Monday June 18 - CEOSceos.org/document_management/Meetings/Plenary/32/...Albrecht von Bargen (DLR)...

EuropeanCommissionGHGWorkshopMinutesv1.0

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RecordoftheEuropeanCommissionGHGWorkshop:

InterfacesBetweenCEOSAgenciesandtheGHGMonitoringSystem

18-19June2018Ispra,Italy

MondayJune18

IntroductionsandRoundTable

Mark Dowell (COM) welcomed everyone to the meeting. He welcomed Mauro Facchini and GreetMaenhout to say a few words. Mauro recalled that this area of the world is the birthplace of theCopernicusprogramme,andhenotedtheupcoming20-yearanniversaryofCopernicus.

TheEuropeanCommission’sCEOSChairpriorityongreenhousegaseswasnotedas thedriver for thisworkshop,andtheoutcomesofthisworkshopwillbeakeydeliverable.

Everyoneintroducedthemselvesinatourdetable.

ObjectivesoftheMeetingandtheEuropeanCommissionPriorityonGHGMonitoring

MarknotedthatCOMisthechairofCEOSfor2018,andoneoftheiridentifiedprioritiesfortheyearisaroundgreenhousegasmonitoring.Thepriorityisstrictlyfromthespaceagencyperspective,anddoesn’tseektodisruptanyofthevariousongoinginternationalinitiativesinthisarea.COMhassoughttobringallofthesegroupstogetherheretomakethemostofpastandongoingefforts.

TherearethreecomponentstotheCOMGHGpriority:

1. Facilitatethecompletion,andfollow-onactivities,oftheCEOSAC-VCwhitepaper;2. ReviewhowCGMSandCEOScouldworktogetherinamorestructuredwayfortheoperational

implementationofGHGmonitoring;and,3. Place the space segment in the broader context of a sustained CO2monitoring system – i.e.,

lookingathowspaceagenciescouldcontributetothenecessarysystemapproach(e.g.extractingand documenting best practices, identifying open issues and recommendations, build uponexistingefforts,etc.).

Theobjectiveof thisworkshop is to prepare a brief report for the SIT TechnicalWorkshop andCEOSPlenarythatdocumentsbestpracticesforinteractinginthismoregeneralsystemcontextwiththeseothercommunities(insitu,modelling,inventory)–basedonthepastexperiencesofbothCEOSMembersandAssociates.

Markpresentedanearlyversionofthefollowingdiagram,whichproposesasetofcommonelementsandlanguageforthebroadsystemthatintegratesatmosphericGHGmeasurements.Thediagrambelowisthefinalversionresultingfromrefinementsagreedduringthemeeting.


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MarknotedanumberofexcerptsfromtheCOP23/SBSTA47proceedingsthatshowthelinkbetweenGCOS and space agencies, in particular Conclusion #12 from SBSTA 47, which refers to SBSTAacknowledgingtheabilityofsatelliteobservationsofgreenhousegasestosupporttheParisAgreement.Thereisincreasingrecognitionatthepolicyandinternationallevelsontheapplicabilityofspace-basedmeasurements–aresultofcommunicationworkdonebyCEOS.

Markreviewedtheworkshopagenda.HenotedthatwhileChineseagencieswereunabletoattend,theCommission will present something on their behalf. Following a recent productive bilateral meeting.AlbrechtvonBargen(DLR)requestedaTCCONpresentationbeaddedtotheagenda.

Theimportanceofaclearlydefinedscopefortheobjectivesofthesystem(e.g.whichspeciesareincludedwithin the scopeof theGHGmonitoring system) and associated terminology,wasnoted. Thiswill bediscussedandconfirmedduringthecourseofthemeeting.

KevinBowman(NASA)askedwhetherlandusechangeisconsideredapartofthisactivity.MarknotedthatAgriculture,ForestryandOtherLandUse(AFOLU)wasconsideredinthedefinitionofthisworkshop,butitwasdecidedthatitwoulddetractfromthemainpurpose(atmosphericGHG).However,AFOLUwillofcoursebeapartoftheoverallsystem,andadditionalmoduleswillbeneededforthis.

RelevantInternationalProgrammes

WMO(WIGOS-2040/PhysicalArchitectureforClimateMonitoringfromSpaceandIG3IS)

WernerBalogh(WMO)presentedtheWMOIntegratedGlobalObservingSystem(WIGOS)andPhysicalArchitectureforClimateMonitoringfromSpace.

WIGOS

Werner notedWMO’sWorldWeatherWatch (WWW) and stated thatWIGOS is the evolution of theWWWandincorporatesvariouselements,includingthoseofWWW:


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WIGOSwasneededdue to theexpandingmandatesofNationalMeteorology andHydrology Services(NHMS), and has both technical and financial advantages. WIGOS has been designed with userrequirements inmind from the very beginning, and ismaking use of synergies wherever possible toimproveefficiencyofobservations.WIGOShas14applicationareas,includingclimate,andhasintegrationacrossmanylayers,disciplines,networks,geographies,etc.Arollingreviewofrequirements(RRR)keepsWIGOSuptodatewithevolutionsinthespace.WernernotedtheOSCARdatabaseanditsroleintheRRR.

TheWIGOSVision2040includesspace-basedconsiderationsinitstieredstructure(coreandadditionalcapabilities).ThefirstdraftofthisvisionwaspresentedtoCGMS-46,andtheWMOCongressisexpectedtoconsiderendorsementin2019.

PhysicalArchitectureforClimateMonitoringfromSpace

The2013StrategyTowardsanArchitectureforClimateMonitoringfromSpacepresentsterminology,thelogicalview,andanimplementationroadmap.Thelogicalviewisbasedonfourpillars:

Aphysicalviewofthearchitectureisnowneededtoaddspecificitytotheplan.WMOhasproposedaphysicalview,howeverafterreviewbyCGMSandothers,it’sclearthattherewasnoconsensusonthissubject.Definingandreachingconsensusonthephysicalviewwillbeimportantforefficientandeffectiveclimatemonitoring from space. Having a consensus on the description of the physical view is a highpriority.WMOproposesasmalltaskgroup,perhapsincludingparticipantsfromthisgroup,toprepareaviewtopresenttotheWMOCongressin2019.

IntegratedGlobalGHGInformationSystem(IG3IS)

Phil DeCola (UMD/WMO) presented some background and context. He noted the possibility of usingatmosphericmeasurementsandmodelstoverifyinventories,whichisanevolutionfromsimplyproviding


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long-termdatarecords.Henotedthattherehasbeenashift inUNFCCCthinkingbetweenCOP15andCOP21regardingverifyingandvalidatingNationallyDeterminedContributions (NDCs)andtheneedtoavoidpolicingsubmissions.

PhilsummarisedtheIG3ISprinciples:

﹣Combine(inaunifiedapproach)atmosphericmeasurementswithsocioeconomicinventorydatatobetterquantifyandattributegreenhousegasemissions.

﹣ Successcriteriaarethattheinformationguidesadditionalandvaluableemission-reductionactions.﹣ Stakeholders are entrained from the beginning to ensure that information products meet user

prioritiesanddeliverontheforeseenvalueproposition.﹣ IG3ISwillserveasaninternationalcoordinatingmechanismandestablishandpropagateconsistent

methodsandstandards(BIPM/GAWpartnership).﹣ IG3ISmustmatureinconcertwiththeevolutionofpolicyandtechnology.PhilnotedthatthecommercialsectorandothersaremarchingaheadintheirsupportofNDCactivities,and a unified voice for our community is a necessity. Phil presented a number of IG3IS products andobjectives – please see the slides for details. Phil reported that he is attending this workshop tounderstandhowIG3IScanlinktothiseffort.

GCOS(IP2016,ActionT71,andParisFollow-onPaper)

StephenBriggs(GCOS)presentedthebackgroundofGCOS.TheGCOSvisionisaworldwhereusershavefreeaccesstotheclimate-relatedinformationtheyneed,anditaimstoensuretheavailabilityandqualityof observations necessary to monitor, understand and predict the global climate system so thatcommunitiesandnationscanlivesuccessfullywithclimatevariabilityandchange.


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TheGCOSstatusreportdeliveredtoCOP21 inParisshowedthat therehasbeen improvement in theadequacyoftheexistingobservingnetworkssince2010,butforthenextdecadewehavetolookinto:

1.Adaptation&Mitigation

2.Water,EnergyandCarboncycles

3.AdditionalEssentialClimateVariables

4.Emphasisonmorehelpfornetworksindevelopingcountries

GCOSdefinestheEssentialClimateVariables(ECVs)andtheseareevolvingslightlybasedoncapabilityevolution.ECVsneedtobefeasibleaswellasdesirable.ThenewGCOSIPalsopresentsasuiteofclimateindicators,andtriestomovedebateawayfromafocusonsurfacetemperaturetoothervariables,namely:meantemperature,oceanacidity,atmosphericCO2,glaciermassbalance,oceanheatcontent,sealevelchange,andsea iceextent. It is thought that theseprovidemorecontextandbroadenthedebateonhistoricalclimatechange.ThenewGCOSIPalsoaddresseshowtheECVscontributetotheunderstandingofthewater,carbon,andenergycyclesoftheclimatesystem.

StephennotedtheimportanceoftheGCOS-UNFCCCrelationship:

StephennotedthattherehasbeengoodprogressontheresearchandsystematicobservationaspectswithinUNFCCC,andGCOS,alongwithCEOSandWMO,havebeenkeytothis.StephenrecalledaspecialclimateobservationdayheldduringCOP21,whichisexpectedtoberepeatedin2018.

