Money Lingjing

8/14/2019 Money Lingjing

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Alternative Money Systems

This NCN Alternative Money System team was created to collect information on what schemesalready exist, to discuss the prospects of doing away with money systems and using a resource-based

system instead, and ways of financing new civilization projects, implementing experimental schemes,and more.

Articles on Alternative Money Systems

Monetary System for the New Millenium - by Roger Langrick.

Scarcity Money

Abundance Economics

Proactive Money

Free Resources

Economy - how the money system works.

Profit Reframed

Notes on a new economic system - by Steve Moyer.

Global Resource Bank - proposal to U.N. conference.

The Econony of Ideas by John Perry Barlow, on intellectual property.

David Chaum from DigiCash to House of Representatives on electronic cash.

David Chaum on digital money at Doors of Perception conference.

Economists must learn to subtract by Kono Matsu. Ecological Economics.

The New Economics by Kono Matsu.

Buddhist Economics by E.F.Schumacher.

Other Sites with Alternative Money SystemInformation

Private Enterprise Money - by E.C.Riegel

Global Village Bank - the bank for the virtual community.

Build Freedom - Freedom Business Networking.

The Spiritual Economy - by Steve Moyer.

LETS Systems Home Page - local money systems.

Debt Money - an ancient meme

DigiCash - electronic money over the Internet Free client software.

Ithaca Hours local currencies, by Paul Glover.

Bringing the Economy Home - book on bartering.

Game Theory - economics of bartering.

Money Resources - (20+) Roy Davies

Wirtschaftsring - Swiss business circles.

New Money for Healthy Communities - book by Thomas Greco. Full text.

Interskills - a university of future skills - Keith Hudson.

Grail Dollars - Derek Brownlee

New monetary system for the Electrosphere - Lloyd Gillespie

Digital Millicent system

Meetings of the NCN Money Team take place on a mailing list. To join it, send a message to:

[email protected]

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subscribe money
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Local Exchange Trading Systems

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Local Exchange Trading Systems (LETS) also known as LETSystems are local, non-profit exchangenetworks in which goods and services can be traded without the need for printedcurrency. In someplaces, e.g. Toronto, the scheme has been called the Local Employment and Trading System.

Michael Linton originated the term "Local Exchange Trading System" in 1983 and, for a time ran theComox ValleyLETSystems inCourtenay,British Columbia.[1] The system he designed was intended asan adjunct to the national currency, rather than a replacement for it,[2]although there are examples ofindividuals who have managed to replace their use of national currency through inventive usage ofLETS.[citation needed]

LETS networks useinterest-freelocalcredit so direct swaps do not need to be made. For instance, amember may earn credit by doing childcare for one person and spend it later on carpentry with anotherperson in the same network. In LETS, unlike otherlocal currencies, no scripis issued, but rathertransactions are recorded in a central location open to all members. As credit is issued by the networkmembers, for the benefit of the members themselves, LETS are considered mutual credit systems. Thetime-based currency mentioned in United Nations Millennium Declaration C6 to Governments was aUNILETS United Nations International & Local Employment-Trading System to restructure the globalfinancial architecture.

Contents

[hide]

1 Criteria 2 How LETS works

o 2.1 LETS and taxationo 2.2 LETS and Social Security

3 Benefits of LETS

4 Criticism of LETS

5 LETS around the worldo 5.1 Africao 5.2 Asiao 5.3 Europeo 5.4 North Americao 5.5 Oceania

o 5.6 South Americao 5.7 UNILETS

6 Variants

7 See also

8 References
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Lintonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comox_Valley,_British_Columbiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comox_Valley,_British_Columbiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtenay,_British_Columbiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtenay,_British_Columbiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtenay,_British_Columbiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complementary_currencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#cite_note-LETS1-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#cite_note-LETS1-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community-based_economicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community-based_economicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_(accounting)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_(accounting)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_currencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_currencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_currencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scriphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scriphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_credithttp://toggletoc%28%29/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#Criteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#How_LETS_workshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#LETS_and_taxationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#LETS_and_Social_Securityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#Benefits_of_LETShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#Criticism_of_LETShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#LETS_around_the_worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#Oceaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#South_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#UNILETShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#Variantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael_Lintonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comox_Valley,_British_Columbiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Courtenay,_British_Columbiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Columbiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#cite_note-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complementary_currencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#cite_note-LETS1-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community-based_economicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_(accounting)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_currencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scriphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mutual_credithttp://toggletoc%28%29/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#Criteriahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#How_LETS_workshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#LETS_and_taxationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#LETS_and_Social_Securityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#Benefits_of_LETShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#Criticism_of_LETShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#LETS_around_the_worldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#Africahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#Asiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#Europehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#North_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#Oceaniahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#South_Americahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#UNILETShttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#Variantshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#References


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9 External links

10 Open source software

[edit] CriteriaLETS are generally considered to have the following five fundamental criteria: [2]

Cost of service from the community for the community

Consent there is no compulsion to trade

Disclosure information about balances is available to all members

Equivalence to the national currency

No interest

Of these criteria, "equivalence" is the most controversial. According to a 1996 survey by LetsLink UK,only 13% of LETS networks actually practice equivalence, with most groups establishing alternate

systems of valuation "in order to divorce [themselves] entirely from the mainstream economy." [3][4]

Michael Linton has stated that such systems are "personal money" networks rather than LETS.[5]

[edit] How LETS works

1. Local people set up an organisation to trade between themselves, keeping their own record ofaccounts.

2. A directory of members' offers and requestsgoods, services or items for hire, priced in localLETS unitsis compiled and circulated.

3. Members use the directory to contact one another whenever they wish. They pay for anyservice or goods by writing a LETS cheque or credit note for an agreed amount of LETS units,

or by exchanging printed LETS notes.4. If applicable, the credit note is sent to the LETS bookkeeper who adjusts both members'

accounts accordingly.

Since its commencement over 20 years ago, LETSystems have been highly innovative in adapting tothe needs of their local communities in all kinds of ways. For example in Australia, people have builthouses using LETS in place of a bank mortgage, freeing the owner from onerous interest payments.[citation needed]

LETS is a fully fledged "monetary system", unlike directbarter, with LETS members able to earncredits from any member and spend them with anyone else on the scheme.

