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Money Services Businesses: Past, Present & Future
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Money Services BusinessesPast, Present, & Future
February 6, 2014
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Industry ParticipationIndustry Participation
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Let’s Start with some basics
Let’s Start with some basics
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WHY would someone use an MSB?
WHY would someone use an MSB?
Convenience and Control•Hours and locations
•Transaction based, immediacy, price transparency, value
Funds Availability•Immediate cash for checks; risk transference / no NSFs
•Immediate / Guaranteed Prompt payment
Language and CultureAccessibility•Simple & easy to understand services; no special skills required
Anonymity
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“Bank Secrecy Act”
“Bank Secrecy Act”
MSBs are partners with other FIs and Law Enforcement Protect our nation, communities and families from money laundering, terrorist financing and illicit activities.
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The “4 Pillars”The “4 Pillars”I. Development of Internal Policies,
Procedures and ControlsRisk focused policiesProcedures for each area or functionControls to Ensure ComplianceMonitoring and Reporting Systems
II. Designation of Compliance OfficerSufficient time, resources and authority
III. Training ProgramContent based on current procedures and systemsRelevant to specific audience position and responsibilitiesDocumentation
IV. Independent TestingI. Sufficient scope and testingII. Reporting to the Board of Directors
Timely action to address any concerns or weaknesses
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Customer Identification
Program
Customer Identification
ProgramRequired for banks.Not currently required of MSBs by the USA PATRIOT Act...but a good, sensible business practice. This doesn’t mean ID is not required - it often is, e.g.
Establish Holder in Due Course Monetary Instrument LogCTR“Travel Rule”Contractual requirement with principal MSB
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Customer Due Diligence (CDD)Customer Due
Diligence (CDD)
“Know your customer” (KYC) and accurately predict the types of transactions in which the customer is likely to engage.Unusual or unexpected activity without apparent purpose is potentially suspicious.Avoids criminal exposure from persons using or attempting to use the FI for illicit purposes
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Agent Due DiligenceAgent Due Diligence
Principals must maintain a list of authorized agents.
Agents present regulatory, credit, operational and reputational risks to the Principal.
Processes required: application, acceptance, training, monitoring, discipline, and termination.
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Foreign Correspondent Due Diligence
Foreign Correspondent Due Diligence
Correspondents present regulatory, credit, operating and reputational risk to Principal money transmitters.
Required processes include: application/acceptance, due diligence, monitoring, and termination.
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Independent Review
Independent Review
Required AND Valuable (when done right)Helps Protect MSB, Staff, Management and shareholders
Critical to protecting bank relationshipMany banks setting requirements to accept reviews
ACAMS - CAMS; FIBA-FIU - CP/AML; former regulator
Scope and frequency commensurate with risk of the financial servicesIdentify deficiencies, evaluate complianceDetailed, written report - share with bank
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Regulatory Review
by IRS & State(s)
Regulatory Review
by IRS & State(s)BSA/AML Examination Manual for MSBs released in December 2008.
Risk based - Core Review
Independent Review
Prior regulatory exam findings
BSA-Reporting DatabaseRegulators and Independent Reviewers often also look to additional FATF guidance for higher risk entities.
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In the beginning…Life of an MSB
In the beginning…Life of an MSB
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FEARUNCERTAINTY
DOUBT
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A lot was happening(still is…)
• Bad Economy / Recession (lingering…)
• Unemployment (persistent…)
• Bank Failures (abating…)
• Bank realignment of resources to address increased credit risk (entrenched…)
• Bank Discontinuance of MSBs (hard baked)
• Political / Regulatory initiatives (onerous)
• Reduced transaction revenue and earnings
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Bank Discontinuance of MSBs
• Still a major problem in many areas
• Faulty perception that MSBs are too high risk
• Banks have other problems to address
• Little incentive to serve the industry
• Not motivated to bank industry
Some now chasing same customers
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Today...Today...
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Challenges faced by MSBs
Challenges faced by MSBs
Decreased transaction volumes and revenues
minimal commercial checks
increased check fraud risks- tax returns, mobile capture
Increasing competition for customers
High regulatory and banking compliance expectations
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RegulationRegulation
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Common IssuesIdentified during
Reviews
Common IssuesIdentified during
ReviewsLicense, GA DBF sign and/or pricing not posted.
Registrant having “advertising”No GCIC employee background checksFinCEN registration
expired, needing late renewalre-registration not filed after change of ownership
Risk assessment not presentor no evidence of ongoing review/updating amid changes
Compliance program inadequate, incomplete, generic, incorrect
or no evidence of ongoing review/updating amid changes
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Common Issues2
Common Issues2
Training No documentation evidencing any training; inadequate training
• Independent Review
• Only performed when notified of impending IRS or GA DBF exam
• Only performed when specifically requested by bank
• Issues previously identified by independent review or regulators not being corrected - repeat findings
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FinCEN’s BSA eFilingCTRs
submitting CTRs by 25 days rather than by 15 daysdigitally signing but not uploading CTRsnot recognizing and correcting CTR filing errors
SARstransaction monitoring insufficient, not identifying activitypoorly written narratives
Failure to properly establish existence and authority prior to cashing checks for non-natural persons.Daily Record of Checks Cashed
Common Issues3
Common Issues3
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Common Issues4
Common Issues4
Check Cashing IssuesCommercial checks - Failure to properly establish existence and authority prior to cashing checks for non-natural persons.Tax Refund Checks - no recognition of increased risk from a new customer or deviation from standard ID/decision proceduresCustomer Kiting Checks - not recognizing suspicious customer transaction activity
Daily Record of Checks Cashedentities w manual recordkeeping not meeting GA requirements
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What’s coming next?What’s coming next?