Stephenpresentedtheroadtotheglobalstocktakes.Asuiteofobservationsareneeded,andthesearecoveredbytheGCOSImplementationPlan.HenotedactionT-71anditsfocusonatmosphericcarbon(despitethename)andsuggestedthatthecostislikelytobeafactorof10lowerthanquoted.Stephencoveredthescopeofallrequiredobservations–seetheslidesfordetails.


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GEO(GEO-C,In-situCoordinationMechanism,ParisWorkshop)

AndreObregon(GEOSEC)presentedsomebackgroundonGEO.GEO’sprioritiesincludesupportingtheUN2030AgendaforSustainableDevelopment,theParisAgreementonClimateChange,andtheSendaiFrameworkforDisasterRiskReduction.Andrenotedthe2010GEOCarbonStrategy,andtheresponsestothisfromCEOS,COM,andothers.

TheGEOCarbonInitiative(GEO-C,chairedbyHanDohlman)aimstointegratecarboncycleobservationsacrossocean,landandatmosphere;andtoprovidecoherencetothenumerousongoingefforts,withafocusonobservationsfordecisions.Andrespokeaboutthegovernance,thesecretariatinplaceatICOS–supportedbyItalyandJapan–andtheSteeringCouncilestablishedtobringonboardallkeyplayers.

AndrenotedthelackofanequivalentgrouptoCEOSfortheinsitucomponentoftheGEOstructure,buttherearenumerousgroupsatthedomainlevel.ThelossofGTOSleavesagapforthelanddomain,despitesomeofitscomponentscontinuingtoexist.ThisisalsoreflectedintheGCOSIP,whichhasanaction(T1)aroundimprovingthecoordinationofterrestrialobservations.GEOisidentifiedasakeycontributortothisaction.ThereisanactiveeffortwithinGEOtoimproveinsitucoordinationinresponsetoGCOS.

AndrealsospokeabouttheGEOSymposiumWorkshoponClimate,whichaddressedhowGEOshouldaddresstheParisAgreement–refertotheslidesfortheoutcomes.

ReviewandDiscussion

PhilDeCola(UMD/WMO)notedthathistorically,WMOhasinvestedinGAWtoenablememberstomakemoreobservations,andthefocushasbeenonglobalbackgroundmeasurements.Sourceregionsarenowthe focus.He stressed theneed tobe specificwith requirements for these sourcemeasurements.HeaddedthatIG3IS(dependingontheapplication)willdrivetheneedforimprovedpriorinformationaswell.High-resolution optical imagery is needed to meet the needs. WMO embraces the need to provideimprovedprior information.MarkDowell responded,noting thathehopeswecan identifyduring thebreakout sessions areas that should be prioritised, as well as what type of in situ data will bemostadvantageous.

KevinBowman(NASA)notedStephenBriggs’slideonmeetingtheneedsofthoserespondingtotheParisAgreementandaskedaboutthematurityofthesystemsfordisseminationofthisdataandhowthisistracked.Therewerenospecificanswers.PhilipstatedthatthisiscountryspecificinthecontextofNDCs.

Stephen Briggs (GCOS) recalled that anthropogenic emissions are the only focus for the UNFCCCagreements.Acompleteoverviewisneededtolookattrends(e.g.,incities40%ofemissionsarefromthesoil).

RichardEngelengaveasummaryofrelevantactivitiesintheCopernicusClimateChangeService(C3S).

RecentandOngoingActivities

CEOSAC-VCWhitepaper

DavidCrisp (NASA)gaveanoverviewof theCEOSAC-VCwhitepaper,past, currentandplannedGHGmonitoringmissions.

David noted the large number of scientific missions already on the roadmap (already launched andplanned)well before the first global stocktake. Integrating these satellites into a virtual constellationwouldbeaveryeffectivewayofhavingsomethinginplaceforthefirstglobalstocktake.Meetingthe2023


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deadlinewouldserveasagreatshake-downtestofasystem,leadingtoabetterunderstandingforwhatfollows.

Thereisalsoaproposalforapurpose-builtconstellationinthedocument,whichrepresentsalongertermeffort(mid-2020sforstartingimplementation).TheCopernicusSentinelandTansat-2constellationscouldbekeycomponents.DavidoutlinedthecandidateGHG(CO2,CH4)constellationarchitecture,notingthattheaccuracy,precision,resolution,andcoveragerequirements(fromtheGCOSIP)couldbeachievedwithaconstellationthatincorporates:

﹣Aconstellationofthree(ormore)satellitesinLEOwith:○ Abroad(>200)kmswathwithameanfootprintsize<4km2;○ Asinglesoundingrandomerrornear0.5ppm,andvanishingsmallregionalscalebias(<0.1ppm)

over>80%ofthesunlithemisphere;and,○ One(ormore)satellitescarryingancillarysensors(CO,NO2,CO2and/orCH4Lidar).

﹣Aconstellationwiththree(ormore)GEOsatellites:○ Monitoringdiurnallyvaryingprocesses(e.g.,rushhours,diurnalvariationsinthebiosphere);○ StationedoverEurope/Africa,North/SouthAmerica,andEastAsia.

﹣ This constellation couldbe augmentedwithoneormoreHEO satellites tomonitor carbon cyclechangesinthehigharctic.

PhilDeCola(UMD/WMO)andDavidagreedontheneedtothinkcarefullyaboutthefutureneedsofthepolicyandinventorycommunities.Davidisplanningtoincludesomeexamplestatementsinthereportforconsideration.

KenHolmlund(EUMETSAT)notedtherapidpaceofdevelopmentofmissionsinChina.Itiscurrentlynotclearwhatsensorswillbeusedforanoperationalconstellation.

CopernicusCO2TaskForceReport

Bernard Pinty (COM) presented the context and state of play of the Copernicus anthropogenic CO2emissionsinitiative.TheglobalCO2budgetisneededas inputtothe5-yearlyglobalstocktakeexercisestarting from 2023 established under the Paris Agreement. Analysis at local/regional level may helpcountriesinevaluatingtheeffectivenessoftheirCO2emissionreductionstrategiesandpossiblyindefiningrevised Nationally Determined Contributions of the UNFCCC Parties. There is a need to provideindependentevidenceonandverificationofnationally reportedanthropogenicCO2emissions,and tohelpassesstheuncertaintiesandgapsassociatedwiththeemissioninventories.

BernardoutlinedthisexpansionoftheCopernicusprogramme,whichaimstosignificantlyincreasethedensity of high quality relevant observations, with an emphasis on having an operational systemunderpinnedbystronguserrequirementsandbasedoninternationalcommitmentsandcorrespondingEU Policy implementation. International cooperation is also crucial to help address the breadth ofrequirements.


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Bernard reviewed the objectives, requirements, open questions, and way forward for the spacecomponentandTaskForces–seeslidesforallthedetails.

JapaneseMOE/NIESGuidebookandIPCCTFIUpdate

TsuneoMatsunaga(NIES)reviewedtheaimoftheGuidebookontheUseofSatelliteGreenhouseGasesObservationDatatoEvaluateandImproveGreenhouseGasEmissionInventories:topromotetheuseofsatelliteGHGdatainnationalGHGinventoryverificationsandcontributetothe2019refinementofthe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventories.ThefirsteditionoftheGuidebookcanbedownloadedhere.

TheGuidebookwillbeusedatthe16thWorkshoponGHGInventoriesinAsiainIndia,July10-12,2018(WGIA-16).ThiswillbeagoodopportunitytopromotetheguidebooktoAsiancountries.

Matsunaga-sannotedtheliteraturecut-offdateforthe2019refinementofthe2006IPCCGuidelinesforNationalGreenhouseGasInventoriesisJune25,andMay2019isthetargetforcompletion/adoption.Anumberofrefinementshavealreadybeenmadeinrelationtosatellitedata:


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SimonEggleston(WMO/GCOS)notedthatwhiletheIPCCTFIGuidelineswillincludereferencestosatellitedata,theywillnotbeamandatoryinstruction.Headdedthatthecostoflabourneededtointegratethesesatellitesourcesintoinventoryworkissignificant,sothatisahurdle.Anotherhurdleisconcernaboutthesustainabilityofthesatellitedata.SimonalsohighlightedtheimportanceoftheSecondOrderDraftreviewfromJulytoSeptember;thisisreallythefinalopportunityforinput.

ReportfromIWGGMSToronto

RayNassarprovidedanoverviewofhighlightsfromthe14thInternationalWorkshoponGreenhouseGasMeasurementsfromSpace.TheobjectiveoftheworkshopwastoexchangeinformationonthestateoftheartofCO2,CH4,andotherGHGmeasurements,andtofosterinternationalcollaboration.Thefocuswasonexistingandongoingmissions,retrievalsandvalidation,useofdataforflux/sourceestimation,andfuturemissions.

Rayhasobservedachangeinfocusoverthecourseofthe14IWGGMSmeetingstoincludeagreaterfocusonmorepolicyrelevantscienceaspects,includingmajorprogressonthequantificationofanthropogenicCO2andCH4emissions.

Ray provided summaries and thoughts on a number of projects and programmes presented at theworkshop–seetheslidesfordetails.IWGGMS-15willbeheldinSapporo,JapaninearlyJune2019–afewmonthsafterthescheduledlaunchofGOSAT-2.