[edit] LETS and taxation

LETS is not a scheme for avoiding the payment of taxation, and generally groups encourage allmembers to personally undertake their liabilities to the state for all taxation, including income tax andgoods and services tax. In a number of countries, various government taxation authorities haveexamined LETS along with other forms ofcounter trade, and made rulings concerning their use.Generally for personal arrangements, social arrangements, hobbies or pastimes, there are no taxationimplications. This generally covers the vast majority of LETS transactions. Taxation liabilities accruewhen a tradesperson or professional person provides his or her professional services in payment forLETS units, or a registered or incorporated business sells part of its product for LETS units. In suchcases, the businesses are generally encouraged to sell the service or product partly for LETS units and

partly in the national currency, to allow the payment of all required taxation. This does imply,however, that in situations where national-currency expenditures would be tax-deductible, LETS mustbe as well.

[edit] LETS and Social Security
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#Open_source_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Local_Exchange_Trading_Systems&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#cite_note-LETS1-1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LetsLink_UK&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Local_Exchange_Trading_Systems&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortgagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barter_(economics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barter_(economics)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Local_Exchange_Trading_Systems&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter_tradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter_tradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tradespersonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Local_Exchange_Trading_Systems&action=edit&section=4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#Open_source_softwarehttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Local_Exchange_Trading_Systems&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#cite_note-LETS1-1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=LetsLink_UK&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#cite_note-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#cite_note-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#cite_note-4http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Local_Exchange_Trading_Systems&action=edit&section=2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mortgagehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barter_(economics)http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Local_Exchange_Trading_Systems&action=edit&section=3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter_tradehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tradespersonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Local_Exchange_Trading_Systems&action=edit&section=4


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In a number of countries, LETSystems have been encouraged as a social security initiative. Forexample in Australia, Peter Baldwin, a former Minister of Social Security in the Keating government,encouraged LETSystems as a way of letting welfare recipients borrow against their welfare entitlementfor urgent personal needs or to establish themselves in business.[citation needed]

[edit] Benefits of LETSLETS can helprevitalise and build communityby allowing a wider cross-section of thecommunityindividuals, small businesses, local services andvoluntary groupsto save money and resources incooperation with others and extend their purchasing power. Other benefits may include social contact,health care, tuition and training, support for local enterprise and new businesses. One goal of thisapproach is to stimulate the economies of economically depressed towns that have goods and services,but little official currency: the LETS scheme does not require outside sources of income as stimulus.

[edit] Criticism of LETS

LETSystems often have all of the problems confronting any voluntary, not-for-profit, nongovernmental, community based organisation. LETS organisers often complain of beingoverworked,and may sufferburnout. Many schemes have ceased operation as a result.[6] Many of these problemscan be overcome through effectivecommunity organizationand development.[citation needed]

LETSystems, whilst generally appealing to people supporting a generalcommunitarian orenvironmental ideology, have in many places[citation needed] managed to successfully translate themselvesas social welfare initiatives. There are far fewer systems that have managed to communicate andtranslate themselves into a local business initiative catering to locally owned small to mediumbusinesses. This is generally considered to be an unfortunate weakness of LETSystems to date by theinitiators, as they feel that LETS potentially has the capacity to allow small business to compete on alevel playing field with larger national and transnational business corporations.

A number of people have problems adjusting to the different ways of operating using a LETSystem. Aconventional national currency, is generally hard to earn but easy to spend. To date LETSystems arecomparatively easy to earn but harder to spend. The success of a LETSystem is therefore determinedby the ease with which a person can spend their LETS credits, and improve their quality of life byparticipation. Placing difficult arrangements or unreasonable service fees in the way of LETS memberswill produce difficulties in the future.

[edit] LETS around the world

Local exchange trading systems now exist in many countries. Some examples include the following:

[edit] Africa

In 2003 the Community Exchange System (CES) started operating an internet-based LETS in CapeTown, South Africa. In the meantime there are several such systems operating in different regions inSouth Africa, and the CES network is being used by LETS in several countries, among them NewZealand, Australia, Israel, USA, Norway, etc..

[edit] Asia

In Japan, the Peanuts system inChiba, near Tokyo. Approximately ten percent of all payments madeat local stores are in the community currency (2002). The LETS movement saw its peak around 2002-2003, but since then it has been declining slowly[citation needed].

South Koreahas some active LETS too, such asHanbat LETS inDaejeon and Gwacheon Pumasi inGwacheon.
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Local_Exchange_Trading_Systems&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_buildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_buildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_buildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-profit_organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-profit_organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Local_Exchange_Trading_Systems&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overworkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overworkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnout_(psychology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnout_(psychology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnout_(psychology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communitarianismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communitarianismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmentalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Local_Exchange_Trading_Systems&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Local_Exchange_Trading_Systems&action=edit&section=8http://www.ces.org.za/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Local_Exchange_Trading_Systems&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiba_Prefecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiba_Prefecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiba_Prefecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Koreahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Koreahttp://www.tjlets.or.kr/http://www.tjlets.or.kr/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daejeonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daejeonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwacheonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Local_Exchange_Trading_Systems&action=edit&section=5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_buildinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-profit_organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Local_Exchange_Trading_Systems&action=edit&section=6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Overworkhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Burnout_(psychology)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#cite_note-5http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_organizationhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Community_developmenthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Communitarianismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmentalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Local_Exchange_Trading_Systems&action=edit&section=7http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Local_Exchange_Trading_Systems&action=edit&section=8http://www.ces.org.za/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Local_Exchange_Trading_Systems&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiba_Prefecturehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tokyohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Koreahttp://www.tjlets.or.kr/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Daejeonhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gwacheon


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The Fureai kippu system is widespread inJapan.

[edit] Europe

In the United Kingdom, an estimated 40,000 people are now trading in around 450 LETS networks in

cities, towns and rural communities across the UK.[7] LETS currencies have their own local names, forexample:

Locks inCamden Town, London- Camden LETS

Readies inReading, Berkshire - Reading LETS

Scotia in Scotland -LETSlink Scotland

Rheidol in Aberystwyth, Wales- CyFLe Aberystwyth LETS (group closed down in Aug2009)

UK Resources:

LETSlink.org

LETSlink UK

In France, a consortium of social economy financial institutions including Crdit Coopratif and themutuals MACIF and MAI have joined with the Chque Djeuner co-operative to launch an alternativecurrency called theSOL, which will be held on a smart card. The Sol will be piloted in the Ile deFrance, Britanny and Nord-Pas de Calais regions as part of anEQUAL development partnership in2005-2006. (Le site des Lets (SEL de France) SELidaire).