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Increasingly “Unbanked”Increasingly “Unbanked”
Increasing numbers of Unbanked / Underbanked
No longer qualifying…
Disaffected / Dissatisfied - many no longer wanting bank…
Increasingly open to transactional financial services
But… increasing retail, mobile and banking competition for customers
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Prepaid AccessPrepaid Access
Massive growth
Increasing Consumer Adoption
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Mobile Remote Deposit
Capture
Mobile Remote Deposit
Capture
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Mobile WalletMobile Payments
Mobile WalletMobile Payments
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Digital Encrypted Currencies
Digital Encrypted Currencies
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MSBs must Maintain and Build Bank Relationships
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Bankers’ Concerns in Serving MSBs
Bankers’ Concerns in Serving MSBs
• High Degree of Risk and Exposure Associated with MSBs
Risky Business... unsophisticated, inadequate risk management Tons of cash!
Unknown, Vague, Shady source of cash
Criminals can abuse MSBs
Difficult to understand, monitor and manage the MSB relationships
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Negative PerceptionsNegative
Perceptions
• Law Enforcement and Banking Regulators often perceive MSBs as …
being used by either criminals, shady/bad people, or by uneducated, uninformed or foolish consumers who would be better served by a bank“The Un-banked” - “The Under-Banked” - “The Self-Banked”
being insufficiently regulatedbeing subject to insufficient examination
• being irresponsible, incompetent, inattentive, reckless...
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Challenging / DifficultChallenging / Difficult
Regulatory rules and issues can be complex
Bank may not sufficiently understand customer business or risks
May result in gaps with bank compliance and risk management
May result in bank compliance issues, regulatory risks
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Regulatory Expectations for the
Bank
Regulatory Expectations for the
Bank
Effective supervision/monitoring of MSB relationships
Reasonable understanding of MSB risks
Meaningful additional action on higher potential risks
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Interagency guidance since 2005, FFIEC BSA/AML Exam manual, and best practices...
Low Risk? - registration and licensing
High Risk? - expanded due diligence
Price appropriately
Recourse and collateral considerations
Security considerations
Ongoing monitoring
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Risk of MSBsRisk of MSBs
•Principal Money Transmitter (high risk areas)•Principal Money Transmitter (lower risk areas)•Full Service MSB / Principal Check Casher, multi-store, high dollar, non-
natural persons•Full Service MSB / Principal Check Casher, multi-store, high dollar•MSB Agent, money transfer services limited to high risk areas•Full Service MSB/ Principal Check Casher, multi-store, low dollar•Full Service MSB/ Principal Check Casher, one store•Offers MSB services including check cashing, low dollar, limited scope
(e.g. payroll)•Offers MSB services - agent only, not dedicated to serving high risk areas
Note that higher potential risk MSBs can be lower risk due to mitigation efforts.
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Bank Requirements for Higher Risk MSBs
Bank Requirements for Higher Risk MSBs
Initial & ongoing site visit, inspection, staff interviews
Negative news monitoring
Independent Review
Scope. Reviewer. Reporting. Management responses.
3rd Party review on behalf of bank
Assessment of foreign government oversight
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Core needs of the bankCore needs of the bank
Meaningful, complete background - CIP & CDD
Confirm FinCEN registration
Confirm State licensing
Confirm Agent status
Ability to assess risks
Ability to monitor
Address Credit Risk / Exposure
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Bank Pricing of MSB AccountsBank Pricing of MSB Accounts
Analysis
Compliance Surcharge
Set cash limits / require armored courier service
Consider additional collateral
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Bank monitoring of MSBs
Bank monitoring of MSBs
• Verify FinCEN registration, state licensing
• Ongoing Extended Due Diligence on higher risk MSBs
• Independent Reviews
• 3rd party review on behalf of bank
• Large fluctuations / change in volume - reasonable?
• Check cashing concentration, non-natural persons
• Out of market deposits
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Reasonable Considerations for
MSBs wanting to keep and establish banking
relationships
Reasonable Considerations for
MSBs wanting to keep and establish banking
relationships
• Communication, transparency, responsiveness
• Don’t assume your bank understands what you do and want makes sense
• Help the bank accurately understand risks
• Provide documented evidence of compliance
• Be sure your relationship is beneficial to the bank
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Common Bank Issues re MSBs
Common Bank Issues re MSBs
• Not understanding MSB customers and that each have different risks
• Failure to reasonably risk rate MSBs and distinguish between higher and lower risk MSB customers
• Poorly defined policies and procedures regarding MSB relationships
• Incorrectly identifying all MSBs as high risk then not following FinCEN guidance or Board approved policies regarding monitoring
• Not setting and maintaining reasonable standards for performance
• Not charging MSBs for services rendered
• Missing security implications of large cash deposits or withdrawals
• Not considering credit risks of MSB relationships
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MSBs need banksMSBs need banks
• Local community banks• How about yours?
• Some big national banks
• National Check & Currency
• Merchants Bank of California
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Jay Postma, CAMSPresidentMSB Compliance [email protected]
(678) 389-9068
www.MSBComplianceInc.com