Module N° 2ICAO State Safety Programme (SSP) Implementation Course 1 Module N° 2 Basic safety...

Module N° 2 ICAO State Safety Programme (SSP) Implementation Course 1

Module N° 2 Basic safety management

concepts

Revision N° 5 ICAO State Safety Programme (SSP) Implementation Course

25/02/10


SSP – A structured approach

Module 2Basic safety management

concepts

Module 3 ICAO SARPs related

to safety management

Module 4 ICAO SSP framework

Module 5ALoS related to an

SSP

Module 6 Prescription / Performance

Module 8SSP implementation plan

Module 1 Introduction to the

SSP implementation course

Module 7 SSP training programme

Module 2Basic safety management

concepts


At the end of this module, participants will be able to explain

the strengths and weaknesses of long-established

approaches to manage safety and describe new perspectives

and methods of managing safety by the State

Objective


A concept of accident causation

System performance in the real world

Safety management strategies – Levels of intervention and tools

Hazards and safety risks

Safety risk assessment

Questions and answers

Points to remember

Contents


Consider (the weaknesses in the notion of perfection) The elimination of accidents (and serious incidents) is

unachievable Failures will occur, in spite of the most accomplished

prevention efforts No human activity or human-made system can be

guaranteed to be absolutely free from hazard and operational errors

Controlled safety risk and controlled error are acceptable in an inherently safe system

Concept of safety


Safety is the state in which the possibility of harm to persons

or property damage is reduced to, and maintained at or

below, an acceptable level through a continuing process

of hazard identification and risk management

Concept of safety (Doc 9859)


Safety

WHAT? WHO? WHEN?

WHY? HOW?



Activities over which any organization has a reasonable degree of direct control

Latent conditions trajectory



Factors that directly influence the efficiency of people in aviation workplaces.




Actions or inactions by people (pilots, controllers, maintenance engineers, aerodrome staff, etc.) that have an immediate

adverse effect.




Resources to protect against the risks that organizations involved in production activities generate and must control.




Conditions present in the system before the accident, made evident by triggering factors



System performance in the real world

Systemdesign

Baseline performance

Practical drift

Operational performance

Operational deployment


Managing safety – “Navigating the drift”

Baseline performance

Operational performance

Practical drift

Organization

Navigational aids

Reactive Proactive Predictive


Reactive methodReactive method

The reactive method The reactive method responds to the responds to the

events that already events that already happened, such as happened, such as

incidents and incidents and accidentsaccidents

Proactive methodThe proactive

method looks actively for

the identification of

safety risks through the analysis of the organization’s

activities

Predictive methodPredictive methodThe predictive The predictive

method method captures captures system system

performance as it performance as it happens in real-happens in real-

time normal time normal operations to operations to

identify potential identify potential future problemsfuture problems

Navigational aids


Strategies – Levels of intervention and toolsH

AZA

RD

SH

AZA

RD

S

Predictive

Highly efficient Very efficient Efficient Insufficient

Proactive Reactive Reactive

FDADirect

observationsystem

ASRSurveysAudits

ASRMOR

Accidentand incident

reports

Safety management levels


Hazard – Condition or object with the potential of causing injuries to personnel, damage to equipment or structures, loss of material, or reduction of ability to perform a prescribed function

Consequence – Potential outcome(s) of the hazard

Safety Risk – The assessment, expressed in terms of predicted probability and severity, of the consequence(s) of a hazard taking as reference the worst foreseeable situation

Three key definitions


Example

Unclear aerodrome signage is a hazard

A runway incursion is one of the consequences of the hazard

The assessment (quantification) of the consequences of the potential runway incursion expressed in terms of probability and severity is the safety risk

Three key definitions


There is a natural tendency to describe hazards as their consequence(s)“Unclear aerodrome signage” vs. “runway incursion”

Stating a hazard as consequence(s) disguises the nature of the hazardinterferes with identifying other important consequences

Well-named hazards allow to infer the sources or mechanisms of the hazard allow to evaluate the loss outcome(s)

