Molecules of Life Organic Molecules Biological Molecules.
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Molecules of Life
Organic Molecules
Biological Molecules
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Organic MoleculesWhy is this important?Cells are mostly water and carbon-based
moleculesCarbon has a valence of 4 so it will form a
tremendous variety of large, complex and diverse molecules
Large variety of molecules = diversity of life
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Unity in DiversityAll life is composed of carbon
compounds (UnityUnity) DiversityDiversity of life is due to various ways
carbon can be assembled Organic chemistryOrganic chemistry = study of the
compounds formed by carbon
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Organic ChemistryThe four valence electrons in carboncarbon
enable it to be bonded in four different directions
Usually forms COVALENT bonds with Hydrogen
Often oxygen, nitrogenFour most common elements are: CHON
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6+
1
1
1
1
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C H H
H
H
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C C H
H
H H
H
H
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C C H
H
H H
H
C
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C C C C
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C C C
C
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C C C C C C C C
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CC C C C C C C
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CC C C C C C C
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C C
C C C C C C
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CC C C C C C C
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C CC C C C C C
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CC C C C C C
C
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C OH H
H
H
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C OH N
H
H
H
H
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C OH H
H
H
HN
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Organic Chemistry
Functional groupsFunctional groups – clusters of atoms that have a specific role on the molecule
OHOH – hydroxide (polar) NHNH22 – amino (polar)
COOHCOOH – carboxyl (polar) CHCH33 – methyl (nonpolar)
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Organic Chemistry
C
C
CC
C
C
Rings H
H
H HHH
H
H
HHH
H
Each carbon has 4 bonds
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Organic Chemistry
C
C
CC
C
C
Rings
Sometimes the carbon atoms form double bonds with
itself
Benzene ring
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Organic Chemistry
C
C
CC
C
C
Rings OH
O
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Organic Chemistry
OC
CC
C
C
OH
O
C
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Organic ChemistryFunctional groups change the chemical
properties of a moleculeThe great diversity of life is caused by only
a few molecules with different arrangements of FUNCTIONAL GROUPS
BiochemistryBiochemistry - chemistry of living things
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Differences in functional groups The rearrangement of FUNCTIONAL GROUPS on a molecule causes major changes in its function
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BiochemistryFour basic carbon molecules important
to all living things:CarbohydratesLipidsProteinsNucleic acids
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BiochemistryBiochemistry
The four basic molecules are long The four basic molecules are long chains of smaller molecules linked chains of smaller molecules linked togethertogether
A train formed by various types of A train formed by various types of carscars
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Biochemistry
Smaller molecules are called
MONOMERSMONOMERSLong chains are called………POLYMERSPOLYMERSPolymers are large molecules MACROMOLECULESMACROMOLECULES – large
polymer
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What You Have to Know: For each of the 4 types of molecules:
1. How each molecule is formed
2. The types and names of the monomers
3. The role of each molecule in life
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How Are Organic Compounds Formed?
Monomers = smaller functional molecules that can be linked together
Macromolecule = ‘large molecule’
Polymers = macromolecules formed by linking monomers together
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PolymerizationPolymerization
Many monomers are linked Many monomers are linked together to form macromoleculestogether to form macromolecules
Dehydration synthesisDehydration synthesis
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Monomer Monomer Monomer Monomer
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How Are Organic Compounds Formed?
Dehydration synthesisDehydration synthesis; p. 41OH- combines with OH- from adjacent
monomer (molecule)OH + OH = HOH + OHOH = H2O
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How Are Organic Compounds Formed?
Dehydration synthesisDehydration synthesis polymers are formed from monomers by the removal of water
All four compounds important to life are formed by dehydration synthesisdehydration synthesis
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Macromolecules – dehydration synthesis
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Monomers/Polymers
Dehydration synthesis: building polymers
Hydrolysis: breaking down polymers into monomers
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4 Types of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates Lipids
Proteins
Nucleic acids
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CarbohydratesSugars; three types:
Monosaccharides ‘one sugar’DisaccharidesDisaccharides ‘two sugar’PolysaccharidesPolysaccharides ‘many sugar’
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Carbohydrates Carbon, hydrogen, oxygenC(n)H2O
C6H12O6 – glucose
C6H12O6 - fructose
C5H10O5 - ribose
C12H22O11 – sucrose
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Carbohydrates – MonomersSimple sugarsMonosaccharides – ‘one sweet’
Glucose, fructose, ribose, deoxyribose, galactose
Most monosaccharides are used as a source of energyenergyRibose and deoxyribose form part of
the structure of DNA, RNA
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Carbohydrates: MonomersGlucose; #1 sugar, most used sugar for
energy, all organismsFructose; very sweet; fruits
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Di-saccharides Di = ‘two’Two monosaccharides joined together
by…. DEHYDRATION SYNTHESISDEHYDRATION SYNTHESISEnergy storage
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DisaccharidesGlucose + glucose = maltose;
germinating seeds, malt in beerGlucose + fructose = sucrose; table
sugarGalactose + glucose = lactose; milk