IndividualAgencyPerspectives

CNES

CaroleDeniel(CNES)presentedtheCNESagencyperspective.ShenotedboththeMERLIN(CH4,withDLR)andMicroCarb (CO2,with UKSA)missions. These are in addition to IASI and IASI-NG, onwhich CNEScooperateswithEUMETSATandUKSA.MERLINaimstoderiveaglobalmethanebudgetandtoreconcile


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top-downandbottom-upapproachesusinganewactivemissionwhichofferslowerbiases,dayandnightobservations,atalllatitudes,forallseasons.MicroCarbwillbeusedtobettercharacteriseCO2sources,sinksandfluxes,includingatcityscale.

CarolealsosummarisedongoingCNESactivitieswiththemodellingandinsitucommunities:

Examplesof insitucooperationswerepresented,includingAirCoreandMAGIC-CoMet(alsowithDLR).CNES isalsosupportingatmosphericobservations fromtheground likeTCCON,andFrance is stronglyinvolvedinICOSinfrastructure.

Carolereportedthatthereisnotalotofexistingdialoguewiththeinventorycommunity.

CarolenotedthatgovernmentfundswerereceivedforMicroCarbbasedontheexpectedsocio-economicimpacts (through the Future Investment Plan). CNES have received some requests to investigateapplicationswiththecommercialsector(e.g.,GHGSat,Bluefield).Ataninstitutionallevel,CNESnowhassomecontactwiththeMinistryofEnvironment(inchargeofinventory,etc.)regardingtheuseofspace-basedmeasurements forverification,however themain focus is researchrather than inventorywork.CNESworkswithbothCEOS(AC-VC)andmanyotheragenciesbilaterallyforinter-calibrationactivities.


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In addition to the benefits of the MERLIN measurement approach (high latitude, better calibration)alreadymentioned,PhilDeCola(UMD/WMO)notedthepotentialcontributionstotheunderstandingofclear-skybias.Philipaskediftherehasbeenanystudyintowhetherbetterdatacanberetrievedforoftencloudyareas.CarolenotedthatsomepreliminaryworkhasbeendonewithCALIPSO,butthishasnotbeenpublished.

CSA

MarcusDejmek(CSA)notedsomeactiveCanadianspaceassets,includingRADARSAT-2,SCISAT,CloudSat,OSIRIS on Odin, and MOPITT on Terra. Natural Resources Canada is using RADARSAT-2 to monitorpermafrost,amongmanyotherapplications.SCISAThasbeenincontinuousspaceflightoperationsince2003.Itnowmeasuresoversixtyatmosphericspeciesatstilloneoftheworld’shighestverticalresolutionspossible, and includes ozone,methane, carbondioxide andmultiple CFCs.Many of these species aremeasured by no other instrument or satelliteworld-wide,making Canada the sole provider of thesedatasets globally. SCISAT contributes to themonitoring ofmany ECVs. Potential futuremissions: theChemicalandAerosolSoundingSatellite(CASS)andAIM-North(aHEOmissionforatmosphericimagingofgreenhousegases,airqualityandSIFinnorthernregions)werealsonoted.

Thefollowingconnectionswithothercommunities(modelling,insitu)werepresented:


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Marcus presented a logic model that connects Canadian government priorities down to data andmodellingneeds(seeslide11here).

MarcusnotedthenumerousclimateresearchactivitiesrelatedtoGHGsthatEnvironmentandClimateChangeCanada(ECCC)undertakes,aswellasothersatellitevalidationactivities that takeplace in thecountry.ECCCalsodevelopsCanada’sNationalInventoryReport(NIR)eachyear.Marcusidentifiedthatfederaldepartments(includingCSA)couldplayaroleinthePeerReviewelementoftheannualNIR(notcurrentlythecase,butisatarget,andcouldbefollowedup).

DLR

AlbrechtvonBargen(DLR)presentedsomerelevantGermanmissions,notingtheSCIAMACHYheritageandtheCarbonMonnationalmissionstudy(aimedatmeasuringbothCO2andCH4passivelyandactively),whichin2010resultedintheselectionofMERLIN(asaGermany-Francecollaborativemission).AlbrechtpresentedtheMERLINmissionspecifications.

Regarding in situmeasurements, Albrecht noted the COMET campaign, which included aircraft andground-basedmeanstosimultaneouslymeasureCO2andCH4usinglidar,passiveremotesensingandinsitu techniques. COMET is a collaboration between DLR and various government agencies includingpartnersfromPolandandCNES.NumerousGermanagenciesalsocontributetoICOS.

Policy inGermany isdrivenbytheclassicalapproachofthe inventorycompilation(regulations), led inGermanybytheFederalOfficefortheEnvironment,whichcoordinatesinputfromthestate-leveloffices.Input generation isbasedon theEUETS regulations andon the2006 IPCCguidelines, using reportedemissions as input. The Federal Office for the Environment is studying approaches including Earthobservation data. At the DWD Climate Workshop 2017, an agreement was made to use top-downemissions from atmospheric observations (ICOS) and inverse modelling (STILT) from the 2019 NIR.Furthermore, Germany intends to include satellite (Sentinel-5P, GOSAT,OCO-2) and in situ datawithinversemodelling,coordinatedbyDWD.


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TheGermanspaceprogrammereflectsthehighandsustainedmulti-levelcommitmentofGermany:

Nationallevel(missionanddataexploitation)

﹣CoherentR&DonGHGmeasurementsfromspace;﹣Conceptsofintegrationofcurrentandfuturemissions(TanDEM,EnMAP,MERLIN)includinginsitu

andmodelling;﹣Supportingmissionsuccessthroughon-groundcal/valactivitiesandcoordinationoftheGerman

usercommunity.Europeanlevel

﹣ECCOPERNICUSprogrammeincludingservices,e.g.,Sentinel-4,Sentinel-5,andSentinel-NG;﹣ESAEarthobservationprogramme;﹣EUMETSATprogramme.Internationallevel

﹣Bilateralefforts(missionimplementations,agreements,etc.)﹣Multilateralcoordinationofspaceagencies’activities(CEOS)andsupporttoGEOinitiatives;﹣Inclusionofspace-basedmeasurementsininternationaleffortsfortheevaluationofGHGs.

ESA

YasjkaMeijer(ESA)notedtheCopernicusprogramme–specificallytheapplicationsofSentinel-5PandTROPOMI. The potential of the virtual constellation of Sentinel-4, Sentinel-5, and Sentinel-5P washighlighted. The Copernicus CO2 expansion mission was presented, including its objectives, targetspecifications, auxiliary products, and expected timeline. Yasjka suggested some possible CEOScollaborationstosupporttheCopernicusCO2mission:

﹣AddCO2imagersinconstellationforincreasedcoverage;﹣AddCO2lidarinconstellationtocalibrateimagers;﹣Contributewithinsitumeasurements;﹣Contributetoradiometriccalibration;﹣ Exploitationofdata.

EUMETSAT

PaulCounet(EUMETSAT)recalledEUMETSAT’smission:

﹣ The primary objective is to establish, maintain and exploit European operational meteorologicalsatellitesystems,takingintoaccountasfaraspossibletherecommendationsoftheWMO.

﹣Afurtherobjectiveistocontributetooperationalclimatemonitoringanddetectionofglobalclimaticchanges.

﹣ Throughfulfillingtheseobjectives,contributetoenvironmentalmonitoring,whereinteractionswiththeoceanandtheatmosphereareinvolved.

Paul presented a coverage/daily revisit analysis that looked at various satellite combinations andhighlightedtheneedforcoordinationamongobservingsystems.Followingthemodeldevelopedbytheoperationalmeteorologicalsatelliteconstellation,anyfutureGHGconstellationwillneedtofocusonorbitandmissioncoordination,datadistribution,dataexchange,anddataformatrequirements.Tofullyexploit


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theinformationcollectedbyfutureGHGconstellations,themissionswillalsohavetoinvestintrainingandcapacitybuildingaswellaspublicoutreach.PaulsuggestedthatCEOSshouldexploittheexperienceofCGMSandotherorganizationstofosterthedevelopmentofthesecapabilities.

PaulalsopresentedthefollowingoutcomesfromCGMS-46(June2018):

﹣CGMSreconfirmeditscommitmenttosupporttheestablishmentofanoperationalgreenhousegasmonitoringsystemanditsspacebasedcomponent.

﹣CGMSbringsexperiencefrombuildingmeteorologicalsystems,inparticularonmissioncoordination,dataexchange,training,andoutreach.

﹣CGMSinteractswithWMOfortheinclusionofaspace-basedcarbonmonitoringsysteminTier1ofWIGOS2040.

﹣CGMSispartoftheCEOSAC-VCwritingteamfortheGHGwhitepaper.﹣CGMSisworkingtowardsestablishingajointteamwithCEOStosupportcurrentactivitiestowardsan

operationalspace-basedcarbonmonitoringsystemtargetingprovisionofsystematicdatasupportingtheactivitiesofUNFCCCandotherbodies.

The contribution of Satellite Application Facilities (SAFs) was noted, in particular the existing SAF onatmosphericcompositionmonitoring.PaulsuggestedsomethingsimilarcouldbedoneforCO2(orbuiltintotheexistingstructure).

JAXA

2019IPCCTFIGuidelinesRevision

JAXAhaveled,onbehalfofCEOS,engagementwithNIESandtheUNFCCC/IPCCtoinputtothe2019IPCCTFIGuidelinesrevision.OsamuOchiai(JAXA)presentedtheprocesstodate,notinginparticulartheeventsorganisedaroundCOP23,aswellasthecommentscontributedbyJAXAonbehalfofCEOS.TherevisionisnowenteringtheSecondOrderDraft(SOD)phase,andthereisthepotentialforfurtherCEOSfeedbackduringthisphaseifnecessary.JAXAwillcontinuetoleadthiseffortonbehalfofCEOSuntilitsconclusion.