Understanding hazards


Natural

Technical

Economic

Types of Hazards


Severe weather or climatic events:E.g.: hurricanes, major

winter storms, drought, tornadoes, thunderstorms lightning, and wind shear

Adverse weather conditions:E.g.: Icing, freezing

precipitation, heavy rain, snow, winds, and restrictions to visibility

Examples of natural hazards


Geophysical eventsE.g.: earthquakes, volcanic

eruptions, tsunamis, floods and landslides

Geographical conditionsE.g.: adverse terrain or large

bodies of waterEnvironmental events

E.g.: wildfires, wildlife activity, and insect or pest infestation

Public health eventsE.g.: epidemics of influenza

or other diseases

Examples of natural hazards


Deficiencies regardingE.g.: aircraft and its

components, systems, subsystems and related equipment

E.g.: an organization’s facilities, tools, and related equipment

E.g.: facilities, systems, sub-systems and related equipment that are external to the organization

Examples of technical hazards


Major trends related to

Growth

Recession

Cost of material or

equipment

Etc.

Examples of economic hazards


Hazard analysis

State the generic hazard

(Hazard statement)

Airport construction

Identify specific

components of the hazardConstruction equipment Closed taxiways …

Naturally leading to

specific consequence(

s)Aircraft colliding with construction equipment Aircraft taking wrong taxiway …

ABC of hazard analysis


What is it?The analysis and elimination, and/or mitigation to an

acceptable level of the safety risks of the consequences of identified hazards

What is the objective?A balanced allocation of resources to address all safety

risks and viable safety risks control and mitigationWhy is it important?

It is a data-driven approach to safety resources allocation, thus defensible and easier to explain

Safety risk management


Probability

The likelihood that an unsafe event or condition might occur

Severity

The possible effects of an unsafe event or condition, taking as reference the worst foreseeable situation

Definitions


Safety risk probability

Probability of occurrence

MeaningQualitative definition Value

Frequent

Occasional

Remote

Improbable

Extremely improbable

Likely to occur many times (has occurred frequently)

Likely to occur some times (has occurred infrequently)

Unlikely, but possible to occur (has occurred rarely)

Very unlikely to occur (not known to have occurred)

Almost inconceivable that the event will occur

5

4

3

2

1


Safety risk severity

A large reduction in safety margins, physical distress or a workload such that the operators cannot be relied upon to perform their tasks accurately or completely

Serious injury Major equipment damage

Equipment destroyedMultiple deaths

A significant reduction in safety margins, a reduction in the ability of the operators to cope with adverse operating conditions as a result of increase in workload, or as a result of conditions impairing their efficiency

Serious incident Injury to personsNuisance Operating limitations Use of emergency procedures Minor incidentLittle consequences

Meaning

Severity of occurrences

ValueAviation definition

Catastrophic

Hazardous

Major

Minor

Negligible

A

B

C

D

E


Safety risk assessment matrix (example)


Safety risk tolerability


Scenario

Fuel spill on the apron area surface of approximately 25 m

(75 ft) length and 5 m (15 ft) width, produced by an A310

ready to pushback and taxi for departure

Warm-up exercise N° 02/01


Warm-up exercise N° 02/01 – results

1. Identify the hazard(s)

2. Determine the hazard(s) consequence(s)

3. Assess the probability of the consequence:

4. Assess the severity of the consequence

5. Determine the resulting safety risk index

6. Establish the safety risk tolerability


Scenario

It was observed that airline baggage handling personnel

generates FO(D) on the aerodrome apron area

Warm-up exercise N° 02/02


Warm-up exercise N° 02/02 – results

1. Identify the hazard(s)

2. Determine the hazard(s) consequence(s)

3. Assess the probability of the consequence:

4. Assess the severity of the consequence

5. Determine the resulting safety risk index

6. Establish the safety risk tolerability



Basic safety management concepts


Q: What is the ICAO definition for safety in Doc 9859?

A: ?


Slide number:


Q: Explain the three different methods for “navigating the drift”

A:


Slide number:


Q: Define safety risk management

A: ?


Slide number:


1. The concept of safety

2. Systems and operational performance in the real world

3. Levels of intervention and tools for managing safety

4. Hazard identification

5. Safety risk management

Points to remember

Revision N° 5 ICAO State Safety Programme (SSP) Implementation Course

25/02/10

Module N° 2 Basic safety management concepts

Module N° 2ICAO State Safety Programme (SSP) Implementation Course 1 Module N° 2 Basic safety...

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