Monitoring and research for the evaluation

of the impact of biomass combustion on PM

in the French Alps

Workshop Wood burning, Elemental/Black/Brown Carbon , Ghent, December 2nd and 3rd 2013

JL Jaffrezo, F Chevrier, A Waked, J Cozic (LGGE, Grenoble)

JL Besombes, C Piot, B Golly (LCME, Chambéry)

N Marchand (LCE - IRA, Marseille)

G Brulfert, G Guillaud, D Chapuis (Air Rhône Alpes)

G Mocnik, I Jezek (Aerosol d.o.o.)

Large impact of biomass combustion

already underlined in the POVA program

(Pollution des Vallées alpines)

Program in 2001 – 2003 funded by ADEME

LGGE, LCME, Air Rhône Alpes

PhD thesis of Gilles Aymoz (http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00008918)

PhD thesis of Nicolas Marchand (http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00003533)

Objectives related to the closing of the Mont Blanc tunnel

2,5 years of daily measurements of PM chemistry in Chamonix (Arve

Valley) and Saint-Jean-de-Maurienne (Maurienne Valley)

Ions, EC/OC and WSOC

Some of the ECOC measurements at Willy’s lab

Some results of POVA program

(Pollution des Vallées alpines)

0

10

20

30

40

janv-01 juil-01 janv-02 juil-02 janv-03 juil-03

0

3

6

9

12

OC Chx

EC Chx

OC (µg/m3) EC (µg/m3)Measurements in Chamonix

( CHX )

Some results of POVA program

(Pollution des Vallées alpines)

0

10

20

30

40

janv-01 juil-01 janv-02 juil-02 janv-03 juil-03

0

3

6

9

12

OC Chx

EC Chx

OC (µg/m3) EC (µg/m3)

y = 61,92x + 3,56

R2 = 0,83

y = 16,16x + 3,67

R2 = 0,62

0

40

0,0 1,5

Chx

StJ

K+ (µg/m3)

OC (µg/m3)

Some results of POVA program

(Pollution des Vallées alpines)

0

10

20

30

40

janv-01 juil-01 janv-02 juil-02 janv-03 juil-03

0

3

6

9

12

OC Chx

EC Chx

OC (µg/m3) EC (µg/m3)

y = 61,92x + 3,56

R2 = 0,83

y = 16,16x + 3,67

R2 = 0,62

0

40

0,0 1,5

Chx

StJ

K+ (µg/m3)

OC (µg/m3)

45 49 5142

38 3626

1011 12

10

76

4

15

18 15

11

1314

14

3022 23

3742 44

57

0

20

40

60

80

100

< -10°C < -5°C < 0°C < 5°C < 10°C < 15°C > 15°C

ND

Ions

EC

OC

%

“Several” other programs ended

Favez et al., ACP (2010)

Gianni et al., STOTEN (2013)

Piot C (PhD) : http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00661284

Report Particul’Air : http://lgge.osug.fr/IMG/pdf/rapporrPARTICULAIR.pdf

Report FORMES : http://lgge.osug.fr/IMG/pdf/Rapport_final_FORMES_Science.pdf

“Several” other programs ended

Favez et al., ACP (2010)

Gianni et al., STOTEN (2013)

Piot C (PhD) : http://tel.archives-ouvertes.fr/tel-00661284

Report Particul’Air : http://lgge.osug.fr/IMG/pdf/rapporrPARTICULAIR.pdf

Report FORMES : http://lgge.osug.fr/IMG/pdf/Rapport_final_FORMES_Science.pdf

Some results of FORMES

Biomass burning: up to 70% of total OA !

Good agreement between CMB and 14C analyses.