GOSAT

MasakatsuNakajima (JAXA) reviewed theGOSATprogramme–a collaborationbetween the JapaneseMinistryofEnvironment,NIES,andJAXAtoadvancethemonitoringofGHGfromspace.Theprogrammehasalsoseenanumberofcollaborationswithotherspaceagencies,scienceteams,etc.Nakajima-sanreviewed the specifications and status of the two GOSAT missions. He noted that according to theJapaneseBasicSpacePlan,GOSAT-3isscheduledforlaunchin2022,butthiswilllikelybedelayed.

NOAA

AlisaYoung(NOAA)presentedaNOAAlineofficeprioritieschart,andnotedthatOAR,NESDIS,andNWSallhaveclimateasapriority.TheOfficeofOceanicandAtmosphericResearch(OAR)andtheNationalEnvironmentalSatellite,Data,andInformationService(NESDIS)willbethefocushere.

OceanicandAtmosphericResearch(OAR)

OARhastheresponsibilityofperformingglobalmonitoringofatmosphericconstituentsby:

﹣Measuring climate forcing agents in the atmosphere at 269 sites around the world for up to 40


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differentchemicals.﹣RunningtheGHGReferenceNetworkofairsamplingsites(55activesitesthatpreciselymeasureCO2,

methane(CH4),nitrousoxide(N2O),sulfurhexafluoride(SF6),carbonmonoxide(CO),andhydrogen(H2).

﹣Undertakinginsituobservationsatsurface,ontowers,buoys,viaaircraft,etc.OARalsoperformsindependentverificationofemissionsreductions;runstheNOAAAnnualGHGIndex(AGGI),CarbonTracker(modeling),andNorthAmericanCarbonProgram;andperformssatellitecal/valandGHGresearch.

NationalEnvironmentalSatellite,Data,andInformationService(NESDIS)

TheprimaryfunctionofNESDISistosupportotherNOAAlineoffices.NESDIScorecapabilitiesareforreal-timeregionalweatherimageryandglobalnearreal-timesoundings.Observationsofglobalatmosphericcompositionhavenotbeenahigh-levelpriority,however,somecapabilitiesforglobalGHGmonitoringdoexist.

Instruments

ChrisBarnet(NOAA)notedavarietyofrelevantmissions,aswellasoperationalandexperimentalretrievalproductsavailablethroughNOAA.HenotedAqua;Metop-AandB;Suomi-NPP,andNOAA-20.WhileGHGsare not the primary design criteria of the modern NOAA satellite suite, they do offer some usefulinformation.ChrisnotedtwodifferentCO2retrievalalgorithms:NUCAPSandCLIMCAPS(seeslides).Thesetwo algorithms can contribute to the weather, composition and climate communities. Uses includemonitoring GHGs, air quality, climate processes, etc. Chris noted NOAA’s support of the FIREX fieldcampaign, and reported that working together with the in situ community has been very beneficial,providingfeedbackfromexpertsonthevalueofretrievalsandinsitudataproducts.

NSMC-CMA&EuropeBilateralWorkshop

MarkDowell(COM)reportedonthisworkshop,whichwasorganisedtodiscussallcomponentsofaGHGmonitoringsystem.Specificdiscussionswereheldonthespace-based,insitu,andmodellingcomponents.Thefollowingconclusionswerereached:

﹣HavingaGHGmonitoringsystemisessential.﹣Anysystemshouldbeaseriesofsystemsthatarecoordinatedataninternationallevel.﹣ChinaandEuropeareopentocoordination.﹣Agreedtoworkoncal/valforexistingmissions,andalsocoordinateonplanninganddeploymentof

futuremissions(e.g.,intelligentorbitchoices)﹣ Thereisaneedforstandardisationinthiscommunity.Agreedtoaddressthis.﹣Collaborationandworkshopsonmodellingarealsoneeded.A follow upmeeting is planned for a year’s time. Overall therewas an acknowledgement thatwhileapproachesaredifferentinChinaandEurope,coordinationiswelcome.

NASA

DavidCrisp(NASA)presentedNASA’sEOportfolio,inparticularpastconstellationssuchasGPMandtheA-train,andnotedthatNASAareexploringnewideasaroundcubesatconstellationsandgeostationary


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platforms.Davidrecalledthe2017DecadalSurveyrecommendations,whichweregroupedasfollows:

﹣5‘DesignatedObservables’–highestpriority,butdoesn’tincludeGHGmissions.﹣ ‘Explorer’classmissions–350Mcostconstraint, includesGHG;3of6missionswillbeselectedfor

implementation.David noted that NASA is looking for international partnerships to help fill the portfolio. CEOS andinternationalcollaborationsarekeytomeetingalldesiredobjectives.

DavidalsopresentedresultsandspecificationsofNASA’sGHGmissionsincludingOCO-2,OCO-3(flyingontheISS;rapidlyprecessingorbitforalternatetimemeasurements),andGeoCarb(geostationary;7kmperfootprint–similartoSentinel-5P).

In addition to missions, NASA is also undertaking significant data processing, analysis, etc. Prioritiesinclude remote sensing retrieval algorithms for XCO2 and XCH4; support for vicarious calibration andvalidation(groundbasedTCCONsites,vicariouscalibrationcampaigns;solarandlunarstandards);andthecarboncycleObservingSystemSimulationExperiment(OSSE)initiativetoadvancemodelinganddataassimilationusedincoordinatedOSSEs.

UKSA

RobParker(NCEO)presentedonbehalfofUKSA.HereportedthattheUKiscommittedtosatellitesystemsforGHGmonitoring,andthisisevidencedthroughitsinvestmentinMicroCarbwithCNES,amongotheractivities.TheUKisalsostrongly involvedwithGOSATandOCO-2;contributetotheGHG-CCI,andareinternationalpartnersonTansatwithChina.NCEOprovidesUKsustainedinfrastructureandpeopleasacontributiontoactivitieswithNERC,ESA,EC,etc.

Rob spokeabout theuseof tall towers toprovide top-downverificationsofUKemissions,which canachieveahigh-degreeofaccuracywithonlyafewtowers.ThesetalltowermeasurementscanbeusedtoconstraintheUKinventoryreporting.

Robacknowledged the importanceof TCCON, andalso spokeabout theCOCCONnetwork,which areportable stations useful for filling validation gaps and urban deployments. TheUK is also involved inairborne measurements, specifically GHOST – an airborne SWIR spectrometer for CO2, CH4 and COmeasurements. SIF is another interest area for NCEO, and NCEO delivers this data operationally forCopernicus.


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PhilDeCola(UMD/WMO)notedthattheUK’stalltowersdoagreatjobfortheUKinventory.Inthepastasingletowerwasabletoprovide3yearaverages,butnowwith5towers,1yearaveragesarepossible.

RobnotedthattheUKTCCONstationisoperatingonanadhocbasisduetostaffingconstraints,howeverthisisexpectedtoberectifiedshortlywiththehiringofanewpostgraduatetodotherequiredanalysis.RobexpectsalotmoreengagementininternationalTCCONmeetingsinthefutureoncethisnewcapacityisrealised.

Summary

Agencyrepresentativeswereaskedtoaddressthefollowingintheirpresentations:

1. Agencyprogrammaticstate-of-playonGHGmissionsandplans.2. Ongoingactivitieswiththemodellingcommunity.3. Ongoingactivitieswiththeinsitucommunity.4. Existingdialoguewiththeinventorycommunity.5. Engagement/involvementattheinternationallevel(bilateral/multilateral).6. Target/focusofanyrelevantresearchfunding.

Thefollowingtablewasconstructedbydistilling informationfromthepresentations foreachof thesepoints.

Agency GHGMissions&Plans

ModellingCommunityActivities

InsituCommunityActivities

InventoryCommunityDialogue

InternationalEngagement

ResearchFundingFocus

CSA OSIRISonOdin(O3),SCISAT,MOPITT(CO)onTerra,RADARSAT-2(permafrost);CASS(proposed),AIM-North(proposed)

CMAM30,EC-CAS,Plumemodelanalyses.

NDACCFTIR,PARIS-IR,2Bruker125HRFTSsitesinTCCON(EurekaandEastTroutLake)

Essentiallynone,butECCChighlightedastarget.

CEOS,UN/WMOCMIP6,UN/WMOOzone,GAW,ECCC’sAQHI,IPCC


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CNES MERLIN(CH4),MicroCarb(CO2),IASI,IASI-NG

Seeslide7.CNRS,UPMC,UVSQ,LSCE,LATMOS,lisa,GSMA,iLM,IPSL,etc.Tools:LMDzetCHIMEREforatmosphericmodeling,ORCHIDEEforLandinterface,NEMO-PISCESforOCEAN&PYVARforfluxinversion

Calibration&validationofGHGmissions.AirCore,PicoSDLA,Autres,LIDAR,CRDS,TCCON,COCCON,PICARROonSAFIRE,MAGIC-CoMet

SomecontactjuststartedwithMinistryofEnvironment(inchargeofinventory).Negotiatingtopromoteuseofspacedataforverification.

WorkingintheframeofCEOSAC-VCandbilateralMOUs(JAXA,NASA,UKSA,DLR)forinter-calibrationmainly.

Radiativetransfer,dynamictransportmodels,adaptationofglobalandlocalassimilationschemes.