Germany has established a number of local currency systems with different names such as "Talents" or"Batzen" using LETS Principles. Germany hosted anInternational Conference in MonetaryRegionalisation from the 28 September to the 1st October 2006 inWeimar.

In Hungary the term used is "Community Service System" (KR). One group from thecapital cityisTalentum Kr (Gold Talent Group), aBritish Council-supported project.

The Netherlands has spawned a number of innovative concepts based on the LETS formula, some ofwhich try to lower participation barriers by completely moving their exchange platforms online, likeNOPPESand Ruildienst

In Switzerland, theWIR Bankoperates a system close to a LETS.

[edit] North America

The original LETS, the Comox Valley LETSystem developed by Michael Linton in 1982, is nowdormant, however there are plans to revive it. The second LETSystem in Canada was the VictoriaLETS, established in 1983.[8]LETS have been established in several Canadian cities, includingKitchener-Waterloo, Niagara, and Peterborough in Ontario, Halifax, Nova Scotia, and St. John'sNewfoundland.[9] Although less common than local paper currencies, several LETS have taken root inthe United States. These systems include Asheville LETS inWestern North Carolina,[10] The St. LouisCommunity Exchange in theMidwest[11] and Fourth Corner Exchange in the Pacific Northwest.[12]

[edit] Oceania

The Psychologist Jill Jordan started the first Australian LETSystem in the town ofMaleny,Queensland

in 1987, after visiting Michael Linton in Canada to observe the LETSystem functioning in Courtenay,British Columbia. Jill also pioneered the idea of naming local currencies after icons of localimportance: in Maleny their currency is the bunya, named after the local nut of the bunya pine. By1995 there were 250 LETSystems in Australia, with Western Australiahaving 43 separate systemsserving a population of 1.5 million (although actual participation is by only a tiny fraction of thatpopulation)[citation needed], making it the region with the highest LETS coverage in the world. South
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fureai_kippuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Local_Exchange_Trading_Systems&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camden_Townhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camden_Townhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camden_Townhttp://www.letslinkuk.net/london/camden.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading,_Berkshirehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading,_Berkshirehttp://www.readinglets.ik.com/http://freespace.virgin.net/r.wensum/lls/llsinfo.htmlhttp://freespace.virgin.net/r.wensum/lls/llsinfo.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberystwythhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberystwythhttp://www.jnjuk.freeserve.co.uk/aberlets/lets.htmhttp://www.jnjuk.freeserve.co.uk/aberlets/lets.htmhttp://letslink.org/http://www.letslinkuk.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOL_Projecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOL_Projecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOL_Projecthttp://selidaire.org/http://monetary-regionalisation.over-ip.net/http://monetary-regionalisation.over-ip.net/http://monetary-regionalisation.over-ip.net/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_cityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_cityhttp://lmv.hu/talentumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Councilhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Councilhttp://www.noppes.nl/http://www.noppes.nl/http://www.ruildienst.nl/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIR_Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIR_Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIR_Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Local_Exchange_Trading_Systems&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_North_Carolinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_North_Carolinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_North_Carolinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwestern_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwestern_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwestern_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwestern_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Northwesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Local_Exchange_Trading_Systems&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malenyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malenyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queenslandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queenslandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunya_nuthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fureai_kippuhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Japanhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Local_Exchange_Trading_Systems&action=edit&section=10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#cite_note-6http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Camden_Townhttp://www.letslinkuk.net/london/camden.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reading,_Berkshirehttp://www.readinglets.ik.com/http://freespace.virgin.net/r.wensum/lls/llsinfo.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aberystwythhttp://www.jnjuk.freeserve.co.uk/aberlets/lets.htmhttp://www.jnjuk.freeserve.co.uk/aberlets/lets.htmhttp://letslink.org/http://www.letslinkuk.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOL_Projecthttp://selidaire.org/http://monetary-regionalisation.over-ip.net/http://monetary-regionalisation.over-ip.net/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Weimarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Capital_cityhttp://lmv.hu/talentumhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British_Councilhttp://www.noppes.nl/http://www.ruildienst.nl/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIR_Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Local_Exchange_Trading_Systems&action=edit&section=11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#cite_note-7http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#cite_note-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_North_Carolinahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#cite_note-9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Midwestern_United_Stateshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pacific_Northwesthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Local_Exchange_Trading_Systems&action=edit&section=12http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malenyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Queenslandhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bunya_nuthttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Western_Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australia


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Australia also pioneered an "InterLETS" allowing members of one system to trade with members ofother systems. Data on more Australian sites can be found at www.lets.org.au.

As of the mid 1990s there were approximately 70 "Green Dollar Systems" in New Zealand. A NationalConference of Systems was a means of supporting new groups through the various developmentalstages.

[edit] South America

Since beginning in 2000, there are now 140 Ecosimia-Groups in Ecuador.

[edit] UNILETS

Various approaches are being proposed to link Local Exchange Trading Systems.UNILETS (UnitedNations International Local Employment-Trading System) has been developed as a mechanism forlinking LETS in communities around the world. The Ripple monetary systemhas been proposed as avirtual system to connect the diverse LETS systems. The connection between UNILETS and theUnited Nations is unclear.[citation needed]

[edit] Variants

LETS are characterized by a high level of innovation and many new networks choose to experimentwith the system's mechanics.

On September 21, 2000, Richmond Valley LETS,Nimbin LETS and BMT LETS (Byron Bay,Mullumbimby and the Tweed Valley) inAustraliacooperatively launched a "hybrid" system whichincorporated a supporting paper currency. This optional scrip, called "Ecos", was developed "with the

aim of broadening the range of goods and services on offer through LETS."[13]

[edit] See also

Barter

Credit union

Local currency

Green economics

Green politics

Ripple monetary system

TimeLETSystems

WIR Bank

[edit] References

1. ^ "What is LETS?". AshevilleLETS. Retrieved on: December 9, 2008.

2. ^abLinton, Michael (August, 1994).The LETSystem Design Manual. Landsman CommunityServices Paper No. 1.3 Version No 1.3

3. ^ Croall, Jonathan (1997).LETS Act Locally. Calouste Gulbenkian Foundation. ISBN0-903319-81-0.

