rye
Pacific Silverweed
Coastal Strawberry
Pearly Everlasting
Tufted Hairgrass
Baltic Rush
Beach Pea
Recruited Species:
Toad Rush
Pineapple Weed
Total Dead & Alive: Have You Counted 121 Total Vertices? Yes□ Notes:
79
Appendix14:DatasheetforquadratsamplingatCornetBay
Names: Date: Quadrat Number: Zone:
Plant Numbers Cover Planted Species Live Dead Native Non-native Bare
Salt Grass
Lyngbys Sedge
Dune Wild Rye
Common Threesquare
Baltic Rush
Soft Rush
Tufted Hairgrass
Pacific Silverweed
Coast Gumweed
Sea Pink
Sea Plantain
Pearly Everlasting
Recruited Species:
Toad Rush
Pineapple Weed
Total Dead & Alive: Have You Counted 121 Total Vertices? Yes□ Notes:
80
Appendix15:DatasheetforSurvivorshipratingatBowmanBayandCornetbay
Survivorship Rating Definitions:
1 Dead or nearly dead
2 Live plant with dead portions and/or signs of stress
3 Signs of new vegetative growth without reproduction
4 Poor reproduction (Few and poorly developed flowers/fruit)
5 Healthy reproduction (Many well-developed flowers/fruit)
GPS Point Name: Site Name Plot # Date Sampler(s)
Planted Tree/Shrubs Height (ft.)
S. Rating Planted Protector? Comments
Additional Comments:
81