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Disaccharides
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Sugars a Major Cause of a Tooth Decay
Feed bacteria
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Polysaccharides ‘Poly’ = manyLong chain of monosaccharidesStarch GlycogenCellulose
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Carbohydrates - Polysaccharides
‘poly’ – manyMany monosaccharides =
polysaccharidepolysaccharideMacromolecule
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Carbohydrates - Polysaccharides
Examples:CelluloseCellulose – used to make cell walls
of plants; indigestible without bacteria in gut; fiber
StarchStarch – stored glucose in plantsGlygogen – stored glucose in
animals
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Carbohydrates: FunctionsEnergy storageStructure = plant cell wallsMonosaccharidesDisaccharidesPolysaccharides
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Types of Macromolecules
Carbohydrates
LipidsProteins
Nucleic acids
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Lipids Three types of lipids:
TriglyceridesTriglyceridesPhospholipidsPhospholipidsSteroidsSteroids
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Lipids - TriglyceridesExamples:
Fats Oils Waxes
Insoluble in water - nonpolar
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Triglycerides Glycerol + three fatty acidsDehydration synthesis Lots of C-H bonds; lots of energy
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Triglycerides 2 types of triglycerides:
SaturatedSaturated UnsaturatedUnsaturated
Saturated fats have no double bonds; are full (saturated) with hydrogen
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Saturated fat – fatty acids, full of hydrogen
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Unsaturated fat – fatty acids with double bonds; less hydrogen; less energy
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Saturated fatty acids
Unsaturated fatty acid
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Types of FatsSaturated
No double bondsSaturated w/ HSolids @ (200)Animal fatsBacon grease,
lard, butter
Unsaturated Double bond(s)UnsaturatedLiquids @ (200)Plant fats (oil)Corn, peanut,
olive oils
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Triglycerides Link (?) between saturated fats in diet
and arteriosclerosis
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Fats: Functions Store energyStore energy
More energy in fats than in carbohydrates; birds eat sunflower seeds first (fats)
Padding (eye, other organs) Insulation (keep you warmer; seals,
whales)
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Fats Oils: Waterproofing -
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Lipids - PhospholipidsTriglyceride - One of the fatty acid ‘tails’
is replaced with a phosphate groupPhospho – lipidMajor component of cell membrane
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Fatty acids
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Lipids: Steroids
Sex hormonesSex hormones:
Testosterone; maleTestosterone; maleEstrogen; female
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Lipids: Steroids Anabolic steroidsAnabolic steroids = artificially created
testosteroneMimics male hormone Increased muscle massDecreased sex drive, infertilityHeart, liver problems
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Lipids - Steroids Insoluble in water (nonpolar)Very different from other lipids in
structure4 fused carbon rings with various
FUNCTIONAL GROUPSFUNCTIONAL GROUPSCholesterol – basic molecule used in
cell membrane; also used to make other steroids (estrogenestrogen and testosteronetestosterone)
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Cholesterol
Cholesterol
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Lipids - Steroids Anabolic steroidsAnabolic steroids – synthetic variations of
testosterone Builds muscle and bone mass during
puberty; maintains male characteristicsUsed in 1950’s to treat anemia and muscle
diseasesAbused by athletes; linked to liver damage,
cardiovascular, mood swings
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Proteins Protein – ‘first place’Composed of AMINO ACIDSAMINO ACIDS
(monomers)20 different kinds of amino acids
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Amino group
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Carboxyl
COOH
Amino group
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Side groupSide group
Carboxyl
COOH
Amino group
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Amino AcidsDifferences between the 20 amino acids are
caused by different R (side) groupsAmino acids are linked together by
dehydration synthesisBonds formed between amino acids are
PEPTIDE BONDSPEPTIDE BONDSLong chain of peptides = = polypeptidepolypeptide
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p. 72
Different amino acids caused by different side groups
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Proteins Peptide bond – bond formed between
two amino acids (dehydration synthesis)Long chain of peptides = POLYPEPTIDEPolypeptides - proteins
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•Amino acids are linked together in a SPECIFICSPECIFIC sequence. Conformational shape
•If the sequence gets messed up, the protein may not function. May be fatal or only cause health problems
•Denaturation
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Protein’s Shape H bonding helps determine shape Breaking the H bond changes the shape of
the protein – DENATURATION; Heat - cooking changes the shape of
proteins; turn brown; eggs turn white Poisons – chemicals change shape by
interrupting bonds (acids, bases, acetone)
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Proteins - Functions
1.1. StructureStructure – feathers, hair, muscle, nail, horn
2.2. EnzymesEnzymes – speed up reactions
3.3. HormonesHormones – chemical messengers
4.4. CarriersCarriers – hemoglobin carries oxygen to cells
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Nucleic Acids - Monomers
Monomers – NUCLEOTIDESNUCLEOTIDESNucleotides:
A simple sugarA phosphate groupphosphate groupA NITROGENOUS BASENITROGENOUS BASE
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Adenine always bonds with Thymine
Cytosine always bonds with guanine
A-T
C-G
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H bonding
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A T T C C G C A T G G G T C T T T T
T A A G G C G T A C C C A G A A A A
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TACCATACTTTCGGCTACTTTTGGG
DNA sequence = “genetic code”
If A-T and C-G, what is the complimentary strand?
TACCATACTATAGGCTACTATTGGG
ATGGTATGATATCCGATGATAACCC
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Similarities in DNA sequences indicates close evolutionary relationship