4. ^ Lang, Peter (1994).LETS Work: Rebuilding the Local Economy. Grover Books. ISBN1-

899233-00-8.5. ^ Ibid.

6. ^ 2003 Update on the Westport LETS, byRichard Douthwaite

7. ^ LETSLink UK

8. ^ Victoria LETS
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australiahttp://www.lets.org.au/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Local_Exchange_Trading_Systems&action=edit&section=13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosimiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosimiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Local_Exchange_Trading_Systems&action=edit&section=14http://www.unilets.org/http://www.unilets.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripple_monetary_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripple_monetary_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Local_Exchange_Trading_Systems&action=edit&section=15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimbinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimbinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byron_Bayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimbyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweed_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Local_Exchange_Trading_Systems&action=edit&section=16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barter_(economics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_currencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_economicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_politicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripple_monetary_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TimeLETSystems&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIR_Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Local_Exchange_Trading_Systems&action=edit&section=17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#cite_ref-0http://wiki.ashevillelets.org/wiki/What_is_LETS%3Fhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#cite_ref-LETS1_1-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#cite_ref-LETS1_1-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#cite_ref-LETS1_1-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#cite_ref-LETS1_1-1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#cite_ref-LETS1_1-1http://www.gmlets.u-net.com/design/dm1%5E3.htmlhttp://www.gmlets.u-net.com/design/dm1%5E3.htmlhttp://www.gmlets.u-net.com/design/dm1%5E3.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#cite_ref-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-903319-81-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-903319-81-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-903319-81-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#cite_ref-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-899233-00-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-899233-00-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-899233-00-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#cite_ref-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#cite_ref-5http://www.feasta.org/documents/shortcircuit/sc3/westportlets.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Douthwaitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Douthwaitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#cite_ref-6http://www.letslinkuk.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#cite_ref-7http://www.lets.victoria.bc.ca/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/South_Australiahttp://www.lets.org.au/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Local_Exchange_Trading_Systems&action=edit&section=13http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ecosimiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Local_Exchange_Trading_Systems&action=edit&section=14http://www.unilets.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripple_monetary_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Local_Exchange_Trading_Systems&action=edit&section=15http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richmond_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nimbinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Byron_Bayhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mullumbimbyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tweed_Valleyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Australiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#cite_note-12http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Local_Exchange_Trading_Systems&action=edit&section=16http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barter_(economics)http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Credit_unionhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_currencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_economicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green_politicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripple_monetary_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=TimeLETSystems&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIR_Bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Local_Exchange_Trading_Systems&action=edit&section=17http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#cite_ref-0http://wiki.ashevillelets.org/wiki/What_is_LETS%3Fhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#cite_ref-LETS1_1-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#cite_ref-LETS1_1-1http://www.gmlets.u-net.com/design/dm1%5E3.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#cite_ref-2http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-903319-81-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/0-903319-81-0http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#cite_ref-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International_Standard_Book_Numberhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-899233-00-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Special:BookSources/1-899233-00-8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#cite_ref-4http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#cite_ref-5http://www.feasta.org/documents/shortcircuit/sc3/westportlets.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard_Douthwaitehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#cite_ref-6http://www.letslinkuk.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#cite_ref-7http://www.lets.victoria.bc.ca/


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9. ^ LETS groups in Canada - LETS-Linkup

10. ^ Asheville LETS

11. ^ The St. Louis Community Exchange

12. ^ Forth Corner Exchange

13. ^ Paper Currency Initiative

[edit] External links

Commnity Forge offer LETS enabled web sites for communities

LETS FAQs, by John Croft of theGaia Foundation

The LETSystem Design Manual, byLandsman Community Services

LetsGroups - Internet Tool system to manage common tasks in LETS groups

LETS Groups around the world

LETSlink UK

The Open Money Project

Value for People, The Community Currency, Time Banking and Coproduction Specialists

[edit] Open source software

The following web site software handles offer/want directories transactions and accounting

Cyclos Web based complementary currency system build on Java technologies

Marketplace module for Drupal Social Networking software for community currencies

Fourth Corner Exchange Trading network and php/mySQL application for LETS

Cclite Trading system written with Perl/Mysql for LETS, Web and SMS Interface
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#cite_ref-8http://www.lets-linkup.com/77-Canada.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#cite_ref-9http://www.ashevillelets.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#cite_ref-10http://stlcommunityexchange.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#cite_ref-11http://www.fourthcornerexchange.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#cite_ref-12http://www.bmt-lets.com/papercurrency.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Local_Exchange_Trading_Systems&action=edit&section=18http://www.communityforge.net/http://www.gdrc.org/icm/lets-faq.htmlhttp://www.gdrc.org/icm/lets-faq.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaia_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaia_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1http://www.gmlets.u-net.com/design/home.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsman_Community_Serviceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsman_Community_Serviceshttp://www.letsgroups.org/http://www.lets-linkup.com/http://www.letslinkuk.org/http://www.openmoney.org/http://www.valueforpeople.co.uk/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Local_Exchange_Trading_Systems&action=edit&section=19http://project.cyclos.org/site.phphttp://marketplace.matslats.net/http://www.fourthcornerexchange.com/http://www.hughbarnard.org/?q=node/3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#cite_ref-8http://www.lets-linkup.com/77-Canada.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#cite_ref-9http://www.ashevillelets.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#cite_ref-10http://stlcommunityexchange.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#cite_ref-11http://www.fourthcornerexchange.com/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LETS#cite_ref-12http://www.bmt-lets.com/papercurrency.htmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Local_Exchange_Trading_Systems&action=edit&section=18http://www.communityforge.net/http://www.gdrc.org/icm/lets-faq.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Gaia_Foundation&action=edit&redlink=1http://www.gmlets.u-net.com/design/home.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Landsman_Community_Serviceshttp://www.letsgroups.org/http://www.lets-linkup.com/http://www.letslinkuk.org/http://www.openmoney.org/http://www.valueforpeople.co.uk/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Local_Exchange_Trading_Systems&action=edit&section=19http://project.cyclos.org/site.phphttp://marketplace.matslats.net/http://www.fourthcornerexchange.com/http://www.hughbarnard.org/?q=node/3


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Local currency

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

In economics, a local currency, in its common usage, is a currency not backed by a nationalgovernment (and not necessarily legal tender), and intended to trade only in a small area. This amountsto a formalization of thebartersystem, a useful tool for raising awareness of the state of thelocaleconomy, especially among those who may be unfamiliar or uncomfortable with traditional bartering.These currencies are also referred to as community currency, and are a form ofalternative currency or

complementary currency. They encompass a wide range of forms, both physically and financially, andoften are associated with a particular economic discourse.