DLR TanDEM,EnMAP,MERLIN

COMET Europeanlevel:ECCopernicusprogramme,ESAEarthobservationprogramme,EUMETSATprogramme;Internationallevel:Bilateralefforts,CEOS,supporttoGEOinitiatives

ESA Sentinel-5P/5CandidateCopernicusExpansionMissionforCO2Monitoring

CEOS,Copernicus

GHGClimateChangeInitiative.Performanceassessmentstudies.Validationanddemonstrationcampaigns.

EUMETSAT Sentinel-5/CopernicusSentinelsCO2initiative

CEOS,CGMS,Copernicus


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JAXA GOSAT,GOSAT-2

IPCC&TFIGuidelinesrevision,JapaneseMOE

JapaneseMOE,NIES,GEO,UNEP,WMO,CGMS;ESA,CNES,DLR,NASA;CEOSAC-VC

NOAA Aqua;Metop-AandB;Suomi-NPP,andNOAA-20

NUCAPS:developingweatherandairqualityapplications.CLIMCAPS:developingalong-term(2002-2040’sandbeyond)climaterecordforAqua/AIRSandS-NPP/JPSSCrIStosupportscientificresearchinprocessstudies,andclimate&composition.AlsoexploringfutureLEOandGEOinstrumentconceptsforweather,airquality,andclimate.

NASA OCO-2,OCO-3,GeoCarb

CarbonManagementSystem(CMS)OCO-2FluxMulti-modelIntercomparisonProjectCarbonOSSEInitiative

Supportforvicariouscalibrationandvalidation,andsolar&lunarstandards.NASA’sgroundbasedTCCONvalidationsites.

ImprovedremotesensingretrievalalgorithmsforXCO2andXCH4.CarbonCycleObservingSystemSimulationExperiment(OSSE)initiative:AdvancedmodelinganddataassimilationusedincoordinatedOSSEsto:﹣Assess/improve

spatialresolutionandaccuracyofhorizontal&verticaltransport.

﹣Improvemethodsforassimilationofground-based,aircraft,andspacebaseddata.

﹣Developmethodstovalidatefluxesonlocal,national,andregional


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scales.﹣Assess

performancerequirementsandobservingstrategiesofGHGsatellites.

﹣ImproveunderstandingofCO2interannualvariabilitythroughassimilationofbiomassandatmosphericcarbon(OCO-2,MOPITT)leveragingCMS-Flux.

UKSA MicroCarb,CopernicusSentinelsCO2initiative

GAUGE,BEIStalltowers,NCEOfundingUKTCCONstation,contributingtoCOCCONnetwork,GHOST:GreenHousegasObservationsintheStratosphereandTroposphere

NERC,ESA,ECInvolvementinJAXA(GOSAT)andNASA(OCO)missionsNCEOcontributesCO2&CH4toboththeESAGHG-CCIandCopernicusC3SUoLisoneoftheTANSATinternationalpartnersEuropeanCO2EmissionMonitoringSystem

Cross-cuttingIssuesandBestPractices

MarkDowell(COM,CEOSChairTeam)presentedslidesoncross-cuttingissuesandbestpractices.

KevinBowman(NASA)suggestedalsocoveringmeasurementreconciliationapproachesinthediscussionstomorrow.Withaninternationalcommunity,groupswillusetheirownmodellingprocesses,andtherewillbeaneedforareconciliationelementinaholisticsystem.Itwasagreedtodiscussthisinthesatellite-modellingsessiontomorrowtocapturewhatshouldbedonefromaspaceagencyperspective.


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KenHolmlund(EUMETSAT)notedthevariousongoingintercomparisonactivities,whicharecontributingtoaniterativeimprovementprocess.Adialogueneedstobeestablishedbetweenalloftheseindependentactivities.

Anumberofactivitiesrelatedtounderstandingthediscrepanciesofinversionmodellingapproacheswerenoted,includingAlexVermeulen’sworkshopandcomponentsofIG3IS(includingtheSeptemberworkshopinLunde,Sweden)andtheVERIFYproject.

GreetMaenhout(COM)notedthattheairqualitycommunityisalsogoingthroughsimilarcoordinationissues,andwecoulddrawontheirpastexperience.

Sourcesofrequirementswerediscussed,andOsamuOchiai(JAXA)wonderediftheGEOCarbonStrategywouldbeausefulsourceofrequirementsinadditiontothosefromtheGCOSImplementationPlan.MarknotedthattheGCOSrequirementsareveryclear,whereastheGEOCarbonStrategyrequirementsarevagueinmanycases.Nomatterthesource,traceable,well-justified,clearrequirementsareanecessity.InitiatingadialoguewiththeUNFCCCisakeypoint,andan iterativeprocessshouldbeestablishedtoreachagreedrequirements.

StephenBriggs(GCOS)suggestedtheuseofmultiplenumbersforrequirements(e.g.,threshold,target)mightbehelpful.Healsonotedthattherewillbedifferentvaluesandscalesfordifferentfoci.

PhilDeCola (UMD/WMO)suggested that itwouldbeveryhelpful tohaveend-usersengaged in thesediscussions.Markagreed,butnotedthattheirperspectivesarebeinggatheredthroughotherfora(e.g.,viaOSSEs,etc.).

Itwasagreedthatcapabilitiesshouldbesocialisedwiththecommunitywellaheadoftimetogetthemusingthedataearly,sothattheybecomeasourceofdemandinthefuture.

TerminologyDiscussion

MarkDowell(COM,CEOSChairTeam)clarifiedthattheintenthereistoclarifytheterminologyweuseinamultilateralcontextwhendescribingaGHGmonitoringsystem.

StephenBriggs(GCOS)stressedthattheword‘verification’shouldbeavoidedinanydescriptionofaGHGmonitoringsystemduetothenegativeand‘policing’connotations.Hesuggestedthatvalidationisabetterwordtouse.Stephennotedthereisa largedistinctionbetweenbecomingaformalcontributortotheIPCCverificationprocessandanindependentvalidationbody.

KevinBowman(NASA)agreedthatthefocusisonvalidation.Henotedthebalancebetweennaturalandanthropogenicsources,stressingthatspace-basedsystemswillgiveyouthecompletepicture.Providinga means to link policies and results is very important. There is a unique role for space-basedmeasurementstoaidcountriesinunderstandingthelinkbetweentheiractionsandtheresultingimpactonatmosphericGHGemissions/removals.


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TuesdayJune19

JointResearchCentreInversionModellingWorkshop

PeterBergamaschi (COM)reviewedtheworkshopandresultingreport.Theobjectivesweretoreviewcurrent capabilities, potential, and further perspectives to use atmospheric monitoring and inversemodellingtoimproveestimatesofgreenhousegasemissionsinsupportoftheParisAgreement;andtoproviderecommendationsforthefurtherdevelopmentoftop-downverificationcapabilities.

ThemainchallengeistoseparatethefossilfuelCO2componentfromtheecosystemCO2fluxes.Themostpromisingapproachesaretouseadditionalmeasurementsofradiocarbonandtracersco-emittedwithfossilfuels.Non-CO2GHGs(CH4,N2O,halogenatedgases)generallyhavemuchlargeruncertaintiesintheirbottom-up inventories than fossil fuel CO2 and require independent quantification of emissions byatmosphericmeasurementsandinversemodelling.

A largenumberofscientificstudieshavedemonstratedthepotential toquantifyGHGemissionsusingtop-downmethods(inversemodelling).Thetop-downapproachprovidesestimatesoftotalemissions,but does not provide any information about specific source sectors. Quantification of anthropogenicemissionsdependsonthemagnitudeofnaturalsourcesandsinks,andthecapabilitytoquantifythem.Accuracyofderivedemissionsandthespatialscalesatwhichemissionscanbeestimateddependonthequalityanddensityofmeasurementsandthequalityoftheatmosphericmodels.Thecurrentobservationnetworkissparse,whichpresentlylimitsthecapabilitytoquantifyGHGemissionsatcountryorregionalscale. Significant furtherdevelopmentsof the global observations systemand the top-downmethodswouldberequired,inordertosupporttheimplementationoftheParisAgreement.

Peter presented a number of recommendations for ground based measurements, satellitemeasurements,inverseatmosphericmodelling,andbottom-upemissioninventories:

GroundBasedMeasurements

﹣ Significantlyexpandgroundbasedmeasurementnetworks.

﹣ FurtherextendtheICOSnetworkoverEurope,especiallyinsouthernandeasternEurope.

﹣Globalscale:setupmonitoringstationsinareasthatarecurrentlynotwellcovered,especiallyCentralandSouthAmerica,Asia,andAfrica.

﹣Quantification of fossil fuel CO2 emissions: increase the spatial and temporal resolution of 14CO2observations/furtherdevelopuseoftracersco-emittedwithfossilCO2(CO,NOx).

﹣MonitoringofGHGemissions fromcitiesand largepointsources: localnetworksshouldbesetupclosetoemissionhotspots.

﹣Maintain/furtherexpandtheEuropeaninsitunetworkforhalocarbonsorbuildupaninfrastructureforfrequentflasksamplingandcentralizingtheanalysis(asdemonstratedbyNOAAfortheU.S.).

SatelliteMeasurements

﹣ FuturesatelliteinstrumentsareexpectedtosignificantlyenhancethecapabilitiestomonitorCO2andCH4 emissions from space. Particularly promising are new satellite missions with high spatialresolution and imaging capabilities, which allow quantification of emissions from hotspots (asdemonstratedforselectedcasesbyrecentOCO-2studies).


