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Monitoring and Evaluation of Global Sex Trafficking:
What Do We Really Know? Focus on Gender and Health
Abby Cannon, Gender SpecialistEvis Farka Haake, M&E Associate
American Evaluation Association Annual ConferenceWashington D.C.October 17, 2013
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Agenda
Overview of M&E of Trafficking
Question & Answer
Group work
Large group discussion
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Objectives of the Presentation
Provide an overview of common forms of trafficking
Discuss the challenges for conducting M&E of trafficking
Discuss efforts and opportunities to advance the current state of M&E of trafficking
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UN Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Persons, Especially Women and Children (Palermo Protocol):
“The recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receipt of persons, by means of the threat or use of force or other forms of coercion, of abduction, of fraud, of deception, of the abuse of power or of a position of vulnerability or of the giving or receiving of payments or benefits to achieve the consent of a person having control over another person, for the purpose of exploitation.”
Definition: Trafficking in Persons
Source: UN (2000). Protocol to Prevent Suppress and Punish Trafficking in Person, Especially Women and Children, Supplementing the United Nations Convention Against Transnational Organized Crime.
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Trafficking in Persons (TIP) Definitions
United States - the Trafficking Victims Protection Act (TVPA) definition:
“sex trafficking in which a commercial sex act is induced by force, fraud, or coercion, or in which the person induced to perform such an act has not attained 18 years of age; or the recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for labor or services, through the use of force, fraud, or coercion for the purpose of subjection to involuntary servitude, peonage, debt bondage, or slavery.”
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Size of the problem
Estimates range from 2.4 million¹ to 27 million trafficking victims worldwide
BUT
47,000 identified trafficking victims²
1. International Labour Organization. 2012. ILO Global estimate of forced labour: Results and methodology. Geneva. Accessible at http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---declaration/documents/publication/wcms_182004.pdf
2. US Department of State. 2013. Trafficking in Persons Report. Washington, DC. Accessible at: http://www.state.gov/j/tip/rls/tiprpt/2013/index.htm
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Forced labour exploitation14 200 000 (68%)
Forced sexual exploitation4 500 000 (22%)
State-imposed forced labour2 200 000 (10%)
20.9 million people in forced labour
1. International Labour Organization. 2012. ILO Global estimate of forced labour: Results and methodology. Geneva. Accessible at http://www.ilo.org/wcmsp5/groups/public/---ed_norm/---declaration/documents/publication/wcms_182004.pdf
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Unintended Consequences
Equating TIP with illegal migration or sex work has created collateral damage for many victims.
Legal migration vs. trafficking
Sex work vs. trafficking
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Exploratory Qualitative Study
A formative, qualitative study was conducted in 2012/2013 on the monitoring and evaluation of trafficking in persons as it relates to gender and global health, particularly HIV/AIDS. Aimed to identify and understand the successes
and challenges in the M&E of human trafficking
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Methods Literature review
Qualitative research study
Semi-structured interviews with experts in: gender
global health
HIV/AIDS
counter-trafficking
M&E
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Finding 1
A gender and health perspective is critical in TIP. acknowledges trafficking in both men and
women
includes those involved in the process of trafficking
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Finding 2 Consensus that TIP has important impacts
on global health Higher HIV prevalence among individuals that have
been trafficked
Increased risk for:
mental health conditions including depression and PTSD
sexual violence, contraceptive failure, poor MNCH outcomes, gender-based violence, TB
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Example: Sex trafficking and increased HIV risk
A study among repatriated women and girls in Nepal found several factors within trafficking to be associated with increased risk of HIV infection:
Age of trafficking (younger than 14 showed significantly increased risk)
Length of time in servitude
Serving in multiple brothels
Destination city
Nearly 9 in 10 individuals who developed TB were HIV co-infected.
. Silverman, J. G., Decker, M. R., Gupta, J., Maheshwari, A., Willis, B. M., & Raj, A. (2007). HIV prevalence and predictors of infection in sex-trafficked nepalese girls and women. JAMA : The Journal of the American Medical Association, 298(5), 536-542.
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Example: Sex trafficking and increased HIV risk
2006 study in India
HIV prevalence of 22.9% among women and girls rescued from brothels in Mumbai. Association found between HIV status and age of trafficking
For every month in captivity, there was a 3% to 4% increased risk of HIV infection
No differences in HIV status based on nationality, marital status, or number of sex work clients per day were identified.
Silverman, J. G., Decker, M. R., Gupta, J., Maheshwari, A., Patel, V., & Raj, A. (2006). HIV prevalence and predictors among rescued sex-trafficked women and girls in Mumbai, India. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 43(5), 588-593.
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Finding 3
Evidence base is lacking
Improved monitoring and evaluation practices related to the effects of TIP are needed
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Finding 4
Trafficking can be a contentious arena; however, improved discourse between gender, public health, HIV/AIDS, M&E, and TIP professionals could have profound impact on HIV and trafficking programs.
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Main Recommendation
A meeting of experts from each discipline is needed to:
focus on opportunities and help create M&E frameworks, indicators, and best practices
identify promising approaches, methods and tools to be used in M&E of TIP as it relates to health and gender
formulate a learning agenda that would help in moving this field forward
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Expert Consultation on Indicator Development for Monitoring and Evaluation of Trafficking in Persons within the Context
of Gender and Health
Washington, DC
October 1-3, 2013
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Consultation Objectives
Day 1: Areas of measurement Attain consensus on the critical areas to TIP
within the context of gender and health
Days 2-3: Indicators Develop set of indicators of these areas for
program managers, policymakers, & others
Discuss strategy for dissemination, field-testing new indicators
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Representatives from: International Organization for Migration
International Labour Organization
UNICEF
USAID
U.S. State Department
NIH/NIDA
Researchers from top universitieso 2 international universities
o 3 US universities
NGO representatives
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Day 1
TIP Policies and Definitions in the International Context
Operationalizing sex trafficking in research and practice
Health and Human Trafficking
Child trafficking
Challenges of Sampling and Data collection
Overview from ILO and IOM on data collection
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Days 2 & 3
Input on areas of measurement
Small group work on developing indicators
Plenary group session to build consensus on all indicators
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Identification of victims Definitions of TIP vary Limited measurement of policy or programming
impact Limited availability of data
o Each sector provides a small and biased subset of all cases
o Data is not comparable
Existing Gaps and Challenges
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Areas of Measurement Policies and Law
Law enforcement
Health Sectoro Health service providers
Non-health serviceso Education
o Community
Other areas:o Referral mechanisms
Preven
tion
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Any Questions/Comments?
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Discussion
Break into small groups
Select 1-2 discussion questions
Appoint someone to report back to the large group
20-30 minutes
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MEASURE Evaluation is funded by the U.S. Agency for
International Development (USAID) and implemented by the
Carolina Population Center at the University of North Carolina at
Chapel Hill in partnership with Futures Group, ICF International,
John Snow, Inc., Management Sciences for Health, and Tulane
University. Views expressed in this presentation do not necessarily
reflect the views of USAID or the U.S. government.
MEASURE Evaluation is the USAID Global Health Bureau's
primary vehicle for supporting improvements in monitoring and
evaluation in population, health and nutrition worldwide.
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www.measureevaluation.org