Contents

[hide]

1 History

2 Historical local currencies

3 Characteristicso

3.1 Theoryo 3.2 Benefitso 3.3 Difficulties and criticisms

4 Modern local currencies

5 See also

6 References

7 External links

[edit] History

Free bankingprovides the economic prototype of local currencies.[citation needed] In the modern era, themost recognizable local currencies were company scrip issued in certain industries to pay workers, andtoken coins issued by some businesses to encourage consumer loyalty. In the nineteenth and earlytwentieth century, the failures of national banks during crises often created acute demands for cash,which were met by businesses creatingemergency currency. These scrips were usually issued with theintention of redemption in national currency at some later date.

A few such currencies, however, developed into monetary systems in their own right. The idea of usingfree banking to produce an alternative, community-level currency dates back at least as far as theGerman Credit Unions in the 1800s. The oldest local currencies known to be in continuous use are theWIRin Switzerland, and the Labor Banks in Japan.

Complementary currency is ahypernym to local currency, but the terms are often used as synonyms.The term "local currency" does not refer to national currency that happens to be used only in a localarea.

Advocates of local currency, such asJane Jacobs, argue that this enables an economically cool, yetdepressed region to pull itself up by giving the people living there a medium of exchange that they can
http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_tenderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_currencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_currencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complementary_currencyhttp://toggletoc%28%29/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_currency#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_currency#Historical_local_currencieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_currency#Characteristicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_currency#Theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_currency#Benefitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_currency#Difficulties_and_criticismshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_currency#Modern_local_currencieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_currency#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_currency#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_currency#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Local_currency&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_bankinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_bankinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_scriphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Token_coinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emergency_currency&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emergency_currency&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIRhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIRhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complementary_currencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypernymhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypernymhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Jacobshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Jacobshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Economicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Currencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legal_tenderhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_economyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_currencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complementary_currencyhttp://toggletoc%28%29/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_currency#Historyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_currency#Historical_local_currencieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_currency#Characteristicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_currency#Theoryhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_currency#Benefitshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_currency#Difficulties_and_criticismshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_currency#Modern_local_currencieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_currency#See_alsohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_currency#Referenceshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_currency#External_linkshttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Local_currency&action=edit&section=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Free_bankinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Company_scriphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Token_coinhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Emergency_currency&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIRhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complementary_currencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypernymhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane_Jacobs


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use to exchange services and locally-produced goods. In a broader sense, this is the original purpose ofallmoney. Local currencies also tend to operate in relatively small geographic regions and encouragerecycling and reducing the amount of carbon emissions from the transportation and manufacture ofgoods. As a result, they are part of the economic strategy of many green and sustainable-living groupssuch as theGreen Party of England and Wales.

Local currencies can come into being also when there is economic turmoil involving the nationalcurrency. An example of this is the Argentine economic crisis of 2002 in which small denomination,interest-free provincial bondIOUs issued by local governments quickly took on some of thecharacteristics of local currencies successfully.

Opponents of this concept argue that local currency creates a barrier which can interfere witheconomies of scale andcomparative advantage, and that in some cases they can serve, like traditionalnational currencies, as a means oftax evasion.

Use of local currencies to boost local economies is strongly advocated by the Netherlands-basedInstrodi Institute.

[edit] Historical local currencies

The Wrglexperiment that was conducted from July 1932 to November 1933 is a classic example ofthe potential efficacy of local currencies. Wrgl, a small town in Austria with 4000 inhabitants,introduced a local scrip during the Great Depression. By 1932 unemployment in Wrgl had risen to30%. The local government had amassed debts of 1.3 million Austrian schillings (AS) against cashreserves of 40,000 AS. Local construction and civic maintenance had come to a standstill. On theinitiative of the town's mayor, Michael Unterguggenberger, the local government printed 32,000 inlabor certificates which carried a negative 1% monthly interest rate and could be converted intoschillings at 98% of face value. An equivalent amount in schillings was deposited in the local bank ascover for the certificates in case of mass redemption and earned interest for the government. The

certificates circulated so rapidly that only 12,000 were ever actually put into circulation. According toreports by the mayor and economists of the day who studied the experiment, the scrip was readilyaccepted by local merchants and the local population. It utilized the scrip to carry out 100,000 AS inpublic works projects involving construction and repair of roads, bridges, tanks, drainage systems,factories, and buildings. The scrip was also accepted as legal tender for payment of local taxes. In theone year that the currency was in circulation, it circulated 13 times faster than the official shilling [citationneeded] and served as a catalyst to the local economy. The heavy arrears in local tax collection declineddramatically. Local government revenue rose from 2,400 AS in 1931 to 20,400 in 1932.Unemployment was eliminated, while it remained very high throughout the rest of the country. Noincrease in prices was observed. Based on the dramatic success of the Wrgl experiment, several othercommunities introduced similar scrips.

In spite of the tangible benefits of the program, it met with stiff opposition from the regional socialistparty and from the Austrian central bank, which opposed the local currency as an infringement on itspowers over the currency. As a result the program was suspended, unemployment rose, and the localeconomy soon degenerated to the level of other communities in the country.[1][2]

Other well-documented historical examples include:

Emperor Norton I's own currency

Prosperity Certificate

Wra (Currency) (Germany, made illegal in October 1931)

Bia Kut Chum, issued in 2000 by a Thai community, since replaced by abartercoupon calledBoon Kut Chum. [3]

[edit] Characteristics

[edit] Theory
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Local currency is based on a local form ofmonetarism and mercantilism: it establishes an internaltradebarrier, as the local currency cannot be used externally, and allows the area to have a different(presumably lower) interest rate than the national currency's in the Wrgl experiment, a negativeinterest rate, known asdemurrage. Advocacy and criticism of local currencies is based partly ongeneral attitudes towards monetarism and mercantilism, and partly on opinions of the desirability ofhaving internal variations in currency and trade.