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﹣However,theaccuracyrequirementsforthespacebornemeasurementsremaindemanding.Specialattention should be paid to avoid systematic biases in satellite retrievals, which could otherwiseintroducelargesystematicerrorsintheestimatedemissions.

﹣Validationofthesatelliteretrievalsisessential,includingthroughgroundbasedremotesensing(FTS),airborne,andballooninsitumeasurements.

﹣ Thespace-basedandground-basedelementsrequiredforaEuropeanoperationalcapacityinsupportofthemonitoringandverificationofanthropogenicCO2emissionsarecurrentlybeingelaboratedbytheCopernicusCO2MonitoringTaskForce.

InverseAtmosphericModelling

﹣Providingtop-downemissionestimates,e.g.,atnationalscale,withlowuncertaintiesasrequiredfortheinternationalclimateagreementsremainsverychallenging.

﹣ Itwillbeessentialtofurtherimprovethetransportmodels,especiallytherepresentationofboundarylayerdynamics,verticalmixing,andhorizontalandverticalresolution.

﹣ Thelargestconcern istransportmodelerrorsresulting inbiases inthederivedtop-downemissionestimates.

﹣ Therefore, atmospheric transport models need to be thoroughly evaluated against independentobservationsinordertoidentify/quantifypotentialbiasesandtosupportthefurtherdevelopmentofmodels.Evaluationofthesimulated3-dimensionalconcentrationfieldsinthewholemodeldomain,e.g.,byvalidationagainstaircraftmeasurements,isneeded.

Bottom-upEmissionInventories

﹣ Spatiallyandtemporallyresolvedemissions(emissionmaps)arerequired.

﹣ Improveduncertaintyestimates (includinguncertainties in the spatial / temporaldistribution) arerequired.

﹣ Facilityscalemeasurements(usingairborneinstrumentsormobilelabsinvehicles)willbeveryhelpfulin providingmore representative emission factors and to bridge the gap between top-down andbottom-upestimates.

﹣ Improvedestimatesofnaturalemissionsareneeded.

Adiscussionfollowed:

﹣ It was noted that methane profiles in the stratosphere are still poorly modelled, and bettermeasurementswouldbeusefulforimprovingthesemodels.

﹣ Transport model errors are mitigated by increasing the time length (3-year averages vs 1-yearaverage).The requiredaccuracy forboundary layerand turbulentmixingmodels isdependentonaveragingtimescale.

﹣ Thereisthepossibilityforbiasinderivedtrendsfromaddingadditionalinsitumeasurements.

﹣RichardEngelen(ECMWF)suggestedreachingouttoothercommunities,forexamplethoselookingathydroxylradicalsortransportmodelling,whicharebothveryactive.

﹣MarkDowell(COM)askediftherearelongterm,specific,inverseandtransportmodellingdialoguesattheinternationallevel.ItwasnotedthatWMOhaveongoingactivitiesintheseareas.


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Discussion

Mark Dowell (COM) recapped the previous days’ outcomes and initiated a continuation of yesterdayafternoon’sdiscussionsession.

Requirements

﹣AcknowledgedthattheGCOSrequirementsareagoodstartingpoint.

﹣ Itwas recognised thatpartitioningof requirementsmightbenecessary,basedon thesubjectandscale.

﹣ Ensuringthatrequirementsaretraceableiskey.

﹣ There isaneedtomakeuseofOSSEexperiments for thepurposeof feedingbacktoandrefiningrequirements.

﹣Across-checkwiththeneedsoftheinventorycommunityshouldbecarriedout.

﹣ Itwouldhelptohaveadialoguewithusersintherequirementsettingprocess(OSSEscanbeasourceofinspiration).

Terminology

Followingadiscussionontheneedforaclearpositionandterminologyinaninternationalmultilateralcontext,thefollowingwereagreedasacceptablestatementsofthegoalsoftheGHGmonitoringsystem:

1. Helpcountries improvetheirestimatesofCO2andCH4emissionsandremovals insupportoftheirNationallyDeterminedContributions(NDCs)undertheParisAgreement;and,

2. Provide an additionalmechanism for validating the consistency between reported emissions andatmosphericobservations.

Markrecalledthefollowingdiagramofthesystemanditscomponents,andadiscussiontookplace.Thediagrambelowisthefinalversionresultingfromtherefinementsnotedthroughoutthemeeting.


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RichardEngelen(ECMWF)notedthattheCopernicusCO2TaskForcereportincludesmorecontextforthisdiagram.Hedirectedeveryonetoslide7fromBernardPinty’spresentationforasupplementaryfigurethatgoesintodetailonwhattheindividualobservationsareforeachofthecomponents.

Scope

Initially, therewas a general agreement that the scope should be broader than just CO2, however adiscussionwasnecessarytodeterminewherethelineshouldbedrawn.

DavidCrisp(NASA)suggestedspecificallysayingthatthesystemfocusisCO2andCH4.Thesearethemostpolicyrelevant,andbeingspecificavoidsconfusionwiththeminorgreenhousegases.

SimonEggleston(GCOS)pointedoutthattheinventorycommunityhighlightsCH4andN2Oashavingthelargest uncertainties. Simon also suggested against the use of the term ‘fossil fuel’ in the systemdescription,andMarkagreedthatthiswillbetoneddown.

David acknowledged that N2O is the third most important GHG, but noted the need to draw a linesomewhere.PhilDeCola(UMD/WMO)agreed,suggestingthatwealsoneedtoberealisticaboutsatellitecapabilitiesandthatthefocusshouldbeonlong-livedGHGs.HesupportedaCO2andCH4focus.

PeterBergamaschi(COM)suggestedthattheinventorycommunityisinterestedinhalocarbonsandnon-CO2GHGs.

MarknotedthatAgriculture,ForestryandOtherLandUse(AFOLU)isnotconsideredhere,andauxiliarymeasurementsarecoveredinthesystemdiagram.

IdentifyingCriticalElementsforSustainabilityoftheSpaceSegment

Marknoted that both theWIGOS2040Vision andCEOSAC-VCwhite paper present twoobservationoptions, however they each have different scopes, withWIGOS 2040 looking also at the supportingelementsinadditiontothecoreelementsofthespacesegment.DavidCrisp(NASA)highlightedthatthe


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AC-VCwhitepaperoutlinestoday’srequirements,unliketheWIGOS2040Vision.MarkwillprovideDavidacoupleofparagraphsexplainingthe‘twostepapproach’–regardingtheAC-VCpaper’sfocusoncurrentrequirements,whereastheWIGOS2040Visionisanextrapolated,fullysustainedsystem.

Ken Holmlund (EUMETSAT) noted that despite this slightly different scope, there are no largediscrepanciesintheobservationrequirements.ThreetofourLEOsatellitesistheminimumrequirementforresiliency,etc.BothreportsincludeadditionalcomponentssuchaslidarandHEOmissions.

Kenstressedtheneedtobecautiouswhenusingtheterm‘operational’.ThisisawordthathasadefinedmeaninginCGMSandCEOS,butitisnotnecessarilytherightterminologyinthiscontext.Operationalinthiscontextmeanssustainedobservations.

CentralisedRepositoryofQualityAssuredData–EmphasisofthispointistheQC’ingofdata

MarkDowell(COM,CEOSChairTeam)askedwhetheracentralisedrepositoryofqualityassureddataisanecessarypartof thesystem.Heclarified that ‘centralised’doesnotnecessarily refer to location,butrather the organisational aspects andQC, etc. Itwas agreed that the data should be in the hands ofcommunity.

RobertParker(NCEO/UKSA)requestedmoreinformationonthescopeofthedata.MarksuggestedthatthescopeisLevel-2products,butnotnecessarilyjustoutputproducts.

DavidCrisp(NASA)seesthegreatestbenefitincompilingallproducts,notingthatusersoftenwishtogobackintocalibrationdataarchives,etc.AfairlycompletedatasetallthewayuptoLevel-3wassuggestedasnecessary.Davidagreedthatitwouldbenicetohaveauniformsetofcriteriaforeachoftheselevelsofproduct,withconsistentheaders,etc.andasingleentitythattookresponsibilityformaintainingthiscapabilityanditsaccessibility.

Mark summarised that satellitedataanddata required for thequality controlprocess (e.g.,matchingTCCONdata)shouldallbewithinscope. Insitu isoutofscope,exceptforthatwhichisusedinqualitycontrol,cal/val,etc.

KenHolmlund(EUMETSAT)suggestedensuringthatFDAsareconsidered.

Itwas noted that other communities are already doing quality control formany products, and theseresourcesshouldbedrawnuponasmuchaspossibletoavoidduplicationofeffort.

ItmightbebettertofocusonstandardisationofQCmethodologies,procedures,etc.anddataaccessibilityandcuration.Level-1shouldbetheresponsibilityofspaceagencies;Level-2+becomesmoreopen.

SimonEggleston(GCOS)recalledthatUNFCCCinventoriesmustbetransparent;thiscouldbeanimportantconsideration.Thereneedstobe,atleastinprinciple,theabilitytoreviewwhatdatahasbeenusedforaninventory.

Mark closed this discussionwith a summary:wewill advocate for standards andprocedures that arecommonandconsistent, that spaceagencies canuse to systematicallyprocessandverifydata. Spaceagencies should continue to consider how they can work together to do intercomparison activities,harmoniseproducts,etc.