Intensive 2 weeks campaign in Grenoble (Dec 2009)

(LGGE, LCME, LCP, INERIS, IrceLyon, AIR Rhône Alpes)

Funded by ADEME

Some results of FORMES

0

5

10

15

20

25

14/01 16/01 18/01 20/01 22/01 24/01 26/01 28/01 30/01

Aethalometer model (15min. averages)

AMS/PMF2 (15min. averages)Wood burning OA

Favez et

al., 2010

ACP

Ongoing programs (off-line)

Long term survey in Grenoble (INERIS / LCSQA , Air RA)

1d / 3 since Dec 2007, with ions, ECOC, and levoglucosan

Interreg program with Italy (within ALCOTRA)

1 site in each of 4 Regions / 1 year (1 d / 3)

(Marnaz, Aix en Provence, Milano, Cengio)

Levoglucosan measurements and PMF (ions, metals, ..)

Ongoing programs (off-line)

Long term survey in Grenoble (INERIS / LCSQA , Air RA)

1d / 3 since Dec 2007, with ions, ECOC, and levoglucosan

Interreg program with Italy (within ALCOTRA)

1 site in each of 4 Regions / 1 year (1 d / 3)

(Marnaz, Aix en Provence, Milano, Cengio)

Levoglucosan measurements and PMF (ions, metals, ..)

1 year studies in French cities (INERIS / LCSQA, several AASQA)

Lyon, Bordeaux, Lens (Waked et al., ACPD 2013)

Ions, metals, ECOC, levo, polyols, organic tracers, .. (1 d / 3)

PMF with 10 to 12 sources

Levoglucosan measurements (several AASQA)

Short term studies in Anger, Toulouse, Orléans, Gardanne, …..

Ongoing programs (on-line with AE)

Lanslebourg (Maurienne Valley) (funded by ADEME)

2 to 3-year program with AE31

4 seasonal campaigns for off line chemistry

PhD of Benjamin Golly (LCME)

Average daily

concentrations July 2013

Average daily

concentrations Nov 2012

Ongoing programs (on-line with AE)

6-week survey in Passy (Arve Valley)

Very high PM10 concentrations (up to 180 µg/m3 !!)

High fraction of ECWB (up to 50 %)

High fraction of PMWB

Some questions remaining

Mono-tracer apportionnement with concentrations of levoglucosan

alone leads to unrealistic (high) fraction of wood burning when the

impact are large (Lescheraines, Lanslebourg, Grenoble, …)

Is there other markers for biomass burning than levoglucosan ?

Are there specific emission profiles according to sites / regions

(change in molecular ratios, change in MAC, ratio PMwb / BCwb …) ?

Some questions remaining

Mono-tracer apportionnement with concentrations of levoglucosan

alone leads to unrealistic (high) fraction of wood burning when the

impact are large (Lescheraines, Lanslebourg, Grenoble, …)

Is there other markers for biomass burning than levoglucosan ?

Are there specific emission profiles according to sites / regions

(change in molecular ratios, change in MAC, ratio PMwb / BCwb …) ?

Are there any interferences in apportionment methods due to change

in the chemistry with ageing (including heterogeneous chemistry in low

level fog during inversion layers periods in Alpine Valleys)

What is the influence of the changes in Planetary Boundary Layer

height on the concentrations of air pollution, especially in Alpine

Valleys ?

Some questions remaining

Are there any problems with the Aethalometer model when there is

an important mix of local sources (including wood burning, industrial,

refuse incinerator, trafic, etc …) ?

Is the Aethalometer model performs well when there is a change in

the wood burning type ?

What is the capability of the Aethalometer model to identify other

sources of biomass burning, such as agricultural open burning and

forest fires ?

A new program :

DECOMBIO (Déconvolution de la Combustion de la Biomasse)

CONTEXT

Large problems with PM high concentrations in the Arve Valley

Large action for change of old biomass burning stoves :

« Fonds Air Bois » : http://www.developpement-

durable.gouv.fr/IMG/pdf/6_Fonds_Air_Bois_-_GAymoz_V2.pdf

change of 3 000 stoves expected in 4 years, over a total of ca 12 000

Research program funded by ADEME to investigate the change in PM

concentrations and the apportionment to WB related to the changes of

the stoves

Other actions including research in Social Sciences (acceptability etc …)

A new program :

DECOMBIO

STRATEGY

Implementation of measurements on 3 sites for 4 years with AE33

Sites are representative of the diversity of the valley.