Advocates of local currency in effect argue that, in certain circumstances, an entire country is not anoptimum currency area, and that various regions should have different currencies. Compare with theEurozonein Europe.

[edit] Benefits

The Wrgl experiment dramatically illustrates some of the common characteristics and major benefitsof local currencies. [4]

1. Local currencies tend to circulate much more rapidly than national currencies. The same

amount of currency in circulation is employed more times and results in far greater overalleconomic activity. It produces greater benefit per unit. The higher velocity of money is aresult of the negative interest rate which encourages people to spend the money more quickly.

2. Local currencies enable the community to more fully utilize its existing productive resources,especially unemployed labor, which has a catalytic effect on the rest of the local economy.They are based on the premise that the community is not fully utilizing its productivecapacities, because of a lack of local purchasing power. The alternative currency is utilized toincrease demand, resulting in a greater exploitation of productive resources. So long as thelocal economy is functioning at less than full capacity, the introduction of local currency neednot be inflationary, even when it results in a significant increase in total money supply andtotal economic activity.

3. Since local currencies are only accepted within the community, their usage encourages the

purchase of locally-produced and locally-available goods and services. Thus, for any givenlevel of economic activity, more of the benefit accrues to the local community and less drainsout to other parts of the country or the world. For instance, construction work undertaken withlocal currencies employs local labor and utilizes as far as possible local materials. Theenhanced local effect becomes an incentive for the local population to accept and utilize thescrips.

4. Some forms of complementary currency can promote fuller utilization of resources over amuch wider geographic area and help bridge the barriers imposed by distance. TheFureaikippu system in Japan issues credits in exchange for assistance to senior citizens. Familymembers living far from their parents can earn credits by offering assistance to the elderly intheir local community. The credits can then be transferred to their parents and redeemed bythem for local assistance. Airline frequent flyer miles are a form of complementary currencythat promotes customer-loyalty in exchange for free travel. The airlines offer most of thecoupons for seats on less heavily sold flights where some seats normally go empty, thusproviding a benefit to customers at relatively low cost to the airline.

5. While most of these currencies are restricted to a small geographic area or a country, throughthe Internet electronic forms of complementary currency can be used to stimulate transactionson a global basis. In China, Tencent's QQ coins are a virtual form of currency that has gainedwide circulation. QQ coins can be purchased for Renimbi and used to purchase virtualproducts and services such as ringtones and on-line video game time. They are also obtainablethrough on-line exchange for goods and services at about twice the Renimbi price, by whichadditional 'money' is being directly created. Though virtual currencies are not 'local' in thetradition sense, they do cater to the specific needs of a particular community, a virtualcommunity. Once in circulation, they add to the total effective purchasing power of the on-line population as in the case of local currencies. The Chinese government has begun to tax

the coins as they are exchanged from virtual currency to actual hard currency.[5]

Society utilizes only a small portion of its resources and opportunities. Almost everyone hasunderutilized knowledge, skills and time that can be engaged productively. Most manufacturers andservices have underutilized machinery or capacity. Complementary currencies are a creative means toenhance this untapped social potential.
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[edit] Difficulties and criticisms

Local currencies and the Transition Towns movement in the UK have received criticism for a failure toaddress the needs of the wider population, especially lower socio-economic groups.[6]Such localcurrency initiatives have been more widely criticized in light of limited success stimulating new

spending in local economies and as an unrealistic strategy to reduce carbon emissions.[7][8]

. SuccessfulLocal Currencies such as the Wrgl experiment attract hostility from the Central Governments, as theyreduce the bureaucracy's control over an important power centre.

[edit] Modern local currencies

There has been a tremendous surge in the use of local currencies over the past two decades. Todaythere are over 2,500 different local currency systems operating in countries throughout the world.

Since 2002 there has been an upsurge in local currency experiments particularly payment voucher-based systems that are exchangeable with the national currency. Such currencies aim to raise the

resilience of local economies by encouraging re-localisation of buying and food production. The drivefor this change has arisen from a range of community-based initiatives and social movements. TheTransition Towns movement originating in the UK has utilised local currencies for re-localisation inthe face of energy descent from peak oil andclimate change. Other drives include movements againstClone Town[9] [10] andBig-boxtrends.

Previously, one of the most prominent systems was LETS, Local Exchange Trading System, a tradingnetwork supported by its own internal currency. Originally started in Vancouver, Canada, there arepresently more than 30 LETS systems operating in Canada and over 400 in the United Kingdom.Australia, France, New Zealand, and Switzerland have similar systems. Time dollars, Ithaca Hours, andPEN exchange are among the most successful systems in the USA.

Worldwide Database of Complementary Currency Systems Gallery of Images and Samples of Notes from Complementary Currency Systems

Africao South Africa

South African New Economics Foundation Community Exchange System

Ora

Australasiao Australia

Baroon Dollar

The Maia Maia Project

South Americao Argentina

Argentino

Crdito

LECOP

Patacno Brazil

Banco Palmas

Curitiba Bonus

Sabreo Spanish-Speaking Latin America

North Americao Canada

o United States Asia

o Japan

Fureai kippu

Eco-Money

WAT System
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o Hong Kong

COMEo Indonesiao Yogyakarta System, Indonesiao Malaysia

Kedahan dinar

Kelantanese dinar

Europeo Belgium

Lietaero France

SEL - Systme dEchange Local

SOL Project

Troc de Serviceso Germany

Berliner

Chiemgauer

Joytopia Tauschring

Urstromtaler

Zschopautaler

Palzer

Nahgold

Hallertauler

Kirschblute

Landmark

KannWas

Sterntalero Netherlands

Gelre

Raamo Spain

Axarco (inAxarqua, Mlaga)o Switzerland

WIRo United Kingdom

Approximately 400Local Exchange Trading Systems(LETS)

Approximately 75time banks

Calderdale Green Currency[6]

Totnes pound[11]

Lewes pound Brixton pound[12]

Stroud pound [7]o Italy

Banca del Tempo

EcoAspromonte

Ecoroma

REL Rete di Economia Locale

SCEC

Simec

Sistema di Reciprocit Indirettao Latvia

Pilsetas Nauda[citation needed]

