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1 Momentum The equation for momentum is: Momentum is a physics term that refers to the quantity of motion that an object has. Sometimes it is defined as "inertia in motion" or "mass in motion." The amount of momentum which an object has is dependent upon two quantities: mass (how much stuff is moving) and velocity (how fast and in which direction the stuff is moving). p momentum Momentum is a vector quantity! direction of motion direction of momentum direction of momentum direction of motion p = mv m mass v velocity kg

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Momentum

The equation for momentum is:

      

Momentum is a physics term that refers to the quantity of motion that an object has.  Sometimes it is defined as "inertia in motion" or "mass in motion."

The amount of momentum which an object has is dependent upon two quantities: mass (how muchstuff is moving) and velocity (how fast and in which direction the stuff is moving).  

   p ­ momentum                                  

Momentum is a vector quantity!  

direction of motion

direction of momentum

direction of momentum

direction of motion

    p = mv  

m ­ mass                                 v ­ velocity

kg

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A taxi possesses a certain amount of momentum, p.  What would be the taxis's new momentum if...

a)  its velocity were doubled?b)  its velocity were halved?c)  its mass were doubled (by adding passengers)d)  both its velocity and its mass were doubled?

Sample Problem p = mv 

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 J = Force x Time 

A force acting for a given amount of time will change the velocity of the object.  If the object's velocity chan­ges, then the object's momentum will also change.  

Example

In football, the defensive player applies a force for a given amount of time to stopthe momentum of the offensive player 

with the ball.

The product of force and time is referred to as impulse.  It is a vector quantity.  The variable for impulse is J and its units are Nm.

 Δp = mΔv

 Δp = m(vf ­ vi) 

 J = FΔt

Change in Momentum and Impulse

Impulse(When Push Comes to Shove)

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A large impulse results if:

a)  a large force acts over a short time interval.b)  a small force acts over a long time interval.

J = FΔt J = FΔt

FΔt = mΔv

Impulse is equal to change in momentum.

J = Δp

FΔt = m(vf ­ vi)

(This is equation represents Newton's second law of motion.)

Understanding Car Crashes  (When Physics meets Biology)

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Momentum and Impulse

Worksheet

ANSWERS

29. a)  11.5 kgm/s  east      b)  2.6 x 108 kgm/s  west      c)  8.39 x 107 kgm/s  south      d)  5.88 x 10­24 kgm/s  north

30.  43.6 Ns down

34.  38 kgm/s away from the batter

35.  8.8 kgm/s up

37.  18 kgm/s north

 

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Newton's Cradle

Netwon's cradle is a device that demonstrates con­servation of momentum and energy.  It is constructed from a series of pendulums (usually 5) abutting one another.  Each pendulum is attached to a frame by two strings of equal length angles awayed from each other.  This string arrangement restricts the pendulums' move­ment to the same plane.

It has been a popular desk toy since being invented, named and produce in 1967 by Simon Pebble.  At first a wood cradle version was sold by Harrods of London, and later a chrome design was created by sculptor Richard Loncraine.

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Sample Problems1.  Two cars of equal mass are traveling down King      Avenue with equal velocities.  They both come to      a stop over different intervals of time.  The ticker     tape digrams for each car are shown below.

a)  At which point does each car begin to experience      the impulse?

b)  Which car (A or B) experiences the greatest      acceleration? Justify your answer.

c)  Which car experiences the greatest change     in momentum?  Justify your answer. 

d)  Which car experiences the greatest impulse?        Justify  your answer.

Momentum and Impulse