Molecular Testing: Applications in Screening Newborns for ... · Molecular Testing: Applications in...
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Molecular Testing: Applications in Screening Newborns for Hemoglobinopathies and Galactosemia
Michael Glass Washington State Department of Health
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In the Beginning: Science, November1949
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May1972
National Sickle Cell Anemia Control Act
Funds and promotes population screening
and education
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Solubility Test
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Alkaline Electrophoresis (cellulose acetate)
AFSC Control
AE
FAC
FAS
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1986
Prophylaxis with Oral Penicillin in
Children with Sickle Cell Anemia • Marilyn H. Gaston, M.D., Joel I. Verter, Ph.D., Gerald Woods, M.D., Charles
Pegelow, M.D., John Kelleher, M.D., Gerald Presbury, M.D., Harold Zarkowsky, M.D., Elliott Vichinsky, M.D., Rathi Iyer, M.D., Jeffrey S. Lobel, M.D., Steven Diamond, M.D., C. Tate Holbrook, M.D., Frances M. Gill, M.D., Kim Ritchey, M.D., John M. Falletta, M.D., and For the Prophylactic Penicillin Study Group
N Engl J Med 1986; 314:1593-1599 June 19, 1986
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1987
NIH Consensus Conference: “The benefits of screening are so compelling
that universal screening should be provided…”
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The α,β,λ’s of The Hb Molecule
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Isoelectric focusing
FA
ASFC control
FA
AA
FA
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Hemoglobin
Genotype Prevalence # Infants/year FAE (E trait) 1 in 35 200 FEE (homozygous) 1 in 350 20 FE– (E/βº thalassemia) 1 in 7000 1
~7500 Asian infants born in WA each year
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Science 1985
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Human Genetics 1987
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Science1988
Science 29 January 1988: Vol. 239 no. 4839 pp. 487-491 DOI: 10.1126/science.2448875 Primer-directed enzymatic amplification of DNA with a thermostable DNA polymerase
RK Saiki, et. al Cetus Corporation, Department of Human Genetics, Emeryville, CA 94608.
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1994
Washington adds DNA/PCR to the
routine screening algorithm for
hemoglobinopathies.
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DNA/PCR Methods
Method Assay Time PCR restriction
enzyme analysis
3 days Real Time PCR
(SmartCycler® II)
3 hours
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Normal
wild type
mutant type
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Heterozygote
wild type
mutant type
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Homozygote
wild type
mutant type
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Hemoglobin
Screening Protocol:
IEF → HPLC → DNA/PCR
Mutations: β-globin: S, E, C,
(α-globin: Constant Spring)
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Hemoglobin
Phenotype DNA Probe FS S → SS vs S/βº thalassemia FE E → EE vs E/βº thalassemia FC C → CC vs C/βº thalassemia High Bart’s Constant Spring – Hb H vs Hb H/CS
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Galactosemia
Washington was the last to add (2004) Lessons learned from others: • Deadly disorder
• Galt enzyme labile in heat and humidity
• Duarte variant modifies severity
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Galactosemia
Screening Protocol:
GALT enzyme → DNA/PCR
Mutations: Q188R, S135L, K285N, L195P
& N314D (Duarte variant)
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Galactosemia
Mutation % of total Q188R 54.1% S135L 8.4% K285N 4.8% L195P 2.6% Y209C 1.2% F171S 1.0% Private DNA Sequencing 18.0% Unknown 9.9%
of 250 patients in the U.S. (from genetests.org)
frequency of classic alleles
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Galactosemia
GALT (Units/gHb)
First Specimen
Second Specimen > 2.9 < 2.9
> 2.9 NO NO YES < 2.9 YES NO NO*
* DNA analysis should already have been done on first specimen
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Galactosemia
Genotype # Infants % of total G/? 8 26.7% D/G 14 46.7% D/D 1 3.3% D/? 7 23.3%
DNA results on 30 infants
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Galactosemia # Infants Outcome
2 true positive (disease) 2 false positive (carrier) 4 low GALT didn’t repeat
(no immediate referral)
for G/? genotype
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Other Approaches
• DNA Bead Technology • Microarrays • Sequencing
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Summary
Second tier targeted DNA has provided additional valuable information in WA to
guide follow-up for hemoglobins, galactosemia
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