Unclassifiedo Flash Casho Green dollaro Interdependent Occupational Unito Interser
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Community_Oriented_Mutual_Economy&action=edit&redlink=1http://www.appropriate-economics.org/asia/asia.html#indohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kedahan_dinar&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelantanese_dinarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lietaer&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SELhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOL_Projecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Troc_de_Services&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiemgauerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urstromtalerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axarqu%C3%ADahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axarqu%C3%ADahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIRhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Exchange_Trading_Systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Exchange_Trading_Systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Exchange_Trading_Systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-based_currency#Time_bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-based_currency#Time_bankhttp://www.localcurrency.org.uk/http://www.localcurrency.org.uk/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totnes_poundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totnes_poundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_currency#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_currency#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewes_poundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brixton_poundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_currency#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_currency#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stroud_pound&action=edit&redlink=1http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2008/aug/17/currencies.britishidentityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banca_del_Tempo&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=EcoAspromonte&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ecoroma&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=REL_(currency)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SCEC_(currency)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simec&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sistema_di_Reciprocit%C3%A0_Indiretta&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pilsetas_Nauda&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pilsetas_Nauda&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flash_Cash&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green_dollar&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-based_currency#The_IOU_of_Lovelyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interser&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Community_Oriented_Mutual_Economy&action=edit&redlink=1http://www.appropriate-economics.org/asia/asia.html#indohttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malaysiahttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Kedahan_dinar&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kelantanese_dinarhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Lietaer&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SELhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SOL_Projecthttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Troc_de_Services&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiemgauerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Urstromtalerhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gelrehttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raamhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Axarqu%C3%ADahttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/WIRhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Exchange_Trading_Systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-based_currency#Time_bankhttp://www.localcurrency.org.uk/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Totnes_poundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_currency#cite_note-10http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lewes_poundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brixton_poundhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_currency#cite_note-11http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Stroud_pound&action=edit&redlink=1http://www.guardian.co.uk/business/2008/aug/17/currencies.britishidentityhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Banca_del_Tempo&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=EcoAspromonte&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ecoroma&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=REL_(currency)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=SCEC_(currency)&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Simec&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Sistema_di_Reciprocit%C3%A0_Indiretta&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Pilsetas_Nauda&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wikipedia:Citation_neededhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Flash_Cash&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Green_dollar&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-based_currency#The_IOU_of_Lovelyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Interser&action=edit&redlink=1


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o Ndajem-Weccoo RGT - Red Global del Truequeo ROCS - Robust Complementary Community Currency Systemo RERS - Rseaux d'Echange Rciproque de Savoirso Rumihuaicoo Salta Creditoso Systmes dEchanges Communitareso Thay Gerho Tianguis Tlaloco Toctiucoo Tontineso Eco-money

[edit] See also

Barter

Informal sector (of the economy)

Local Exchange Trading Systems

JAK members bank A Swedish interest-free bank

Ripple monetary system

Complementary currency

List of economics topics

Money

Private currency

Freigeld

Time-based currency

Time Banking

EcoCommunalism

[edit] References

1. ^ [1] Wrgl Experiment with Depreciating Money

2. ^ [2] Mckeever Institute of Economic policy Analysis

3. ^ A Boon to Kut Chum archive

4. ^ Lietaer, Bernard, The Future of Money, Century, 2002.

5. ^ [3] Chinese government taxes QQ coins

6. ^ Report from The Guardian on the Lewes Pound

7. ^ The Undercover Economist on Local Currency

8. ^ A critique of the Lewes Pound and of local currencies more generally

9. ^ http://www.publicnet.co.uk/news/2009/04/15/measures-aim-to-tackle-problem-of-empty-shops/

10. ^ http://www.neweconomics.org/gen/12345news_clonetownbritainresults.aspx

11. ^ [4]

12. ^ [5]

[edit] External links

Resources for rebuilding local businesses and countering mega-retailers New Economics Foundation

Baroon Dollar An Australian local currency system.

Barter and Trade Software Web service for independent trade networks.

Kroonos.com Online social networking and time bank

E. F. Schumacher Society large collection of information on local economies including local
http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ndajem-Wecco&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Global_del_Trueque&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robust_Complementary_Community_Currency_System&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RERS&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rumihuaico&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salta_Creditos&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syst%C3%A8mes_d%E2%80%99Echanges_Communitares&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thay_Gerh&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tianguis_Tlaloc&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toctiuco&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tontineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eco-moneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Local_currency&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informal_sectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Exchange_Trading_Systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAK_members_bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripple_monetary_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complementary_currencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_economics_topicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_currencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freigeldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-based_currencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Bankinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EcoCommunalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Local_currency&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_currency#cite_ref-0http://www.reinventingmoney.com/worglExperiment.phphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_currency#cite_ref-1http://www.mkeever.com/kent.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_currency#cite_ref-2http://www.angkor.com/2bangkok/2bangkok/forum/archive/index.php/t-2224.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_currency#cite_ref-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lietaer,_Bernardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Future_of_Moneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Future_of_Moneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_currency#cite_ref-4http://www.kerryonworld.com/taxing-chinese-virtual-online-playershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_currency#cite_ref-5http://www.guardian.co.uk/money/2008/nov/01/consumeraffairs-communitieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_currency#cite_ref-6http://www.slate.com/id/2190116/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_currency#cite_ref-7http://johnmcgowanarchive.blogspot.com/2009/02/first-article-on-lewes-pound.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_currency#cite_ref-8http://www.publicnet.co.uk/news/2009/04/15/measures-aim-to-tackle-problem-of-empty-shops/http://www.publicnet.co.uk/news/2009/04/15/measures-aim-to-tackle-problem-of-empty-shops/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_currency#cite_ref-9http://www.neweconomics.org/gen/12345news_clonetownbritainresults.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_currency#cite_ref-10http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/8245276.stmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_currency#cite_ref-11http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/8245276.stmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Local_currency&action=edit&section=10http://www.bigboxtoolkit.com/http://www.neweconomics.org/gen/http://www.baroondollar.org/http://www.curomuto.com/barter-softwarehttp://www.kroonos.com/http://www.smallisbeautiful.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Ndajem-Wecco&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Red_Global_del_Trueque&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Robust_Complementary_Community_Currency_System&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=RERS&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Rumihuaico&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Salta_Creditos&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Syst%C3%A8mes_d%E2%80%99Echanges_Communitares&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Thay_Gerh&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Tianguis_Tlaloc&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Toctiuco&action=edit&redlink=1http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tontineshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eco-moneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Local_currency&action=edit&section=8http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Barterhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Informal_sectorhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_Exchange_Trading_Systemshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JAK_members_bankhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ripple_monetary_systemhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complementary_currencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_economics_topicshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Private_currencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Freigeldhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time-based_currencyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Time_Bankinghttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EcoCommunalismhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Local_currency&action=edit&section=9http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_currency#cite_ref-0http://www.reinventingmoney.com/worglExperiment.phphttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_currency#cite_ref-1http://www.mkeever.com/kent.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_currency#cite_ref-2http://www.angkor.com/2bangkok/2bangkok/forum/archive/index.php/t-2224.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_currency#cite_ref-3http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lietaer,_Bernardhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Future_of_Moneyhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_currency#cite_ref-4http://www.kerryonworld.com/taxing-chinese-virtual-online-playershttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_currency#cite_ref-5http://www.guardian.co.uk/money/2008/nov/01/consumeraffairs-communitieshttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_currency#cite_ref-6http://www.slate.com/id/2190116/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_currency#cite_ref-7http://johnmcgowanarchive.blogspot.com/2009/02/first-article-on-lewes-pound.htmlhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_currency#cite_ref-8http://www.publicnet.co.uk/news/2009/04/15/measures-aim-to-tackle-problem-of-empty-shops/http://www.publicnet.co.uk/news/2009/04/15/measures-aim-to-tackle-problem-of-empty-shops/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_currency#cite_ref-9http://www.neweconomics.org/gen/12345news_clonetownbritainresults.aspxhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_currency#cite_ref-10http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/8245276.stmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Local_currency#cite_ref-11http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/magazine/8245276.stmhttp://en.wikipedia.org/w/index.php?title=Local_currency&action=edit&section=10http://www.bigboxtoolkit.com/http://www.neweconomics.org/gen/http://www.baroondollar.org/http://www.curomuto.com/barter-softwarehttp://www.kroonos.com/http://www.smallisbeautiful.org/