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Thefollowingdiscussionswereheldtoaddressthequestionsposedinthispresentation(slides12-14)

Space-ModellingInteraction

ObservingSystemSimulationExperiments(OSSEs)

﹣ ItwasacknowledgedthatOSSEsareafundamentaltool,andwillbeincreasinglyimportantinavirtualconstellationcontextandfortheassociatedcost-benefitandmissiondesignanalyses.

﹣Openquestionsarefairlywelldefinedattheglobalscale.Nevertheless,thereisnotsomuchatpoint-scaleandestimatingemissionsfromplumeinversions.Thereisalsolimitedexperienceinexploitingtheproposedattributiontracerspecies(e.g.NO2forplumeidentification).

﹣ ItwasagreedtoaskCEOSPrincipalstocontinuesupportingtheseactivities,toprovidemechanismsthroughAC-VCtomakethebestuseofresourcesinacoordinatedmanner,andtomakeresourcesavailableforunderrepresentedOSSEs.

﹣AmessageofsupportfromCEOSregardingtheOSSEswouldbewelcomed.

﹣CO2andCH4areverydifferentfromanOSSEstandpoint.Theyneedtobethoughtaboutdifferently.

﹣CEOS Agencies should support AC-VC in holding a workshop to identify the issues and researchprioritiesthatneedtobeaddressedviaOSSEs.Q12019wouldbethetargetfortheworkshop,withoutcomespresentedatthe2019SITTechnicalWorkshop.

SomepotentiallyusefulOSSEtopics/questionswerealso identified, including:NO2forplumeinversionmodelling, and the ancillary data assimilation systems thatmight be necessary for the attribution ofsourcesandsinks;usageandsynthesisofancillarysources;morecharacteristicsonpointsourcelocations;transportuncertainties;howdecadaltrajectoriesimprintonsignatures–howwellcanweestablishthesechangetrajectoriesforNDCs,andaretheseasexpected(needabottom-upprocessthatcapturesthis).

RayNassarnotedthatweneedtostartwithalistofquestionsthatwearetryingtoanswerintheseOSSEs,andthenassessthescale(global,regional,point,time).Oncethescaleisestablished,wecanachieveabetterunderstandingofthestatus.

Ken Holmlund (EUMETSAT) noted a 2016 atmospheric composition workshop organised at ESA (thesecondinaseries)andwhilethefocuswasverymuchonairqualityandGEOinstruments,therewasalsoan interest inthatgrouparoundrequirements for inversemodellingofGHGfluxes.Kensuggestedwemightfollowthisuptoseeifthereisaplanforanotherworkshopthatcouldbeleveraged.

GenericIssuesonJointAssimilationofSatelliteandinsituObservations

﹣Boundarylayerdynamicsandstratospheredetailsarekeyareaswheremoreresearchisneeded.

﹣ Itwasagreedthatabroadmonitoringoverviewofthenaturalcarboncycleisanecessity.

﹣ Itcouldbeusefultousetheatmosphericfieldasaboundaryconditiontoderivemoreaccurateforestemission factor maps – for the extrapolation of source and sink information. Surface biomassestimationscouldalsobeusedincombination.

﹣ LimbsoundingcapabilityneedstoberaisedwithCEOS(shouldbereflectedinVCdiscussions).


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Peter Bergamaschi (COM) directed everyone to his slides for his recommendations. Boundary layerdynamics and stratospheric details are areas where more research is needed. Understanding thestratosphereiscriticalforthemethanebudget,asitisamethanesink.

IssuesRelatingtoDistinguishingNaturalandAnthropogenicSourcesandSinks

Mark requested recommendations for specific infrastructure that would help make the distinctionbetweennaturalandanthropogenicsourcesandsinks.Adiscussionfollowedandthefollowingkeypointswerenoted:

﹣ Improvedpriorinformationfornaturalsourceswouldbeofgreatbenefit.

﹣Carbon14hasgreatpotentialforconstrainingmodels,atlargescalesinparticular.

﹣Carbon14isonlyonewaytoseparatenaturalandanthropogenicsources–anotherisSunInducedFluorescence (SIF) since they can help to quantify the GPP component. GEO (and HEO) SIFmeasurementscouldbeagreathelpduetocoverageofthedaytimediurnalcycle,andthisisanotherpotential OSSE topic. SIF was recommended as a dedicated standard product, in particular forSentinel-4/5/5Pbutalsofromotherfuturemissions.

﹣ Inasystemcontext,considerationneedstobegiventohowtoadapttheinsitunetworktobetterfillthegapsinsatellitemeasurementcapabilitiesandcoverage.Thereisaneedtobemoresynergisticwithwhatspace-basedmeasurementscannotachieve.

﹣ Insitunetworksneedtobeexpandedinthenorthernpolarregionandthetropicsinparticular.

﹣Havingmore in situmeasurements incloseproximity toknownsources iskey tomakingaccuratedistinctions.

﹣Maintainingcurrentinsitunetworksiscriticalfortheglobalbackgroundmeasurement.

﹣Needtobespecificwithinsiturequirements(e.g.,identifywhattypeofdataisneededandwhatwillmakethemostimpact).

AncillaryDataRequirements(Satellite)

Markaskedforsuggestionsonwhatsatellite-basedancillarydataisneededinsustainedproductionandalsowhichshouldbeproducedinasystematicmanner(i.e.,withcommon/consistentprocessing).Thefollowingsuggestionswerenoted:

﹣Clouds, aerosols, hyperspectral measurements, natural background, SIF, wetland models for thewatertable,CO,NO2,theNOAAnightlightsproduct,andbiomassmeasurements(yettobeintegratedintomodels,butwillbein5-10years)wereallnoted.Thesewillbeaddedtothesystemdiagramalso.

﹣Hyperspectral measurements could be useful, but it is unclear how they fit at themoment. Themodellingcommunityshouldbeconsultedonthis.

﹣AcommonSIFproductspecificationwouldbeveryhelpful.

﹣Cloudandaerosoldataiscriticalforbothscreeningandbiasidentificationandcontrol.

PhilDeCola(UMD/WMO)suggestedthattherewouldbegoodvalueincommunicatingannualvariationsofthebiospheretocountriesthatarealreadydoinganexcellentjobwiththeirinventories(usingTier3TFIapproaches).

Marknotedthatthereportwillemphasisetheimportanceofancillarydataandencourageagenciestocontinueproducingthesevaluabledatasets.


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DependencyonTransportModels&MitigatingtheImpactofUncertainty

Marknotedthatthesequestionsarescalerelated.Heaskedwhatgeneralpointsandcommentsshouldbemadeonthis in thereport,andaskedwhetherweneedto incentivisework inaspecificarea.Thefollowingresponseswerenoted:

﹣Needtomakeitveryclearthatconcentrationgradientsintheatmosphereareuselesswithoutwindinformation.Priorityshouldbegiventoachievingthebestpossiblewindprofiles.Takingadvantageof the existing work and experience from the NWP community will be key. Plume dispersal,turbulence,andatmosphericstabilityareaspectsthatareparticularlyworthwhileexploringwiththeNWPcommunity.

﹣ Itwassuggestedthatagenciescouldrunlocalisedtransportmodels.

﹣ ECMWFthinkitmightbeagoodideaiftheuseoftheNWPfieldsinthetransportmodelswerefurtherinvestigatedtoseeiftheyareusedinanoptimalmanner.

﹣Constraining the dynamics of the boundary layer (particularly vertical transport/mixing) withmeasurementswouldbeveryhelpful.

﹣Uncertainties fromtransportmodelscanbereducedby increasingthesatellite temporalsamplingthrough orbit planning, whilst also reducing dependency on themodels. This provides additionaljustificationforgeostationaryplatforms.

ICOSPresentation

AlexVermeulenpresentedaquickbackgroundontheIntegratedCarbonObservationSystem(ICOS).TheIntegrated Carbon Observation System Research Infrastructure (ICOS RI) integrates atmosphere,ecosystemandoceangreenhousegasobservationstoprovidetimelyandreliabledataforresearch,policymaking,andthegeneralpublic. ICOSRIhasmorethan100measurementstations intwelveEuropeancountries.Thesestationsmeasuregreenhousegasconcentrationsintheatmosphereandfluxesovertheterrestrialandmarineecosystems.TheICOSstationsarerunandfundedbynationalfundingagencies,institutesanduniversities.

AlexreportedthatinversionshavealreadybeendoneusingprocessedICOSdata.

Financeandfindingcontributorswasidentifiedasachallenge.

Alexnotedthatmembercountriesareusuallycommittedfor20years,butcan leavethenetworkanytime,withoneyearadvancenoticerequested.

TCCONPresentation

Dietrich Feist (TCCONDeputy Chair Europe&Africa) presented a quick overviewof the Total CarbonColumnObservingNetwork(TCCON).Thepresentationisavailablehere.Henotedthatdiscussionsaroundintegrating some TCCON stations into ICOS are ongoing,with official negotiations starting inOctober2018.Dietrichsummarisedinconclusion:

﹣ TCCONisthecal/valreferenceforallcurrentsatelliteGHGmissions.

﹣ Thisreferencecannotbeprovidedbyground-basedinsituobservationsreadily.

﹣ ImportantregionslikeAfricaandSouthAmericaarecurrentlynotcovered.

﹣VeryfewTCCONstationshavestablelong-termfunding.

﹣AllfuturesatelliteGHGmissionsatleastplantouseTCCONdata.


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AtleastoneaircraftprofileisarequirementforeachTCCONstation.MarkaskediftherearecoordinatedaircraftcampaignsorganisedthroughTCCON.Dietrichnotedthatthishasbeendoneinthepast,andcouldberepeatedinthefuture,buttherearediscussionsaroundremovingthisrequirementfortheinitiationofastation.

