Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells for CO2 separation …...Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells for CO2 separation...

Molten Carbonate FuelCells for CO2 separation

Jarosław Milewski,Tomasz Wejrzanowski

Introduction

Methods of CO2separation

The state-of-the-art

Materials issues

Summary

Proposal

Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells for CO2separation

New innovative solution for CO2 capture

Jarosław Milewski Tomasz Wejrzanowski

Radisson Blu

Jarosław Milewski Tomasz Wejrzanowski New innovative solution for CO2 captureInstitute of Heat Engineering Radisson BluWarsaw University of Technology Slide 1 of 21



Introduction

CO2 Emission



Materials issues

Summary

Proposal

CO2 Emission

IntroductionCO2 Emission

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Poland

Mold

ova

Mac

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ia

Greec

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Serb

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Czech

Rep

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Bosnia-

Her

zegov

ina

Germ

any

Turkey

Irelan

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United K

ingdom

Bulgar

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Neth

erlan

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Roman

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Portu

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Spain

Belaru

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bourg

Ukrain

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Slove

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Cypru

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Denm

ark

Estonia

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teneg

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Belgiu

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Croati

a

Slova

kia

Finlan

d

Hungar

y

Austria

Latvia

France

gCO

2/kW

h

Figure : Mean CO2 emission during power generation in chosenEuropean countries




Introduction

CO2 Emission



Materials issues

Summary

Proposal

CO2 Emission

I Electricity consumption = development level of the region




Introduction

CO2 Emission



Materials issues

Summary

Proposal

CO2 Emission

Question? How we are supposed to do and how to reduce CO2

emission and at the same time not limit the power generation,which is in today’s world determinant of living standards andthe level of development of each country?




Introduction


CO2 separationmethods

Molten Carbonate FuelCells for CO2separation


Materials issues

Summary

Proposal

CO2 separation methods

Methods of CO2 separationCO2 separation methods

Capture efficiency

Green electricity (if produced)

CCS without emissionsCO

CCSwith reductionCOavoided CONet

2

22 =

CO2 reduction with CCS

CO2 emissions without CCS

Heat supply

Industry

Total CO2 produced

Figure : Evaluation of CCS measures (Haugen et all 2011)




Introduction





Materials issues

Summary

Proposal


Methods for separation of carbon dioxide:

I absorption—the physical and chemical

I adsorption,

I membrane separation

I cryogenic separation.

Technology used for many years in industrial scale processes arebased on absorption—MEA (monoethanolamine)

I energy consumption from 0.1 to 0.8 kWh/kgCO2 .




Introduction





Materials issues

Summary

Proposal


Conclusion! The application of these methods on a large scalewill lead to significant energy (loss of power and efficiency) andinvestment costs.




Introduction





Materials issues

Summary

Proposal


Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells for CO2 separation

I MCFC reduce the CO2 emission and increasing the efficiencyof electrical power and the system

e−

e− e−Direct Current (DC)

e−

e−

e−

e−

e−

e−

e−

O2

CO2

CO2

O2H2

CO2

H2O

CO=2

AnodeElectrolyte

CathodeCO2 + H2O

N2 + O2 + CO2

Figure : Working principles of Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell




Introduction





Materials issues

Summary

Proposal


I Fuel cells produce electricity in electrochemical processesI There are many various types of fuel cells

Figure : Inside the MCFC stack




Introduction





Materials issues

Summary

Proposal


Watercondensation

CatalyticBurner

MCFC

AdditionalAir

120◦C

400◦C

300◦C

400◦C

630◦C

15% CO2

6.5% CO2

HX-4HX-3

HX-2 HX-1

H2O CH4

O2

H2O

CO2

Coal FiredBoiler

Figure : MCFC for CO2 separating from coal fired boiler

I We create the hybrid system

I There is an additional source of electricityI Increase in the amount of electricity generated




Introduction





Materials issues

Summary

Proposal


I A significant reduction CO2

I Increase in total efficiency

Figure : Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells—the layers




Introduction





Materials issues

Summary

Proposal


Conclusion! The proposed solution is free from drawbacks inother ways CO2 separation and does not consume any energyfrom plant to which it is applied.




Introduction





Materials issues

Summary

Proposal


(a) MCFC single cell test facility (b) MCFC single cell used for testsFigure : Single cell laboratory stand




Introduction





Materials issues

Summary

Proposal


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Current density, A/cm²

CO

2 s

ep

ra

tio

n f

ac

tor

Experiment

Reference point

+ Hard Coal

Reference point

+ Hard Coal+Air

Reference point

+ Hard Coal+ Air

Optimized

Figure : CO2 separation factor for the analyzed cases




Introduction





Materials issues

Summary

Proposal


0

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Current density, A/cm²

Eff

icie

nc

y,

%

Experiment

Reference point

+ Hard Coal

Reference point

+ Hard Coal +Air

Reference point

+ Hard Coal + Air

Optimized

Figure : Fuel cell efficiency for the analyzed cases




Introduction



Materials issues

Summary

Proposal

The state-of-the-artI MFCF operates at 650 ◦C

I Low enough to use metalsI High enough to CH4 → H2 (the system can be fed by

Natural Gas)I High enough for avid to use noble metals (platinum) for

catalysisI MCFC specifications:

I Electrolyte thickness of 1 mmI Nickel catalyst (vs. platinum)

I The thickness of the electrodes ≈1 mm—a tape-castingmethod for manufacturing

I No heat cycle (there is no limit Carnot efficiency)I No moving partsI Lack of noise




Introduction



Materials issues

Summary

Proposal

Higher efficiency requires new materials

I Chemical composition

I cathode, anode, electrolyte

Figure : Chemical composition of the anode material




Introduction



Materials issues

Summary

Proposal

I Structure

I size and shape of powder particles

I porosity

I surface treatment




Introduction



Materials issues

Summary

Proposal

Figure : Structure of anode material




Introduction



Materials issues

Summary

Proposal

Summary

1. MCFC-based power plants reach the capacity of hundreds ofMW

2. MCFCs are able to separate CO2 from the flue gas reachinghigh performance

3. 25 years Ansaldo Fuel Cell research—”know-how”

3.1 MCFC fuel cell stacks3.2 A NG reformer (hydrogen production)3.3 Auxiliary equipment (demi station, etc.)




Introduction



Materials issues

Summary

Proposal

Proposal

1. Demonstration of highly efficient innovative CCS system

1.1 Capture—Molten Carbonate Fuel Cell1.2 Storage—a Norwegian partner needed

2. MCFC

2.1 Mobile demonstration laboratory—in situ at a powerplant

2.2 Optimizing system design for CO2 capture2.2.1 material aspects2.2.2 architecture aspects2.2.3 power plant integration

2.3 Unknown issues investigation2.3.1 dust influence (if any)2.3.2 sulfur dioxide influence2.3.3 lifetime


Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells for CO2 separation …...Molten Carbonate Fuel Cells for CO2 separation...

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