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currencies

History of Barter and Local Currencies large collection of information about the history ofbarter and local currencies

Calderdale Green Currency 2000-2003

Regional currencies in Germany - local competition for the euro? Deutsche Bundesbank (ed.)

open money

LETS

Community Exchange System (CES) global complementary currency system

Community Currency Resources

Community Currency

ccPedia (a wiki of related topics)

Complementary Community Currency Systems

Alternative Money Systems

Local Currency Directory for USA & Canada

ccSyndicator Collaborative IT Committee for Complementary Currencies

Social Trade Organization, Netherlands

Margrit Kennedy

Network of German local currencies Online Laboratory on Complementary Currencies JAPAN

Parallel Currency Systems in Asia

Complementary Currency Resource Center

Transforming Money: From Debt to Empowerment by Susmita Barua from Buddhistperspective

Yootles A complementary currency being developed at Yahoo!

Ithaca Hours An example of a local currency system functioning in the US.

Ithaca Hours HOUR founder's site consulting with new currencies.

Bank of International Art Money A global alternative money based on currency created byartists.

REDI-the Regional Economic Development Initiative A local currency system beingdeveloped for Colorado.

Infography about Community Currencies

Crom Alternative Exchange Association

In We We Trust: The Prospect Of Local Currencies

Cyclos, Open Source Complementary Currency Software

Cclite, Open Source Currency Software in Perl/Mysql

Community Currency Magazine

The Plenty A local currency revitalized by the publication ofSmall is Possible by Lyle Estill
http://www.ormita.com/history-of-barter.htmlhttp://www.localcurrency.org.uk/http://www.bundesbank.de/download/volkswirtschaft/dkp/2006/200643dkp_en.pdfhttp://openmoney.info/http://www.transaction.net/money/lets/http://www.community-exchange.org/http://www.communitycurrency.org/resources.htmlhttp://www.communitycurrency.org/http://www.complementarycurrency.org/ccPediahttp://www.transaction.net/money/community/http://www.newciv.org/ncn/moneyteam.htmlhttp://www.smallisbeautiful.org/local_currencies/currency_groups.htmlhttp://ccit.wji.com/http://www.strohalm.net/en/site.phphttp://www.margritkennedy.de/index.php?modus=HOM&inc=HOM&lang=ENhttp://www.regiogeld.de/http://www.olccjp.net/http://www.appropriate-economics.org/asia/asia.htmlhttp://www.complementarycurrency.org/http://www.seek2know.net/money2.htmlhttp://www.yootles.com/http://www.ithacahours.org/http://www.ithacahours.com/http://www.art-money.org/255http://www.redimoney.org/http://www.infography.com/content/507632641358.htmlhttp://cromalternativemoney.org/http://www.joshuazeidner.com/2008/03/in-we-we-trust-prospect-of-local.htmlhttp://project.cyclos.org/http://www.hughbarnard.org/content/alternative-currency-softwarehttp://www.ccmag.net/http://theplenty.org/http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lyle_Estillhttp://www.ormita.com/history-of-barter.htmlhttp://www.localcurrency.org.uk/http://www.bundesbank.de/download/volkswirtschaft/dkp/2006/200643dkp_en.pdfhttp://openmoney.info/http://www.transaction.net/money/lets/http://www.community-exchange.org/http://www.communitycurrency.org/resources.htmlhttp://www.communitycurrency.org/http://www.complementarycurrency.org/ccPediahttp://www.transaction.net/money/community/http://www.newciv.org/ncn/moneyteam.htmlhttp://www.smallisbeautiful.org/local_currencies/currency_groups.htmlhttp://ccit.wji.com/http://www.strohalm.net/en/site.phphttp://www.margritkennedy.de/index.php?modus=HOM&inc=HOM&lang=ENhttp://www.regiogeld.de/http://www.olccjp.net/http://www.appropriate-economics.org/asia/asia.htmlhttp://www.complementarycurrency.org/http://www.seek2know.net/money2.htmlhttp://www.yootles.com/http://www.ithacahours.org/http://www.ithacahours.com/http://www.art-money.org/255http://www.redimoney.org/http://www.infography.com/content/507632641358.htmlhttp://cromalternativemoney.org/http://www.joshuazeidner.com/2008/03/in-we-we-trust-prospect-of-local.htmlhttp://project.cyclos.org/http://www.hughbarnard.org/content/alternative-currency-soft

Money Lingjing

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Transcript of Money Lingjing