ItwasnotedthatitwouldbeveryvaluableifTCCONmeasurementswerevalidatedwithAirCore.DietrichwouldliketoseemoreintercomparisonswithAirCoredata.DavidCrisp(NASA)suggestedthatCEOScouldperhapshelpwitharrangingmoreAirCorecoverageoverTCCONsites.

Space-InSituInteraction

Marknotedthedistinctionbetweeninsitudataforcal/valandforfluxestimation.

ItwasstronglyagreedTCCONiscriticalinfrastructureforthespaceagencies,especiallyinthecontextofthisintegratedCO2andCH4system,andthestationsshouldberesourcedappropriately.

AccesstoInSituDataonOperationalTimeScales

Markaskedifspaceagenciesshouldbeinvestinginthiscapability.Thefollowingpointswerenotedduringthediscussionthatfollowed:

﹣ Therewassomeconcernaroundthegovernanceandsustainabilityoftheseinsitusystemsiftheyaregoingtoberelieduponforanintegratedsystem.

﹣ Spaceagenciesshoulddowhatevertheycanwithintheirmeanstosupportthesenetworks.Itwasnotedhoweverthatthismightnotbeinthemandatesofsomeagencies,sorequestsviaCEOSmightnotbeenacted.

﹣Operationaltimescalesneedtobeconsidered(1monthtimescaleataminimum).

﹣ TheCopernicusAtmosphereMonitoringServicehasabudgettosupportthesenetworksinordertomeetcertainrequirements.

﹣ ItwasnotedthataslongasNASAhasamissionthatrequiresthedata,supportshouldbepossible.However,itmustbenotedthatthereisnoplanforaNASAoperationalcapacityforcarbon,andsoitcannotberelieduponforsupportlong-term.

﹣ Funding could come through mission budgets if the measurements are required for cal/val andoperation,butthisislikelytobeforshorttimeperiodsonly–notongoingandoperationally.

﹣Mechanisms that allow funding of in situ measurement capabilities outside of the usual missionbudgetsareneededtoprovidecapacityonasustainedbasis.

﹣ Essentiallyallexistinginterfacestothe insitucommunityforcal/valandfluxinversionarethroughindividualrelationships.

﹣Commonmethods, standards,andprocessingchains shouldbeestablishedandmadeavailablesocross-calibrations are possible. Coincident measurements and vicarious calibration sites are anecessityforasystemthatreliesonmultiplespacecrafttocorrectforbiasesanddrift.

﹣ TheICOSgovernancestructureisagoodexamplethatcouldbereferenced–forEuropeinparticular.

AdditionalInSituRequirementsfromaSystemPerspective

﹣ Little analysis has been done on the role of in situmeasurements for the validation of inversionsystems. An open question is: what would the design of the in situ network be to best validateinversions?ThisisanareathatcouldbestudiedwithsupportfromCEOS.


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﹣ Labmeasurementsandworkarerequiredtoimprovespectroscopy.Thiswasnotedasanadditional‘insitu’requirement.Itwasnotedthattheexpertcommunityisageingandexpertiseisbeinglost.

NeedforAdditionalInternationalStandards

﹣ Traceable standards are necessary to allow traceable calibration, and should be consistent withmeteorologicalstandards.

﹣ Thereisworktobedonetounderstandhowtotransferstandardsforgasmetrologycalibrationtolowercost,modernprecisionsensors.ItwasnotedthattheWMOGlobalAtmosphereWatch(GAW),NOAA,andCSIROallhaveuniquegasmetrologystandards.ThereportshouldproposeanactionforCEOSWGCVtoconsiderorganisingdiscussionswiththesemetrologygroups.

Space-InventoryInteraction

InventoryCommunityInteractions–WhatHasBeenSuccessfulandWhatHasn’t?

﹣ SwitzerlandandtheUKaregoodexamplesofsuccessfulrelationshipbuilding.

﹣KeyforspacedatauptakeisbuildingtherelationshipsbetweenandwiththegovernmentagenciesresponsibleforUNFCCCinventoryreporting.ThisistheIG3ISapproach.

﹣NeedtomakeitclearthatEOprovidesadditionalinformationonly.

﹣Weneedtotakenoteoftherequirementsoftheinventorycommunityandtailorproductstomeettheirneeds(makinginputsasappealingaspossible).

﹣We could consider approaches for making the inventory communitymore interested in spatiallyexplicitresults,andcouldlookathowtoinfluencethepolicy/requirementssidetocreatedemand.

﹣ Thereportshouldpromotethecontinuedproductionofsynthesiseddatasets.

LinksBetweenCEOSAgencies

﹣MarknotedtheongoingactivityinCEOSaroundengagingintheIPCCTFIGuidelinesrevisionprocess.HealsonotedthecontinueddialoguewithGCOS,SBSTA,etc.

﹣ The proposed supplement to the IPCC TFI Guidelineswas rejected. The 2019 Refinement is itselfoptional,andasupplementwouldhavetofollowthestrictprocessesoftheIPCC.Itwasnotedthatuptakeofthe2019Guidelinesisexpectedtobeminimalatthisstage.

﹣ TheneedforanAFOLU/LULUCFcomponentfortheoperationalsystemwasacknowledged.Thiswillbecoveredinthereportaspreviouslynoted.

﹣ Itisnecessarytobeveryclearwhatwearetryingtoprovide,andtobecarefultoavoidtheideathatweareprovidingindependentverificationofNDCs.

﹣ Thereportneedstobeclearthatwearediscussingabroad,holisticsystem,anditshouldpromoteallaspects,notjustthespace-basedcomponents.

﹣ TheusualWMOinterfaceiswithNHMScontacts,andthey’renotalwaysabletomakethenecessaryconnectiontothoseinchargeoftheinventories.WMOhasestablishedaUNFCCCMOUtotryandimprove these connections. The less rigid governance structureof organisations suchasGEOandCEOSmightbeamoreeffectiveconduittothecountrycontacts.

﹣Aframeworkforreachingouttoalloftherelevantinstitutionsandcontactsisneeded.


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﹣ The driver for this workshop is to establish common elements and messages, so that we cancommunicateinaconsistentwaytoagenciesandministries–hopefullyimprovingeffectiveness.

﹣ Inventorygroupsareusuallyresourcelimitedandarelookingforwaystoimprovetheefficiencyoftheirwork.Increasingefficiencycouldbeagoodangletopromoteuptake.

﹣Wemust remainaware that space-basedmeasurementsofatmosphericGHGsare still a researchactivity,andwemustbecarefulnottoestablishpartnershipswithoversoldperformancepromises.

DecisionSupportSystems

﹣ Itwasagreedthatitisprematuretoconsiderthis.Itmightbemoreappropriateinaroundtwoyearstime.

﹣ ExistingworkundertheVERIFYprojectwasnoted.

NeedforStandards/FormatsonHowInventoryInformationisUsedtoEstablishPriors

﹣PeterBergamaschi(COM)reportedthatthereisnostrongneed.

﹣KevinBowman(NASA)feltotherwise,notingthatthereisaneedforconsistentinformationonthetemporalvariationsofsources.Secondly,aswestarttoconsiderusingmultipletracegases,itwillbeincreasinglyimportanttoknowmoresectoralinformation.

﹣ Scalewasnotedasthereasonforthesediscrepancies.

﹣Pointsourcesshouldbedescribedintermsoftheirlongitudeandlatitude.

ClosingRemarks

Mark Dowell (COM, CEOS Chair Team) presented the revised system diagram, and a few additionalchangeswererequested(alreadyreflectedinthesystemdiagramspresentedearlierintheseminutes).

Mark thanked everyone for their attendance and valuable inputs. He reminded everyone that theintentionistotakethelessonslearnedduringtheworkshopandprepareareportforconsiderationbytheCEOSSITTechnicalWorkshopinSeptember.

Markclosedthemeetingandwishedeveryonesafeonwardtravel.


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APPENDIXA

Attendees

Affiliation NameCNES CaroleDenielCNES MathildeDupreCOM Astrid-ChristinaKochCOM BernardPintyCOM GreetJanssens-MaenhoutCOM HugoZunkerCOM MarkDowellCOM MatthewSteventonCOM MauroFacchini

COM/EUMETSAT RobertHusbandCSA MarcusDejmekDLR AlbrechtvonBargen

ECMWF RichardEngelenECCC RayNassar

ESA/ECSAT PascalLecomteESA/ESTEC YasjkaMeijerEUMETSAT KenHolmlundEUMETSAT PaulCounetEUMETSAT RuedigerLang

GCOS SimonEgglestonGCOS StephenBriggsGEO AndreObregonICOS AlexVermeulenJAXA AkikoSuzukiJAXA MasakatsuNakajimaJAXA OsamuOchiai

MPIJena JuliaMarshallNASA/JPL DavidCrispNASA/JPL KevinBowmanNCEO JohnRemediosNCEO RobertParkerNIES TsuneoMatsunagaNOAA AlisaYoungNOAA ChrisBarnetTCCON DietrichFeistTNO HugoDeniervanderGon

UMD/WMO PhilDeColaWMO/OBS WernerBalogh

Monday June 18 - CEOSceos.org/document_management/Meetings/Plenary/32/...Albrecht von Bargen (DLR)...

Documents

Transcript of Monday June 18 - CEOSceos.org/document_management/Meetings/Plenary/32/...Albrecht von Bargen (DLR)...