Other campaigns for independant source apportionment

1 year campaign with off-line sampling for PMF

2 weeks campaign with on-line sampling for PMF

A new program :

DECOMBIO

STRATEGY

Implementation of measurements on 3 sites for 4 years with AE33

Sites are representative of the diversity of the valley.

Other campaigns for independant source apportionment

1 year campaign with off-line sampling for PMF

2 weeks campaign with on-line sampling for PMF

Evaluation of confusion factors

Impact of temperature inversion layers (on concentrations)

Impact of radiative fog episodes (on chemistry)

Collection of data for stove replacement

Comparison of emission inventory and atmospheric concentrations

3 sampling sites from Air Rhône Alpes (PM10, PM2,5, NOx, O3, ..)

Sampling for 4+ ans (Nov 2013 – ….) with AE33

Apportionment with Aethalometer model

Narrows

The emissions

sources at the 3

sites are really

different

Sampling implementation

Off-line source apportionment

1 year sampling (DA80 1 d / 3 ; Nov 13 – Nov 14) ; 3 sites

Advanced chemical analyses

Ions, ECOC, levo / manno / galacto; some polyols, trace metals

HULIS ; about 20 light weight organic acids

Several « new » organic tracers for industrial activites

PMF source apportionment (PMF3 EPA ; ME-2 ? …)

Comparison with aethalometer model (daily basis)

Off-line source apportionment

1 year sampling (DA80 1 d / 3 ; Nov 13 – Nov 14) ; 3 sites

Advanced chemical analyses

Ions, ECOC, levo / manno / galacto; some polyols, trace metals

HULIS ; about 20 light weight organic acids

Several « new » organic tracers for industrial activites

PMF source apportionment (PMF3 EPA ; ME-2 ? …)

Comparison with aethalometer model (daily basis)

Also :

On-line measurements of CO2

ECOC and levo measurements in Passy (daily, all 4 winters)

Use of results from PhD of B Golly : industrial fingerprints, source

apportionment of PAH, …..

On-line source apportionment

2-weeks sampling (Feb 14) in Passy

Advanced chemical analyses (Massalya,

N Marchand)

HR-AMS

PTR-ToF-MS

TAG-AMS (hourly time resolved organic

markers)

MAAP, SMPS, ….

PMF (ME-2) source apportionment (Gaz

and Particles)

Comparison with aethalometer model

(short term)

Truck in Corsica during CHARMEX

Summer 2013

Other actions

Heights of inversion layers

Lidar Air RA 1 year at Passy

Met stations (T / RH) on slopes

Automatic cameras

Links between atmospheric concentrations and emission inventories

(Air Rhône Alpes)

Measurement of health impact proxies

(DTT assay at LTHE, ascorbate / glutathione in synthetic fluid -collaboration with F

Kelly’s group at King’s College …)

Field campaign for the coupling of atmospheric dynamics and dispersion

at the fine scale (Feb 2015)

First year results included in public information ( ??? )

Some sort of conclusions

Previous studies indicates that WB is a real challenge in Alpine Valleys

Many other programs all over France

Several questions remain on apportionment of WB to PM

However, there is a need for implementation of actions

Some sort of conclusions

Previous studies indicates that WB is a real challenge in Alpine Valleys

Many other programs all over France

Several questions remain on apportionment of WB to PM

However, there is a need for implementation of actions

Large program of stove replacement is taking place in the Arve Valley

Program of evaluation of its impact with advanced methods

First results in a year or so !

ACTRIS and INERIS for European intercomparison of levoglucosan

measurement methods

Acknowledgements

Many many thanks to dedicated people in the labs

LGGE (Grenoble)

LCME (Chambéry)

LCP-IRA (Marseille)

and in AASQA’s all over France (Air Rhône Alpes, Air PACA, …….)

Excellent work in progress with INERIS / LCSQA (O Favez, A Albinet ….)

Would have been impossible without funding institutions and agencies

CNRS, Universities, and Envirhonalp

Région Rhône Alpes

LCSQA

ADEME (N Poisson, G Aymoz)